047746   CHANDRAN T, ASAITHAMBI S, SENTHILKUMAR N, MUTHUNARAYANAN V, SUBRAMANIAN R, S R B P (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Surya Engineering Coll, Mettukadai - 638107, Email: eben4uever@gmail.com) : Cost effective and natural plant based coagulant for removal of chloride from potable water. Asian J. Chem 2020, 32 (4), 871 - 5.

In present study, water quality was assessed by collecting ten water samples in and around Tiruppur city of India. The physicochemical characterisation of the water samples were analyzed using standard protocols. The samples with higher chloride content (3106 mg/L) was found in Ganapathy Palayam sample, the value was higher than the BIS prescribed limit. The sample was subjected to treatment with various dosages of the phyto coagulating agent Tamarindus indica L. seed powder and its polysaccharide. The maximum 51 % of chloride reduction was obtained with 0.3 g of seed polysaccharide, and it was taken as optimum dosage. The raw seed removed 47 % of chloride by the dosage 0.4 g. The seed powder was characterized by GC - MS and FT - IR analysis. The GC - MS chromatogram showed the presence of various phytocompounds such as lupanine, cyclopropane octanoic acid, ascorbic acid, octadecanoic acid in the plants. The functional groups found in the seed powder were characterized by FTIR analysis. The evaluated results confirmed the contamination of potable water in Tiruppur city by the dyeing industries located near the water sources. The present work concluded that tamarind seed coagulants are efficient, eco - friendly, low - cost and easily available material, which could be used for the treatment of potable water.

7 illus, 6 tables, 8 ref

001561   BHAT M I, SHAHI N C, LOHANI U C, KUMAR A, MALIK S (Post-Harvest Process & Food Engineering Dep, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand, Email: bhatmohammadishfaq@gmail.com) : Influence of microwave-assisted chemical treatment on delignification of rice straw biomass. Environ Conserv J 2021, 22(1&2), 87-95.

Lignocellulosic biomass (like rice straw) provides an alternative for depleting non-renewable energy sources through its
value-added utilization (like production of biofuels and nanocellulose) owing to its abundance, renewability, polymer
presence and environmental friendliness. Prior to its utilization, any lignocellulosic biomass is subjected to a timeconsuming
delignification process for lignin free biomass recovery. The present study aims to reduce the time of
delignification of rice straw along with enhancing the delignification percentage of biomass by use of microwave assisted
sodium chlorite method. The experiments were done at two microwave power levels (640, 800 W), three bleaching
solution concentrations (0.4, 1.7, 3.0 %) and three microwave treatment times (4, 8, 12 min). The delignification
percentage of the rice straw for the whole experimentation varied from 24.7 to 90.12%. The results revealed that the time
of delignification was greatly reduced (12 min) with a very high delignification (90.12%) percentage. The morphology of
the delignified samples also revealed the deconstruction of the lignin structure. The improved method can thus be applied
for the delignification of other biomasses as well for quick and effective delignification.

5 illus, 2 tables, 42 ref

001504   PATEL M D (Mining Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Raipur-492 010, Chhattisgarh) : Study of microbial contribution in alkalinity generation during treatment of acid mine drainage by laboratory successive alkalinity producing system. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2021, 58(2), 162-70.

Presently, the acid mine drainage (AMD) is a very common environmental problem being faced by mining communities throughout the world. The AMD generated in the mines is characterized by low pH value which results in further dissolution of minerals and release of toxic metals into the water. The successive alkalinity producing system (SAPS) is a passive treatment system which has evolved to harness the treatment benefits of limestone and wetlands together. In this laboratory study four identically designed SAPS were operated simultaneously with four different types of synthetic AMD for different Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT). The cow compost, sawdust and limestone were used in SAPS. The % contribution of organic substrate in net alkalinity generation due to microbial activities was measured for different HRTs. In this study is observed that organic substrate has contributed 70.96% and limestone layer contributed 29.04% in net alkalinity generation by SAPS.

7 illus, 9 tables, 23 ref

001498   JAGADEESH G V, SETTI S G (Mechanical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Raipur-492 010, Chhattisgarh) : Bio-engineering and bio-design of new generation bioresorbable implants. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2021, 58(2), 118-26.

Biomaterials play a major role in enhancing the quality, performance and longevity of human life. With the technological advancements in biomedical and material processing, quite a number of biomaterials are being synthesized with properties desirable for various biomedical applications. Among these, bioresorbable materials are the new class of Biomaterials. Bioresorbable materials can be used mainly in orthopaedic, cardiovascular, dental and tissue engineering applications. The potential bioresorbable materials identified were Magnesium alloys, Iron and Zinc alloys. However, there are certain issues with these bioresorbable materials for their application as implants. The current review presents the potential, physiological behavior and problems of Magnesium alloy. The biological performance of Magnesium alloys under different processing methods such as alloying, surface modification and bulk processing was discussed. This review may be a guide for new researchers to identify suitable processing method for Magnesium alloy.

4 illus, 10 tables, 44 ref

001489   BAGYARAJ S, ARUN KARTHICK S, GOMATHI S, SANDINI S, SOWMIYA R, DEVI B, VAITHIYANATHAN D (Biomedical Engineering Dep, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar Coll of Engineering, Kalavakkam- 603 110, Tamil Nadu) : Preparation and characterization of silver nanoparticle/aloe vera incorporated PCL/PEO matrix for wound dressing application. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2021, 58(1), 35-44.

Polymeric wound dressing materials have remarkable mechanical, structural, and biocompatible behavior. In this work, a polymer matrix of Polycaprolactone (PCL)/Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) incorporated with Aloe Vera (AV) extract and silver nanoparticles were prepared for wound dressing application. Initially, the phytochemicals from AV were extracted by Soxhlet apparatus, and then the aloe extract was used as a reducing agent to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag NP). Ag NP's formation was confirmed by the presence of a characteristic UV absorbance peak at 420 nm. Ag NP's average diameter and shape were found to be between 10-50 nm and spherical, respectively. AV extract and Ag NP were incorporated into PCL/PEO polymer solution to prepare the polymer matrix by solution casting method. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to study the effect of Ag NP concentration, AV extract percentage, and PEO weight percentage concerning PCL on wound dressing application. Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) and swelling properties of all the sample were tested and found that the PEO and AV extract plays a major role in both swelling and WVTR irrespective of Ag NP concentration. The antimicrobial property of synthesized Ag NP was studied against gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli with control samples (PCL and PCL/PEO), Ag NP with 150 mg concentration showed a higher zone of inhibition than the other concentrations. Thus, the prepared PCL/PEO polymer matrix incorporated with AV extract and Ag NP can be used as an effective wound dressing material.

9 illus, 5 tables, 31 ref

001484   CHANDEL A, LUBKEMAN D L (Electrical and Computer Engineering Dep, North Carolina State Univ, NC, USA) : Impact of transients caused by PV transformer energization on active industrial loads. IETE Tech Rev 2021, 38(4), 450-62.

The importance and impact of transient studies with appropriate distribution system modelling is highlighted in the present work. New and realistic modelling techniques to be employed in modern distribution system are presented. Various issues, arising due to the energization of photovoltaic (PV) transformer on active industrial loads in a distribution network, are modelled. Sudden energization of large PV plant transformer(s) with respect to the voltage, current, harmonic profile and their effect on the system impedance in a distribution network is dealt with as this impacts the network performance. Cause and effect for the tripping of the industrial plant drives post connection of the large transformers of the photovoltaic plant is investigated. The inverter-based loads are sensitive to the frequency response of grids which is shaped by power factor capacitors. The use of current-limiting resistors and strict constraints on system impedance is analysed and inferred to be the promising techniques for the stable operation of large industrial loads. Furthermore, the research work highlights the various other aspects to make the distribution system more efficient. Special cautions need to be followed if industrial loads are in the vicinity of the planned DERs. Hence, the need of modelling and simulation of transient-impact studies with appropriate frequency analysis prior to actual deployment of large-scale PV plants in “vital” load areas is essential.

13 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

001480   UDDIN M P, MAMUN M A, HOSSAIN M A (Computer Science & Engineering Dep, Rajshahi Univ of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh) : PCA-based feature reduction for hyperspectral remote sensing image classification. IETE Tech Rev 2021, 38(4), 377-96.

The hyperspectral remote sensing images (HSIs) are acquired to encompass the essential information of land objects through contiguous narrow spectral wavelength bands. The classification accuracy is not often satisfactory in a cost-effective way using the entire original HSI for practical applications. To enhance the classification result of HSIs the band reduction strategies are applied which can be divided into feature extraction and feature selection methods. PCA (Principal Component Analysis), a linear unsupervised statistical transformation, is frequently adopted for the extraction of features from HSIs. In this paper, PCA and SPCA (Segmented-PCA), SSPCA (Spectrally SegmentedPCA), FPCA (Folded-PCA) and MNF (Minimum Noise Fraction) as linear variants of PCA together with KPCA (Kernel-PCA) and KECA (kernel Entropy Component Analysis) as nonlinear variants of PCA have been investigated. The top transformed features were picked out using accumulation of variance for all other feature extraction methods except for MNF and KECA. MNF uses SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) values and KECA employs Renyi quadratic entropy measurement for this purpose. The studied approaches are equated and analyzed for Indian Pine agricultural and urban Washington DC Mall HSI classification using SVM (Support Vector Machine) classifier. The experiment illustrates that the costly effective and improved classification performance of the feature extraction approaches over the performance using the entire original dataset. MNF offers the highest classification accuracy and FPCA offers the least space and time complexity with satisfactory classification result.

14 illus, 14 tables, 95 ref

001476   GUPTA S, SAHOO A K, SAHOO U K (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, VR Siddhartha Engineering Coll, Vijayawada) : Volterra and wiener model based temporally and spatio-temporally coupled nonlinear system identification: A synthesized review. IETE Tech Rev 2021, 38(3), 303-27.

Nonlinear problems have drawn the attention of many researchers, engineers and scientists as most of the real systems are inherently nonlinear in nature. These systems widely exist in many industrial processes such as thermal process, fluid process, pH neutralization process, and so on. They can be customarily classified into lumped parameter systems (LPSs) and distributed parameter systems (DPSs). Modeling of these systems is quite arduous, but is essential for prediction, control, and analysis. To model and analyze these nonlinear systems, many theoretical and practical methods including Volterra and block-structured models have been developed. The main objective of this paper is to concisely present the Volterra and block-structured modeling approaches along with their vital applications to nonlinear system identification and control. A much-needed effort is given in describing various modeling methods for unknown DPSs. As DPSs are of infinite dimensionality, hence they require model reduction (MR) techniques for practical implementation. Various types of MR techniques are studied in this paper where the efficient selection of spatial basis-functions is often required. Further, the adaptive modeling methods for LPSs and DPSs are studied to inculcate the benefits of adaptiveness. Finally, wireless sensor network-based distributed consensus modeling of nonlinear DPSs is discussed, diminishing the limitations of least-squares and centralized adaptive methods.

14 illus, 185 ref

001474   BOKE A K, NAKHATE S, RAJAWAT A (Electronics & Communication Engineering Dep, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal) : Efficient key generation techniques for securing iot communication protocols. IETE Tech Rev 2021, 38(3), 282-93.

Internet of things (IoT) is getting bigger as communication infrastructure and device capabilities are getting improved day-by-day, creating a huge market for IoT devices for commercial as well as personal usage. This paper sheds light on the compromises done by vendors on the grounds of security, resources and flexibility to lure customers with low prices, smaller and fancier designs of IoT device and its consequences. Most of the IoT devices are resource-constrained and hence standardization bodies such as IEEE and IETF gave many protocols for IoT devices which are defined over IoT protocol stack. The degree of security in each layer of IoT protocol stack is discussed and it is found that NFC protocol which operates on physical-data link layer and 6LoWPAN, a network layer protocol, lack proper key management while encrypting the data. A most important part of key management in cryptographic algorithms is key generation and storage (if needed). Different types and methods of key generation techniques are also discussed which might give a solution over a variety of situations combining the level of security requirement and resources available in strengthening the abovementioned communication protocols.

3 illus, 5 tables, 44 ref

001473   MAHATO B, MAJUMDAR S, VATSYAYAN S, JANA K C (Electrical Engg Dep, IIT(ISM), Dhanbad) : A new and generalized structure of mli topology with half-bridge cell with minimum number of power electronic devices. IETE Tech Rev 2021, 38(2), 267-78.

Rapid developments in the field of high-power, high-voltage applications have led to a tremendous increase in the popularity and utility of multilevel inverters. The requirement of reduced harmonics coupled with an ever-increasing demand for clean and renewable energy sources has led to a great interest in the multilevel inverter. This paper presents a novel architecture of a single-phase multilevel inverter that utilizes fewer power electronic switches and driver circuits than various popular multilevel inverter circuits. The design presented is generalized in nature, thereby allowing for the generation of any number of levels in the output voltage. The working and modes of operation of the 9-level symmetrical configuration of the proposed topology is extensively elaborated. Simulation results from MATLAB Simulink as well as real-time hardware results have been included to verify the existence and proper working of the proposed 9-level symmetrical and 15-level asymmetrical inverter. Comparison results with other discussed configurations are also included to further establish the advantages possessed by the proposed circuit.

9 illus, 6 tables, 29 ref

001472   RAHIM T, KHAN S, USMAN M A, SHIN S Y ( IT and Convergence Engineering Dep, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, South Korea) : Exploiting de-noising convolutional neural networks dncnns for an efficient watermarking scheme: A case for information retrieval. IETE Tech Rev 2021, 38(2), 245-55.

Digital watermarking has various applications in which it plays an important role; these include document security and multimedia vendor copyrights. This paper presents an efficient watermarking technique called ‘modified selective embedding in low frequency’ (M-SELF) implementing a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for frequency domain analysis where FFT shift brings down lower-frequency components to the center of the cover image. Embedding of the watermark is done by optimal radial implementation after coordinates computation via phase and magnitude separation. Furthermore, the watermark is protected by the convolutional code (1/2) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES-128) algorithm providing a double layer of security. Moreover, the exploitation of de-noising convolutional neural networks (DnCNNs) is another contribution of the proposed work. The network is utilized as a de-noiser in an integrated manner for the proposed watermarking technique on blind level of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) to check the robustness of the technique. Performance evaluation of the proposed integrated watermarking technique is done in terms of percentage of bits being retrieved as a success rate at each level of noise and perceived visual quality by using full-reference image quality assessment (IQA) metrics such as peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM).

8 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

001450   CUI Z, QI W, LIU Y, GUO J (Beijing Institute of Information Application Technology, People’s Republic of China) : Research on region selection strategy for visible watermark embedding. IETE J Res 2021, 38(1), 5-16.

Visible watermarking is one of the most direct and effective copyright protection methods for digital images and videos, but it faces the problems of easy detection of watermarking location and watermarking removal attacks. It requires that the visible watermarking not only can not affect visual quality of original digital products but also can resist accidental editing and malicious attacks. In this paper, an adaptive region selection method for visible watermark embedding is proposed. First, an improved region selection method based on the model of saliency-based visual attention (MSVA) is used to more accurately distinguish salient and non-salient regions of host image; then, the nonsalient regions of image are divided into sub-blocks to calculate texture complexity respectively; finally, a moderate image block is selected as the embedding region of visible watermark image according to the distribution of image texture complexity. The experimental results show that the proposed method can identify saliency regions more accurately, thus ensuring that the important contents of host image will not be occluded. The adaptive selection of embedding region based on image complexity not only ensures the recognizability and aesthetics of visible watermark embedding effect but also takes into account the security of watermark embedding, and especially reduces the risk of batch removal attacks.

12 illus, 31 ref

001449   MONDAL K, SARKAR P P (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, MIET, Bandel) : Gain and bandwidth enhancement of microstrip patch antenna for WiMAX and WLAN applications. IETE J Res 2021, 67(5), 726-34.

A high-gain broadband microstrip patch antenna using a PTFE substrate of dielectric constant 2.4 with a modified radiating patch is proposed. Two different shapes of ground planes (rectangular and circular) have been used under the proposed radiating patch to enhance the antenna gain. The lateral dimensions of the proposed patch are 0.52λ0 × 0.51λ0, where λ0 is the free space wavelength at f0 = 5.65 GHz. Here a total of five slits and a slot are embedded at the optimum position on the proposed patch. The effects of each slits on bandwidth and gain are demonstrated. The covered frequency band is 2 GHz (5.5–7.5 GHz). The achieved peak gains are 7 dBi at 5.65 GHz and 9 dBi at 7.5 GHz. The percentage bandwidth of 30.77 is achieved. It may be used in industrial, scientific and medical band, WLAN (5.8 GHz), WiMAX, and satellite communication applications. 

13 illus, 6 tables, 11 ref

001445   ANURADHA S, VARALAKSHMI G U, BALAKRISHNAN J (Electronic Science Dep, Bangalore Univ, Karnataka- 560 056) : Discrimination of complex radar targets using the dominant poles determined in the time and frequency domains. IETE J Res 2021, 67(5), 674-86.

In this paper, we present and compare two techniques of discriminating complex objects, using the electromagnetic scattering response in the time and frequency domains. The scattering in the time and frequency domains are computed using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method and the Method of Moments (MoM), respectively. The dominant Natural Resonant Frequencies (NRFs) of the objects have been identified, using the Matrix Pencil of Function (MPoF) algorithm from the scattering response in the time domain, and the Vector Fitting (VF) method using the response in the frequency domain. The dominant NRFs in both cases have been identified after thresholding the power contribution of each pole. A “Risk” function using the dominant poles of any two scattering objects is then defined, which aids in quantifying the discrimination. Perfectly Electrically Conducting (PEC) objects with minor variations in their geometric shape have been discriminated using the risk function. It is shown that the techniques described in this paper are effective in discriminating targets. Both approaches, using the time and frequency domain scattering response are found to yield identical results. A single run of the FDTD algorithm is sufficient to compute the electromagnetic response required to determine the dominant natural resonances. Hence, the approach of using the time domain scattering response is computationally efficient. Thus a hybrid approach of computing the resonances from the time domain scattering response and discrimination using the risk function defined, is fast enough to apply to targets of realistic size such as an aircraft at operational radar frequencies

12 illus, 8 tables, 21 ref

001445   MEENA H K, JOSHI S D, SHARMA K K (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Facial expression recognition using graph signal processing on HOG. IETE J Res 2021, 67(5), 667-73.

The Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) has been found to be an effective method for the face detection as well as the facial expression recognition. However, due to the large feature length of the facial expression, there is a challenge to decrease the size of the feature vector. A novel method is proposed using the graph signal processing (GSP) with the HOG to reduce the length of the feature vector and to increase the accuracy for recognizing the facial expression. The proposed method is demonstrated on CK+ and JAFFE database and the experimental performance is compared with the results of other methods using the same databases. The better recognition rate with the significant reduction in the feature length in the experimental results shows the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

1 illus, 6 tables, 23 ref

001440   TALWARIYA A, SINGH P, KOLHE M L (Electrical Engineering Dep, JK Lakshmipat Univ, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Stackelberg game theory based energy management systems in the presence of renewable energy sources. IETE J Res 2021, 67(5), 611-9.

The game theory concept has been adapted for energy management between energy producers and consumers in the presence of renewable energy sources (RES) and electric vehicles (EVs). The objective of the paper is to increase the penetration of renewable energy sources and EVs by the Stackelberg game theory model with real-time pricing. RES are the energy generation sources located near load centers to manage the demand of consumers. The primary objective of EV is transportation, but for managing the energy demand, EV participate in grid operations as a back up source of energy. EV are charged during off-peak hours and discharged to the grid during peak hours. Consumers benefited in terms of higher payoffs to supply energy during peak hours. To increase the payoffs, consumers can shift their appliance operation from high price duration to low price duration and create a new peak energy consumption. To maintain the balance between consumers and utility, an optimization tool is essential. The Stackelberg game theory model is a one leader and N followers’ game, the leader first declares the energy price and the follower respond by selecting their best response for energy consumption. The leader can update its strategy again by considering the follower best response to obtain maximum benefits. The process to achieve the best response of the follower and leader is called the Stackelberg nash equilibrium. Objective of energy producers is to supply maximum energy through renewable energy sources and the use of EVs as storage units. The prime objective of consumers is to minimize energy tariff by scheduling the appliances.

6 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

001439   SINGH S P, YADAV P, KUMAR C, SHARMA M K, GAUR R C (Civil Engineering Dep, Manipal Univ, Jaipur) : Performance of an integrated settler based anaerobic biofilm reactor as onsite sanitation system. IETE J Res 2021, 67(5), 603-10.

The present study analysed the performance of an integrated settler based anaerobic biofilm reactor (ISBABR) for domestic wastewater treatment at two hydraulic loading conditions as an onsite sanitation system. The ISBABR is designed on the basic concept of conventional septic tanks and anaerobic biofilm reactors. The ISBABR was run on actual sewage after inoculating it with digested sludge, whose COD (Chemical oxygen demand) and VSS (Volatile suspended solids) values were 9.65 and 7.13 g/l respectively. The system was operated on steady and non-steady hydraulic loading conditions while maintaining 24 h HRT for 4 consecutive months. The average removal efficiency of the system in terms of TSS (Total suspended solids), BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand) and COD was found to be 90.09 ± 4.5%, 89.89 ± 3.2% and 87.89 ± 5.2% respectively, under both the hydraulic loading conditions. In bacterial analysis, the removal efficiency of the system in terms of TC (Total coliform) and FC (Fecal coliform) was found to be 85.5 ± 4.9% and 96.36 ± 1.5% respectively. The morphology of the sludge showed the presence of anaerobes, which was a good indicator for the system. The results of the present study prove that the ISBABR is perfect system for onsite sanitation.

3 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

001435   GUPTA C, GUPTA A, BANSAL A K, DIXIT A (Electrical Engineering Dep, IIT Delhi, New Delhi- 110 016) : Suppression of short-channel effects by double-gate double-channel device design in normally-off AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMTs. IETE J Res 2021, 67(3), 425-32.

In this work, we have performed numerical simulations of normally-off AlGaN/GaN recessed Metal–Insulator-Semiconductor or MIS-HEMTs. A double-gate double-channel device design is proposed and analyzed using calibrated TCAD models. The dual-gate geometry is shown to provide an enhanced gate control over the double-channel, thereby suppressing the short-channel effects. The proposed device exhibits 72-mV/decade subthreshold slope, which is 50% improvement compared to the single-gate single-channel device with 3 µm gate length. Both the double-gate double-channel and single-gate single-channel structures are compared for their ability to counter short-channel effects in aggressively scaled MIS-HEMT devices. It is shown that, double-gate design is superior to single-gate single-channel device with 80% improvement in drain-induced barrier lowering at sub-micrometer gate lengths.

9 illus, 28 ref

001434   MIR T N, SINGH B, BHAT A H (Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi) : Speed-Sensorless DTC of a matrix converter fed induction motor using an adaptive flux observer. IETE J Res 2021, 67(3), 414-24.

This paper aims at combining some of the best features of an available induction motor (IM) drive system while introducing a simplified adaptive flux estimation algorithm for sensorless operation. The use of a matrix converter (MC) is proposed to achieve improved source side power quality and input power factor correction of an IM drive. Direct torque control (DTC) of an IM is realized through appropriate switching of the MC and the control strategy is implemented with speed-sensorless operation by using a relatively simplified adaptive flux observer. DTC through speed and flux estimation is realized in the stationary reference frame. Primarily, three objectives are achieved, viz. speed regulation while directly controlling the motor torque (and flux), improved source side power quality owing to the use of MC, and substantially simplified sensorless estimation strategy. Additionally, economic benefits are also achieved owing to negligible energy storage requirements of the drive and sensorless operation.

14 illus, 5 tables, 18 ref

001433   NIVETHA J, KANTHAMANI S (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Thiagarajar Coll of Engineering, Madurai- 625 015) : Radial Point Interpolation Method (RPIM) for the meshless analysis of graphene nano ribbon. IETE J Res 2021, 67(3), 408-13.

This paper proposes the usage of an adaptive meshless method – radial point interpolation method (RPIM) for the analysis of armchair graphene nano ribbon (GNR) to be used for interconnect applications. The validity and efficiency of the proposed method are demonstrated using the following three examples: one-dimensional problem, two-dimensional problem and the cantilever beams under various forces and boundary conditions. Electrostatic analysis of the GNR is performed using RPIM. The delay of the GNR is calculated using the quasi-static capacitance. It is found that the delay is reduced compared to the RKPM analysis, making it as a suitable candidate for RF interconnects.

9 illus, 30 ref

001432   SHARMA M, BANSAL R K, PRAKASH S, ASEFI S (Electrical Engineering Dep, Guru Kashi Univ, Bathinda, Punjab) : MVO algorithm based LFC design of a six-area hybrid diverse power system integrating IPFC and RFB. IETE J Res 2021, 67(3), 394-407.

Flexible alternating current transmission system devices and energy storage devices have great potential to support frequency regulation in power system. Hence, the impact of interline power flow controller unit and redox flow battery unit in the load frequency control (LFC) of six-area power system having different power plant units has been investigated in this paper. The multi-verse optimizer (MVO) is proposed to tune the parameters of the proportional–integral and derivative (PID) controller. Further, the efficacy of the multi-verse optimizer tuned proportional–integral (PI) controller is also equated with the recently developed sine-cosine algorithm tuned PI controller in the investigated power system. The encouraging role of interline power flow controller (IPFC) unit and redox flow battery (RFB) unit has been confirmed for system frequency and tie-line power regulation. The investigation validated that multi-verse optimizer based proportional–integral–derivative controller with an interline power flow controller unit and redox flow battery unit give better dynamic response during sudden load disturbances.

9 illus, 6 tables, 46 ref

001431   GOYAL T, MAJUMDER M K, KAUSHIK B K (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, IEC CET, Greater Noida) : Modeling and fabrication aspects of CU- and carbon nanotube-based through-silicon vias. IETE J Res 2021, 67(3), 377-93.

This paper discourses the variations in methods of fabrication and modeling of Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs) in chronological order. Three-dimensional (3D) integration is an emerging technology that forms multi-functioning high-performance ICs by vertically stacking of disparate technologies and components altogether. TSV has the potential to become an essential component in integration and packaging of 3D ICs. However, the limited information about TSV technologies brings the challenge in selecting the appropriate filler material of TSVs. This review paper overviews the copper (Cu)- and carbon nanotube (CNT)-based TSVs and their pros and cons to be established as suitable filler material for 3D TSVs. The equivalent electrical models of both Cu and CNT-based TSVs are discussed addressing their advantages and disadvantage to reason out the most promising method for the modeling of TSVs.

23 illus, 30 ref

001430   AJAYAN J, RAVICHANDRAN T, MOHANKUMAR P, PRAJOON P, PRAVIN J C, NIRMAL D (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, SNS Coll of Technology, Coimbatore) : Investigation of RF and DC performance of E-mode in_0.80ga_0.20as/inas/in_0.80ga_0.20as channel based DG-HEMTS for future submillimetre wave and THZ applications. IETE J Res 2021, 67(3), 366-76.

In this paper, we systematically investigated the DC and RF behaviour of the novel EnhancementMode (E-Mode) Double-Gate High Electron Mobility Transistors (DGHEMTs) using Sentaurus-TCAD software. The scalability of the novel DGHEMT is also studied by analysing the short channel effects. The attractive features of the proposed DGHEMT are intrinsic In_0.80Ga_0.20As/InAs/In_0.80Ga_0.20As channel, dual silicon delta doping sheets and platinum (Pt) buried gate technology. The proposed DGHEMT with Lg = 20 nm exhibits a gm_max of 3970 mS/mm and IDS_max of 1650 mA/mm at VGS = 0.6 V and VDS = 0.8 V. The proposed DGHEMT exhibits a threshold voltage of 20 mV which indicates its E-Mode behaviour. The sub-threshold swing (SS) and DIBL values obtained for Lg = 20 nm DGHEMT at V_DS = 0.5 V are 74 mV/dec and 78 mV/V respectively. The Lg = 20 nm proposed E-Mode DGHEMT also exhibit a fT and fmax of 826 and 1615 GHz respectively at VDS = 0.6 V. The computed logic gate delay for the Lg = 20 nm DGHEMT is 31.25 fS with an electron velocity under the gate of 6.4 × 107 cm/S. This excellent RF and DC behaviour of the proposed DGHEMT makes them an excellent choice for future sub-millimetre wave and THz frequency applications.

11 illus, 1 table, 46 ref

001429   LI Q, YIN K (Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology, Nanjing- 210 039, People’s Republic of China) : High-resolution sar typical targets extraction and heterogeneous image registration. IETE J Res 2021, 67(3), 354-65.

To overcome current difficulties in target extraction from high resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and in heterogeneous image registration, new extraction and registration methods are proposed in this paper according to two typical targets: airport and road targets. For airport targets, Otsu segmentation method is firstly used to obtain potential Region of Interest (ROI). Secondly, Fuzzy Cmeans Clustering Method (FCM) and HU Invariant Moments are jointed to describe regional features of ROI. Finally, Euclidean distance similarity and nearest neighbor distance ratio (NNDR) are jointly used to complete image registration (between optical and SAR image); for road targets, self-adaptive threshold segmentation method is firstly used to obtain ROI. Secondly, the ratio of average (ROA) and Hough transformation are jointed to get the directions of ROI. Thirdly, opening operators using linear operators based on these directions are used to obtain better ROI. Finally, a new method called Triangle Mesh Angle Method (TMAM) is proposed to complete image registration. Experimental results demonstrate the proposed methods have good matching accuracy and robust registration results, and own research value and promising applications.

5 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

001428   GALI V, GUPTA N, GUPTA R A (MNIT, Jaipur- 302 017) : Experimental investigations on single-phase shunt APF to mitigate current harmonics and switching frequency problems under distorted supply voltage. IETE J Res 2021, 67(3), 333-53.

This paper presents an experimental validation of, phase-lock loop less modified control strategy for single-phase shunt active power filter (APF) to compensate current harmonics and reactive power in single-phase distribution system under distorted supply voltage. The control technique is divided into two parts: first associated with selected frequency signal extraction by using Hilbert transform-based adaptive tuned filter from distorted supply voltage followed by reference current signal generation using DC-link energy balance method. Second deals with an improved pulse width modulation technique which reduces switching ripple and switching frequency for voltage source inverter used as a shunt APF. The overall control scheme is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink environment in the steady state and transient condition of the load. A detailed hardware design and other parameters of proposed system have been presented. A laboratory prototype has been developed using dSPACE DS1104 controller card having TMS320F240 as a slave DSP to verify the simulation results. Simulated and experimental results show that the proposed control technique gives aflexible and fast dynamic response in single-phase distribution system. The harmonic spectral performance of the proposed technique is as per the recommendation of IEEE-519 standards.

25 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

001427   BAGHERI M H, BAGHERIZADEH M, MORADI M, MOAIYERI M H (Computer Engineering Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Kerman, Iran) : Design of CNTFET-based current-mode multi-input m:3 (4 ≤ m ≤ 7) counters. IETE J Res 2021, 67(3), 322-32.

This paper presents current-mode multi-input m:3 (4 ≤ m ≤ 7) counters based on carbon nanotube FET (CNTFET). Two different approaches are considered for these designs. In the first approach, a current mode m:3 (4 ≤ m ≤ 7) counter is achieved by means of current-mirrors in the output paths. The second proposed current-mode m:3 (4 ≤ m ≤ 7) counter is designed without requiring currentmirrors. This leads to lower number of transistors and lower power dissipation in comparison with the first approach. All of the designs are simulated using the Stanford CNTFET HSPICE model at 32 nm feature size. The results indicate that the second proposed designs are consistently faster and consume lower power than thefirst designs. Therefore, our PDPfigure is improved by 35%, 30%, 36% and 26% as compared to those of current-mode logic (CML) counter 4:3, CML counter 5:3, CML counter 6:3 and CML counter 7:3, respectively.

11 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

001426   SAÇU I E, ALÇI M (Erciyes Univ, Turkey- 38039) : An electronically controllable fractional multivibrator. IETE J Res 2021, 67(3), 313-21.

In this study, a fractional capacitor order of α-based new fractional multivibrator topology is proposed. The new proposed circuit consists of a multioutput current follower transconductance amplifier (MO-CFTA) and a grounded fractional capacitor. The proposed topology offers electronically and independently control of output waveform amplitude, trigger levels, and oscillation period via relevant bias currents. The proposed circuit provides higher oscillation frequency in comparison with normal multivibrator. The proposed circuit is simulated via SPICE and 0.18 μm TSMC technology parameters. Furthermore, the introduced concepts are also verified experimentally.

13 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

001425   KUMAR A, AGGARWAL A, GOPAL K (Petroleum and Energy Studies Univ, Dehradun) : A novel and efficient reader-to-reader and tag-to-tag anti-collision protocol. IETE J Res 2021, 67(3), 301-12.

Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) is one of the prominent wireless technologies for implementing a complete smart environment and is preferred over magnetic tapes, bar codes and smart cards due to its low cost and high speed. RFID networks provide identification, location tracking and record management and consist of tags, readers and backend storage devices. In these networks, it is very common to see tag-to-tag or reader-to-reader collisions. For avoiding these collisions and hence to improve the overall system performance many probabilistic and deterministic anti-collision protocols have been proposed, but the majority of these protocols were found to be inefficient in channel distribution. In this work, based on simulation annealing, a novel and efficient reader-to-reader and tag-to-tag anti-collision protocol is proposed by uniformly distributing the available channels among different readers, which reduces reader-to-reader collisions to zero. For a better performance tag state parameters have been preferred over fixed scheduling. Improvement of tag identification ratio from 1% to 12.5%, successful interrogation cycles by up to 25% for a maximum of 1000 readers and reduction in the number of cycles required for interrogation by a minimum of 13.3% and a maximum of 25.5% and reader-to-reader collisions up to 24% for 100 K tags make the proposed protocol much suited to a heavily loaded network. Compared to other contemporary protocols performance gain in the range of 2% to 30% has been observed for the total number of sent/received packets, delay, number of collisions, idle cycles and time cycles.

12 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

001424   PRADHAN B, GUPTA B (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Techno India Univ, Kolkata) : A miniaturized band-reject filter using metamaterial structures on silicon substrate for x-band application. IETE J Res 2021, 67(3), 294-300.

This paper presents a miniature-size band-reject filter on a Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) transmission line using series connected complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) and series capacitive gaps for X-band applications. The band-reject filter has highly miniaturized dimensions and is capable of solving almost all the basic limitations to which the conventional band-reject filters are mostly susceptible. The series connected CSRRs are etched on the signal planes of the CPW transmission line on silicon substrate enabling CMOS compatibility with planar IC technology. It is a concept resulting in higher bandwidth, low insertion loss of 0.5 dB with high rejection of 40 dB in the stop bands better than similar designs. The optimized design of the proposed device is performed using the parametric study of filter characteristics. The proposed devices RF analysis and circuit model are simulated using Ansoft High-Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS) v13® and Agilent Advanced Design System (ADS) 2009. Measured results are in good agreement with their simulated counterparts and the measured performance is encouraging in all respects.

11 illus, 4 tables, 39 ref

001423   BAHRAMI S (Electrical Engineering Dep, Salman Farsi Univ of Kazerun, Kazerun, Iran) : Through the wall imaging using ultrawideband frequency domain sampling method. IETE J Res 2021, 67(2), 281-9.

In this paper, a novel ultrawideband (UWB) time reversal technique for through-the-wall imaging (TWI) is introduced. The proposed algorithm is based on utilization of spatial and UWB frequency data acquired by antenna array. Scattering data are obtained by transmitting a short pulse from the central transmitter and recording the received signal at each array element. Individual multistatic scattering data matrix according to each antenna is formed by casting the fine and coarse frequency samples of the scattering information. The resulting matrix is calibrated based on transmitter signal and fed into the DORT (French acronym for decomposition of the time reversal operator) algorithm. The performance of the proposed method is investigated numerically by applying it to discrete scatterers embedded in homogeneous and continuously random medium. Numerical results are presented to show the effectiveness and high efficiency of the proposed algorithm for TWI.

12 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

001422   JEBASEELI T J, DURAI C A D, PETER J D (Computer Science and Engineering Dep, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore- 641 114, Tamil Nadu) : Retinal blood vessel segmentation from depigmented diabetic retinopathy images. IETE J Res 2021, 67(2), 263-80.

Diabetic Retinopathy is a progressive disease that affects diabetic patients and changes the width and tortuosity of the retinal blood vessels. The preferred center of attention is to predict the new vessel growth and the dissimilarity in diameter of the retinal blood vessels. To examine the changes, primarily segmentation has to be made. A system has been proposed to enhance the quality of the segmentation result over pathological retinal images. The proposed system comprises preprocessing of Fundus images and extracts the blood vessels. The proposed system uses Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) for preprocessing and Tandem Pulse Coupled Neural Network (TPCNN) model to segment the retinal vasculature. To categorize the small blood vessels from pathological images, the algorithm depending on its parameters. In the former PCNN model, the parameters have to be set at every time for all images. The proposed TPCNN model assigns values for its multiple parameters through Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO); so that the decay speeds of the threshold would be regulated adaptively. This greatly enhances the flexibility of TPCNN in dealing with depigmented pathological images. The generated feature vectors of blood vessels are classified and extracted via Deep Learning Based Support Vector Machine (DLBSVM) technique. The proposed method is assessed over DRIVE, STARE, HRF, REVIEW, CHASE_DB1 and DRIONS databases by the performance parameters such as Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The results render that these techniques improve the segmentation with an average value of 94.68% Sensitivity, 99.70% Specificity, 99.61% Accuracy and 98% ROC. The results evoke that the proposed methods are a suitable alternative for the supervised methods.

9 illus, 5 tables, 36 ref

001421   KUMAR S, AGARWAL P (Electrical Engineering Dep, Harcourt Butler Technical Univ, Kanpur) : Performance evaluation of 18-level inverter fed open-end winding im drive. IETE J Res 2021, 67(2), 253-62.

A novel hybrid 18-level inverter topology for open-end winding induction motor (OWIM) is presented in this paper. In the proposed topology one end of the open-end winding IM is fed by a conventional two-level inverter, while other end is connected to a nine-level cascade H-bridge (CHB) inverter. The combined effect of these two inverters generates 18 levels in the phase voltage of open-end winding IM. The two-level inverter with higher DC link voltage has lower switching frequency and thereby reduces the switching losses. In addition to that, the proposed topology requires less number of components as compared to conventional multilevel inverter (MLI) topologies. An interesting feature of the proposed topology is that, it can operate in nine-level mode by connecting the motor winding in star in case of failure of the two-level inverter. Similarly, if the fault occurs in CHB inverter the proposed inverter can operate in two-level mode. Thus, the reliability of the system is improved. The proposed topology is experimentally verified on 1.5 kW OWIM. The experimental results have proven an excellent steady-state as well as transient-state performance of the proposed inverter in the entire range of linear modulation.

9 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

001420   NAIK K B, GANDHI G M, PATIL S H (Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai) : Pareto-based adaptive resources selection model in hybrid cloud environment. IETE J Res 2021, 67(2), 240-52.

Hybrid cloud has found broad acceptance in organizations and in the field of research. Most of the organizations with its own data center maneuver a hybrid cloud model. The organization utilizes its private resources to compute its maximum load. But then move to the public cloud when infrastructure within its premises is inadequate to handle the peak workloads. The fluctuations in workloads lead to the widespread acceptance of pay-as-you-go cloud resource model. In this article, we describe the Adaptive Multiobjective Resource Selection Model (AMORSM) that automatically selects the resources from the private as well as public clouds for the execution of an application within user-specified deadline. The AMORSM is implemented and integrated with Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) enhanced with an adaptive elitist NSGA-II (Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II). The proposed algorithm is used to accomplish multiple conflicting objectives such as minimum execution time, reduction in execution cost and energy consumption by obtaining Pareto frontier optimal solution. The hybrid elitist NSGA-II (A-NSGA2 with GSA) produces number of non-dominated solution satisfying the criteria, in order to facilitate wider preferences to the cloud consumer. It also uses adaptive acceleration coefficient to maintain the diversity in the frontiers. Our simulation demonstrates 32% improvement in performance and cost tradeoff optimization, in hybrid cloud environment when compared with standard NSGA-II and SPEA multiobjective optimization algorithm.

5 illus, 6 tables, 33 ref

001419   REZAEI A, NOORI L (Electrical Engineering Dep, Kermanshah Univ of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran) : Miniaturized planar crossover using microstrip stub loaded coupled lines. IETE J Res 2021, 67(2), 235-9.

A novel symmetrical planar crossover is presented in this paper. The proposed resonator consists of coupled lines loaded by U-shape stubs, which two similar of them are integrated to create two passband paths at 2.09 GHz for wireless communication systems. To analyze the proposed structure a LC equivalent circuit is proposed for the coupled lines then the resonance condition is obtained. The isolation between two channels is well improved so that S₂₁, S₄₁ and S₃₂ are −29.9, −26.59 and −26.4 dB at 2.09 GHz. Meanwhile, 0.57 dB insertion loss and a compact size of 0.202λg×0.208λg (21.6×22.2 mm²) are obtained where λg is the guided wavelength calculated at the resonance frequency. Also, a phase analysis is done that shows exactly 0˚ phase shift between two paths (S₃₁ and S₄₂) at the resonance frequency. To verify the introduced methodology, the designed crossover is fabricated and measured. There is a good agreement between the simulated and measured results.

6 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

001418   KHAJEH-KHALILI F, HONARVAR M A, VIRDEE B S (Electrical Engineering Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Najafabad, Iran) : Miniature in-phase wilkinson power divider with pair of parallel transmission-lines for application in wireless microwave systems. IETE J Res 2021, 67(2), 227-34.

A novel miniature Wilkinson power divider (WPD) design is presented. This is achieved by substituting the quarter-wavelength transmission-lines constituting the WPD with an equivalent pair of parallel transmission-lines (PPTLs) that effectively reduce the circuit size of the WPD by 43% compared with a conventional design whose ground-plane is defected. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is used to achieve size reduction. Meandering the transmission-lines further reduce the WPD size by 22%. The proposed WPD has overall dimensions of 9.38 × 11.51 mm2 or 0.11 λg × 0.14 λg, which is compatible with the requirements imposed by portable personal wireless systems. Coupling between the parallel transmission-lines is shown to extend the operational bandwidth of the power divider to 3.2 GHz (0.8–4 GHz) for a return-loss better than 10 dB.

13 illus, 5 tables, 24 ref

001417   ISLAM R (Electrical and Computer Engineering Dep, Michigan-Dearborn Univ, MI- 48128, USA) : High-speed on-chip signaling: Voltage or current-mode?. IETE J Res 2021, 67(2), 217-26.

In this paper, we investigate several on-chip signaling schemes. Specifically, we compare different voltage-mode (VM) and current-mode (CM) signaling schemes considering power, performance, and robustness. In addition, we propose a new CM signaling scheme that uses a simple NAND-NOR gate transmitter circuit and a current-comparator-based receiver circuit. We implemented each signaling scheme using a 45 nm CMOS technology. The extracted simulation results show that a traditional CM signaling scheme consumes 58–78% less power compared to a traditional buffered VM signaling scheme in the 1–3 GHz frequency range. Our proposed CM signaling scheme consumes up to 95% and 81% lower power compared to buffered VM and existing CM schemes, respectively. In addition, the proposed CM signaling scheme has 37–41% lower latency with similar slew-rates compared to the buffered signaling scheme.

17 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

001416   JOTHIN R, VASANTHANAYAKI C (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, KGiSL Institute of Technology, Coimbatore) : High performance error tolerant adders for image processing applications. IETE J Res 2021, 67(2), 205-16.

In this paper, we proposed High Performance Error Tolerant Adders (HPETA) which have an efficient design and quality metrics for inexact computing applications. To achieve high performance, Multiplexer Based Approximate Full Adders (MBAFA) are proposed in the inaccurate part of the HPETA design. High speed, energy and area efficiency have been achieved by the critical path delay reduction and the number of gate-level logic reduction. The performances of the proposed MBAFA and HPETA are investigated by comparing its speed, area, power and accuracy parameters with those of other existing error tolerant adder structures. The investigation of these designs is performed in the Cadence Encounter software using the Application Specific Integration Circuits (ASIC) TSMC 90-nm technology library. From the Simulation results, the proposed MBAFA-I based HPETA-I adder exhibits high speed, area efficiency, low power consumption, less Area-Delay Product (ADP) and 56.25%, 47.98%, 37.58%, 34.03%, 39.32% lesser Power-Delay Product (PDP) than the existing conventional CSLA, SAET-CSLA, ETCSLA, HSETA, HSSSA, respectively

17 illus, 10 tables, 17 ref

001415   RAO S K (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur- 522 502, Andhra Pradesh) : Bearings-only tracking: Observer maneuver recommendation. IETE J Res 2021, 67(2), 193-204.

In the maritime environment, object motion analysis using bearings-only measurements in a twodimensional plane is carried out. The observer usually performs S-maneuver on the line of sight for range observability. This traditional S-maneuver is not preferable always. So, in this research work, a procedure is tried out to understand the scenario online and recommend the maneuver accordingly. Object motion parameters are estimated based on one selected acceptance criteria. Online observer maneuver recommendations are carried out to obtain the solution fast. The algorithm is realized using Monte-Carlo simulation and evaluated against number of scenarios.

10 illus, 6 tables, 25 ref

001414   JI Y-X, XU J, WANG H, LI Z-Z, SONG S-S (Electronic Engineering Research Institute, Xi’an- 710100, People’s Republic of China) : A switchable diplexer using switchable impedance matching circuit technique. IETE J Res 2021, 67(2), 186-92.

A new type of switchable diplexer is proposed by using switchable impedance matching circuit (SIMC) to connect two quasi-elliptic bandpass filters. The proposed SIMC consists of two different T-network phase shifters to provide the desired impedance matching and a pair of series-parallel configuration p-i-n diode switches to switch the channels on/off. The designed switchable diplexers have four available operation states, so that they realize multiple functional blocks in a single module. The fabricated switchable diplexer features compact size, wide passband, high isolation and independently switchable operation states.

11 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

001412   KU Y-T, WANG S-F (Electronic Engineering Dep, National Taipei Univ of Technology, People’s Republic of China) : A new wide-band low-voltage low-noise amplifier with gain boosted and noise optimized techniques. IETE J Res 2021, 67(2), 173-9.

This work develops a new CMOS wide-band low-voltage low-noise amplifier (LNA). The proposed LNA uses negative feedback and gain boosted technique to increase its high-frequency gain to achieve high gain and wide bandwidth simultaneously. The proposed LNA uses mirror bias technique to achieve full output swing, and its operating current does not change due to changes in the supply voltage. The two-stage structure can improve the gain flatness, high gain, and low noise figure. Therefore, the developed LNA provides high gain, low noise, wide bandwidth, and good gain flatness performance. The operating bandwidth of the proposed LNA is between 1.5 and 3.5 GHz. The measured gain of the LNA is higher than 15 dB, the measured input third-order intercept points (IIP3) is –7 dBm, the noise figure of the proposed LNA is less than 4.2 dB, and the power dissipations of the LNA is 8 mW at 1 V supply voltage. The proposed LNA is implemented in a Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company 0.18-μm RF CMOS process. The chip area is 0.28 mm².

9 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

001411   RAWAT A, SUSHIL R, AGARWAL A, SIKANDER A (Computer Science and Engineering Dep, Uttarakhand Technical Univ, Uttarakhand) : A new approach for VM failure prediction using stochastic model in cloud. IETE J Res 2021, 67(2), 165-72.

In the present study, a new approach is suggested for the prediction of virtual machine (VM) failure based on the time series stochastic model. Motivated by various proactive fault tolerance techniques in the cloud, prediction of VM failure is highly anticipated. However, precise prediction of VM failure is extremely challenging and having a substantial impact on the proactive fault tolerance system. In proactive fault management techniques, it is essential to forecast the VM failure in the cloud and to characterize the system behavior. To predict the VM failure, we need to monitor the execution of VMs in the clouds dynamic environment and gather their health-related information. Therefore, in this paper, VM failure prediction is presented through a failure predictor module which is designed using time series based autoregressive integrated moving average. The suggested approach is tested on non-stationary failure trace of VM. It is observed that the proposed approach provides the failure prediction accurately.

5 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

001409   ABIOGHLI M, KESHTKAR A, NASER-MOGHADASI M, GHALAMKARI B (Electrical and Computer Engineering Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Tehran, Iran) : UWB rectangular dra integrated with reconfigurable narrowband antenna for cognitive radio applications. IETE J Res 2021, 67(1), 139-47.

A new ultra-wideband (UWB) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) integrated with a reconfigurable narrowband (NB) antenna is designed and analyzed for cognitive radio (CR) applications. The UWB antenna consists of a rectangular dielectric resonator which is fed by a microstrip line. The NB antenna composes of a rectangular ring patch and three stubs which is fed by a microstrip line. The UWB and reconfigurable NB antennas provide 2:1 VSWR bandwidth from 3 to 11 GHz and from (3.25 to 3.7 GHz, 5.5 to 6.5 GHz, and 8 to 8.4 GHz), respectively. There is a reasonable isolation between the antennas. The narrowband reconfigurability is achieved by two p-i-n diode switches within the antenna structure. A prototype of the integrated antenna was fabricated and its performance was verified. The dimensions of the antenna are 65 mm × 40 mm × 6.5 mm. The antenna represents good radiation characteristics. Also, in order to reduce mutual coupling, the space between the ground planes is 10 mm.

14 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

001407   SITENDER, BAWA S (Computer Science and Engineering Dep, Thapar Univ, Patiala, Punjab) : SANSUNL: A sanskrit to UNL enconverter system. IETE J Res 2021, 67(1), 117-28.

Machine translation has become the most challenging as well as demanding field of research and as a result, to develop a fully automatic 100% correct machine translation system has not been achieved till date. More than 7000 of languages are being used worldwide for communication purposes and in India alone 22 languages have been recognized as official languages for communication purposes. Various efforts have been made to solve this problem by different researchers using different approaches. With the enhancement in technology and internet, automatic translation has become more important to share the knowledge. The authors in this paper described a mechanism of translation using machines for one of the ancient Indian Language Sanskrit to the latest computer understandable language Universal Networking Language (UNL). The proposed system uses two databases: one for the analysis purpose consists of more than 300 rules and the other for the generation of UNL which consists of about 1500 rules. For the performance evaluation, the authors selected 500 Sanskrit sentences in such a way that covers maximum UNL relations from various sources. The sentences are manually converted from English to Sanskrit language taken from Spanish Language center, Hindi to English language taken from IIT Bombay Hindi–UNL expressions and NCERT class 8th Sanskrit book titled “Ruchita Part 3”. The proposed system achieves a BLEU score of 0.85. The proposed system gives 93.18% efficiency in resolving UNL relation successfully.

12 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

001406   POTTURU S R, PRASAD R (Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667, Uttarakhand) : Qualitative analysis of stable reduced order models for interval systems using mixed methods. IETE J Res 2021, 67(1), 108-16.

A large number of problems are available for complex higher order systems. These systems are difficult to analyze and synthesize. Therefore it is needful to approximate higher order models to lower order models. Interval systems have constant coefficients which are uncertain within a finite range. In this paper, the frequency domain reduction methods are applied for reducing the order of interval systems. The three mixed methods are considered for reducing the linear dynamic interval systems. In these mixed methods, denominators of the reduced models are obtained by using differentiation method while the numerators of the reduced models are obtained by using differentiation, factor division, and pade approximation methods. The novel feature of the proposed methods is that it guarantees the stability of reduced order models if the original interval systems are stable. In addition, the mixed methods are compared qualitatively in terms of integral square error and integral absolute error to know about the best method among three mixed methods. Numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the mixed methods.

6 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

001404   LOHITH M S, ESHWARAPPA M N (Kalpataru Institute of Technology, Tiptur) : Multimodal biometrics for person identification using ear and palm print features. IETE J Res 2021, 67(1), 90-7.

Biometrics are automated methods of recognising a person based on physiological or behavioural characteristics. To discriminate individuals, multimodal biometrics has already proven as an effective strategy. Biometric features can be broadly classified as physiological features and behavioural features. Ear, face, and palm come under physiological features. Gait and signature verification come under behavioural features. Combining multiple human trait features for biometric identification is multimodal biometric identification. Here, ear and palm print are the two biometric modalities used for person identification fused at feature level. To extract the features for person identification, Multiblock Local Binary Pattern and Binarised Statistical Image Features are used. Required intrusive means for acquiring the information can be a common drawback when using biometric features such as iris pattern, facial traits, etc. To overcome the drawbacks, ear can be used as a biometric feature; it also has an advantage of no changes over time and not influenced by facial expressions.

5 illus, 7 tables, 26 ref

001402   CHAUDHARY P, AZAD P (Electronics & Communication Engineering Dep, Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology, New Delhi- 110 058) : Energy harvesting from human biomechanical energy for health-monitoring devices. IETE J Res 2021, 67(1), 74-81.

Conversion of human biomechanical energy into electrical form leads to the development of triboelectric nano-generator (TENG) for the operation of low-power health-monitoring devices. Here, we report a self-powered energy conversion system for sustainable operation of health-monitoring devices consisting of a TENG, an ac–dc converter, and a buck converter. The portable TENG comprising films of polytetrafluoroethylene, Mylar, and aluminium converts rotational motion into useful electricity. We have demonstrated the use of TENG as a power source for health-monitoring devices such as pulse rate monitor and thermometer. It is also capable of measuring the speed of cycling using an odometer and moisture content in the atmosphere using a hygrometer. The maximum energy is found to be 1269 µJ/cm3 across a 1000 µf capacitor. Also, the maximum power across a 2 M resistor is 240 µW. Such portable systems can act as a power source by harvesting human biomechanical energy while cycling for low-power electronics useful for medical diagnostics and fitness monitoring.

10 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

001398   PAHUJA G, NAGABHUSHAN T N (Computer Science & Engineering Dep, Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam Technical Univ, Noida, Uttar Pradesh) : A comparative study of existing machine learning approaches for parkinson’s disease detection. IETE J Res 2021, 67(1), 4-14.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) has affected millions of people worldwide and is more prevalent in people, over the age of 50. Even today, with many technologies and advancements, early detection of this disease remains a challenge. This necessitates a need for the machine learning-based automatic approaches that help clinicians to detect this disease accurately in its early stage. Thus, the focus of this research paper is to provide an insightful survey and compare the existing computational intelligence techniques used for PD detection. To save time and increase treatment efficiency, classification has found its place in PD detection. The existing knowledge review indicates that many classification algorithms have been used to achieve better results, but the problem is to identify the most efficient classifier for PD detection. The challenge in identifying the most appropriate classification algorithm lies in their application on local dataset. Thus, in this paper three types of classifiers, namely, Multilayer Perceptron, Support Vector Machine and K-nearest neighbor have been discussed on the benchmark (voice) dataset to compare and to know which of these classifiers is the most efficient and accurate for PD classification. The Voice input dataset for these classifiers has been obtained from UCI machine learning repository. ANN with Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm was found to be the best classifier, having highest classification accuracy (95.89%). Moreover, we compared our results with those obtained by Resul Das [“A comparison of multiple classification methods for diagnosis of Parkinson Disease,” Expert Systems and applications, vol. 37, pp 1568–1572, 2010].

7 illus, 7 tables, 58 ref

001397   KUMAR T P, SUBRAHMANYAM N, SYDULU M (National Institute of Technology, Warangal) : Power flow management of the grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system: A plsann control approach. IETE J Res 2021, 67(4), 569-84.

This paper clarifies the optimal control strategy of Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES), which has the parallel execution of Lightning Search algorithm with Artificial Neural Network and Recurrent Neural Network (PLSANN). The projected system is composed of Photovoltaic (PV), Wind Turbine (WT), Fuel Cell (FC), and Battery, which can associate DC link and competent to balance the real and reactive power. The introduction of wind/PV power within an electric grid origin the PQ troubles are considered. At this point, the recompense policy of DC/DC converter is examined by PLSANN/RNN technique to provide the optimal power flow management of HRES. Here, LSA is exploited for the optimization process of real power and the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is utilized for the optimal reactive management. The projected process recognizes the finest control pulses of the DC/DC converter derived from the foundation part and load part limitation. The projected system is competent to establish the active power into the grid and additionally it is capable of enhancing the PQ. With proper control, HRES significantly enhance the dynamic security of the power system. The proposed method is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink working platform and analyzed their performances. The statistical analysis of proposed method is analyzed in terms of mean, median and standard deviation factors. In order to prove the effectiveness, the proposed method is compared with current techniques such as Combined Modified Bat Search algorithm–artificial neural network (CMBSNN) technique, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and PI controller.

14 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

001396   RAWAT V, JAIN A, SHRIMALI V, RAGHUWANSI S ( Bio-Medical Engineering Dep, Samrat Ashok Technological Institute, Vidisha) : Neural modeling of fetal biometric parameters for detection of fetal abnormality. IETE J Res 2021, 67(4), 546-58.

This paper presents an approach of neural modeling for the diagnosis of fetus abnormality using ultrasound (US) images. The proposed algorithm is a hybrid approach wherein image processing methods have been used for preprocessing the image data, and an artificial neural network has been used as a classifier to extract fetus abnormality. Initially, 350 US images were collected in DICOM format directly from the radiologist and were preprocessed to extract the fetal biometric parameters using a morphological operator and a gradient vector flow algorithm. The extracted parameters were labeled as normal and abnormal fetal parameters. The extracted parameters were then applied to a Feed-Forward Back-propagation Neural Network (FFNN) for the training and validation purpose. These neural networks are capable to provide excellent performance in the critical cases especially in the field of pattern recognition. The result found from the proposed FFNNs was in closed confirmation with the real-time results. This modeling will help radiologist to take appropriate decisions in the boundary line cases.

5 illus, 4 tables, 38 ref

001395   ANURUDHYA K, MOHAN N M (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore- 641 112) : Analysis of a contactless ECG monitoring system. IETE J Res 2021, 67(4), 538-45.

Electrocardiography is one of the vital physiological signals which gives information about the different phases of cardiac activity. Monitoring the activity of the heart plays a major role in timely treatment and thereby reduces the number of deaths due to cardiac diseases. As there are several problems posed by the conventional ECG monitoring system for long term applications, a contactless ECG monitoring system can be used as an alternative. But there are several downsides to contactless ECG monitoring system as well, which prevent it from reaching the standards required for clinical use. Hence, an analysis of the different factors that can possibly affect the quality of the ECG signal being acquired using the contactless system is required, in order to understand the problems better and to overcome them. The different factors that are considered in the present analysis are change in dielectric material, change in thickness of the dielectric, effect of motion artefacts, and effect of stray and cable capacitances.

12 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref