042947   RAJENDRAN D K, RAJAGOPAL V, ALAGUMANIAN S, KUMAR T S, PRABHAKARAN S P S, KASILINGAM D (Mechanical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology Goa, Goa, Email: varthini.jaku@gmail.com) : Systematic literature review on novel corona virus SARS-CoV-2: a threat to human era. Indian J Virol 2020, 31(2), 161–73.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the seventh-generation coronavirus family causing viral pandemic coronavirus disease (COVID-19) across globe affecting millions of people. The objectives of this study are to (1) identify the major research themes in COVID-19 literature, (2) determine the origin, symptoms and modes of transmission of COVID, (3) recommend the intervention and mitigation strategies adopted by the Governments globally against the spread of COVID-19 and the traumatization among the public? and (4) study the possible drugs/treatment plans against COVID-19. A systematic literature review and comprehensive analysis of 38 research articles on COVID-19 are conducted. An integrated Research focus parallel-ship network and keyword co-occurrence analysis are carried out to visualize the three research concepts in COVID-19 literature. Some of our observations include: (1) as SARSCoV-2’s RNA matches * 96 % to SARS-CoV, it is assumed to be transmitted from the bats. (2) The common symptoms are high fever, dry cough, fatigue, sputum production, shortness of breath, diarrhoea etc. (3) A lockdown across 180 affected counties for more than a month with social-distancing and the precautions taken in SARS and MERS are recommended by the Governments. (4) Researchers’ claim that nutrition and immunity enhancers and treatment plans such as arbidol, lopinavir/ritonavir, convalescent plasma and mesenchymal stem cells and drugs including remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin and favipiravir are effective against COVID-19. This complied report serves as guide to help the administrators, researchers and the medical officers to adopt recommended intervention strategies and the optimal treatment/drug against COVID-19.

8 illus, 4 tables, 49 ref

042918   SHYAM P , MOHAMMAD M S (Biotechnology Dep, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana, Email: shyamperugu@nitw.ac.in) : A review analysis of insomnia: Age, gender, career, and efficient behavior methods perspectives. Indian J Sleep Med 2020, 15(2), 26–9.

Insomnia is one of the sleep disorders. Most of the people neglect the symptoms of insomnia. Our aim is to analyze an overall all together at one-step review of defining insomnia, types of insomnia, symptoms of insomnia, other diseases relating to insomnia, factors, diagnosis, and treatments of insomnia is performed for the scope of innovative method for solving the problem. Literatures were reviewed to analyze the insomnia statistically in terms of gender, age, and career. It is observed that women at their postmenopause state are the most prone to insomnia, and the rate of insomnia is high in elderly people. Working at stress, noise, nighttime, and family work imbalance was having impact. Factors indicating insomnia, effect of insomnia in other diseases as circadian rhythm disturbances, diabetes, and breast cancer were observed. The pathways involved, protein involved were analyzed, and it was observed as melatonin plays a key role in the inhibition of sleep induction. Treatments available are explored and enriched treatment with less side effects and good efficacy is needed.

2 illus, 24 ref

042901   SAREMI P (Transport Systems Dep, Engineering Sapienza Univ, Italy) : The role of the transportation system in the development of the tourism industry in developing countries. Indian J Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 61-75.

Today, tourism is one of the most important tools for economic growth and foreign Currency absorption for developing countries. Different countries around the world are taking various steps to advance their tourism industry, thereby boosting economic growth and job creation. Tourism is also a source of nutrition in the economy and is considered as economic stimulus. The tourism industry is expanding rapidly and this industry has become one of the largest businesses in the world. The Bright horizons, new destinations, new groups of tourists and developing types of tourism all and all promise the expansion of this industry. Also, the tourism industry is the result of travel and people's stay outside in their normal environment. Tourism is essentially achieved by moving people from their place of origin and permanent residence to faraway places. The development and expansion of the tourism industry depends on the development of transportation facilities. Infrastructure is important in the development of tourism, especially tourism transportation development has a major impact on growth of this industry. Providing appropriate, convenient and fast, safe, secure and affordable transportation is a prerequisite for tourism advancement because tourists consider two factors in their decisions, cost and time, and to access tourist destinations, choosing the type of transportation system or providing the right system affects these two factors. Tourism in developing countries is a major industry that contributes significantly to the national income both from local and international tourism. Transportation is a key element in developing the economy of these countries. Transportation advancement plays a crucial role in tourism development and sustainability worldwide and in developing countries. This paper focuses, assessing the existing transportation system conditions and their contribution to a sustainable tourism industry in developing countries. Results indicated that major modifications to the existing transportation system are needed to achieve a sustainable tourism industry in these countries. Tourism planning in developing countries should take into consideration the physical system of transport as a major component of the tourism development master plan. The purpose of this study is to investigate the development of transportation and its effects on the tourism industry and the research method is descriptive and review based study. The findings of this study can be key to the importance of tourism industry for the country's economy and the need to pay attention to the role of transportation in air, road, sea and its impact on tourism and tourism industry. The findings of this study show the key importance of the tourism industry for the country's economy and the need to pay attention to the role of transportation in air, land, water and communication lines and its impact on tourism and tourism industry.

32 ref

042899   JALALI M, SAREMI P (Industrial Engineering Dep, Asrrar Higher Education Institute, Mashhad, Iran) : A study on the impact of energy conversion technologies on food waste from macromolecules on the environment. Indian J Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 45-56.

Now days declining resources, increasing consumption, and inaccurate in energy consumption have led to global environmental crises. One of the best solutions is to use alternative fuels. Food waste can be used to supply alternative fuels. These wastes have degradable organic materials, which their releasing into the environment into the environment can cause many problems. The three major macro molecules in food, i.e. sugars, lipids, and proteins, can influence the production of clean energy through conversion processes. Starch, cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin from sugars, fatty acids from lipids and released amino acids from protein can be used from suitable raw materials in food processing to produce energy. Biogas, bioethanol and biodiesel energy processes are performed by anaerobic digestion, fermentation and chemical conversion processes, respectively. Food processing lines use a lot of energy to convert raw materials into final products, so the food industry is one of the seven most energy consuming industries. In this industry, in addition to high energy consumption, a large amount of solid and liquid waste is also produced. These wastes mainly contain biodegradable organic materials, the discharge of which causes significant environmental problems in the environment. Normally, a large amount of food waste is buried in a landfill, but liquid waste is dumped into rivers, lakes or oceans, or discharged into sewage. Recently, strict environmental regulations have severely restricted the discharge of solid and liquid wastes from food processing into the environment. Therefore, the disposal of these wastes is one of the major problems in the food industry, increased fuel prices and high energy consumption costs in the food industry, has strengthened the use of waste from these industries to produce cheap and clean energy in the form of biodiesel, biogas, bio-oils and synthetic gases. This article reviews the most important methods of converting waste and food waste into various forms of Energy and the impact of energy conversion technologies from waste of food macromolecules on the environment.

7 illus, 21 ref

042869   LAKSHMI E, MADHU G (Safety and Chemical Engineering Dep, Cochin Univ of Science and Technology, Kerala) : Evaluation and modelling of dissolved oxygen and re-aeration rate in river Periyar, South India. Indian J Sci Res 2020, 10 (2), 1-14.

Fresh water resources are one of the important resources for protecting and sustaining life on earth. Conservation of these resources has become an important priority for any nation to survive and progress. Rivers around the world are very much polluted and stressed of overuse. Adequate amount of dissolved oxygen is very much important for the growth of aquatic life and overall health of the river. Management of dissolved oxygen in the river requires long term continuous and scientific assessment. Modelling dissolved oxygen in the river and forecasting the future trend will support in understanding the characteristics of the river which further will help in planning management strategies. Periyar river is one of the most polluted rivers in Kerala, South India. River is abused by discharges from industries along the Eloor-Edayar stretch. Statistical evaluation using linear regression analysis and QUAL2K software was used for modelling dissolved oxygen in the river. Dissolved oxygen was predicted for year 2030 using WEAP water quality model. Models were calibrated using 2008 and 2013 data. Re-aeration rate of the river was also evaluated and its change with increasing surface water temperature. From the dissolved oxygen model developed using statistics and QUAL2K, it was found that both models can be used for modelling and prediction of variables in Periyar river. With the rising temperature, the re-aeration rate in the river was found to increase. The results from the paper could be used for planning management strategies for the river with the changing climate scenario.

4 illus, 8 tables, 100 ref

042868   LUCKY , ARYA H (Mechanical Engineering Dep, SLIET Longowal, Punjab -148 106, Email: luckysaklani94@gmail.com) : Improvement of low temperature impact toughness through flux modification for submerged arc welded low carbon steel E350 plates. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(25), 2582–92.

To analyse the effects of rutile (TiO₂) and Alumina (Al₂O₃) on impact toughness properties of Submerged arc welded joints for low temperature applications. Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ have been added to F7AZ/PZ-EL8 Submerged arc welding (SAW) flux in varying quantities and the base material used for joining is low carbon structural steel having E350 grade. To verify the effect of these elements by flux modification, the Charpy V-Notch impact tests, scanning electron microscope (SEM) fractography and visible light microscopy (VLM) have been conducted. Charpy V-Notch impact testing and analysis have shown that there is considerable improvement in the impact properties of welds with the addition of 20 % TiO₂ and 20 % Al₂O₃ in the 80 % of flux as separate constituents i.e., when these elements have been added in the flux in separate form or two new modified fluxes were prepared, where one is doped with alumina and other is with rutile. Fractography of welds with addition of 20 % alumina in 80 % F7AZ/PZ-EL8 SAW fluxes are having best impact properties at lower temperature and addition of 20 % rutile also as almost effective as alumina in flux. consequently, mode of failure is ductile fracture with dimples as a result of good amount of acicular ferrite microstructure. Analysis of previous studies implicated that there is lack of significant studies in the low temperature impact properties of low carbon steel submerged arc welds. Present study shows that the significant improvement in the toughness properties of welds at lower temperature of -40 ^◦C can be achieved through flux modification, it would ensure the application of Low carbon steel structures at lower working temperature. The applications may be pressure vessels, ships or containers.

9 illus, 6 tables, 13 ref

042858   MEENA S (Civil Engineering Dep, Jai Narain Vyas Univ, Jodhpur - 342 011, Rajasthan, Email: sanu.iitb@gmail.com) : Impact of novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on travel pattern: A case study of India. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(24), 2491–501.

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The outbreak not only affects human health but also travel psychology. In order to understand the impact of coronavirus on the travel pattern of Indian people, this study adopts descriptive research techniques to compare travel scenarios during the normal situation, pre-lockdown, and till the COVID-19 pandemic end. The questionnaire included the information for socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, travel pattern during the normal situation, pre-lockdown and post-lockdown period. The respondent has to perceive the post-lockdown situation and give their responses accordingly. The questionnaire also has some policy-related questions on the five-point Likert scale. The results of this study are based on online survey responses from 3148 individuals. It is observed that during the prelockdown period, people are more dependent upon the personal mode of transportation and the use of shared mobility dropped (35 % compare to the normal situation) significantly because of the high risk of virus transformation from close contact with unknown people and it is expected that, after the end of lockdown period, people will reduce their non-mandatory trips and higher income group will try to avoid travelling in public transport, taxi and other mass transport. This pandemic situation shows us the advantage of walk and bicycle (22 % of growth was observed during pre-lockdown), as these modes provides a great way to stay healthy and also an efficient way to support social distancing and reduce the load on public transport. The high percentage of uses of private vehicle (like cars and two-wheeler) will increase congestion on roads and it will lead to more air pollution. The findings of this study will help transport planner and policymakers to plan effective policy strategies to facilitate smooth transportation service during this pandemic situation. The author also recommend the public transport systems to come up with technological upgradation to reduce the contacts in terms of vehicular space (seat arrangements) and automated ticketing and overcrowd warning signals.

11 illus, 4 tables, 8 ref

042847   ISLAM T, KARIM M R , CHAION M H , DUTTA S , HOSSAIN M A (Textile Engineering Dep, Jashore Univ of Science and Technology, Jashore - 7408, Bangladesh, Email: mti@just.edu.bd) : Effect of chemical dosing amount in conventional cotton fabric pretreatment process. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(23), 2345–54.

The objective of the study is to analysis the effect of chemicals on different physical properties and color fastness of treated cotton samples with standard rating values. Five single baths are used for the pretreatment process with five different dosages such as 1g/L, 1.5 g/L, 2 g/L, 2.5 g/L, 3 g/L of NaOH and H₂O₂. After that, reactive dyeing was performed for these five samples with a standard recipe. With the gradual increment of NaOH and H₂O₂ dosages, the absorbency and whiteness index of pretreated samples were improved and for that particular reason bursting strength was degraded. On the other hand, for dyed samples, a little variation was observed in color fastness to wash and rubbing but the changes in the color shade of every sample were observable.

9 illus, 7 tables, 13 ref

042846   MAHAPATRA P, ARORA G , AGGARWAL M , SINGH S , MANOCHA R (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Manav Rachna Univ, Faridabad, Email: prateekmh03@gmail.com) : Impact behaviour analysis of a newly designed go-kart chassis. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(23), 2336–44.

The main objective of this study is to propose a new design of go-kart chassis and to assess the ability to bear the front, rear and side impacts on this proposed design. Another goal of this study is to make this design with different materials and also to test them in different loading conditions. To determine the safest material for the proposed Go-Kart chassis design based on the results obtained. A new and lighter go-kart chassis model is proposed in this study. A 3D go-kart chassis was modelled and its Finite Element Analysis was carried out on Autodesk fusion 360 software. Global test standards were used to simulate the impact behavior on go-kart chassis. In addition, this Go-kart chassis design was also made from three different materials i.e., AISI-4130, Al-6061 and CFRP composite. These Go-kart chassis were tested under different loading conditions. A comparative study of the obtained results was also carried out. The results of simulations performed under different conditions, showed this design has demonstrated adequate resistance against deformation in front, back and side impact tests. In every situation, factor of safety was more than one. Therefore, it can be inferred that the proposed design was completely safe under testing conditions. Under different loading conditions, the design made up of CFRP composite was safest among all the materials used. However, detailed modelling and simulation studies are needed before testing it in real-life conditions. Go-kart type of small vehicles are primarily used for recreational and racing purposes which are mainly powered by batteries as well as low capacity engines. The lower weight and better design of the chassis have the ability to improve their performance to a great extent. 

4 illus, 6 tables, 8 ref

042838   MEMON M A, BHUTTO G M , BURIRO E A (Electrical Engineering Dep, Quaid-e-Awam Univ of Engineering, Pakistan 67480, Email: engr.mam@quest.edu.pk) : Sizing of dc-link capacitor for a grid connected solar photovoltaic inverter. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(22), 2272–81.

To determine the optimum size of a dc-link capacitor for a grid connected photovoltaic inverter. Dc-link capacitors are considered as one of the sensitive parts of the grid connected photovoltaic systems and needs effort to design a reliable and optimal size capacitor as its reliability is concerned with the overall system reliability. The double line frequency power flows between the input and outside of a Φ grid connected PV system which produces voltage ripples at the capacitor and dc link. This voltage ripple increases temperature of passive components and dc source which affects the MPP operation of the photovoltaic modules and the system life. Therefore, it is essential to limit the voltage ripples at the input side of the system. The easiest way to limit the double frequency ripple voltage is to connect a capacitor in parallel to the PV module and the inverter which buffers the double line frequency power and supply a constant power to the inverter. This study proposed a general method for sizing a dc-link capacitor for a Φ grid connected voltage source inverter. It is seen that the capacitance is inversely proportional to the nominal dc and ripple voltage. Thus an increase in the nominal system voltage decreases the size of the capacitor and at the same time increases the voltage ripple. Therefore to limit voltage ripple within permissible limits and to ensure better system performance the dc-link capacitor must be appropriately sized. The simulations based on 3kW grid connected PV system are carried out in DIgSILENT Power Factory software. A capacitor of 410µF is needed to be connected in parallel with a 3kVA inverter having an nominal input voltage of 370V and maintaining a voltage ripple under 8.5 %. Novelty: After determining optimized dc-link capacitor size we will limit the voltage ripple under permissible limits and hence improves the system efficiency and life of the grid connected PV system.

6 illus, 4 tables, 30 ref

042836   CHAI M K, TAN Y H , WONG L S (Engineering Dep, Tenaga Nasional Univ, Kajang, 43000, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: mkchai@uniten.edu.my) : Macronutrient effect on biomass of microalgae in biofuel production: A review. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(22), 2245–63.

This review is focused on the effect of macronutrients (nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus) on biomass production of microalgae especially concerned with biofuel. The keyword search included "microalgae cultivation", "nitrogen sources", "phosphorus sources", "organic carbon", "biodiesel", "biofuel", "carbon dioxide", "inorganic carbon", "macronutrient deprivation", "macronutrient limitation", "lipid" and "organic waste" to search the published journals in ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springer, and Google Scholar. The search was performed from December 2019 until Mac 2020 to collect all the journals and books that are published between 2006 and 2020. The effect of each macronutrient (nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus) on microalgal growth of the control and the samples were compared using biomass productivity, concentration and biochemical content in each published article. Review shows that nitrogen has more pernicious effect than other macronutrients on most microalgal growth and lipid production. The concentrations and types of macronutrients have remarkable effects on the growth of microalgae; hence these criteria must be chosen scrupulously to achieve the desired biomass and metabolite production. In order to improve the biomass and biochemical productivity in concomitant with the cost reduction, replacement of cheap organic waste, genetic engineering of microalgae and two-stage hybrid system have been suggested to simultaneously maximize the biomass and biochemical production. The future research should focus on other biochemical contents such as carbohydrates, proteins and pigment to achieve the biorefinery context which can increase the profit. Besides, economic factor such as factorial design should be included in the future research to obtain the best combined factors with the maximum profit and minimal cost.

2 illus, 3 tables, 124 ref

044826   SINGH P, GEORGE P J, RAMTWEKE P W, PAUL A (Molecular and Cellular Engineering Dep, Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Performance of Bollgard I with different plant spacing and in presence of refuge crops. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 78-81.

Different biotic and abiotic factors affect the growth and yield of Bt cotton. Appropriate agronomic practices like plant density and presence of refuge crops have profound effect on the development and final outcome of the crop. A field experiment was conducted to assess the performance of Bollgard I variety (cotton 1007-9810 BGI) of Bt cotton under different plant spacing (30 x 30 cm, 60 x 60 cm and 80 x 80 cm) and in presence of 50% refuge nBt cotton (cotton Mahesh) which is a different cultivar, at Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh). It was noted that plant height was found significantly higher in closer spacing whereas monopodial branches plant-1 (1.73, 1.60), sympodial branches plant-1 (16.66, 12.33), bolls plant-1 (20.33, 17.44), average boll weight plant-1 (3.30, 3.23), seeds plant-1 (452.99, 411.66) and lint weight (g) plant-1 (17.61, 14.02) were recorded higher in 80 x 80 cm followed by 60 x 60 cm, and 30 x 30 cm. Comparison of Bt yield attributes with refuge nBt from the field trial containing 50 % refuge nBt cotton recorded maximum yield attributes in Bt cotton.

2 tables, 21 ref

042821   VARSHINI A G P, KUMARI K A (Dr.Mahalingam Coll of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, Coimbatore, Email: priyavarshini.a.g@gmail.com) : Predictive analytics approaches for software effort estimation: A review. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(21), 2094–103.

In Software Effort Estimation (SEE), predicting the amount of time taken in human hours or months for software development is considered as a cumbersome process. SEE consists of both Software Development Effort Estimation (SDEE) and Software Maintenance Effort Estimation (SMEE). Over estimation or under estimation of software effort results in project cancellation or project failure. The objective of this study is to identify the best performing model for software Effort Estimation through experimental comparison with various Machine learning algorithms. Software Effort Estimation was addressed by using various machine learning techniques such as Multilinear Regression, Ridge Regression, Lasso Regression, ElasticNet Regression, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree and NeuralNet to recognize best performing model. Datasets used are Desharnais, Maxwell, China and Albrecht datasets. Evaluation metrics considered are Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and R-Squared. Experiments on various machine learning algorithms for software Effort Estimation determines that Support Vector Machine produced the best performance comparatively with other algorithms.

4 illus, 6 tables, 28 ref

042818   KHAN M A, KHAN M Z , KHAN H , HANZLA M , JAMAL M , KHALID T , ULLAH N (Electrical Engineering Dep, FICT, BUITEMS, Quetta, Pakistan, Email: engineerabbaskhan111@gmail.com) : Garbage collector robot. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(20), 2065–70.

The primary aim is to introduce a way in which garbage could be collected and disposed efficiently; To analyze the problem of garbage disposal at a school, restaurant, office, hotel, production plant or any other suitable location; To design and develop a system for solving the problem; To test and maintain the implemented system. Our project is divided into two main parts. We are designing a system that collects garbage automatically through line. For which we are designing an arena so that the machine will follow the specific path and also manually by using Arduino and Bluetooth module. The machine can be controlled by software which will give command to the robotic jaw to collect the stationary waste. It also has the characteristic to get controlled by voice command which makes the robot to collect the garbage according to the given command. We have designed a semi-autonomous garbage collector robot which can do multiple functions. This robot has one robotic arm in which it can pick the garbage and dispense it in main basket attached to the robot. The camera placed on robot helps the administrator to remotely monitor the robot while collecting garbage. The prototype has an electronic mechanism by which the robot can dispense it collected garbage to the dispensing point. This robot has installed batteries in which there is no fuel or electricity required to complete the operation.

3 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

042812   AKTER N , REPON M R, RASHID M A , SHIDDIQUE M N A (Textile Engineering Dep, Khwaja Yunus Ali Univ, Sirajganj, Bangladesh, Email: reazmbstu.te@gmail.com) : Performance analysis of spandex incorporated single jersey fabrics for sportswear. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(20), 1998–2009.

The main objective of this study is to substantiate the effects of spandex on the properties of plain jersey fabric as compared to the commercial knit sports wear. Three single jersey plain knitted fabric samples were produced with full feeder spandex (4.45%), half feeder spandex (2.22 %), and without spandex. 34/1 Ne cotton yarn and 20D spandex were used. Standard test methods were followed to analyze the fabric properties. ASTM D 3774: 2004, ISO 6330:2012, ISO 12945-2, ISO 12947-1:1998 and ISO 13938- 1:1999 methods were used to measure the variation between cotton and cotton/spandex plain jersey fabric, different physical properties in particular GSM, width, abrasion resistance, pilling, bursting strength, and shrinkage of the specimens. The physical, dimensional, and mechanical properties of cotton/spandex plain jersey knitted fabrics were investigated. The results were compared between knitted fabrics made from 100 % cotton and spandex with cotton. The effect of spandex percentage was also studied. A significant effect was observed on the physical, dimensional, and mechanical behaviors of single jersey fabric. Results revealed that the GSM, shrinkage, abrasion resistance, and bursting strength increased and the width reduced with the increased amount of spandex percentage. No apparent effect on the pilling resistance was observed. The manufactured spandex incorporated knitted fabrics can be found in a wide range of applications. The main endeavor is to use for active sportswear. 

11 illus, 7 tables, 21 ref

042810   RAMESHBABU R, SURESH G R (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, St. Peter's Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: rrameshbabu15@gmail.com) : Design of adaptive feedback control for new 3D chaotic system and its digital implementation on FPGA. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(20), 1977–90.

In this research work, digital circuit implementation on FPGA of an adaptive feedback control methodology for a new 3 – D chaotic system is proposed. The chaos synchronization is achieved using adaptive feedback control method. The new adaptive controllers are designed to achieve the chaos synchronization for the identical new chaotic system. The FPGA implementation of chaos synchronization using numerical methods induces artificial suppression in the chaotic system or chaotic behavior can be dead in very short-time. In this research work, the FPGA implementation of chaos synchronization is achieved with the help of automatic code generator like System generator in Matlab simulink. The adaptive feedback control for identical new chaotic system is coded with VHDL with 32 bit fixed point number, 12 for the entire and 20 for the fraction. In this paper, we designed a new 3D chaotic system and its chaotic behavior is verified using Lyapunov exponents, stability analysis and Poincare map. The complete synchronization for proposed chaotic system is achieved using adaptive feedback control methodology. The digital circuit realization of adaptive feedback control for the synchronization of identical chaotic system based on FPGA is achieved for the various applications of digital information systems. Simulation results and FPGA outputs illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed method. The digital implementation of adaptive feedback control has many engineering applications such as digital data transmission, digital modulation, video encryption, digital cryptosystem etc. 

11 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

042809   RAVINDRA S, SIDDESH G K (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Dayananda Sagar Coll of Engineering, K.S.Layout, Bengaluru, Email: ravindraece@dayanandasagar.edu) : System capacity evaluation for mobility management in LTE-advanced D2D networks. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(20), 1965–76.

This study aims to evaluate the system capacity for mobility management in Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) Device to Device (D2D) networks with suitable handover schemes. This paper introduces power control mechanisms for 5G based on the distance between D2D terminals. Interference is a major issue which reduces the performance of D2D communication. The proposed system introduces an algorithm based on greedy algorithmic approach for interference mitigation with easy handover for system capacity estimation. The implementation is carried out using LabVIEW platform and results are analyzed. The existing mobile communication approaches transfer calls through base stations irrespective of the distance between the mobile terminals. User mobility is an important factor for D2D communication and proper selection of mobility patterns that helps in increasing the energy efficiency and throughput by reducing interference. Efficient utilization of these mobility patterns are shown in the proposed method for developing an optimal time efficient mobility aware caching mechanism with lower complexity. In the recent works, less importance has been given for users' contact time duration while they are moving with different speeds. The simulation results show an enhancement in the system capacity of approximately 480 bits/Hz for 50 devices and 290 bits/Hz for 20 D2D users. The simulation results prove that the proposed approach gives better performance than the existing methods. 

11 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

044786   ARUNA S T, LATHA S, LAKSHMI R V (Surface Engineering Div, National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore- 560 017, Email: aruna_reddy@nal.res.in) : Multifunctional properties of electrodeposited nickel composite coating containing nanosized monoclinic zirconia particles. J Met Mater Sci 2020, 62(1-2), 77-91.

Nickel-based composite coatings containing ceramic particles as the distributed phase have been widely used in aerospace and automotive industries. In the present work, a Ni-composite coating containing nanosized monoclinic zirconia (ZrO2 ) powder is prepared by solution combustion (SC) method. The SC method is modified to get phase pure white zirconia powder by using the mixture of fuels approach. Since the synthesized powder contained agglomerated particles, the powder is ball milled and dispersed in a nickel sulphamate bath. The Ni and Ni-ZrO₂ coatings are electrodeposited at 0.75 A/dm² for 6 h. The Ni-ZrO₂ composite coating exhibits a microhardness of 750 KHN(50 gf) as against 270 KHN(50 gF) observed for plain Ni coating. The Ni-ZrO₂ coating exhibits improved corrosion resistance and wear resistance compared to plain nickel coating as confirmed by potentiodynamic polarization and continuous salt spray tests. The as-deposited hydrophobic Ni-ZrO₂ coating transforms to superhydrophobic upon depositing a thin layer of fluoroalkyl silane on the coating. Thus, the synthesized zirconia particles when incorporated in the Ni matrix impart multifunctional properties to the electrodeposited Ni coating.

10 illus, 6 tables, 37 ref

042803   ANITA JESSIE J , DANISH P, GANESH S , RAINA C S (Civil Engineering Dep, Model Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jammu -181 122, Jammu and Kashmir, Email: danish.civ@mietjammu.in) : Implementation of paper mill waste as partial replacement material. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(19), 1901–7.

The objective of the study was to study the compressive strength of the partially replaced paper mill waste in cement. The concrete cube specimen were prepared for compressive strength test. In this study, the cement has been replaced with 20 %, 30 %, 40 % and 50 % of hypo sludge. The specimens were cured for two different ages (7 days and 28 days) and tested for compressive strength. The quadratic polynomial prediction equation was proposed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The prediction model was developed using the experimental output results. Thus, the prediction model facilitates the further research work to be conducted by researchers on paper mill waste replacement. The rate analysis was also further carried out to show the cost effectiveness of using the waste replacement in cement. The test was conducted on the compressive strength (7 days and 28 days) of control specimen (0 %) and partial replacement of 20 %, 30 %, 40 % and 50 % of cement using the hypo sludge. Thus, 20 % replacement of cement using hypo sludge has shown good compressive strength than the control specimen. The cost of 20 % paper mill waste was less when compared to the cost of control specimen. The compressive strength of 20 % partial replacement of paper mill waste in cement can be used in further construction. The prediction model can be used to predict the future compressive strength of partially replaced paper mill waste concrete.

6 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

042800   BALAJI K, WESSLEY G J J (Aerospace Engineering Dep, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore - 641 114, Tamil Nadu, Email: jims_john@karunya.edu) : Experimental investigations on the performance of a modified co-flow jet aerofoil. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(19), 1873–81.

To study the performance of a Modified Co Flow Jet (MCFJ) aerofoil with a converging nozzle located at the leading edge so as to reduce the pumping power. The experimental investigations are conducted on a base aerofoil and a modified CFJ (MCFJ) aerofoil in a subsonic tunnel at various angle of attack (AOA). The output performance parameters like coefficient of Lift (CL), Coefficient of drag (CD) and Lift are obtained for both the aerofoil and the results are compared. The result shows that the stalling angle of the MCFJ aerofoil advanced by 5 ^◦ providing better flow characteristics than the baseline aerofoil. The lift increases up to 43 % during the critical angle of attack of 25 ^◦ in the MCFJ aerofoil. In the present study, a convergent nozzle is placed near the leading edge of the CFJ aerofoil which effectively controls the mass flow rate of the flow during all phases of flight, thereby resulting in improved aerodynamic performance. This novel concept can be used for improved aerodynamic performance of MCFJ aerofoil with reduced pumping power. Also, it is possible to obtain improved performance of CFJ Method at all phases of flight by controlling the flow velocity by using the convergent nozzle.

10 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

044781   ANANTHAPADMANABHAN S S, MISHRA G, PARIDA S (Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, Email: paridasm@iitb.ac.in) : A brief review on the development of self-healing, hydrophobic and antifouling epoxy coating. J Met Mater Sci 2020, 62(1-2), 1-15.

Epoxy coatings are the most used industrial coating system. While corrosion resistance through the barrier performance of the coating is well tested, the addition of multifunctionality is the new research objective. The responsiveness of the epoxy coating to the mechanical damage will not only add to its barrier performance but also delay the corrosion of the underlying metal. Such responsiveness of the coating is desired to manage the maintenance schedule. Various methods tested to add the “self-healing” attribute to the epoxy coatings are discussed. Surface modification to add hydrophobic character to the epoxy coating is also another functionality for value addition and is useful in many applications. For marine applications, fouling resistance is very important. Attempts made to develop anti-fouling epoxy coating are also reviewed. The brief review, giving a broad overview of the research trend, is intended to give a way forward in the development of the epoxy coating.

3 illus, 58 ref

042792   MEHTA P , KUMAR S, PATEL V , JOSHI A (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Gujarat Power Engineering and Research Institute, Mehsana - 384 460, Gujarat, Email: sumit.kumar@gperi.ac.in) : Mathematical modeling and performance assessment of solar air collector. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(18), 1803–10.

The use of solar air heater in drying has been increasing in recent years, because of their simplicity and economic configuration. Design and testing of the corrugated solar collector have been carried out in the present study. The overall system was designed and tested at Gujarat Power Engineering and Research Institute, Mehsana, India (GPERI, 23 ^◦31'37.4"N72 ^◦23'14.1"E). Exergetic efficiency, thermal efficiency, and temperature outlet at the same mass flow rate and solar irradiance were the major parameters for the present study. The designed system was tested by varying the mass flow rate of 0.1075, 0.215, and 0.3225 m³ /sec. It was found that the temperature of the corrugated collector was maximum at 92 ^◦C at solar radiation of 750 W/m² . Whereas thermal efficiency was found to be 65.10 % the same radiation. It was depicted from the tests that the corrugated plate performs more efficiently than a flat plate collector due to surface roughness. It is a good practice in a region where solar radiation is higher all year to implement this type of arrangement for the utilization of any solar gadget, and to enhance its performance efficiency. it can be observed that collector outlet temperature in the semi-arid region of Gujarat was maximum at the minimum collector area. This should be the best design and thermal performance in a semi-arid climate.

5 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

042780   KARIM M R, ISLAM T , DUTTA S, HOSSAIN A , BAIN S (Textile Engineering Dep, Port City International Univ, Chittagong - 4225, Bangladesh, Email: rk09006@gmail.com) : Reuse of dye effluents into the fresh batch dyeing with the variation of chemical and dye percentages. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(16), 1693–701.

To study the reuse of dye effluents in order to minimize the dyeing cost. In this study, the exhausted dye effluents were reused into 7 new dyeing baths along with 7 different percentages of dyes and chemicals to evaluate the color fastness properties as well as shade difference. Firstly, the exhausted dye effluents were collected from the dye bath of the standard sample after dyeing was completed. Then respectively added extra 80 %, 70 %, 60 %, 50 %, 40 %, 20 % and 0 % of the dyes and chemicals in the 7 different new baths where dye effluents of standard sample dyeing existed. After dyeing, all the 7 samples were collected and tested with ISO methods for the assessment of color fastness to Wash and color fastness to Rubbing. Moreover, all the samples were analyzed against the standard one with the help of a Spectrophotometer. From the overall testing reports, it had found that color fastness to wash and rubbing were satisfactory for all samples. But the CMC decision revealed that the sample which was treated along with the presence of an extra 80 % dyes and chemicals in dye effluents showed minimum shade difference from the standard sample. So, it can be said that about 20 % of dyes and chemicals can be saved by reusing dye effluents which can largely influence not only the environmental issues but also the cost-effectiveness of dyeing industries.

1 illus, 13 tables, 18 ref

040987   ANANDAKUMAR, BABU B M, SATISHKUMAR U, REDDY G V S (Soil and Water Engineering Dep, Agricultural Engineering Coll, Raichur - 584 104, Karnataka, Email: anandk624@gmail.com) : Comparative study between wavelet artificial neural network (WANN) and artificial neural network (ANN) models for groundwater level forecasting. Indian J Agric Res 2020, 54(1), 27-34.

Groundwater level fluctuation modeling is a prime need for effective utilization and planning the conjunctive use in any basin.The application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and hybrid Wavelet ANN (WANN) models was investigated in predicting Groundwater level fluctuations. The RMSE of ANN model during calibration and validation were found to be 0.2868 and 0.3648 respectively, whereas for the WANN model the respective values were 0.1946 and 0.1695. Efficiencies during calibration and validation for ANN model were 0.8862 per cent and 0.8465 per cent respectively, whereas for WANN model were found to be much higher with the respective values of 0.9436 per cent and 0.9568 per cent indicating substantial improvement in the model performance. Hence hybrid ANN model is the promising tool to predict water table fluctuation as compared to ANN model.

15 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

042773   KHAN M A, KHAN M Z , BAZAI S E , AHMED S O , KHAN H , EJAZ N , ULLAH N (Electrical Engineering Dep, FICT, BUITEMS, Pakistan, Email: engineerabbaskhan111@gmail.com) : Motion based smart assistant for visually impaired people. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(16), 1612–8.

The present paper deals with building a smart assistant with the aim of assisting the visually impaired people in mobility with confidence by realizing the nearby obstacles and also implement image processing techniques to recognize people. We use Raspberry Pi 4 which has increased computing performance and is interfaced to the picamera, GPS and GSM modules. Arduino pro mini with buzzer, ultrasonic sensors and vibration motors are used for obstacle detection. Certain libraries important for image processing are used such as OpenCV, Dlib, face detection (Haar cascades, HOG + Linear SVM, or CNNs), espeak for converting text to speech. Programming was implemented through Python and Arduino compiler. Analysis was carried out using the proposed system for the blind and visually impaired people who could move around comfortably with confidence and were also able to detect objects and recognize people. Hence the proposed system removes the use for the cumbersome white cane in exchange for small and handy modules which can be used in the form of wearables mounted on shoulders, hands and legs to detect the obstacles from multiple directions and provide for a comfortable wear. It was determined that the Raspberry pi 4 was incapable of running CNN detection for which ideally computer GPU was required, so HOG detection method was used instead. This project can be implemented mainly in the commercial field of helping visually impaired people with poor eyesight or being completely blind. Industrial applications can be devised and enhanced like robots and machineries along with Security, Identifying and Tracking.

5 illus, 22 ref

042770   TAHA F F, HATEM W A , JASIM N A (Civil Engineering Dep, Diyala Univ, Diyala, Iraq, Email: aliraqiafarah320@gmail.com) : Adoption of BIM technology to develop sustainable buildings in the Iraqi construction sector. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(15), 1596–606.

This study aims to identify and assess sustainable design parameters based on the tools and strategies provided by Building Information Modeling (BIM)technology to improve building sustainability. This study idea was applied to one of the Iraqi construction projects in Diyala province, to achieve the aim of this study, we collected real data (CAD drawings, schedule of quantities) by an interview with professional engineers in the construction fields and after this, the project is simulated by using Autodesk Revit 2018 software. We made analysis and found the results of analysis by using Autodesk Insight 360 Cloud added to Revit 2018 that illustrate design parameters and its effect on energy use intensity. The use of BIM technology helps designers and architects to identify and assess sustainable design parameters in the early design stage that lead to improving the sustainability of the building. BIM technology is one of the modern and important technologies in the construction sector. Adopting BIM technology is very useful to develop sustainable buildings in the construction sector.

14 illus, 19 ref

042765   ANI K A, THOMPSON O E , MIKE G R (Chemical Engineering Dep, Nnamdi Azikiwe Univ, Awka, 5025, Anambra, Nigeria, Email: anikingsley16@yahoo.com) : Kinetics of crude oil degradation by an indigenous mixed culture isolated from palm oil mill effluent. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(15), 1555–62.

To investigate the microbial growth kinetics and degradation of crude oil (CO) by mixed cultures isolated from palm oil mill effluent (POME). The scanning electron microscope was employed to examine the surface morphology of POME and the CO contaminated soil. Microbial count using the total viable count (TVC), mold, and coliform counts were investigated at different levels of CO contamination. The TVCs at 20, 40, and 60 mg/L of CO were 7.3x107 CFU/g, 6.8x106 CFU/g and 7.2 x 106 CFU/g, respectively. The concentration of the CO was utilized at 20 mg/L indicating that this concentration did not inhibit microbial growth. Based on the correlation coefficient (R2 ) values obtained for the four growth kinetic models, the Haldane model with R2 of 0.97 gave the best fit. Finally, the one way ANOVA and Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) indicated the statistically significant effect (P< 0.05) of the initial CO concentration on microbial growth.

4 illus, 6 tables, 27 ref

042753   DANISH P, ASHRAF P M , GANESH S , ANITA JESSIE J , SEIN W (Civil Engineering Dep, Model Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jammu, Email: danish.civ@mietjammu.in) : Performance evaluation of students using online courses. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(13), 1440–9.

The present study was aimed to find the effective method to assess the performance of students and their interest towards e-learning. Questionnaire survey was conducted among Indian students and their response were identified on various aspects; assessment, interaction, evaluation and feedback. The responses were collected and the data were analyzed with statistical software. Interaction and evaluation aspects had high impact; signifying 40 % of the students agree that online learning is more effective, innovative and convenient than the conventional way of learning. Assessment and interaction showed the highest positive correlation (0.564) when compared to the evaluation and feedback (0.440). The evaluation has attained significant value in the statistical analysis of ANOVA.

7 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

042746   ASWATHA R, SEETHALAKSHMI V , MURUGAN K , SATHISHKUMAR N , REETHIKA A , GUNANANDHINI S (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore - 641 407, Email: aswathajrkrishnan@gmail.com) : Implementation of cooperative spectrum sensing using cognitive radio testbed. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(13), 1355–66.

To implement energy detection and eigenvalue based cooperative spectrum sensing in NI-USRP hardware platform and to obtain its performance.Cooperative spectrum sensing is to be implemented using OR and AND fusion rules. The hardware is implemented using one primary user transmitter and two cognitive radio users. The implementation is done using LABVIEW and detection performance is analyzed. In cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS), CR system shares its own sensing information with other sensing nodes and utilizes the sensing outcomes of others to give a decision. Energy detection performs well in high SNR region and eigenvalue based detection performs well even with low SNR region. Energy detector detects the signal completely with SNR greater than 10dB. Eigenvalue detector detects signal completely at SNR of -9dB. Detection probability with OR Cooperative rule is better than AND rule. It increases with number of samples and signal-to-noise ratio. It is found that cooperative spectrum sensing performs well than the noncooperative sensing by decreasing the chances of miss detection. CSS is robust in sensing errors due to hidden node or fading channels and also it decreases the probabilities of false alarm as well as probabilities of miss detection.

9 illus, 18 ref

042743   SIVASWAMY S, SAMBANDAN S , RAMASAMY P , SURIANARAYANAN M (Environmental Health Engineering Dep, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be Univ), Porur - 600 116, Chennai) : Prevalence and risk factors associated with wheezing among children and adolescents from Chennai, South India. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(12), 1342–6.

To investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors that influence wheezing and asthma in children and adolescents. A total of 135 male children and adolescents were selected from various schools. Information about family history, dietary pattern, respiratory symptoms and environmental risk factors were obtained using questionnaire survey. The prevalence of wheezing in the past 12 months was 31.85 %. The prevalence of asthma was 2.2 %. Consumption of fast food, overweight and obesity and exposure to traffic fumes were observed to be important risk factors with increased risk among the children. The impact of environmental factors such as air pollution must be quantitatively established with exposure assessments supplemented with questionnaire surveys to reduce the burden of disease. This study provides a cross-sectional outlook on modifiable risk factors that can be targeted to reduce the impact of asthma and wheezing in children.

3 tables, 20 ref

042740   SIVASWAMY S, SAMBANDAN S , PUTTUSAMY N , RAMASAMY P , SURIANARAYANAN M , SAIDAM S R (Environmental Health Engineering Dep, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur - 600 116, Chennai, Email: samantha_1412@yahoo.com) : Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene levels among children with asthma in Chennai, South India. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(12), 1316–20.

To explore the potential relationship between exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and asthma exacerbation among children and also to explore the potential exposure sources of PAHs at the household level. Case-control study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Chennai among 60 participants after obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. The study was conducted from March till May 2018. Informed consent was obtained from the participants. The participants were included based on their clinical diagnosis of asthma and few participants were as used as control based on no documented history of wheeze and PEFR levels. All the participants were male children aged between 9-12 years and exclusion was done if they were reported to having congenital heart disease, surgery or chronic lung disease. They were interviewed with a standardized questionnaire to ascertain their exposure to PAHs sources. Urinary 1-OHP levels were analyzed using HPLC to determine their exposure. Participants with asthma showed a higher concentration of 1-OHP (7.56µg/g) in their urine. Second hand exposure to tobacco smoke, consumption of charred or grilled foods, use of indoor air pollutants and exposure to traffic fumes were identified as contributive factors to elevated 1-OHP levels. Exposure sources at household levels may play a major role in exacerbating asthma. Significant PAHs exposure was contributed through dietary habits. Further exposure monitoring studies are needed to quantify the impact of PAH exposure on respiratory health.

2 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

042738   SOWPARNIKA G C, THIRUMARIMURUGAN M , VINOTH N (Biomedical Engineering Dep, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore - 641 062, Tamil Nadu, Email: csowparnikabm@siet.ac.in) : Modeling and optimized controller for cardiac drug infusion system. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(12), 1347–54.

Manual drug infusion during surgeries is inaccurate and timeconsuming which has been adopted technique in most of the hospitals. Based on clinical data, it is evident that the manual control is inaccurate and takes prolonged time to bring into effect, if any change in infusion rate is required during clinical practice. Considering this drawback, the modeling of cardiovascular system (CVS) and baroreceptor (BR) is developed using miscellaneous differential equations based on compartmental approach. The control variables are mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cardiac output (CO) obtained from CVS-BR model. The manipulated variables are noradrenaline (NAR) and nitroglycerine (NG) infusion rate which is modeled using the relationship between volume and drug mass effect equations on CVS-BR model. For the open loop transfer function derived from the model, relative gain array (RGA) analysis is performed to identify the influence of maximum effect of manipulated variables on the physiological parameters. The simulation results obtained from MATLAB are correlated using time domain specifications and error criteria. The performance index reveals the least error and facilitates in accurate infusion of drugs to the patient during cardiovascular surgeries. The automatic controller during surgery provides safe operating condition and speedy recovery of the patients and also helps the anaesthetist to monitor and regulate the physiological variables.

5 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

042725   TUPE D H, DAHAKE A G, GANDHE G R (Civil Engineering Dep, PES Coll of Engineering, Aurangabad, MS 431005) : Static examination of simply supported laminated composite beam with varying load using trigonometric shear deformation theory. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(10), 1188 – 99.

To study the trigonometric shear deformation theory for the evolution of displacements and stresses of crossply simply supported laminated beam subjected to varying load. A trigonometric shear deformation is used. The inplain displacement field uses a sinusoidal function in terms of the thickness coordinate to include the shear deformation effect. The theory satisfies the shear stress free boundary conditions on the top and bottom surfaces of the plate. The present theory obviates the need of a shear correction factor. Governing equations and boundary conditions of the theory are obtained using the principle of virtual work. Stresses and displacements for orthotropic, single-layer, three-layer symmetric square cross-ply laminated beam subjected to varying load. The numerical results of the present theory for displacement and stresses are compared with those of classical (ETB), first-order (FSDT), and higher-order shear deformation beam theories.

2 illus, 1 tables, 12 ref

040952   GHOSH P, GHOSH U (Food Technology & Biochemical Engineering Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata - 700 032, West Bengal, Email: ughoshftbe@yahoo.co.in) : Statistical optimisation of laccase production by isolated strain Aspergillus flavus PUF5 utilising ribbed gourd peels as the substrate and enzyme application on apple juice clarification. Indian Chem Eng 2020, 62(4), 427–38.

In the current study laccase was produced by the isolated strain Aspergillus flavus PUF5 through solid-state fermentation (SSF) using waste ribbed gourd peels as substrate. During the statistical optimisation process, influencing fermentation factors among eleven selected variables were identified using Plackett–Burman design. Among them, fermentation time (144–192 h), medium pH (3.0–7.0), concentration of starch (0.5–1 %) and concentration of peptone (0.2–0.8 %) were vital influencing parameters. Furthermore, the shared effects of those variables were studied following Box–Behnken design. Optimised states of selected variables were fermentation time (168 h), medium pH (4.9), concentration of starch (0.61 %) and peptone (0.51 %) with predicted and observed activity of laccase 174.3 and 168.9 U/g, respectively. This laccase production under optimised condition was about 3.5-fold more that the unoptimised medium. The laccase obtained through SSF was tested for its suitability in the clarification of apple juice. During enzymatic oxidation, the changes in colour, turbidity, phenolics and flavonoids in apple juice were estimated and compared with untreated sample. Results showed a significant reduction in phenolic and flavonoid content in the fruit juice during the oxidation process. The turbidity in the juice was also decreased, which indicated the suitability of the laccase form A. flavus PUF5 in fruit juice clarification.

5 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

040950   PONMANI S, GUPTA P, JADHAWAR P, NAGARAJAN R, SANGWAI J (Ocean Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036, Tamilnadu, Email: jitendrasangwai@iitm.ac.in) : Investigations on the thermal and electrical conductivity of polyethylene glycol-based CuO and ZnO nanofluids. Indian Chem Eng 2020, 62(4), 402–12.

In this experimental work, three different types of nanofluids were evaluated for their stability using dynamic light scattering and particle morphological study using scanning electron microscopy. The nanofluids used in this study are zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle in water and 5 wt % polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a dispersant, and ZnO with polyethylene glycol (PEG 600) and CuO with PEG 600 with 5 wt % PVP at different concentration of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt %. Thermal and electrical conductivities were determined by KD-2 Pro® and PC 700 Eutech®. The result shows better enhancement in the thermal and electrical conductivity in the ZnO+PVP+Water system, followed by the CuO+PVP +PEG and ZnO+PEG systems. The highest percentage enhancement in thermal conductivity found to be 35.5 % of ZnO+ PVP+water systems. The thermal conductivity results were compared with a theoretical model and show good agreement with results predicted by the model. The proposed model of Nan et al. (1997) is based on a hypothesis regarding the physical mechanism in heat transfer for nanofluids. This study is expected to form the basis for the development of nanofluidbased technologies with PEG as the primary additive in the upstream oil and gas industry especially in gas hydrates and drilling technology.

6 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

040946   SHUKLA H K, BARSHILIA H, SUNIL S, PORKODI P, GHOSH P, VIJU, KAMALESHAIAH M S, JADHAV J J (CSIR-NAL, Bengaluru, Karnataka - 560 017, Email: hemant@nal.res.in ) : Development of indigenous personal protective equipment coverall by CSIR-NAL. Indian Chem-Sect A 2020, 62(4), 367–73.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) Coverall is an essential protective garment for frontline healthcare workers involved in mitigation of COVID-19. Comfort and safety are the prime theme of design and development of coverall. The fabric selection, stitching and seam sealing are the major challenges in the development of PPE coverall. The technical information along with qualification/approval procedure involved in the manufacturing of PPE coverall is described in this article.

5 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

042717   GILANI E, SOOMRO M A, ALI T, SAHITO A A, BULLER A S (Civil Engineering Dep, Quaid-e-Awam Univ, Sindh, 67450, Pakistan, Email: eramgilani1995@ gmail.com ) : Effect of stress relief on pile capacity in soft clay. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(9), 1089 – 97.

Pile load test is commonly carried out at ground level assuming that using sleeve eliminates shaft resistance within the planned excavation area. But these tests do not capture the effect of stress relief due to excavation. So to study its effect on pile behavior, three numerical simulations were carried out using finite element method. The first simulation (L_Ground) was carried out at the ground level. The second simulation (L_Sleeve) was conducted using sleeve in the planned excavation area. The length of sleeve was taken equal to the depth of basement. The third simulation (L_ Excavation) was carried out after excavation at the formation level. It was found that Q_LE is 85 % of Q_LS so when tests are conducted by using sleeve, pile capacity is over estimated. Q_LG is 74 % of Q_LS which is less than Q_LE. Because after excavation, soil particles around the pile are stiffer so capacity is increased. At ground level, at working load shaft carries about 77 % load. When the load is increased and reaches the ultimate value end bearing contributes more than the shaft resistance. On the other hand, for sleeved pile, at working load shaft and end bearing carries about 80 and 20 % load, respectively. But at ultimate load, shaft carries 55 % load which is still greater than that carried by end bearing. While after excavation, at working load shaft carries about 86 % load. When ultimate load is reached the load distribution is similar to sleeved pile. In the case of ground level and excavation, the shaft resistance has been fully mobilized at the load less than Q_LS that is about 74 and 86 % of Q_LS, respectively. These results will help to estimate the pile capacity in a better way.

5 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

040938   SANCHEZ G, APERADOR W, CERÓN A (Militar Nueva Granada Univ, Bogotá, Colombia, Email: alexander.ceron@unimilitar.edu.co) : Corrosion grade classification: A machine learning approach. Indian Chem Eng 2020, 62(3), 277–86.

Corrosion tests allow to have information to indicate the state of materials in certain applications when environmental specifications are not met. It allows developing new material coatings to improve resistance to degradation. The area of materials inspection has relevance in construction, manufacture and medicine. In this work, we present an image corrosion classification method based on visual features and SVM (support vector machine). The feature extraction procedure includes SIFT (scale invariant transform features) and BOW (bag of words) approaches. The performance of classifiers is compared over the kernel function and the involved parameters. The experimental methodology known as the Tafel extrapolation method performed on each corrosion sample to find the corrosion rate and the corrosion current and voltage. A comparison between the Tafel test and the developed vision-based approach allows to see the high potential of the developed process to differentiate between pitting and general corrosion.

4 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

040935   ADENIYI A G, IGHALO J O, ODETOYE T E (Chemical Engineering Dep, Ilorin Univ, Ilorin P. M. B. 1515, Nigeria) : Response surface modelling and optimisation of biodiesel production from Avocado plant (Persea americana) oil. Indian Chem Eng 2020, 62(3), 243–50.

Avocado (Persea americana) is a plant native to tropical America but available in most other tropical areas of the world. In comparison to other fruits, the avocado contains a significant amount of oils which are highly rich in fatty acids. This study considered the response surface modelling and optimisation of the production of biodiesel from Avocado plant (P. americana) oil using methanol and NaOH catalyst. The basis of this work was a reliable dataset already presented in the open literature. An empirical correlation was developed from the available dataset to predict the biodiesel yield of Avocado plant (P. americana) oil based on known levels of the key process parameters and an ANOVA showed it to be significant. It was also observed that temperature, methanol–oil ratio and time are the more significant process factors. Numerical optimisation revealed that the optimal values of the factors are 61.63°C temperature, methanol–oil ratio of 7.21 mol/mol, catalyst loading of 1.15 %w/w and process time of 88.61 min to give a predicted optimal biodiesel yield of 97.32 %.

3 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

040933   KOSHTA N R, BHANVASE B A, CHAWHAN S S, BARAIA D P, SONAWANE S H (Chemical Engineering Dep, RTM Nagpur Univ, Nagpur, Maharashtra - 440 033) : Investigation on the thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer enhancement in helical coiled heat exchanger using ultrasonically prepared rGO–TiO₂ nanocomposite-based nanofluids. Indian Chem Eng 2020, 62(2), 202–15.

This work deals with sonochemical synthesis of finely dispersed reduced graphene oxide–TiO₂ (rGO/TiO₂) nanocomposites with successful immobilisation of TiO₂ nanoparticles on rGO. Structural and morphological analysis of prepared rGO/TiO₂ nanocomposite was done with the use of UV/VIS, TEM, XRD and FTIR analysis that confirms the formation of finely dispersed rGO/TiO₂ nanocomposite. A helical coiled heat exchanger was used for examining convective heat transfer enhancement exhibited by the prepared rGO/TiO₂ nanocomposite-based nanofluid. Thermal conductivity enhancement of rGO/TiO₂ nanocomposite-based nanofluids with the nanocomposite loading of 0.1–0.5 volume % in water was investigated. An investigation on improvement in the heat transfer coefficient was carried out at different loading of rGO/TiO₂ nanocomposite in base fluid at various Reynolds number values. Percentage enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient was around 35.7 % for 0.25 volume % concentration of rGO/TiO₂ nanocomposite in base fluid.

7 illus, 1 table, 46 ref

040932   RANGANAYAKULU R, RAO A S, BABU G U B (Chemical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Warangal - 506 004) : Improved fractional filter IMC–PID controller design for enhanced performance of integrating plus time delay processes. Indian Chem Eng 2020, 62(2), 184–201.

In this paper, an improved fractional filter IMC–PID controller was proposed to enhance the performance of integrating processes after identifying the optimum higher order fractional IMC filter structure. The identification involves a systematic procedure based on the minimisation of integral absolute error (IAE). The present design also considers different approximations for time delay. The tuning parameters are obtained based on the prefixed robustness (maximum sensitivity, M_s). The present method is compared with recent methods in the literature and its superiority is demonstrated with performance measures IAE and total variation (TV). Enhanced output performance is obtained for nominal process conditions; for process parameter variations and for noise in the measurement. Robustness analysis is performed using complementary sensitivity function and parametric uncertainty bounds. Also, the fragility analysis is carried out to check the sensitivity of closed loop system for variation in controller parameters.

6 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref

042707   MEMON M A, BHUTTO G M (Electrical Engineering Dep, Quaid-e-Awam Univ of Engineering Science and Technology, Pakistan 67480, Email: engr. mam@quest.edu.pk ) : Effect of optimum sized solar pv inverter on energy injected to ac grid and energy loss in Pakistan. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(8), 954 – 65.

To analyze the effect of optimized size inverter for Nawabshah Sindh Pakistan on the annual energy injected to ac grid and energy loss. Using the optimized sizing ratio of 1.4664, which is the ratio of rated photovoltaic system to the rated inverter size the simulations are carried out in MATLAB for 3 kW and 50 kW photovoltaic systems. A comparison between the conventional sized system that is the photovoltaic system and inverter of the same size and optimized system where the photovoltaic inverter is connected with respect to the sizing ratio are taken and simulations are carried out using real time data of solar irradiation and ambient temperature of Nawabshah Sindh Pakistan in MATLAB for one year. It is seen that 5830 kWh and 97,162 kWh energy is annually injected to the utility grid or load and annual power loss of 274 kWh and 4568 kWh from conventional sized 3 kW and 50 kW PV systems, respectively. While the annual energy injected to the ac grid is 5852 kWh and 97,529 kWh and annual power loss of 252 kWh and 4201 kWh from optimized sized 3 kW and 50 kW PV systems, respectively. Thus, we can say that the optimized system not only reduces the size of the inverter but also improves the system efficiency and reduces the losses which eventually decreases the capital cost of the PV system and energy production.

8 illus, 5 tables, 26 ref

042706   ÖRNEK A, ESNAF S (Industrial Engineering Dep, stanbul Univ-Cerrahpa?a, Kampusu, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: ali.ornek@ogr.iu.edu.tr) : Revenue management focused capacitated vehicle routing model in supply chain management. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(8), 941 – 53.

To propose revenue management focused model for Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Simultaneous Pickup and Delivery and pursue a solution to it. In some industries, customer demand for delivery and pickup fluctuates and the vehicle capacities are limited. Existing research focuses on either Revenue Maximization or Transportation Cost Minimization. To be able to run such businesses profitably, it is necessary to consider both objectives by the help of the proposed model. Dynamic pricing will be used for revenue maximization, by booking early reservations for a lower price. Vehicle Routing Problem will determine the route to minimize the total transportation cost. The capacitated vehicle routing model with simultaneous pickup and delivery is combined with a revenue management model in which low price early reservations are allowed. In case the customer orders cannot be handled with existing vehicle capacities, some of the early reservation orders are canceled and a cancellation fee is incurred. The model is solved with a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) solver. The proposed model is tested against a real-world data set. The result shows that unprofitable customer orders are determined by the model and rejected despite there is a cancellation fee. By applying the revenue management model, it is observed that there is an increase in the total profit. To the best of our knowledge, this study proposed a revenue management focused MILP model for VRP with simultaneous pickup and delivery for the first time.

4 tables, 19 ref

042705   HIDAYANTI F (Engineering Physics Dep, Nasional Univ, Jalan Sawo Manila No. 61, Jakarta 12520, Indonesia, Email: fitriahidayanti@ gmail.com) : Design an internet of things simulator of fluid volume monitoring system for petrol station underground tank. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(8), 934 – 40.

This study aims to design an internet of things simulator of fluid volume monitoring system. The method used in this research includes simulator design and simulator testing. Monitoring system using an ultrasonic sensor, nodeMCU, ThingSpeak, and Virtuino. The value of ultrasonic sensors will be processed in the NodeMCU program resulting liquid level in the buried tank then sent through the internet to ThingSpeak. The result of monitoring the liquid level in a buried petrol station simulator uses ultrasonic sensor HCSR04P and NodeMCU v.1.0 from 08.00 pm to 02.00 am displayed on the site ThingSpeak with value 17.42 L.Setting alarm on Virtuino at 50 % of maximum volume of 8.8 L. The experimental results the volume of fluid reduction 8.09 L has managed to activate alarm on the application Virtuino. This internet of things simulator of fluid volume monitoring system applicated for the petrol station underground tank.

4 illus, 8 tables, 12 ref

042702   YITAYIH K A (Electrical and Electronic Engineering Dep, Federal Univ of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, Email: kebebew. ababu@ju.edu.et ) : Adaptive group-based qos aware link state proactive multipath routing for large-scale MANETs (GMP-OLSR). Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(8), 893 – 906.

To propose a group-based QoS aware proactive multipath routing based on OLSR protocol. This work proposes a group-based proactive multipath routing based on the OLSR protocol, which is designed to be adaptive for a big crowded Mobile Ad-hoc Network to satisfy the desire for real-time multimedia applications. This approach will restrict mobile nodes to be participated in the cluster head selection process based on the mobility and energy of a node. It uses a grouping strategy to manage the network topology and performing route maintenance, and preserve multiple prioritized routes with the support of Quality of Service (QoS) aware computation. The study evaluated the performance of the proposed group-based QoS aware multipath Optimal Link State Routing (GMP-OLSR) routing through the OMNET++ network simulation environment. Within different network density, the proposed approach offered a significant reduction in end to end delay, overhead and an increment in data packet delivery ratio. Using an appropriate groupbased QoS aware multipath routing strategy for mobile ad hoc networks provides better performance and improves the services of mobile applications.

7 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

040930   GUPTA K N (Chemical Engineering Dep, Jaypee Univ of Engineering & Technology, Guna - 473226, Madhya Pradesh) : Modelling, simulation, and experimental validation for toluene removal from gas phase in a fixed bed adsorption column. Indian Chem Eng 2020, 62(2), 150–69.

In this study, an adsorption technique was explored for the removal of toluene present in the gas phase by taking granular activated carbon as an adsorbent in a fixed bed adsorption column. Breakthrough curves were experimentally found out at varying bed height (0.015–0.025 m) and inlet concentration (7000–11500 ppm). Modelling and simulation studies were subsequently carried out to enable the comparison between predicted and experimental breakthrough curves. Here orthogonal collocation technique was employed to solve the model equations by discretising non-linear coupled partial differential equations into set of ordinary differential equations which were solved by using ODE15s solver of Matlab. The discretisation procedure has been described in detail. Finally, the flow rate was found out to be the most sensitive parameter after carrying out sensitivity analysis.

9 illus, 7 tables, 35 ref

042699   ONUEKWUSI NNAEMEKA C, NWABUDE GERALDINE C, OKOZI SAMUEL O, EZEMA LONGINUS S (Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dep, Federal Univ of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, Email: nnaemeka. onuekwusi@futo.edu.ng ) : An Integrated presence detection sensor and android mobile application system for energy management and control. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(7), 860 – 9.

It is a common responsibility for individuals and organizations to effectively manage energy in buildings for economic and environmental concerns. In this study, the development of an energy management system integrated with a presence detecting sensor and an android mobile application for remote control of electrical appliances is undertaken. The integrated system is basically composed of a human presence detecting Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor mounted on a WeMos D1 microcontroller and remotely monitored and controlled from a web server using an android mobile application via a wireless network. The developed system provides multiple benefits. It eliminates human involvement and manpower often required to manually toggle power outlets and appliances on/off. Furthermore, it conserves electrical energy and prevents wastages by ensuring that energy is only consumed when needed. The developed system is recommended for residential and small office applications.

10 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

040928   NAIK R H, KUMAR D V A, RAO P V G (RGM Coll of Engineering and Technology, Nandyala, Andhra Pradesh - 518 501) : Improved centralised control system for rejection of loop interaction in coupled tank system. Indian Chem Eng 2020, 62(2), 118–37.

In practice, majority of the processes are multivariable in nature and control of these processes is very intricate, due to the presence of nonzero diagonal elements in the system. This problem is addressed in the paper with the proposal of a centralised PI controller for controlling the interactive Two Input and Two Output processes. The proposed controller includes a diagonal PI controller and a decoupler element in off diagonal. To design PI controller, a well-known SISO tuning technique SIMC is considered and decoupler elements of off diagonal are designed using coefficient matching principle. The main diagonal controller improves the system performance, while the decoupler rejects the interaction; this improves the overall system. The designed controller performance is evaluated practically on a coupled tank system. The designed control system performance for both servo and regulatory operation is studied. The robustness analysis of the proposed method was analysed using inverse maximum singular value versus frequency plot by incorporating the multiplicative uncertainty in both input and output of the system.

17 illus, 5 tables, 26 ref

040927   MAHMOOD L H, ABID M F (Chemical Engineering Dep, Technology Univ, Baghdad, Iraq) : Dmetallization of Iraqi Crude oil by using zeolite a. Indian Chem Eng 2020, 62(1), 92–102.

In present work, the removal of vanadium (V) from Iraqi crude oil using zeolite A was investigated. Different operating parameters such as adsorbent loading, vanadium loading, and operating time were studied for their effects on metal removal efficiency. Results of the adsorption test showed that the Langmuir isotherm predicted well the experimental data and the maximum zeolite A uptake was 30 mg V/1 g zeolite. XRD, SEM, and EDX analyses revealed the noticeable uptake of zeolite for V. In crude oil, experimental results indicated that for zeolite loading at 1 g/100 mL oil and within approximately 5 h, the removal efficiencies of V were 60, 45, and 33 % at vanadium loadings of 75, 85, and 95 ppm respectively. While at 10, 20, 40, and 50 h the removal efficiency was 68, 75, 78 and 78 % at 75 ppm of vanadium loading. At vanadium loading of 75 ppm, the equilibrium concentration of V in crude oil was obtained after 40 h of operation. Long-term tests revealed the high stability of zeolite A for vanadium removal. Experimental results depicted that zeolite A could be advantageous for the removal of V in the crude oil hydrotreating units.

8 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

040925   REDDY S N, CHIDAMBARAM M (Chemical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal - 506 004) : Model identification of critically damped second order plus time delay systems. Indian Chem Eng 2020, 62(1), 67–77.

In the present work, a simple method is proposed to calculate the parameters of a critically damped second-order transfer function model [k_Pexp(−Ls)/(ts + 1)²] from the fractional step response of higher order systems. Five simulation examples are given to show the simplicity of the proposed method. The method makes use of a unique property of a critically damped second order plus time delay system (Harriott, Process Control, McGraw Hill, New Delhi), that, a time of 2.58τ is required to reach a fractional step response of 0.73. The time required to reach 0.35 (or any value) of fractional step response is also required. The derivation of the equations for the model parameters is simpler than that proposed by Rangaiah and Krishnaswamy (Ind. Engg. Chemistry Research, V 33, 1994, 1867–1871). The ISE and IAE values for the present method are compared with that of Rangaiah and Krishnaswamy. The method is also modified to get the model parameters of a FOPTD system: [k_Pexp(−Ls)/(ts + 1)].

11 illus, 5 tables, 10 ref