036575   SINGH N (Electrical & Electronics Engineering Dep, Rabindranath Tagore Univ, Bhopal, Email: nishi.20.singh@gmail.com) : Hybrid generation system optimization for rural electrification by homer –a review. Curr Trends Tech Sci 2020, 11(3), 947-52.

The Hybrid Generating systems have become a very common avenue of generating sustainable energy in the modern world. The success of this particular method of power generation is widely attributed to the technological advancements in the field of renewable energy. The production of electricity via diesel generators is subject to operational challenges related to the fluctuating prices of diesel. On the other hand, wind energy is intermittent in nature, hence a limited reliability. In this regard, it will be a remedial move to adopt the use of various hybrids to internalize these shortcomings. The advantages of one particular element in a given hybrid will compensate for the shortcomings of a given element within the same hybrid. There exist a variety of hybrids that are used in the generation of electricity in the modern world. A typical hybrid will harness or store energy from two or more sources. This work present a deep review of Homer optimization tool used for the analysis of cost and optimum size of hybrid system.

2 illus, 18 ref

036574   MALVIYA A (Electrical and Electronics Dep, Rabindranath Tagore Univ, MP, Email: malviyaachie@gmail.com) : Various MPPT techniques for solar PV module- A review. Curr Trends Tech Sci 2020, 11(3), 942-6.

Electricity demand is growing with highest rate for the energy consumed worldwide. Thus the mankind is facing a massive challenge of never ending increase in energy demand. Photovoltaic energy is one of the most important energy sources since it is clean and inexhaustible. It is important to operate PV energy conversion systems in the maximum power point to maximize the output energy of PV arrays. An MPPT control is necessary to extract maximum power from the PV arrays. The aim of MPPT to control the voltage of solar panels in the influence of variation in atmospheric conditions. In recent years, a large number of techniques have been proposed for tracking the maximum power point. This paper presents a deep review and comparison of different MPPT methods and proposes one which used a power estimator and also analyses their suitability for systems which experience a wide range of operating conditions.

2 illus, 13 ref

036572   TAMRAKAR I, NIGAM M K (Electronics and Electrical Engineering Dep, MATS School of Engineering & IT, Singapore- 117 576, Email: ishantamrakar@gmail.com) : Impact of distributed generation on power distribution systems. Curr Trends Tech Sci 2020, 11(1), 933-6.

In order to reduce the green house gas emissions all over the world the investment on renewable energy infrastructure is increasing particularly in the distribution network. The penetration of generating sources in the distribution network changes the characteristics of distribution system and will have impact on various technical parameters based on its size and location in the network. This paper modeled the IEEE 34 Node distribution test feeder using the commercial software package DIgSILENT power factory version 14. Solar photovoltaic generators are introduced as Distributed Generators (DGs) at various nodes and the impacts that DG produces on real and reactive power losses, voltage profile, phase imbalance and fault level of distribution system is studied. Simulated results obtained using load flow and short circuit studies are presented and discussed.

6 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

036571   BHATTI D T, PARIKH S P (Chemical Engineering Dep, VVP Engineering Coll, Gujarat, Email: darshana333@yahoo.com) : Solar light induced photocatalysis for treatment of high cod pharmaceutical effluent with recyclable ag-fe codoped tio2: Kinetics of cod removal. Curr Wld Envir 2020, 15(1), 137-50.

A wide range of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) is found in various water streams. These synthetic non-biodegradable organics create trouble in conventional wastewater treatment due to toxicity. There is a strong need to develop substitute technology such as visible light driven photocatalysis with a reusable photocatalyst to completely oxidize these substances into carbon dioxide and water. Sol-gel method was used for synthesis of Fe doped TiO₂ and Ag-Fe codoped TiO₂ nanoparticles with 0.5 wt % Fe and Ti/Ag molar ratio 30 (Ag-Fe CT 30). The morphology and structure of nanoparticles were studied using various analytical techniques. Ag-Fe CT 30 photocatalyst has exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity compared to commercial TiO₂, undoped TiO₂ and Fe doped TiO₂ nanophotocatalysts under solar and UV irradiation for removal of an antifungal drug intermediate, Difloro triazole acetophenone (DFTA) from water. COD reduction efficiency was highest with Ag-Fe CT 30 under solar and UV irradiation proves the potential of Ag-Fe CT 30 photocatalyst to absorb both UV as well as visible radiations. Ag-Fe CT 30 has shown good stability for 4 runs without much decline in the efficacy. This study provides insights on the solar application of a reusable Ag-Fe CT 30 photocatalyst for the treatment of high strength COD wastewater. Kinetics of COD reduction by photocatalysis has been determined.

12 illus, 4 tables, 51 ref

036561   RAHMAN M S, KARMAKER C L, ROY R, AHMED S M T (Industrial and Production Engineering Dep, Jashore Science Univ, Bangladesh, Email: sumon.just16@gmail.com) : Prevalence of accidental injuries among building construction workers in Bangladesh. Curr Wld Envir 2020, 15(1), 42-51.

The construction sector is the biggest and most unsafe venture compared to other sectors of the world. The workers in this sector are more prone to accidental injuries. There are different types of agents and lacking for this type of injuries. The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of accidental injuries among building construction workers in Bangladesh. The agents and lacking behind these injuries also investigated. A survey on 390 building construction workers was conducted through a structured questionnaire. The survey data was built to find out the prevalence of accidental injuries among the construction workers. The Statistical Packages for the Social Science (SPSS) version 25 was used to analysis the data. The result indicates that overall 63.80 % of the participants’ sufferred from at least one-body part injuries during their work time. Most of them (24.70 %) injured due to falling from the height. The workplace safety facilities (41.70 %) were identified as the main lacking of the construction management that led to major accidents. The proper implementation of workplace safety facilities and design or redesign the work process may reduce or eliminate this type of injuries.

7 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

036520   KHUSWAHA K, SAXENA J, AGARWAL M K (Biochemical Engineering Dep, B.T. Kumaon Institute of Technology, Dwarahat- 263 653, Email: saxenajyoti30@gmail.com) : Identification and characterization of psychrotrophic strain of Planococcus maritimus for glucosylated C₃₀ carotenoid production. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(3), 190-7.

Cold-adapted bacteria produce various pigments as their adaptive strategy. Here, we studied an aerobic, gram-positive motile coccoid bacterial strain KK21, isolated from the Siachen, Himalayas and characterized the major pigments present in it. The KK21 strain is capable of growth in a broad range of temperature (-4 to 37 °C), pH (6.0-13.0) and salinity (0.5-8 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that it belongs to the genus Planococcus and closely related to P. maritimus. Total pigment extraction was best found in polar methanol. Alanine among amino acids, NaCl among inorganic salts and evening primrose amongst oils best supported the pigment production at 10°C after 6 days in BHI at neutral pH of 7.0. Maximum pigment production was recorded at 3 % of NaCl concentration. In photoprotection activity, radiation exposed plates showed increased colony forming units and more than 3.5 times of total carotenoid production after 15 min exposure compared to the control group. Detailed characterization of orange pigment was done systematically by TLC, HPLC and MALDI-TOF. Chromatographic and MALDI-TOF data have revealed the exclusive presence of glycosylated C₃₀-carotenoid in P. maritimus KK21 with m/z of 655.871.

4 illus, 1 table, 46 ref

035981   CUI J, GAO Z, LI B, LI J, LI X, WANG C, CHENG D, DAI C (Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Dep, Harbin Institute of Technology, China, Email: cuijie@hit.edu.cn.) : Identification of anthocyanin biosynthesis related microRNAs and total microRNAs in Lonicera edulis by high-throughput sequencing. J Genet 2020, 99, 31.

miRNAs are important regulators of plant gene expression. There are few studies on the regulation of miRNAs in Lonicera edulis. We used high-throughput sequencing technology to analyse miRNAs in L. edulis, aiming to identify miRNAs and elucidate their function in L. edulis. In the present study, we employed the high-throughput sequencing technology to profile miRNAs in L. edulis. A total of 51,819,072 small RNA tags with sizes ranging from 18 to 30 nt were obtained, indicating that L. edulis have a large and diverse small RNA population. Bioinformatic analysis identified 507 mature miRNAs, and 16 predicted novel miRNAs that are likely to be unique to L. edulis. Three miRNAs related to anthocyanin biosynthesis were locked by gene ontology (GO) analysis and target gene analysis. The selected three miRNAs are relatively high in the expression of L. edulis. Some of the previous studies have studied these types of miRNAs involved in the anthocyanin metabolism pathway in fruits. Among them, expression profiles of three conserved miRNAs were validated by stem loop qRT-PCR. Further, the potential target genes of conserved and novel miRNAs were predicted and subjected to GO annotation. Enrichment analysis of the GO-represented biological processes and molecular functions revealed that these target genes were potentially involved in a wide range of metabolic pathways and developmental processes. In particular, different families of miRNAs can directly or indirectly regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis. In recent years, the research on miRNAs has become more and more clear, but the research on miRNAs involved in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis of L. edulis is still lagging. This study provides a useful resource for further elucidation of the functional roles of miRNAs during fruit development and ripening.

12 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

036043   MEIKANDAN M, KUMAR P G, SUNDARRAJ M, KARTHICK M, MALARMOHAN K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Techno, Avadi, Email: meikandan013@gmail.com) : Fabrication and investigation of superhydrophobic surface by dip coating. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 60-6.

The present research work is focused on to fabricate and examine the characteristics of a superhydrophobic surface on copper (Cu) substrates by dip coating method. Three different samples of ‘Cu’ are set with chemical etching, mechanical rubbing and the combination of above two methods. The variations in the exteriorsurface morphologies have been examined by profilometer, scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The adapted samples are immersed in a solution of silver nitrate follow by immersing in a combination of ethanol and perflurodecyltriethoxysilane for 10 min. The presence of leaf and dendrites assemblies have been observed on the surface, which are useful to trap the air between them and the entrapment allows water to roll off from the surface. The outcomes reveal that the modified substrates have a water contact angle (WCA) of 159° in the case of ‘Cu’ using combination of chemical etching and mechanical rubbing followed by immersion coating. The proposed methodology has the advantage of size compatibility and easy scale up for the development of superhydrophobic surface on copper in a cost and time effective manner.

5 illus, 22 ref

036041   PARVEEN N, ZAIDI S, DANISH M (Chemical Engineering Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh, Email: sadaf63in@yahoo.com) : Support vector regression: A novel soft computing technique for predicting the removal of cadmium from wastewater. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 43-50.

The presence of toxic heavy metals in the wastewater coming from industries is of great concern across the world. In the present work, a novel soft computing technique support vector regression (SVR)technique has been used to predict the removal of cadmium ions from wastewater with agricultural waste ‘rice polish’ as a low-cost adsorbent, with contact time, initial adsorbate concentration, pH of the medium, and temperature as the independent parameters. The developed SVR-based model has been compared with the widely used multiple regression (MR) model based on the statistical parameters such as coefficient of determination (R²), average relative error (AARE) etc. The prediction performance of SVR-based model has been found to be more accurate and generalized in comparison to MR model with low AARE values of 0.67 % and high R² values of 0.9997 while MR model gives an AARE value of 29.27 % and 0.2161 as coefficient of determination (R²). Furthermore, it has also been observed that the SVR model effectively predicts the behavior of the complex interaction process of cadmium ions removal from waste water under various experimental conditions.

9 illus, 6 tables, 34 ref

036040   KAMBLE M G, DEOKAR S K, TAJANE S P, MANDAVGANE S A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Email: sam@che.vnit.ac.in) : Groundnut plant ash: Characterisation and adsorption efficacy study for removal of paraquat dichloride. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 35-42.

For the first time combustion residue of agricultural waste i.e. groundnut plant is characterized in detail and explored as an adsorbent for removal of chlorinated herbicide, paraquat. The study investigates the chemical, physical, mineralogical, and morphological characteristics of GPA (Groundnut Plant Ash) adsorbent produced using groundnut plant. GPA has been characterized using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to determine the functional groups, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to examine the surface morphology of the carbon. Batch adsorption is performed by varying adsorbent dosage, initial concentration and contact time. Result shows that the kinetic models mainly the pseudo-second order and Elovich model had the best fit. The equilibrium data are analyzed using different isotherm models. The adsorption capacity of GPA for paraquat removal is found 265.71 mg/m² which is the highest reported value.

11 illus, 5 tables, 19 ref

036039   KAMBLE M G, TRIVEDI N S, MANDAVGANE S A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Email: sam@che.vnit.ac.in) : A low-cost adsorbent (wheat plant ash) prepared from agricultural waste for removal of paraquat from aqueous solutions. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 26-34.

A low-cost adsorbent (wheat plant ash) has been prepared using a common agricultural waste (wheat straw) and its physicochemical characteristics, including chemical, physical, mineralogical, and morphological, and adsorption efficacy are investigated. WPA is characterized by SEM (scanning electron microscopy), CHNS(ultimate analysis) analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Tellersurface area technique, and Fourier transform infrared method. The BET surface area of wheat plant ash was found to be 37 m²/g. To evaluate its adsorption capacity, paraquat is chosen as the adsorbate. Batch adsorption is performed by varying adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, and contact time. Experimental data are fitted to both kinetic and isotherm models. Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models are applied to experimental data, which indicated that the latter model had the best fit. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models are then applied to the equilibrium data. The adsorption capacity of WPA for paraquat removal, determined using the Langmuir isotherm, is found to be approximately 241.3 mg/m² at 303 K.

13 illus, 7 tables, 23 ref

036038   WAVEL A S, PATEL P, NEMADE P R, MATHHPATI C S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga- 400 019, Email: cs.mathpati@ictmumbai.edu.in) : Experimental studies in antisolvent crystallization: Effect of antisolvent ratio and mixing patterns. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 18-25.

The crystals size and distribution play an important role in drug properties which has a major impact on the performance e.g., stability, solubility and bioavailability. The crystal size distribution (CSD) depends on the hydrodynamics and local degree of supersaturation in the crystallizer. In this study, we have investigated the effects of various operating conditions (antisolvent ratio, power, agitator design) using different mixing techniques such as impellers and ultrasound on CSD andaverage crystal size (ACS). It is found that mixing plays a dominant role in CSD and ACS. The hydrofoil (axial flow impeller) provides a wide range of ACS (406 to 240 μm) at lower power as compared to Rushton turbine (radial flow impeller) (395 to 375 μm). The mixed flow impeller produces the intermediate crystal size (365 to 345 μm). The increase in the antisolvent ratio results in a decrease in ACS. The same results observed for the power input.

7 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

036037   SELVAKUMAR C, DEEPA M (Sri Sairam Engineering Coll, Chennai- 600 044, Email: selvakumar.chem@sairam.edu.in) : Optical and anti-oxidant application of zinc doped cadmium sulfide nanoparticle. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 9-17.

Present work explains about optical and oxidant activity of zinc doped cadmium sulfide nanoparticle. Compare with undoped cadmium sulfide, zinc doped nanoparticles have different results in IR, SEM, TEM and XRD. EDAX image shows the crystalline arrangement of nanoparticles. Anti-oxidant activity describes using DHHP‘s radical scavenging method and optical relation determine by Tauc‘s equation.

15 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

035878   DASH D, SINGH R, SAMANTA S, RAI R N (Mechanical Engineering Dep, NERIST, Arunachal Pradesh - 791 109, Email: suta_sama@yahoo.co.in) : Influence of TiC on microstructure, mechanical and wear properties of magnesium alloy (AZ91D) matrix composites. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(02), 164-9.

This paper deals with the wear and mechanical (tensile, compressive, and microhardness) properties of Mg/TiC composites over magnesium alloy (AZ91D). Magnesium based metal matrix (AZ91D) composites were synthesized by using TiC particles varying wt % from 0 % to 20 % with a step of 5 % by stir casting. The mechanical properties shows there is significant improvement of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) & % elongation, compressive strength, and microhardness with % increase of TiC content in Mg alloy. The fracture mechanism of the tensile and compressive specimen was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). A Pin-on-Disk (POD) tribotester was used to determine the wear rate (WR) and specific wear rate (SWR) of the composites. The test was carried out in a dry sliding condition of varying load of 10N, 30N and 50 N corresponding to a constant sliding distance & sliding speed of 1000 m and 1 m/s respectively and the worn surface of the pin is examined by SEM after the test.

4 illus, 14 ref

035877   GUPTA M, SHARMA K, SARASWAT M (Mechanical Engineering Dep, GLA Univ, UP, Email: kamal.sharma@gla.ac.in) : Heat transfer and pressure drop investigation in a circular tube by the use of various kinds of inserts. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(02), 160-3.

The ability of a traditional heat exchanger in transferring heat requires improvement for conveying a considerable proportion of energy at cheaper rate and amount. For augmenting the heat transfer coefficient, different means have been employed. However, the use of inserts has become an assured method in enhancing heat transfer through endurable escalation of frictional losses. The grinding factor improvement proportions are observed to be in the scope of 2.68-3.43, 3.14-4.14, 4.30-5.34, 5.22-6.18 and 6.53-6.96 for the previously mentioned configurations of additions.The objective of the investigation is the examination of a circular tube fitted with multiple inserts with regard to its characteristics related to fluid flow & heat transfer; these inserts are organized in co-swirl and counter-swirl directions.

2 illus, 1 tables, 17 ref

035873   GUERRERO M R, CARRANZA R, TRONCOSO R R, RIOS R A O (Autonomous Univ, Mexico, Email: raosornio@hspdigital.org) : High rate report synchrophasor technique during dynamic conditions. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(02), 139-43.

Current industrial applications of synchrophasors in intelligent grids depend to a great extent on highly trustable measurements, mainly during dynamic conditions of a power system, like a power swing which exhibits simultaneous variations of amplitude and phase in both voltage and current. This work presents the assessment of the performance of a novel synchrophasor technique following tests of the dynamic section of the IEEE Std. C37.118.1-2011, which requests testing the simultaneous variations of amplitude and phase.

2 illus, 10 ref

035872   HEMANTHA G R, VARADARAJAN S, GIRIPRASAD M N (ECE Dep, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univ, Ananthapuram, Email: hemanthag75@gmail.com) : Low latency prefix accumulation driven compound MAC unit for efficient FIR filter implementation. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(02), 135-8.

This article presents hierarchical single compound adder-based MAC with assertion based error correction for speculation variations in the prefix addition for FIR filter design. The VLSI implementation of approximation in prefix adder results show a significant delay and complexity reductions, all this at the cost of latency measures when speculation fails during carry propagation, which is the main reason preventing the use of speculation in parallel-prefix adders in DSP applications. The speculative adder which is based on Han Carlson parallel prefix adder structure accomplishes better reduction in latency. Introducing a structured and efficient shift-add technique and explore latency reduction by incorporating approximation in addition. The improvements made in terms of reduction in latency and merits in performance by the proposed MAC unit are showed through the synthesis done by FPGA hardware. Results show that proposed method outpaces both formerly projected MAC designs using multiplication methods for attaining high speed.

3 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

035871   KANGARAJ G, KUMAR P S (Electronics & Communication Engineering Dep, AVS Engineering Coll, Salem-003, Email: raj.techstorm@gmail.com) : Pulmonary tumor detection by virtue of GLCM. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(02), 132-4.

As per the technical evolution and latest trend, Image processing techniques has become a boon in medical domain especially for tumor detection. Presence of tumor in Lungs which leads to lung cancer is a prominent and trivial disease at 18 %. This is important to be detected at early stage thereby decreasing the mortality rate. The survival rate among people increased by early diagnosis of lung tumor. Detection of tumor cell will improve the survival rate from 14 to 49 %. The aim of this research work is to design a lung tumor detection system based on analysis of microscopic image of biopsy using digital image processing. This can be done using Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) method and classified using back propagation neural network. This method is used for extracting texture features based on parameters such as contrast, correlation, energy, and homogeneity from the lung nodule. The microscopic lung biopsy images are classified into either cancer or non-cancer class using the artificial neural network algorithm. The proposed system has proven results in lung tumor detection and diagnosis.

2 illus, 1 tables, 6 ref

035867   MADHUBALAN S, PADMA S, ABDUL SHABEER H (EEE Dep, Sona Coll of Technology, Tamil Nadu- 636005, Chennai, Email: madhubalans@gmail.com) : Stability enhancement of power system with UPFC using hybrid TLBO algorithm. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 112-5.

Power sector's complexity has been increasing due to rising demand—distributed generation and deregulation have greatly increased the complexity of the power system. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices improve the quality of power by increasing the power transfer capability. This paper proposes an optimal power flow analysis using a Modified Teaching Learning Based Optimization (MTLBO) algorithm followed by an optimal placement of UPFC in the system. The proposed analysis has been validated and implemented on an IEEE 30 bus system.

3 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

035865   ALAMINOS D, ESTEBAN I, SALAS M B, CALLEJON A M (Mechanical Engineering and Energy Efficiency Dep, Málaga Univ, Spain, Email: jasantos@ualg.pt) : Quantum neural networks for forecasting inflation dynamics. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 103-6.

Inflation is a key indicator in the economy that measures the average level of prices of goods and services, being an important ratio in public and private decision-making, so predicting it with precision has always been a concern of economists. This paper makes inflation predictions with different time horizons applying quantum theory through Quantum Neural Networks. The results obtained teach that Quantum Neural Networks overcome the predictive power of the existing models in the previous literature and yields a low-level of errors when predicting any change in the direction of the forecast trend.

1 illus, 1 tables, 13 ref

035864   GOPINATH S, SUMA N (ECE Dep, Karpagam Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Email: gopinath.ece@karpagamtech.ac.in) : Fuzzy enhanced cluster based energy efficient multicast protocol for increasing network lifetime in WSN. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 99-102.

Wireless Sensor Networks (CWSN) consists of sensor node which is mobile roaming inside and outside the network region. The difficulty in existing models observed is to identify the best routes for forwarding packets. If the balancing of packet arrivals and energy conservation is not achieved, it may lead to reduction of network lifetime. In our research work, Fuzzy enhanced Cluster based Energy Efficient Multicast Protocol (FCEEMP) is developed based on three aspects. First one, the establishment of multicast routing based on the calculation of best route metric and average reliability metric. Second, the cluster is formed based on node stability and route capability. Three set of nodes are formed in the cluster network model i.e. sensor node, cluster member and Cluster Head (CH) to estimate energy consumption. Third, enhancement of fuzzy model is implemented to produce optimal energy and the value of network lifetime. From the simulation analysis, proposed protocol achieves better improvement over existing schemes.

3 illus, 1 tables, 12 ref

035863   SAIKIA M, BORA D K, KALITA K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Dibrugarh Univ, Dibrugarh- 786 004, Email: madhurjyasaikia3@gmail.com) : Effect of TBHQ on the combustion characteristics of pomelo oil biodiesel in a compression ignition engine. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 81-3.

Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models allow for probabilistic estimations with the aim of formulating macroeconomic policies and monitoring them. In this study, we propose to apply the Sequential Monte Carlo Multilevel algorithm and Approximate Bayesian Computation (MLSMC-ABC) to increase the robustness of DSGE models built for small samples and with irregular data. Our results indicate that MLSMC-ABC improves the estimation of these models in two aspects. Firstly, the accuracy levels of the existing models are increased, and secondly, the cost of the resources used is reduced due to the need for shorter execution time Biodiesel is a biomass-based fuel. Biodiesel faces the difficult issue of storage stability. The storage stability of a biodiesel can be enhanced by adding an antioxidant to the fuel, which represses oxidation reactions that take place upon exposure to sunlight, heat, moisture, humidity, and metal. In the present study, biodiesel is synthesized from pomelo oil (Citrus maxima) and treated with a synthetic antioxidant called TBHQ (Tertiary butyl hydroquinone). The engine andemission performance of the biodiesel with TBHQ in various concentrations have been determined in a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. It is observed that brake specific fuel consumption increases with the increasing concentration of TBHQ. Brake power stays unaltered for the biodiesel with or without TBHQ. Considerable reduction in carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide has been observed for biodiesel irrespective of antioxidant treatment.

3 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

035862   SARASWAT M, CHAUHAN N R, SHARMA V K, SHUKLA R K, SHARMA K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, ABES Engineering Coll, Ghaziabad, Email: er.manishsaraswat@gmail.com) : Assessment of biomass potential in engine emission reduction. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 77-80.

The twin crisis of environmental degradation and fossil fuel depletion has confronted the world with the upcoming threat to seek the solution for some alternate fuel. The present condition of environment forces the search of some suitable alternate fuel. The present degradation of environment is also mainly influenced by the diesel vehicles. The emissions released by these diesel vehicles not only degrade the environment but also increase the number of health diseases. The present research on bio-fuels will lead to develop a sustainable solution to this problem and also create a harmonic relationship between the economy and ecosystem. The present research will provide the optimized blending ratio compression ratio and other operating parameters to be selected while approaching to sustainable output. The present study will depict the behavior of different bio-fuels poured in VCR engine at different compression ratio at different operating parameters. The outcomes of this research paper reveals the discussion on the potential assessment of different biofuels in the reduction of engine emissions.

3 illus, 1 tables, 6 ref

035857   HAMEED A Z (Industrial Engineering Dep, King Abdulaziz Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: abdulzubar@gmail.com) : Prioritizing and achieving quality services in gas stations using analytical hierarchy process and quality function deployment. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 53-5.

Identifying customer requirement and modifying the services as per expectation of customer in service sector leads to achieve the profit of organization and sustain in the market. The customer expectations towards the service organization dramatically increased in recent years, in order to sustain in the market, the organization should identify the customer requirements, adopting the system, process, services as per expectation of customer in the organization. This article highlights the expectation of customer in gas stations located at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The data collection done at various gas stations, a questioner-based survey conducted to identify the customer requirements from 10 gas stations, 250 responds collected from different category of customer based on the driving vehicle such as four wheelers and heavy vehicle. The data collection validated by SPSS software and Analytical Hierarchy process used for prioritizing the customer requirements and House of quality constructed as per requirement of customer, the quality function deployment introduced to enhance the services in gas stations. The article concludes that, the following requirements were highly expected from gas stations, the requirements were need space between one pump to another pump, payment by credit card also to be considered, services for cleaning car windows, quick wash, availably of rest room and the proper maintenance of gas stations (calibration of air machine, cleaning of work station frequently, introducing 5S Concept and displaying in and exit board). The article suggests the function modification required in gas stations for achieving customer requirement.

3 tables, 6 ref

035855   DEBNATH R, SINGH R, SASTRY G R K, RAI R N (Production Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Email: rabi101991@gmail.com) : A RSM based grey relation analysis of process parameters in a CI engine using various bio diesel blends. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 44-8.

This work exhibits the performance output and emission results of Undi bio diesel with butanol blend in a CI engine at varying load conditions. In this work two butanol blends has been exploited for the experiment along with Undi bio diesel and diesel. The other blend contained 50 % Undi also 50 % diesel and compared with base fuel diesel. From the experimental results it was found that blend containing 50 % Undi bio diesel and 50 % diesel displayed better results for BThE, bsfc and UHC among all the blends where as lower NO_x was obtained for the butanol blends. After that Grey relation analysis based RSM was executed in the work to see the significance of the experimental results through GRA and validation of the work was executed which resulted adequate response.

2 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

035850   ALAMINOS D, RAMIREZ A, GAMEZ M A F, VICARIO R B (Mechanical Engineering and Energy Efficiency Dep, Málaga Univ, Spain, Email: jasantos@ualg.pt) : Estimating DSGE models using multilevel sequential monte carlo in approximate bayesian computation. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 21-5.

Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models allow for probabilistic estimations with the aim of formulating macroeconomic policies and monitoring them. In this study, we propose to apply the Sequential Monte Carlo Multilevel algorithm and Approximate Bayesian Computation (MLSMC-ABC) to increase the robustness of DSGE models built for small samples and with irregular data. Our results indicate that MLSMC-ABC improves the estimation of these models in two aspects. Firstly, the accuracy levels of the existing models are increased, and secondly, the cost of the resources used is reduced due to the need for shorter execution time.

1 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

035819   BHATTACHARYA A, DE A, ROY B, BHATTACHARJEE A K (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur - 713 209, Email: bhattacharya.ankan1987@gmail.com) : Investigations on a low-profile, filter backed, printed monopole antenna for UWB communication. Indian J Pure Appl Phys 2020, 58(02), 106-12.

A compact, printed dual band-notched, filter backed antenna or filtenna, with suppressed radiation characteristics outside the ultra-wide frequency band (UWB) has been scripted in this manuscript. Te filtenna has been designed  to work in the UWB frequency domain (03.1 - 10.6 GHz), as prescribed by federal communications commission (FCC). Band-notching structures have been incorported in the radiating element for realization of dual band- notchs for WLAN and WiMAX. The noovelty lies in the fact that, a microstrip band pass filter has been itroduced in the antenna feeding section for improvement of the cut-off frequency selectivity. An impendance bandwith (S₁₁  _ -10.0 d B) of 03.1 - 10.6GHz has been obtained excepting two frequency-notches having centre frequencies of 03.5 GHz, respectively. Promise able simulation results followed by measurement,  justify the applicity of the novel filtenna for UWB communications. 

13 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

035813   PRABAKARAN G, VAITHIYANATHAN D, GANESAN M (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Anna Univ, Chennai - 600 025, Email: kgp.com@outlook.com) : Relationship between qualitative physics and fuzzy logic in natural subsystems. Indian J Pure Appl Phys 2020, 58, 44-9.

The purpose of this research is to present a comparison between the two ad hoc appearance and control techniques of conceptual systems. In that respect, it is a description of the interconnected notion between the principle of qualitative physics and of ambiguous quality. On that basis the first point is to determine the key feature of each approach is significant. In the early stages of the product development and forecasting process, a large number of input energies were used for its creation. However, they are still being used in nature, though not subjectively impure. Therefore, this research presents the concept of the relationship between qualitative physics and fuzzy logic in terms of developing predictive outputs and using logical resources. Finally, the relationship between qualitative physics and fuzzy logic processes has been proven with the support of the selected natural subsystem.

4 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

035722   P MAGESHKUMAR, G VENNILA (Civil Engineering Dep, K.S. Rangasamy Coll of Technology, Namakkal- 637 215, Email: mageshee@gmail.com) : Assessment of errors in water quality data using ion balancing methods - A case study from Cauvery River, South India. Indian J Geo-Mar Sci 2020, 49(1), 57-62.

This paper provides an insight into the reliability checking options through error assessment for analytical water quality data with a case study, which will be useful for the researchers working on the analytical chemistry. The reliability of chemical analysis has to be verified in a scientific manner before the data is used for further interpretation. The distributions of data values were presented using box plots. The four ion balancing methods, namely anion-cation balance, measured total dissolved solids (TDS) Vs calculated TDS, measured electrical conductivity (EC) Vs ion sums and calculated TDS to EC ratio were applied on the surface water quality data of Cauvery River in Erode region, Tamil Nadu, India. It was found that the errors of the analysis were within the acceptable limits except 14 samples in percentage difference calculations.

1 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

035720   LI G, ZHAO K, YANG H (Xi’an Univ of Posts and Telecommunications, Shaanxi- 710121, Email: lghcd@163.com) : A new method for detecting line spectrum of ship-radiated noise based on a new double duffing oscillator differential system. Indian J Geo-Mar Sci 2020, 49(1), 34-43.

In order to detect line spectrum of ship-radiated noise under the ocean background noise and improve the method of detecting duffing oscillator intermittent chaos, a method of detecting intermittent chaos based on variable step size dual duffing oscillator differential system is proposed. Based on the duffing oscillator, two independent and incompletely coupled duffing oscillators can be differentiated based on the differential principle by using the proposed method, which reduces the computational complexity and makes the timing diagram more intuitive. In order to further improve the detection efficiency and reduce the computational complexity of the system, the author put forward that a sequence of solving steps can be built by using only one duffing oscillator and the method of detecting the unknown frequency signal can be achieved by changing the step size of the system. Simulation results show that compared with the conventional duffing oscillator detection method, the proposed method has improved the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) by at least 10.6 dB.Comparing with duffing system chaotic oscillator column and double duffing system chaotic oscillator column detection method, the proposed method is most effective in detecting line spectrum of ship-radiated noise.

10 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

025847   RAO T P, PRASAD P R, SUJATHA V (Chemical Engineering Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam- 530 003, Email: pentaraotamarba@gmail.com) : Process intensification with coaxially placed entry region vanes assembly turbulence promoter in homogeneous flow. Indian Chem Eng 2018, 60(2), 162–78.

The entry region vane turbulence promoters are inserted at the downstream of a circular electrolytic cell and limiting current data are measured at the copper micro electrodes fixed on an electrode support. The effect of flow rate of the electrolyte, effect of velocity on mass transfer at the wall, effects of geometric parameters diameter of the vane (d_v) from 0.02 m to 0.04 m, the angle of the vane (γ) from 15° to 60°, sectorial angle (α)/number of the vanes (N) from 4 to 8, diameter of the annular rod of mass transfer is investigated. The electrolyte was equimolal potassium ferricyanide, potassium ferrocyanide and excess sodium hydroxide. Limiting current data had been obtained for the reduction of potassium ferricyanide ion. The mass transfer correlation is based on the law of the wall similarity. The effect of each parameter was studied in terms of friction factor. A model was developed for mass transfer. The correlation may be extended to a wider range of parameters by virtue of the law of the wall. The experimental data on mass transfer was modelled in terms of mass transfer function and Reynolds number geometric parameters.

12 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

025842   OJO O O, TABAN E (Kocaeli Univ, Kocaeli, Turkey, Email: ojooladimeji90@yahoo.com) : Hybrid multi-response optimization of friction stir spot welds: Failure load, effective bonded size and flash volume as responses. Sadhana 2018, 43(6), 98.

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a multi-input multi-response process. Effective multi-response optimization of welds is desirable to create welds with a balance of quality responses. In order to eliminate the subjectivity (uncertainty and engineering judgment) with the existing multi-response Taguchi-based Grey relational analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) was integrated into it. The PCA helps in determining the effective optimal weighting values required for the estimation of Grey relational grade (GRG). As a result, tool rotational speed, plunge depth and dwell time were employed as input parameters while failure load (FL), expelled flash volume (EFV) and effective bonded size (EBS) of conical pin friction stir spot-welded joint of AA2219-O alloy were the chosen output responses. EFV was minimized while FL and EBS of the joints were maximized using this hybrid multi-response approach. From the analysis of variance of GRG and its response graphs, the significant parameters and their levels were obtained. Experimental results confirmed the effectiveness and robustness of this method. In addition, three critical zones were observed on the fracture surfaces of joints, namely, tool impelled unbonded zone, partially bonded zone and effective bonded/nugget zone. The weld nugget failed by circumferential nugget shear mode.

6 illus, 15 tables, 36 ref

025840   KULKARNI P, DHOBLE A, PADOLE P (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur - 440 010, Email: pravin.kul@gmail.com) : A review of research and recent trends in analysis of composite plates. Sadhana 2018, 43(6), 96.

The use of advance composite materials is increasing in various industrial applications such as renewable energy, transportation, medical devices, etc. As the demand for stability under high mechanical, thermal, electrical and combined loads is increasing, research is being focused on developing newer types of composites and developing analytical and numerical methods to study composite plates as well. The present work is aimed to provide a comprehensive review of research in the structural analysis of composite plates along-with research trends in the last 15 years. The article first presents the evolution of plate theories comparing their formulations, applicability and discusses some key papers, results and conclusions. Evolution of research from the equivalent shear deformation theories (ESL) such as first order theory and higher order theories based on various shape strain functions e.g., polynomial, trigonometric to layer-wise, zigzag and displacement potential theories is presented. The comparative analysis of various solution approaches is done based on a review of research work in the structural analysis of plates. This is followed by review of meshless analysis methods for composite materials highlighting problem domains where conventional finite element analysis (FEA) approach has limitations. This article also presents a discussion on the new methods of plate analysis such as region-by-region modeling, hierarchic modeling and mixed FE and neural network based modeling. An attempt has been done in this article to focus on research trends in the last 15 years.

3 illus, 4 tables, 178 ref

025839   BHAJANA V V S K, DRABEK P, JARA M (Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Unv, Bhubaneswar - 751 024, Email: kumarbvvs@yahoo.co.in) : Design and analysis of a full bridge LLC DC-DC converter for auxiliary power supplies in traction. Sadhana 2018, 43(6), 95.

This paper focuses on an 8 kW LLC resonant full bridge DC-DC converter topology using a high frequency transformer for auxiliary power supply systems in traction. The full bridge DC-DC converter with the LLC resonant network has been tested under hard switching and zero current switching conditions with 100 kHz switching frequency. In addition to this, an observation made for the effect of dead time variation of the power switches to improve the overall system efficiency. This paper describes the efficiency of the ZCS full bridge converter by considering different input power levels and also compared with hard switched topology. This paper presents the operating principles, simulation analysis, and experimental verification for 3 kW to 8 kW LLC resonant full bridge converter with 1200 V/40 A IGBTs, and its efficiency comparison.

13 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

025837   SCHMIEDEKE P, BHUIYAN M A S, REAZ M B I, REAZ T G, CHANG T G, CRESPO M L, CICUTTIN A (Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dep, Xiamen Univ Malaysia, Sunsuria, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: arifsobhan.bhuiyan@xmu.edu.bd) : A fully integrated high IP1dB CMOS SPDT switch using stacked transistors for 2.4 GHz TDD transceiver applications. Sadhana 2018, 43(6), 94.

A transmit/receive (T/R) switch is an essential module of every modern time division duplex (TDD) transceiver circuit. A T/R switch with high power handling capacity in CMOS process is difficult to design due to capacitive coupling of radio frequency signals to the substrate. This paper proposes a single-pole-doublethrow (SPDT) T/R switch designed in a standard Silterra 130 nm CMOS process for high-power applications like RFID readers. The results reveal that, in 2.4 GHz ISM band, the proposed switch exhibits a very high input P1dB of 39 dBm with insertion loss of only 0.34 dB and isolation of 40 dB in transmit mode but 1.08 dB insertion loss and 30 dB isolation in receive mode. Stacked thick-oxide triple-well transistors, resistive body floating and negative control voltages are used to achieve such lucrative performance. Moreover, the chip size of the designed switch is only 0.034 mm² as bulky inductors and capacitors are avoided. The Monte-Carlo and corner analyses confirm that the performance of the switch is also quite stable and reliable.

9 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

025836   PRABHAKAR D K, PAL S (Computer Science and Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad - 826 004, Email: dinesh.nitr@gmail.com) : Machine transliteration and transliterated text retrieval: A survey. Sadhana 2018, 43(6), 93.

Users of the WWW across the globe are increasing rapidly. According to Internet live stats there are more than 3 billion Internet users worldwide today and the number of non-English native speakers is quite high there. A large proportion of these non-English speakers access the Internet in their native languages but use the Roman script to express themselves through various communication channels like messages and posts. With the advent of Web 2.0, user-generated content is increasing on the Web at a very rapid rate. A substantial proportion of this content is transliterated data. To leverage this huge information repository, there is a matching effort to process transliterated text. In this article, we survey the recent body of work in the field of transliteration. We start with a definition and discussion of the different types of transliteration followed by various deterministic and non-deterministic approaches used to tackle transliteration-related issues in machine translation and information retrieval. Finally, we study the performance of those techniques and present a comparative analysis of them.

1 illus, 5 tables, 128 ref

025835   GANJI P R, SINGH R N, V R K RAJU, RAO S S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Warangal - 506 004, Email: ganjiprabhakar@gmail.com) : Design of piston bowl geometry for better combustion in direct-injection compression ignition engine. Sadhana 2018, 43(6), 92.

The current computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study presents the effect of piston bowl geometry on the performance and emissions of a direct-injection diesel engine. Different piston bowl profiles, namely, hemispherical combustion chamber (HCC), shallow depth combustion chamber (SCC) and toroidal combustion chamber (TCC), have been created with a baseline compression ratio of 17.5. CONVERGE^TM CFD code coupled with the SAGE combustion model was used for numerical analysis. It is observed that the TCC piston bowl geometry renders better air–fuel mixture inside the cylinder, which leads to a homogeneous charge. Further, numerical experiments are carried out to analyze suitable TCC piston bowl geometry by varying the depth of the bowl. Out of all the cases, the case with 1.26 mm decrease in depth of bowl from the baseline (TCC) design gives better emissions and performance characteristics.

20 illus, 4 tables, 29 ref

025834   SONIKA, NEEMA D D, PATEL R N (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Chhatrapati Shivaji Institute of Technology, Chhattisgarh - 491 001, Email: sonika444@gmail.com) : Design and implementation of sigma-delta digital to analog converter. Sadhana 2018, 43(6), 91.

This paper presents the design and implementation of a 16-bit sigma–delta digital to analog converter (DAC) for audio applications. In order to achieve high-order noise shaping without the stability problem inherent in the design of higher order loop, cascade structure may be used. One of the drawbacks in a multi-bit cascaded sigma delta modulator is the un-cancelled noise and the nonlinearity error. The idea of the proposed architecture is to present an improved version of cascaded multi-bit sigma–delta modulator to overcome these problems. Simulation results verify the superiority of the proposed modulator. Sampling rate conversion plays a predominant role in the signal processing and has a strong influence on the overall complexity and cost of efficient sigma–delta DAC. In this paper a technique to examine filter architectures that can be effectively applied in the interpolator design is also presented; the sigma–delta modulator design is implemented on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) for verification purpose and results are presented.

17 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref

025833   SINGH S, REPAKA R (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar - 140 001, Email: ramjee.repaka@gmail.com) : Numerical investigation of convective cooling in minimizing skin burns during radiofrequency ablation of breast tumor. Sadhana 2018, 43(6), 90.

Skin burns is one of the most common complications reported during treatment of early-stage breast cancer with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) technique. In this regard, the present study aims to analyze the efficacy of forced convection surface cooling in minimizing the skin burns during RFA of breast tumor. The study considers a heterogeneous three-dimensional numerical model of breast that has been constructed based on the anatomical details available in the literature. A spherical tumor of 1.5 cm has been embedded in the numerical model of breast to represent in-situ tumor in its early stage. A programmable temperature-controlled RFA has been performed by incorporating the closed-loop feedback PID controller into the numerical model. The thermo-electric analysis has been performed using a finite element based commercial solver COMSOL Multiphysics to obtain the temperature distribution by incorporating the coupled electric field distribution, Pennes bioheat equation and Arrhenius rate equation. The temperature dependent electrical and thermal conductivities of both the tissue and tumor along with damage dependent perfusion rate have been incorporated to achieve better correlation with the clinical RFA. The numerical simulation results revealed that, there is a significant reduction in the temperature at outer periphery of breast with increase in convective heat transfer coefficient. Further, the effects of variation in surface cooling on temperature distribution, input voltage requirement and treatment time required for complete tumor necrosis have been studied. The simultaneous application of forced convective surface cooling along with RFA could play a vital role in addressing the most common complication of skin burns during treatment of breast cancer.

8 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

025832   BEKAL C, SHETTY R, SHENOY S (Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering Dep, Manipal Univ, Manipal, Email: satish.shenoy@manipal.edu) : Numerical investigation of influence of number of stent cells and type of link on expansion and haemodynamic behaviour of balloon-expandable coronary stent. Sadhana 2018, 43(6), 88.

Coronary stents are tubular, mesh-like structures used to force open clogged artery. Mounted on an inflatable balloon, stent compresses calcified plaque inside atherosclerotic artery with an inflating device, which transfers the load through the compliant balloon, thus maintaining the patency of lumen. One of the contributors for success of angioplasty is type of stents, which mainly differs in its geometrical design. A clinician recommends a stent based on comparative advantages. An ideal stent should be flexible to manoeuver through tortuous artery, easy to expand, provide good scaffolding to the vessel, have less radial recoil and foreshortening, possess uniformity in expansion and induce minimum alteration in physiological blood flow dynamics. In a stent these parameters are in competition with each other and are optimized by trade-offs. The present work tries to sequentially investigate the effect of number of stent cells and type of links on the expansion and haemodynamics behaviour through computational analysis based on finite element and finite volume techniques. The study compares performance within same classes of designs rather than comparing the designs that are completely different form each other. Results show that more number of stent cells in longitudinal direction considerably decrease the radial recoil, but increase the foreshortening effect. Restenosis-prone zones are localized around the stent struts and are predominant during end of systolic phase of cardiac cycle. Shorter links are preferred for better recoil and favourable distribution of wall shear stress while longer links are preferred for favourable foreshortening.

16 illus, 6 tables, 49 ref

025831   AGARWAL V, KUMAR P (Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala - 147 001, Email: vaibhavagg123@gmail.com) : UNLization of Punjabi text for natural language processing applications. Sadhana 2018, 43(6), 87.

During the last couple of years, in the field of Natural Language Processing, UNL (i.e., Universal Networking Language) immense research activities have been witnessed. This paper illustrates UNLization of Punjabi Natural Language for UC-A1, UGO-A1, and AESOP-A1 with IAN (i.e., Interactive Analyzer) tool using X-Bar approach. This paper also discusses the UNLization process in depth, step-by-step with the help of tree diagrams and tables.

18 illus, 9 tables, 54 ref

025830   BALAPRAKASH V, GOWRISANKAR P, RAJKUMAR R, SUDHA S (Hindusthan College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore - 641 028, Email: km.balaprakash@gmail.com) : Preparation and characterization of aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) nanorods. Sadhana 2018, 43(6), 86.

Aluminum doped Zinc Oxide (AZO) nanorods with 1at. % aluminum content were prepared by Solgel spin coating technique. The structural and topographical properties are studied using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), respectively. Higher intensity Zinc Oxide (ZnO) peak (002) is observed in 1at. % aluminum doped nanorod with 50 s spin coated sample underwent 300⁰ C of annealing temperature. Morphologic, compositional and crystallographic information of the samples are predicted using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), the 600 nm long nanorod with an aspect ratio of 10 is obtained for 20 s and 50 s spin coating time.

4 illus, 11 ref

025829   MISRA H, JAIN A K (Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi - 110 016, Email: himanshu00129@gmail.com) : Harmonics reduction in standalone DFIG-DC system by shunt active filter controlled in stator flux reference frame. Sadhana 2018, 43(6), 85.

The presence of diode rectifier in standalone Doubly Fed Induction Generator-Direct Current (DFIGDC) system leads to considerable current, voltage and torque harmonics and requires reactive power from the machine. A unique shunt active filter arrangement is proposed for addressing these requirements. The DC Link of DFIG-DC itself acts as input to shunt active filter and there is no requirement of creating and regulating a separate one. Since the stator flux reference frame is known in FOC of DFIG-DC system; the same can be used as PLL for the generation of current references for harmonics and reactive compensation in active filter control scheme. Hence, the AC voltage sensing is not needed in the proposed active filter control. In this paper, it is shown that current, voltage and torque harmonics are reduced with the help of shunt active filter, which have lower rating compared to the rotor side converter. The proposed scheme is verified by detailed experiments on a 5.5 kW slip-ring induction machine.

9 illus, 24 ref

025828   SARDOUEI M M, MORTEZAPOUR H, NAEIMI K J (Biosystems Engineering Dep, Shahid Bahonar Univ of Kerman, Kerman, Iran, Email: mohammadimasoud.s90@gmail.com) : Temperature distribution and efficiency assessment of different PVT water collector designs. Sadhana 2018, 43(6), 84.

The aim of this work was to study different hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) collectors. Numerical simulation of the collectors was carried out using a 3-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model. A set of experiments was conducted using a box-type PVT collector to validate the obtained computed data. Simulation results for water outlet temperature, especially at the lower flow rates, were closer to the measured data compared with average module surface temperature. Based on the simulation results, the spiral flow designs of heat exchanger provided the most uniform temperature distribution for module surface and the highest temperature gradient was observed with the direct flow designs. A hot zone was generated on the module surface of the direct flow box-type collector and the results indicated that the hot zone was considerably declined using cross-fins inside the box-type heat exchanger. The highest heat transfer to the ambient occurred with the spiral flow design and the box type heat exchanger presented a relatively low heat losses. The cross-fined box type and the spiral flow designs of the PVT collector had the highest electrical efficiencies at the different test conditions.

10 illus, 5 tables, 40 ref

025827   ZARALI F, YAZGAN H R, DELICE Y (Industrial Engineering Dep, Sakarya University, 38300 Kayseri, Turkey, Email: fzarali@erciyes.edu.tr) : A new solution method of ant colony-based logistic center area layout problem. Sadhana 2018, 43(6), 83.

In today’s world, logistic centers not only play an important roles in sustaining the nation’s economy, they also significantly contribute to the economic and social development of the regions in which they are located. The layout of the center is crucial in ensuring that such important centers are both efficient and productive. To achieve this, this study focuses on the development of a logistic center layout that is integrated with the ant colony optimization algorithm. To this end, the logistic center area layout was developed by applying the developed algorithm to an actual logistic center planned to be constructed. The efficiency of the suggested algorithm was tested in accordance with the benchmark problems in the literature. In addition, a case study was carried out to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The obtained results revealed that the suggested algorithm provided more efficiency than other layouts.

11 tables, 32 ref

025826   PRASHANTHA B G, GOWDA M S G, SEETHARAMU S, NARASIMHAM G S V L (Industrial Engineering and Management Dep, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bangalore - 560 060, Email: bgpsandur@gmail.com) : Design and analysis of acoustically-driven 50 W thermoacoustic refrigerators. Sadhana 2018, 43(6), 82.

The design of loudspeaker-driven 50 W cooling power thermoacoustic refrigerators operating with helium at 3 % drive-ratio and 10 bar pressure for a temperature difference of 75 K using the linear thermoacoustic theory is discussed. The dimensional normalization technique to minimize the number of parameters involved in the design process is discussed. The variation in the performance of the spiral stack-heat exchangers’ at 75 % porosity as a function of the normalized stack length and center position is discussed. The resonator optimization is discussed, and the optimized one-third-wavelength (tapered, small diameter tube and divergent section with hemispherical end), and one-fourth-wavelength (tapered and divergent section with hemispherical end) resonator designs show 41.3 % and 30.8 % improvements in the power density compared to the published 10 W designs, respectively. The back volume gas spring system for improving the performance of the loudspeaker is discussed. The one-third-wavelength and one-fourth-wavelength resonator designs are validated using the DeltaEC software, which predicts the cold heat exchanger temperature of - 3.4 C at 0.882 COP, and - 4.3 C at 0.841 COP, respectively.

6 illus, 10 tables, 23 ref

025825   YADAV A K, CHANDEL S S (Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, South Sikkim - 737 139, Email: amit1986.529@rediffmail.com) : Formulation of new correlations in terms of extraterrestrial radiation by optimization of tilt angle for installation of solar photovoltaic systems for maximum power generation: Case study of 26 cities in India. Sadhana 2018, 43(5), 81.

This paper deals with finding of optimum tilt angle for installation of optimized solar photovoltaic system in India. The optimization of tilt angles is performed using measured solar radiation data for 26 cities in India. The tilt angle is changed from 0 ⁰ to 90 ⁰ at step of 1⁰ to find out optimum tilt angle for which monthly average solar radiation is maximum. It was found that the optimum tilt angle varies between 0 ⁰ and 63 ⁰ throughout the year in India. The monthly optimum tilt angle is maximum in December for all cities in India. It is found that increase in maximum solar radiation at monthly optimum tilt angle in comparison to latitude based tilt angle and annual optimum tilt angle varies from 5.85 % to 8.08 % and 5.95 % to 8.34 %, respectively, showing monthly optimum tilt angle is beneficial for maximum power generation for different cities in India. The novelty of this study is new correlations of optimum tilt angle in terms of extraterrestrial radiation are developed for estimating monthly optimum tilt angle for installation of photovoltaic systems at different sites in India. The root mean square error in correlation equations varies from 0.1256 to 0.9771.

4 illus, 5 tables, 45 ref

025824   CHEN B, ZHANG L, CHEN X, ZHANG Q (Chongqing Univ, Chongqing 400044, People’s Republic of China, Email: 20153201011@cqu.edu.cn) : Thermodynamic and numerical analysis of intake air humidification of a turbocharged GDI engine. Sadhana 2018, 43(5), 79.

Reducing the temperature and increasing the specific heat capacity of working medium of gasoline engines are the most efficient methods of mitigating knock tendency. The charge cooling effect of intake air humidification is helpful for decreasing the initial temperature of intake air, and the increase of the specific heat capacity of working medium can reduce the temperature rise in the in-cylinder process. This study established a mathematical model of intake air humidification of gasoline engines, and analyzed the effects of the technique on the thermodynamic process of a turbocharged gasoline engine with Ricardo WAVE Code. The results indicated that the intake air humidification is an isenthalpic process; the vapor influences the working process of the engine by altering the thermodynamic parameters of the working medium. A decrease in the initial temperature and adiabatic index and an increase in the specific heat capacity of working medium lowered the incylinder temperature and pressure, hence suppressing the knock occurrence. After the humidification of intake air, the engine performance slightly increased, and the thermal efficiency showed different levels of improvements at all the working conditions.

15 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

025823   KUMAR P, PANDA S K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Email: pintu.pme13@iitp.ac.in) : A review on properties and microstructure of micro-extruded product using SPD and as-cast material. Sadhana 2018, 43(5), 77.

Micromanufacturing has wide application in the development of micro-products, but these methods are limited in developing desired properties such as dimensional tolerance, surface texture and electromechanical properties. Deformation is one of the techniques where such limitations on micro-products can be overcome based on the principle of grain refinement theory. The product developed through subtractive and additive method reveals coarse grain microstructure, whereas ultrafine grains (UFGs) are observed in the severe plastic deformation (SPD) process. Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) is one of the best SPD techniques to produce UFG up to a nanometre. As-cast micro-extruded product that contains coarse grains seems to be inhomogeneous, having wide deviation of physical and mechanical properties throughout its volume. ECAP-based micro-extruded product is homogeneous and has uniform physical and mechanical properties. The present review paper discusses about the influence of die geometry, die strength, specimen selection, frictional condition, temperature condition and other boundary conditions on the properties of as-cast and ECAPed extruded material. Similarly, size and direction of grain can alter the mechanical properties based on requirements and type of applications.

31 illus, 3 tables, 100 ref

025822   SINGH J, SINGH R, SINGH H, VERMA A K (Engineering Dep, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering Coll, Ludhiana - 141006, Email: Rupindersingh78@Yahoo.Com) : Investigations for mechanical properties and biocompatibility of SS-316L implant prepared as rapid investment casting for batch production. Sadhana 2018, 43(5), 76.

In this work, a detailed procedure for the development of biomedical implant (SS-316L) by combining fused deposition modeling (FDM), chemical vapor smoothing (CVS), silicon molding (SM) and investment casting (IC) for batch production has been outlined. In spite of being biocompatible and bioactive within the body, the implant must possess good surface quality and dimensional accuracy along with sufficient hardness in order to reduce the wear inside the body. So in this research work, investigations have been made on the surface finish, dimensional accuracy and hardness of the implants by varying two controllable factors of the IC process (drying time of primary coating and mould thickness). The tolerance grades for the selected dimension of the casted implants were within the allowable range as defined in UNI EN 20286-I (1995) standard of ISO. The process capability indices (Cp and Cpk) values greater than 1.33 for the surface hardness and radial dimension indicated that the proposed process is statistically controlled. Further, in order to evaluate the biocompatibility, an in vitro study was conducted to ensure the attachment of mouse embryonic fibroblasts cells (NIH-3T3) to the casted samples. The results of invitro study indicated that samples were capable of supporting cell adhesion and cell proliferation and hence can be used for tissue engineering.

12 illus, 4 tables, 49 ref