001732   Jain A (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur) : Possible impacts of rainwater harvesting. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2008, 28(4), 1-8.

Although rainwater harvesting has been practiced for ages in India, it has gained momentum among the Central and State Governmental officials, water resources managers, decision makers, practicing engineers, researchers and scientists, Non-Governmental-Organizations (NGOs), social workers, and the media personnel alike in the last a couple of decades or so. Some of the advantages of rainwater harvesting normally cited are making water available for various purposes when needed, economic prosperity, drought proofing, and sustainable development etc. Any method or technology has advantages and disadvantages and both must be looked at and evaluated carefully with a view of long-term and short-term benefits and costs alike. This paper highlights some of the issues related to the possible impacts of the rainwater harvesting that need to be understood and evaluated carefully before implementing large scale rainwater harvesting projects in catchments. Some of the considerations that need attention are hydrological, environmental, climatic, geo-technical, and seismic considerations. The detailed hydrologic studies capable of evaluating the impacts of large-scale rainwater harvesting practiced over long periods of time on the hydrologic balance of a region, and determining optimum strategies of catchment development and management are needed.

1 table, 20 ref

001731   Govinda Raju S P (Aerospace Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: spg@aero.iisc.ernet.in) : Airplane configuration. Resonance 2009, 14(4), 328-45.

The configuration of an airplane is closely related to its mission. Deescribes the requirements of representative military and civil missions and indicate airplane configurations suitable for these missions. Evaluation of an airplane configuration for performance, stability and control requires a large amount of data about the aerodynamic characteristics of the airplane configuration. Computational methods and wind tunnel tests are currently used for generating this data. Brief descriptions of these methods are included here.

8 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

001730   Govinda Raju S P (Aerospace Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: spg@aero.iisc.ernet.in) : Aerobasics - an introduction to aeronautics, Supersonic aerodynamics. Resonance 2009, 14(3), 272-89.

Flight at supersonic speed is accompanied by standing wave, a phenomenon absent in sub-sonic flows. The standing waves affect the radically and lead to wave drag and sonic booms. Explains the above phenomena and their effect on the performance of airfoils and wings in supersonic flows. In the light the above, wing configurations suitable for supersonic airplanes are discussed.

^iia12 illus, 1 ref

001729   Gadgil C (Chemical Engineering Div, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411 008, Email: cj.gadgi@ncl.res.in) : Stochastic modeling of biological reactions. J Indian Inst Sci 2008, 88(1), 45-55.

Several biological systems comprise of reaction networks where the low number of molecules makes it inappropriate to completely characterize system behavior using a continuous approach. Biological systems are also characterized by discrete states (e.g. infected, dead) that are not amenable to the use of a continuous descriptor. This review discusses the need for adopting a discrete stochastic modeling approach for analyzing biological reactions networks. Various stochastic simulation procedures and theoretical studies are presented. The challenges in the theoretical and computational analysis of discrete stochastic biological reaction networks are discussed.

^iia134 ref

001728   Doulati Ardejani F;Singh R N (Faculty of Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics, Shahrood Univ of Technology, Shahrood, Iran, Email: fdoulati@shahroodut.ac.ir) : Simulation and numerical modelling of ground water rebound after opencast mine closure and its relationship with backfill settlement in a shallow aquifer. J Rock Mech Tunnelling Technol 2008, 14(1), 1-9.

Ground water rebound process that occurs in a shallow aquifer was simulated using a two-dimensional finite element model to qualitatively predict the rate at which soil settlement would take place. This model considers saturated and unsaturated flow, hydraulic conductivity, and water content as a function of pore-water pressure. Ground water rebound was very fast immediately after opencast mine closure and cessation of dewatering; a significant part of the backfill settlement occurs at this time. This paper presents an easy method for deriving the relationship between post-mining ground water rebound and backfill settlement associated with backfilled opencast mines that can be used by mine operators and environmental engineers in deciding future agricultural use and structural developments.

9 illus, 18 ref

001727   Dixit M M (Chemical Engineering and Bioinformatics Center Dep, Supercomputer Education and Research Center, Indian Institute of Scien, Bangalore-560 012, Email: narendra@chemeng.iisc.ernet.in) : Advances in the mathematical modelling of hepatitis C virus dynamics. J Indian Inst Sci 2008, 88(1), 37-43.

Mathematical models have provided key insights into the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in vivo, suggested predominant mechanism(s) of drug action, explained confounding patterns of viral load changes in HCV infected patients undergoing therapy, and presented a framework for therapy optimization. In this article, I present an overview of the major advances in the mathematical modeling of HCV dynamics.

^iia3 illus, 39 ref

001726   Dhabadgaonkar S M (NO, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, Email: dhabadsm_ngp@bsnl.in) : Jet floccu-clarifiers: appropriate technology for water treatment in India. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(1), 21-38,43.

Sustained supply of safe and potable water is of paramount significance in promotion of health and well being of the people. It is commonly observed that the mechanical components forming part of Flash Mixers, Flocculators and Clarifiers become soon non-functional. There are number of examples where these have served not more than 12 months from the plant commissioning. In view of this, the paper emphasizes the need to develop water treatment plant designs that minimizes the component of mechanical equipment as much as possible. This paper presents the designs of Floccu-Clarifier (FC) (Clariflocculator in established sense) based on Jet Flocculation Systems, which eliminate altogether the mechanical components in pretreatment of water prior to filtration. The shape of the unit may be circular or rectangular, depending on the size of the plant. High Rate Flat Bottom FC (Sludge Blanket Type) designs for small capacity units (up to 5 MLD) or large capacity units (above 5 MLD) are suggested. All the designs are illustrated by typical examples. Preliminary observations on a small circular unit, modified by incorporating the jet flocculation system, are quite encouraging. The new designs utilizing Jet Flocculation System may be advantageously used for sustained satisfactory service.

3 illus, 8 ref

001725   Das D;Dhurjati P;Wangikar P P (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, Email: debasisd@iitb.ac.in) : Prediction of pharmacokinetic behaviour by combining in vivo and in vitro data in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model: parameter estimation and sensitivity analysis. J Indian Inst Sci 2008, 88(1), 57-71.

Large number of failures of potential drug molecules in the late stages of the drug discovery process have been ascribed to poor in vivo pharmacokinetic properties. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models can potentially be used to predict the in vivo drug disposition from the in vitro characterization of the drug molecules. One potential drawback of the existing models is the large number of parameters and the uncertainty associated with the parameter values. We present a framework for the estimation of kinetic parameters and sensitivity analysis for PBPK model. The existing model was enhanced by incorporating the mechanistic knowledge of drug disposition involving transporter proteins and metabolic enzymes. Some of the drug-specific model parameters have been estimated from the in vitro and in vivo data available in literature and rest are estimated by fitting the in vivo data and in vitro data to the model to minimize the error between model predictions and experimental values. The model predictions for tissue specific concentration profiles have been shown to agree with experimental data for rats. Further, the model predictions for plasma drug disposition in humans or animals for the five exemplary drugs agree well with the in vivo clinical trial data from literature. The selected drugs are of two different categories; cardiovascular system and diabetes. By using global sensitivity analysis we find that the parameters associated with liver, kidney, and renal excretion have the highest effect on the in vivo drug disposition. These analyses and predictions will help in making an early selection of compounds for development based on pharmacokinetic properties as well as for advancing personalized medicine which, in turn will improve therapy for specific subpopulations.

^iia6 illus, 5 tables, 46 ref

001724   Chauhan S;Shrivastava R K (Civil Engineering and Applied Mathanics Dep, S. G. S. I. T. S., Indore-452 003) : Optimal operation of a multipurpose reservoir using genetic algorithms. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2008, 28(4), 9-17.

Formulation of Genetic Algorithms (GAs) was explored for optimal operation of a multipurpose reservoir. The formulation was applied to derive optimal operating policies for Sondur reservoir system located in Pairi basin in Raipur (Chhattisgarh). The reservoir serves multiple purpose of irrigation and inter basin water transfer. The two objectives of the system used to form a composite single objective optimization problem. Genetic Algorithm formulation with preference based approach was used to derive optimal operating policies. Constraints included continuity equation, reservoir storage restrictions, canal capacity and overflows. Constraints were handled using the penalty function approach. For fixing Genetic Algorithm parameters, the model was run for various values of populations, generations, crossover and mutation probabilities. Genetic Algorithm is found to be an effective optimization tool for reservoir operation and the results obtained can be utilized for efficient operation of reservoir system.

3 illus

001723   Batheja K;Sinha A K;Seth G (NO, Rajasthan Univ, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Nitrate and fluoride contaminations in groundwater of Churu block, Rajasthan. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(1), 45-9.

Physico-chemical analysis ofgroundwater in Chum block was performed to have a clear picture of water quality so that remedial measures could be worked for. Fluoride higher than 2ppm may cause osteoporosis and fluorosis. High nitrate is a/arming as it indicates possibility of seepage from sewage. Many samples had fluoride within the maximum permissible limits recommended by ICMR yet most of the water is not potable due to high nitrate.

4 illus, 6 ref

001722   Arunan E (Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: arunan@ipc.iisc.ernet.in) : Molecule matters van der Waals molecules, History and some perspectives forces. Resonance 2009, 14(4), 346-56.

van der Waals introduced his equation of state in 1867 modifying the ideal gas equation. His equation had two constants a and 6, which accounted for the fact that molecules have attractive forces and finite size. The constant a accounted for the attractive forces, the nature of which was not outlined by van der Waals. Discusses about the nature of intermolecular forces.

6 illus, 16 ref

001721   Anusuya K V;Subha Rani S (NO, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004) : QoS cross layer architecture with adaptive enhanced distributed channel access for efficient video transmission. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(9), 783-5.

Adresses transmission of H.264 video over IEEE 802.11e based WLAN by proposing an enhanced QoS cross layer architecture with Adaptive Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (AEDCA) mechanism. Proposed architecture minimizes mean packet loss and end-to-end delays over existing EDCA and AEDCA mechanisms.

001720   Al-Obaydi M A;Samadhiya N K;Viladkar M N (Civil Engineering Dep, College of Engineering, Mosul Univ, Mosul, Iraq, Email: nksamfce@iitr.ernet.in) : Nonlinear analysis of nathpa jhakri powerhouse cavern. J Rock Mech Tunnelling Technol 2008, 14(1), 23-45.

Nathpa-Jhakri hydro-power project has been constructed in lesser Himalaya in the northern state of Himachal Pradesh in India. The project site is characterized by a very rugged topography with lofty hills. An underground power house with an installed capacity of 1500 MW of this project is considered to be the largest power house in a single cavern in India. In the present study, an attempt has been made to carry out a three dimensional finite element analysis for prediction of stresses and deformations around the powerhouse cavern. In the study, a 2-D model proposed by Sharma et al. (2001) to simulate the sequence of excavation has been extended to the case of actual three dimensional nature of excavation and the model proposed by Bandis et al. (1983) and Wang et al. (2003) for joint nonlinearity has also been incorporated. Results thus prove the capability of the software package developed for analyzing the stability of underground structures excavated in varying and complex geological settings. The type and the number of stages selected for simulation of excavation significantly influence the redistribution of stresses and, in turn, the stability of underground structures. An interesting observation made in this study is that it is not essential that the final stage of excavation is critical point of view of stability. Instead, the instability may occur at any intermediate stage of excavation. The critical stage of excavation along with an identical pattern of excavation can be detected by the proposed 3D-excavtion process.

25 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

000568   Wen I J;Chang P C;Lai C M;Chiang C M (NO, National Yunlin Univ of Science and Technology, Taiwan) : Numerical investigation on flow structures of two double roofs collocating with covered ridge with sidewall opening (CRSO). J Instn Engrs-Pt AR 2008, 89(Oct), 20-5.

Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) plays an important role in current sustainable building design. However. the issue is significant when by using BIPV under direct sunshine, temperature of PV panels increases and the power generation from PV reduces. An appropriate solution of this problem is to design a BIPV structure which can remove its own heat gain and induce indoor natural ventilation simultaneously. In study, ventilated BIPV has been designed and developed with a double skin roof structure and covered ridge with sidewall Opening (CRSO). The influence of CRSO and BIPV opening locations towards the outdoor and indoor with different outdoor wind velocities on flow structures are analyzed numerically, which shows that flow structure near the CRSO have significant influence on natural ventilation performance.

9 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

000567   Vishwanadh B;Balasubramaniam R;Srivastava D; Dey G K (Materials Science Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, Email: visubathula@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of surface morphology on atmospheric corrosion behaviour of Fe-based metallic glass, Fe₆₇Co₁₈Si₁₄B₁. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(4), 693-8.

The nature of atmospheric corrosion behaviour of an as-cast metallic glass, Fe₆₇Co₁₈Si₁B₁₄ ribbon, was evaluated. The wheel side surface of the ribbon was more corroded than the air side surface, due to the higher density of air pockets present. The phases present in atmospheric rust were analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to be goethite, lepidocrocite, magnetite, cobalt oxide and cobalt hydroxide phases. Goethite and lepidocrocite were in amorphous form. The nature of rusting was understood by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Nucleation of rust started at preferred locations on the surface and grew along the surface in certain directions.

9 illus, 20 ref

000566   Venkateshwar Rao E;Ramakrishna Murthy M (Physics Dep, University College, Kakatiya Univ, Warangal-506 009, Email: krp-kitsw@yahoo.co.in) : Ion beam modifications of defect sub-structure of calcite cleavages. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(2), 139-42.

Experimental investigations on the defect sub-structure and surface modifications, brought about by He⁺ ion-bombardment of calcite cleavages (100), have been carried out. Optical and scanning electron microscopic investigations revealed drastic modifications on the surface morphology, local symmetry and defect concentration. Additional structural defects on ion-bombardment of calcite surfaces also have been observed. Changes in shape and form of chemical etch pits are found to be a function of ion-beam energy, as studied by optical microscopy. Radiation damage in calcite has been attributed mainly due to desorption of CO₃^-2 ions from the calcite surfaces, on irradiation. Measurements of surface conductivity on irradiated calcite surfaces have been made employing a four-probe technique. Enhancement of surface conductivity has been considered to be due to an increase in concentration of CO₃^-2 ions formed, on ion irradiation and subsequent thermal stimulation. Planar plastic anisotropy has been studied on irradiated calcite cleavages by measurement of micro-hardness.

3 illus, 11 ref

000565   Venkatachalam G (School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT Univ, Vellore-632 014) : Micro-mechanics of foam unit cell approach. J Instn Engrs-Pt AS 2008, 89(Nov), 29-31.

The objective of the work is to understand the micro-mechanics of foam deformation and prediction of elastic properties by numerical simulation using FEA software ABA QUS for open cell foam. These properties are compared with those available in literature. Translation symmetry of the unit cell alone is sufficient to get the property of the entire foam. The periodic boundary conditions are imposed on the unit. The values obtained from the present analysis give better results since the periodicity is maintained. The Young's modulus and shear modulus are the increasing functions of relative density while the Poisson's ratio is a decreasing function.

6 illus, 4 ref

000564   Usha Rani T;Balachander P (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Java Engineerung College, Thiruninravur, Thiruvallur, Chennai-602 024, Email: t_urani@yahoo.co.in) : Numerical simulation of fin and tube condenser in a R22 system charged with R407C. J scient ind Res 2008, 67(3), 209-18.

Study simulates condensation heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of R407C, when it is charged in an air-cooled fin and tube condenser designed for R22 utilizing the local method of analysis. In this analysis, heat exchanger is divided into segments or multiple control volumes, with the outlet of one control volume being the inlet to an adjacent control volume, and so on. The properties of refrigerants viz., liquid as well as vapour phase density, viscosity, specific heat, thermal conductivity and enthalpy are calculated using subroutines from National Institute of Standards and Technology software package REFPROP. Refrigerant side as well as airside heat transfer and pressure drop are computed using reported correlations.

10 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

000563   Tripathi K;Agrawal M D (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Shri GS Institute of Technology and Science, Indore-452 003) : Design optimization of friction clutch. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2007, 87(Oct), 29-33.

The design of automotive or industrial clutch involves many interrelated parameters. It is necessary to understand this interrelationship and the constraints involved, to obtain the optimum design of the clutch. The analysis in the present paper is based on understanding the relationship between this ratio and the design parameters like axial force, inner and outer diameters and peripheral velocity in order to arrive at the optimum design. It is shown that the dimensionless ratio of outer diameter to inner diameter is the most fundamental parameter, controlling all the major designs as well as performance parameters. The optimum design of clutch can be obtained, satisfying the constraints on design, by controlling this dimensionless ratio. It is concluded that the friction clutch must be designed for minimum axial force between the pressure plate and clutch plate, while satisfying the constraint on peripheral velocity of outer diameter of friction surfaces.

5 illus, 11 ref

000562   Sudarsana Rao H;Gnaneswar K;Ramana N V (Civil Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univ College of Engineering, Anantapur-515 002, Email: hanchate123@yahoo.co.in) : Behaviour of simply supported steel reinforced SIFCON two way slabs in punching shear. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2008, 15(4), 326-33.

Reports the behaviour of slurry infiltrated fibrous concrete (SfFCON) two-way slabs in punching shear. SIFCON slabs are cast with 8, 10 and 12% fibre volume rracuonanalor comparison, fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) with 2% fibre volume fraction and reinforced cement concrete (RCC) slabs are cast and tested. The results of the experimentation show that the SIFCON slabs witfi~T2%TiDre volume fraction exhibits excellent performance in punching shear among other slabs. The experimental results have been compared with the provisions of ACI and IS codes. A regression model has been proposed for estimating the punching shear strength of reinforced SIFCON slabs.

9 illus, 6 tables, 9 ref

000561   Subramanyam D;Ravinderanath K;Mallikarjuna Rao K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, S.V. Univ, College of Engineering, Tirupati-517 502, Email: kmr_svuce@yahoo.com) : Experimental study of effect of aspect ratio, radius ratio and rayleigh number on natural convection in a vertical circular cylinder embedded with porous media. Ultra Scient phys Sci 2008, 20(1), 81-6.

An experimental study of natural convection heat transfer in vertical annular cylinders embedded with porous medium at constant wall temperature has been undertaken. Three stainless steel (301SS) test sections of different aspect ratios were employed. Nusselt number is found to increase with increasing Radius ratio and Rayleigh number and decrease with increasing aspect ratio. Regression models were developed to predict Nusselt number in terms of aspect ratio, radius ratio and Rayleigh number.

7 illus, 15 ref

000560   Singh M;Garg M (NO, Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, Email: manjit_csr@rediffmail.com) : Utilization of waste lime sludge as building materials. J scient ind Res 2008, 67(2), 161-6.

Lime sludge (chalk) obtained from fertilizer industry has been tried as the constituent of masonry cement, burning of lime sludge to make building lime, as raw material for making flooring tiles and compounding of burnt lime waste with surkhi/fly ash to make lime-pozzolana mixtures / composite mortars. Characteristics and techno-economics of building products made out of lime sludge have been discussed.

1 illus, 5 tables, 13 ref

000559   Sinanoglu C;Nair F;Goksen E (Tribology Research Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Dep, , Engineering Faculty, Erciyes Univ, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey, Email: csinan@erciyes.edu.tr) : Effect of micro and macro pits of journal surface on radial pressure distribution of journal bearing. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2008, 15(4), 300-10.

Aim of the study is to find the optimum journal surface micro and macro pits (pores) to improve the load carrying capacity of journal bearing. The effects of various surface porosities on pressure distribution in radial bearings have been investigated. The journals used for experiment are separated in two groups. Various surface porosities have been achieved by subjecting the surfaces of the two aluminium journals (Al-6063) in the first group (CHE-I, CHE-II) to chemical reaction (etching process). The journals in the second group (COM-I, COM-II, COM-III) have been made of metal matrix composite (MMC) with aluminium based reinforced with SiC ceramic particles, using stir casting technique. For comparison of pressure distribution with that of non-porous journal, a smooth-surfaced journal (NPJ) is used. It has been found that an optimum size and distributive range of micro and macro-pits exists, where the load carrying capacity can be increased at approximately twice over that of an un-textured surface.

11 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

000558   Shi J Z;Chen C Z;Yu H J;Zhang S J (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Univ, Shandong Jinan 250061, P.R. China, Email: czchen@sdu.edu.cn) : Application of magnetron sputtering for producing bioactive ceramic coatings on implant materials. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(6), 877-84.

Radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering is a versatile deposition technique that can produce thin, uniform, dense calcium phosphate coatings. In the paper, principle and character of magnetron sputtering is introduced, and development of the hydroxyapatite and its composite coatings application is reviewed. In addition, influence of heat treatment on magnetron sputtered coatings is discussed. The heat treated coatings have been shown to exhibit bioactive behaviour both in vivo and in vitro. At last, the future application of the bio-active ceramic coating deposited by magnetron sputtering is mentioned.

11 illus, 41 ref

000557   Sharma R K;Kumar D;Kumar P (Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Dep, IIT, Roorkee-247 667) : Fuzzy decision support system (FDSS) for conducting FMEA. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2007, 87(Oct), 39-44.

Traditional Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA), the system safety and reliability analysts evaluate the risk or criticality associated with the item failure modes in FMEA using descriptive terms, such as, low, important, high and very high. Owing to the subjective and qualitative nature of information, interdependences among various failure modes are often misinterpreted and decisions are made accordingly, which is indeed the serious limitation of the traditional FMEA based upon Risk Priority Number (RPN) calculations. To help the analyst's inefficient and effective analysis the paper presents a fuzzy logic based approach for conducting FMEA. In the proposed approach, the parameters used in FMEA analysis, ie, frequency of occurrence of failure (S_f), severity (S) andnon - detectability (S_d) are represented as members of a fuzzy set, combined by matching them against the rules in a rule base, evaluated by an inference system and then defuzzified to assess the riskiness level of the failure by computing respective RPN. To illustrate the proposed fuzzy logic approach a case study from a process industry has been discussed. The traditional RPN is calculated and compared with fuzzy RPN obtained by Fuzzy Decision Support System (FDSS). The results demonstrated the inherent potential of fuzzy inference modelling in generating a knowledge base to deal with the problems of handling vague and qualitative information in a consistent and logical manner.

5 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

000556   Sharma A K (NO, Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, Bilaspur Unit, 27 Kholi Chowk, P. B. No. 41, Bilaspur-495 001) : Prospect of coal based thermal power and industrial development in Chhattisgarh. J Mines Metals Fuels 2008, 56(12), 252-5.

More than sixteen per cent of non-coking coal reserves in India are confined in Chhattisgarh state. Due to the abundant availability of these resources in Korba, Mand-Raigarh, Sonhat, Hasdo-Arand, Tatapani-Ramkola and Bisrampur coalfields, the potential of coal based thermal power plants is practically high. Apart from existing power plants and fast industrial growth in the state, additional power generating stations of large capacity can be established. The availability of coal reserves and exploration data does not represent any deficiency over the next century or even thereafter.

1 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

000555   Satsangi P S;Batra G (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Punjab Enigneering College, Chandigarh-160 012) : Densification of hollow cylidrical powder metal part under cold forging. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2008, 89(Apr), 9-16.

The finite difference method for elastic plastic deformation of porous powder metals has been developed. The model developed has been used to analyse the compression of hollow cylindrical porous powder metal parts. The effect of density variation on material parameters has also been taken into consideration. The analysis has been done with the help of incremental and piecewise linear elastic plastic method. The solution predicted the stresses and strains distributions throughout the work material. It also predicts the dcnsification achieved in the forged metal. A discussion on the results predicted on the present work has been presented in this paper. The predicted results have found qualitatively similar to experimental and analytical studies carried out earlier.

ref

000554   Sahay N;Sinha A;Chakravorty R B;Prasad P; Ahmad I;Varma N K (Mine Ventilation, Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research [CIMFR], Dhanbad, Email: nsahay2k@yahoo.com) : Control of open fire in underground at Noonidih-Jitpur colliery, SAIL [steel plant]. J Mines Metals Fuels 2008, 56(12), 241-8.

Occurrence of open fire in underground mines is one of the most feared hazardous because it may turn in to serious conflagration directly polluting the entire mine in a very short time. Delay in its control some time may push the mine for virtual closure. It is generally dealt either by isolation of fire covering large area or drowning in water the mine. In these situation recovery of mine is rather difficult and costly affair. Authors have carried experiments in controlling open fire in one of the captive mines of SAIL resulting in successful control of fire and resumption of production in record time. The success of the experiments has paved the way for development of a comprehensive technology comprising "Application of high pressure high stability nitrogen foam in conjunction with application of pressure balancing technique and injection of hard foam in the roof and around stoppings" for controlling open fire even in difficult situation. The details of the mine, status of fire, experiments and outcome have briefly been discussed.

11 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

000553   Ranganath B J;Viswanath G (Mechanical Engg, VidyaVikas Institute of Engineering and Technology, Mysore-570 010, Email: gviswa34@yahoo.co.in) : Thermal study using FEM for laser machining of SS 304. Ultra Scient phys Sci 2008, 20(2), 253-6.

This paper presents the finite element method to determine the temperature profile within the volume of the material during laser cutting of 304 grade stainless steel. The commercially available ANSYS software is used to find the solution for the finite element analysis. The results of the study showed that the temperature distribution is confined to a small region which is in agreement with the theoretical predictions.

6 illus, 8 ref

000552   Ramesh Saliyan V;Adhikari A V (Chemistry Dep, National Institute of Technlogy, Surathkal-575 025, Email: avchem@nitk.ac.in) : Inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in acid media by N'-benzylidene-3- (quinolin-4-ylthio)propanohydrazide. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(4), 699-711.

In the investigation a new corrosion inhibitor, N'-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-3-{[8-(tri-fluoromethyl) quinolin-4-yl]thio}propanohydrazide(DHBTPH) was synthesized, characterized and tested as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in HCl (1 M, 2 M) and H₂SO₄ (0.5 M, 1 M) solutions using weight-loss method, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization methods. The corrosion inhibition efficiency measured by all the above three techniques were in good agreement with each other. The results showed that DHBTPII is a very good inhibitor for mild steel in acidic media. The inhibition efficiency in different acid media was found to be in the decreasing order 0.5 M H₂SO₄ > 1 M HC1 > 1 M H₂SO₄ > 2 M HCl. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing inhibitor concentration and with increasing temperature. It acts as an anodic inhibitor. Thermodynamic and activation parameters are discussed. Adsorption of DHBTPII was found to follow the Langmuir's adsorption isotherm. Chemisorption mechanism is proposed. The mild steel samples were also analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

17 illus, 7 tables, 34 ref

000551   Rajamanickam N;Balusamy V (Mechanical Engineering Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: rajanat@yahoo.com) : Effects of process parameters on mechanical properties of friction stir welds using design of expermients. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2008, 15(4), 293-9.

Friction stir welding is a relatively new joining process that is presently attracting considerable interest. aims at establishing a relationship between welding parameters and mechanical properties in welding of 2014 type aluminum alloy using friction stir welding. A plan of experiment based on full factorial design has been performed. Samples have been prepared and welded by varying input parameters such as tool rotational speed and weld speed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is employed to investigate the effect of input parameters on mechanical properties of weld. A correlation is established between tool rotational speed, and weld speed with mechanical properties of weld by multiple linear regression. Study indicates that weld speed is the main input parameter that has the highest statistical influence on mechanical properties.

7 illus, 7 tables, 16 ref

000550   Rahman M A;Rahman S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Bangladesh Univ of Engineeirng and Technology, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh) : Computer program for designing circular proving rings of uniform strength. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2007, 87(Oct), 3-7.

A computer program based on Chas been developed to design a circular proving ring of uniform strength having continuously variable cross-sectional area, with a view to increase its sensitivity through large diametral deflection. The developed code calculates the thickness of any section of the ring to be designed ensuring that the maximum combined stress in any angular segment just reaches the allowable limit of stress, governed by the elastic limit of the ring material. Consequently, elastic flexural stiffness of the entire ring is fully utilized that fulfills the desired significant increase in diametral deflections. Extensive design data obtained using the code verify the fact that, in terms of sensitivity of the ring the best result is obtained for large values of width and mean radius. In terms of manufacturing cost, significant amount of material can be saved for such a designed ring. Moreover, given all similar conditions, the sensitivity can be increased significantly compared to a conventional proving ring thus eliminating the need of expensive vibrating reed mechanism.

3 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

000549   Raheman H (Agricultural and Food Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Suitable tyre size selection for 2WD tractor. J Instn Engrs-Pt AG 2008, 89(Dec), 40-3.

The correct choice of tractor tyre size is crucial in the design and operation of tractor to produce maximum drawbar power. A computer program has been developed in Visual Basic 6.0 to select the suitable tyre size for any power range of tractor, considering Brixius, ASAE draft and developed weight-to-power models for tractors. The program requires information on tractor, implement, tyre, soil and operating conditions. The output of the program provides the suitable tyre size that gives best performance in terms of load carrying capacity, pulling ability, coefficient of traction and tractive efficiency with minimum purchasing cost. After evaluating the program with the power range of tractor from 26 kW to 55 kW, at cone index of 1200 kPa, and up to a slip of 20% in fine soil, it was found that 12.4 to 28, 13.6 to 28 and 16.9 to 28 tyres were suitable for 26 kW to 34 kW, 35 kW to 44 kW and above 45 kW tractors, respectively, for plowing operation with moldboard plough at 20 cm depth and 4.5 km/h speed of operation. This program was found to be user friendly and it will definitely help the tractor manufacturer, designers and farmers in getting maximum output from the tractors.

4 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

000548   Raha S (NO, , Aker Powergas Pvt. Ltd. Pune-411 045) : Green building - LEED certification - an emerging concept. J Instn Engrs-Pt AR 2008, 89(Oct), 5.

Green building certification is a new concept for the development of sustainable building in India which provides perfect balance of energy and environment. Thus a green building certified by leadership in energy and environment design (LEED) utilizes less energy, water and natural resources, creates less waste and is healthier for people living inside compared to the conventional buildings. Deals with rating system for certification, recent status of such projects in India, procedures and requirements, energy related information, advantages, some important features of already certified green buildings, similar other rating systems and future prospects of such projects.

2 tables

000547   Prasad R R;Azad K;Singh A K;Mandal R K (Metallurgical Engineering Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: rkmandal21@yahoo.com) : Surface hardness behaviour of Ti-Al-Mo alloys. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(4), 687-91.

The microhardness characteristics of various micro-constituents formed in the Ti-Al-Mo alloys have been investigated. Four alloys having compositions, Ti-40Al-2Mo, Ti-42Al-2Mo, Ti-40Al-6Mo and Ti-42Al-6Mo, have been chosen for this purpose. All of these were heat treated at 1300°C and 1400°C for 1 h and water quenched. All the specimens after above heat treatments have displayed load independent Vickers hardness values (VHN) around 300 g of applied load. The average surface hardness characteristic of the alloys is largely found to be dictated by the phases that are present. The microstructural specific VHN values vary between 600 and 750. The indentation behaviour, however, is governed by the morphologies and length scales of microstructures. The most remarkable finding of the present study pertains to the formation of shear bands around the periphery of the indenter for a finer basket weave microstructure in the Ti-40Al-2Mo. The cluster of finely located slip steps was clearly seen. Such a report is lacking in literature in this class of alloys.

2 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

000546   Peyada N K;Sen A;Ghosh A K (Aerospace Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208 016) : Longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics of hansa-3 aircraft using real flight data. J Instn Engrs-Pt AS 2008, 89(Nov), 9-14.

Parameter estimation is an Indispensabie computational tool not only in aerospace research activities but also in industrial activities, such as, control law design, handling qualities evaluation, model validation and flight-vehicle design and certification. The estimation methods yield different levels of associated error with the estimated parameters. The primary reason for this is linked to the presence of measurement and process noise with the real flight data. Equation Error Method (EEM) cannot handle either process noise or measurement noise. Filter Error Method (FEM), a special case of Output Error Method, can be advantageously used to estimate parameter from flight data havmg both process and measurement noise. Presents issues related to the application of EEM and FEM for the purpose of extraction of aerodynamic parameters from real flight data.

4 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

000545   Patil R H (Technology Dep, Shivaji Univ, Vidyanagar, Kolhapur-416 004) : Thermocol as thermal insulation : a key tool in implementation of energy conservation building code of India. J Instn Engrs-Pt AR 2008, 89(Oct), 26-30.

Recognizing the need and efficient use of energy and its conservation in building sector, India has launched energy conservation building code (ECBC). The purpose of this code is to provide minimum requirements for energy efficient design and construction of buildings. Insulating materials are the most powerful tool for design and construction to achieve high energy conservation in buildings by improving the building envelope thermal protection and hence control the transmissivity of the building envelope. Since a building's orientation and its sun-protection are not freely applicable in the densly built urban environment, thermal insulation acts as a vital tool towards optimization of building's energy behavior. The main constraints to implement the code are lack of energy efficient products, which are mainly insulating material, that have not yet developed and the product availability to meet the requirements of the code. This paper is tried to find out the innovative application of insulation with thermocol as insulating material.

4 illus, 8 tables, 7 ref

000544   Pathak B K;Srivastava S;Srivastava K (Mathematics Dep, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra-282 005, Email: ssrivastava.engg@gmail.com) : Neural network embedded multiobjective genetic algorithm to solve non-linear time-cost tradeoff problems of project scheduling. J scient ind Res 2008, 67(2), 124-31.

Presents a novel method to solve non-linear time-cost tradeoff (TCT) problem of real world engineering projects. Multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is employed to search for optimal TCT profile. Applicability of ANN based model for rapid estimation of time-cost relationship by invoking its function approximation capability is investigated. ANN models are then integrated with MOGA so as to develop a comprehensive approach to solve non-linear TCT problems of project scheduling. The study has implications in real time monitoring and control of project scheduling process.

10 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

000543   Ozcoban M S (Geotechnical Dep, Yildiz Technical Univ, Civil Engineering Faculty, 34349 Istanbul-Turkey, Email: ozcoban@gmail.com) : Permeability and removal rate of compacted clays to organic and inorganic matters. J scient ind Res 2008, 67(2), 136-40.

Compacted clays are widely used for lining solid waste landfills containing wide range of organic and inorganic compounds which cause a major threat to groundwater quality. This study analyses change in permeability of compacted clays due to chemical reactions between clay and permeant. In first stage, permeability of compacted clay (uncontaminated and contaminated) samples was investigated by scanning electron microscope. In second stage, influent and effluent analyses was performed in order to determine treatment capability of compacted clay.

7 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

000542   Nehra V;Ashok Kumar;Nehra K;Dwivedi H K (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Guru Jambheshwar Univ of Science and Technology, Hisar, Email: nehra_vijay@yahoo.com) : Exploring emerging opportunities of cold plasma in biomedical field. Ultra Scient phys Sci 2008, 20(1), 107-12.

Cold plasmas have offered considerable breakthrough in diverse scientific areas and have received a great deal of attention in the last three decades. The plasma state of the matter has generated enabling technologies, which integrate the unique properties of the plasma state with processes relevant to scientific and industrial applications. Due to the remarkable feature of cold plasma, the last decade has witnessed its expansion in the biomedical science with its novel applications penetrating several areas in the world of biomedical field. In the present paper, efforts have been made to explore the emerging opportunities of cold plasma in biomedical engineering.

25 ref

000541   Mukhopadhyay N;Bose P K;Chakrabarti R K;Das A K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College, Jalpaiguri-735 102) : Analytical modelling of cyclone separator as a diesel soot particulate filter with inner and outer vortex effect. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2007, 87(Oct), 13-19.

The reduction of participate emissions from diesel engine is one of the most challenging problems associated with the exhaust pollution control. DieselParticulate Filters (DPF) holdout the prospects of substantially reducing regulated particulate emissions but the question of the reliable regeneration of filters still remains a difficult hurdle to be solved. Many of the solutions proposed to date suffer from design complexity, cost, regeneration problem and energy demands. Cyclone separator being a non-contact type particulate removal system exerts less back pressure to the diesel engine combustion. Very few studies have been done on cyclone separator as a diesel soot particulate filter. Cyclone separator with low initial cost, simple construction gives high collection efficiencies and reduced regeneration problems. Presents an improved computer aided analytical approach for controlling diesel soot particulate matter considering the outer vortex and inner vortex of cyclone. The result shows good agreements with existing cyclone and DPF flow characteristics.

8 illus, 2 tables, 51 ref

000540   Modani S G;Sharma R;Singhal P;Garg S (NO, Govt. Engg. College, Ajmer, Email: sgmodani@rediffmail.com) : SOI wafer fabrication techniques: SIMOX and smart Cut<. Ultra Scient phys Sci 2008, 20(1), 75-80.

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers are precisely engineered multilayer semiconductor/dielectric structures that provide new functionality for advanced Si devices. It also improves prospects for extending Si devices into the nanometer region (<10 nm channel length). SOI technology possesses many advantages over bulk silicon technology such as reduction of parasitic capacitance, excellent sub-threshold slope, elimination of latch up and resistance to radiation. Hence it is preferred for high speed, high -temperature and low power microelectronic devices. An SOI microchip processing speed is often 30% faster than today's complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-based chips and power consumption is reduced 80%, which makes them suitable for mobile devices.

4 illus, 10 ref

000539   Mathivanan R N;Sharma R S;Raghupathy V P (Mechanical Engineering Dep, PES Institute of Technology, Bangalore-560 085) : Dynamic analysis and optimization of machine base for crankshaft pin milling machine. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2007, 87(Oct), 34-8.

Study on the dynamic behaviour of a machine base for crankshaft pin milling machine is discussed in this paper. Solid modelling was performed using a high end solid modelling package and the analysis was performed through the application of finite element techniques. Design modifications are proposed to optimize the number of the ribs used and its thickness based on the static and dynamic analysis of the assembly. A comparison between the existing and modified base structure which is reinforced with the concrete, is also discussed.

7 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

000538   Mallikarjuna P;Aruna Jyothy A (Civil Engineering Dep, SVU College of Engineering, Tirupati-517 502) : Evapotranspiration studies for irrigation projects. J Instn Engrs-Pt AG 2008, 89(Dec), 5-13.

Estimation of evapotranspiration is essential for the hydrologic water balance, irrigation and water resources planning and management. A large number of methods for estimating evapotranspiration have been developed and tested for different climatic conditions. These methods vary from simple empirical equations to complex methods. The choice of the method depends on its suitability in the region and the availability of the data. The method selected for estimating evapotranspiration, however, should produce good results with a minimum of climatic data and also be applicable over a wide range of climatic conditions. The study aims to identify suitable empirical methods for estimating evapotranspiration for different crops for Tirupati and Nellore regions of Andhra Pradesh. The inter-relationships among frequently used empirical methods with FAO Penman-Monteith method have also been developed to provide easy conversion facility among different methods.

6 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

000537   Mahalle A M;Jajoo B N (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Government College of Engineering, Amravati-444 604) : Convection enhancement in a channel using porous material. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2007, 87(Oct), 24-8.

High porosity metal foams are excellent for high heat dissipation. They are employed in aerospace application mainly, but their use has been widened to include cooling in electronic packaging. Other important applications have been found taldng advantages of the thermal properties of metal foam. These applications include compact heat exchangers for airborne equipment, regenerative and dissipative air cooled condenser towers, as well as compact heat sinks for power electronic. The low relative density, open porosity and high thermal conductivity of the cell edges, as well as the large accessible surface area per unit volume, and the ability to mix the cooling fluid, all can make metal foam heat exchangers efficient, compact and light weight. The purpose of this work is to prove the foam metal are high heat dissipater. It is used in high heat source to dissipate heat quickly, using heat input 48W109W, 194W, 240W and 300W. The heat transfer coefficient is increased as the velocity increased. The Reynold number and Nusselt number are increased by increasing the velocity. But the efficiency of the plate is increased as the velocity decreased.

16 illus, 16 ref

000536   Kumar S;Pande S S;Kumawat B C (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Institute of Technology, Banars Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005) : Transfer molding process using particulate composite material and virtual testing. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2008, 89(Apr), 3-8.

There have been several attempts to find a material alternative for wood with suitability of ease for manufacturing. The paper presents development of a transfer molding process for making different products using a special class of composite material to replace wood. The process uses saturated polyester based resin with French chalk powder as filler for fabrication. A stool mold in several pieces has been prepared by reinforcing chopped glass fibre mat in unsaturated polyester resin by hand lay -up process. Flowability and temperature experiments have been performed in order to identify the working process parameters and transfer molding process has been used to reproduce the product from mold. Mechanical properties of the proposed composite material have also been calculated virtually using Hypermesh 5.1 software. Results indicate that the proposed material is safe and it is suitable for different applications.

ref

000535   Koilraj M;Muthuveerappan G;Pattabiraman J (Mechanical Engineering Dep, MNM Jain Engineering College, Chennai-600 096) : Improvement in gear tooth design methodology using finite element method. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2007, 87(Oct), 8-12.

Some changes in the cross-section of the gear tooth increase the amount of localized stress leading to stress concentration. The magnitude of the stress concentration depends on the size and shape of the section. In particular, it depends on the radius of curvature of the fillet at the critical section of the gear tooth. The profile of a gear tooth consists of an involute shape at the sides and a trochoidal shape at the fillet. An analytical method is used to generate the above profiles. From the gear specification, the parameters required to generate the gear tooth profiles whose coordinates of the in volute and trochoidal profiles are generated using different types of cutters for standard and corrected gears. In the present work, tooth fillet bending stresses ha ve been calculated for both the standard and corrected gears considering the actual trochoidal fillet form, which closely represents the size and shape effects. The ratio of the stress determined by this method to the stress obtained from the modified Lewis equation has been considered as stress correction factor K_t. Stress correction factor is determined for a standard gear and validated with A GMA code through the comparison methods. The stress correction factor is determined by changing the parameters like number of teeth and correction factor for a standard and corrected gears and their respective influence on this factor (K_t) has been studied and analyzed in this work. From this study, the geometry factor (J)has also been derived for different conditions.

12 illus, 8 ref

000534   Kodanda B (NO, National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore) : Feeder and short haul air transport systems : current issues related to infrastructure development for sustainbility of civil aviation growth in India. J Instn Engrs-Pt AS 2008, 89(Nov), 15.

Presents the accessibility infrastructure to airports with reference to the current status and bottlenecks associated with it. The need to improve connectivity in terms of capacity and rapid access to existing and new airports with alternative urban transport technologies like Metro Rail, Light Rail, and Monprail has been emphasized considering the rapid expansion of civil aviation and also from the perspective of ever increasing urban traffic congestion/ pollution levels due to vehicular traffic. Further, the future form of new urban airport (aerotropolis), issues, such as, perspectives in city planning, MRO services of air fleet, air traffic management infrastructure, human resource development, and implementation models which also play catalytic roles are discussed.

8 illus, 7 tables, 27 ref

000533   Kashyap K T;Patil R G (Mechanical Engineering Dep, People Education Society Institute of Technology, 100 Feet Ring Road, Bangalore-560 085, Email: ktkashyap@yahoo.com) : On young's modulus of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(2), 185-7.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were discovered by lijima in 1991 as the fourth form of carbon. Carbon nano-tubes are the ultimate carbon fibres because of their high Young's modulus of ≈ 1 TPa which is very useful for load transfer in nanocomposites. In the present work, CNT/A1 nanocomposites were fabricated by the powder metallurgy technique and after extrusion of the nanocomposites bright field transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies were carried out. From the TEM images so obtained, a novel method of ascertaining the Young's modulus of multi-walled carbon nanotubes is worked out in the present paper which turns out to be 0.9 TPa which is consistent with the experimental results.

2 illus, 9 ref

000532   Kar S;Sriram Sarma E;Somu V B;Kishore N K; Srinivas V (Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302, Email: kishor@ee.iitkgp.ernet.in) : Evaluation of different consolidation methods for nano-materials. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2008, 15(4), 343-6.

The effect of high voltage and low frequency current pulses on Ni powder compacts and on alloys like Ni₈₀Si₂₀ or Ni₉₅Si₅ are investigated. The pulse application on ball milled Ni powder compacts and on Ni₈₀Si₂₀ result in a further increase in density. This suggests that the SPS and EDC technique can be used as an alternative method for the sintering of nano-materials and tor the dcnsification of nano particles but with the simultaneous application of pressure.

8 illus, 5 ref