002717   Soni D K;Jain A (Civil Engineering Dep, N I T, Kurukshetra) : Slope failure in a hill station of Himalayan region. Indian Min Engng J 2008, 47(8), 15-19.

The investigations for slope failure have been carried out along the Dehra Dun-Mussorie road near Rajpura (Uttaranchal). The main causes of persistent reoccurrence of failure of slope in the region have Identified and remedies suggested. It has been observed that slope failures in the region under study taken place due to various factors such as permafrost, excessive and arbitrary destruction of the vegetative cover, heavy rainfall, toe-cutting of the valley side slope, sheet, rill and gully erosion, instability of the geological formations and stone quarrying for road making. The measures for stabilization of slopes have been summarized.

5 illus, 6 ref

002716   Sivapragasam M;Deshpande M D;Sridhara S N; Ramamurthy S (Centre for Fluid and Energy Systems Research, Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, M S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Banglore-560 054) : Numerical and experimental studies on an aerodynamic distortion grill. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2008, 60(3), 183-92.

An aerodynamic distortion grill is employed to create non-uniform flow from arbitrary uniform upstream flow conditions. Such grills find widespread use in aerodynamic testing applications to generate non-uniform flow conditions. The numerical results of the distortion created by one such aerodynamic distortion grill are reported. The computational results were validated against the experimentally observed distortion indices. Further, parametric numerical studies were done by varying the inlet turbulence intensity and by scaling up the geometry of the flow system.

11 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

002715   Sitaram N;Issac J M;Govardhan M (Thermal Turbomachines Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, Email: nsitaram@iitm.ac.in) : Flow measurements in passages of different diffusers of a centrifugal compressor at design condition. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2008, 60(1), 26-38.

Flow field measurement in the passges of different types of diffusers of a centrifugal compressor are presented. The measurements are carried out using a precali-brated three hole pressure probe at the design condition. The measurements are carried out in the passages of the following diffusers: vaneless, vane, low solidity vane and partial vane diffusers. The results are presented as contours, axially averaged and mass averaged flow parameters. Tlie partial vane diffuser shows slightly improved flow field.

8 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

002714   Singh N B;Deb S;Mishra G P;Sarkar S K (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Manipur Institute of Technology, Imphal-795 004) : Influence of double δ-doping on high frequency response of two-dimensional hot electrons in GaAs quantum wells. J Instn Engrs-Pt ET 2009, 90(Jul) , 14-19.

Mobility of electrons has becpme the most important feature of high speed nano devices. Speed of computer and communication equipments has been increasing day by day due to development of very fast switching semiconductor devices and will continue to do so in future. Since the response of the system depends on the motion of the conduction electron of the devices in the system, extensive study of mobility of charge carriers in the device has been found essential for the growth in the field of nanoelectronics. The influence of μ-doping on high frequency response of two-dimensional hot electrons in GaAs quantum wells incorporating deformation potential, acoustic, polar optic, ionized and remote impurity scattering mechanisms in the framework of heated drifted Fermi-Dirac distribution function is investigated. ii-doping is found to enhance considerably the two-dimensional electron density which in turn enhances the carrier mobility (both ac and dc mobility) values in the quantum well thereby establishing the scope of getting high speed devices.

10 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

002713   Singh L;Dhillon J S (Electrical Engineering Dep, Banda Singh Bahadur Engineering College, Fatehgarh Sahib-140 407) : Fuzzy based surrogate worth trade-off method for multi-objective thermal power dispatch. J Instn Engrs-Pt EL 2008, 89(Dec), 19-24.

Deals with the multi-objective optimization problem relating to real and reactive power scheduling of thermal power generating units to meet the requirements of the 1990 amendments to the clean air act. E-constraint method is implemented to generate the non-inferior solutions along with the trade-off function between the conflicting objectives. Exploiting fuzzy set theory to access the indifference band, interaction with the decision maker is obtained via surrogate worth trade-off (SWT) functions of the objectives. The surrogate worth trade-off functions are constructed in the functional space and then transformed into the decision space, so the surrogate worth trade-off functions of objectives relate the decision maker's preferences to non-inferior solutions. The goal/objectives being of fuzzy nature can be quantified by defining their membership functions. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated on IEEE 11-bus system which comprises three generators.

2 illus, 6 tables, 12 ref

002712   Singh A P;Singh J (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, , SLIET, Longowal-148 106) : On the design of a rectangular microstrip antenna using artificial neural network. J Instn Engrs-Pt ET 2009, 90(Jul), 20-5.

Presents a comparative evaluation of different variants of back-propagation training algorithm for the design of rectangular microstrip antenna using artificial neural network (ANN). The proposed technique used multilayer feed-forward back-propagation artificial neural network (MLFFBP-ANN) with two hidden layers to approximate neural model of a rectangular micros trip antenna. A relative performance of the different training algorithms is carried out for estimating antenna length and breadth with particular attention paid to the speed of computation and accuracy achieved.

8 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

002711   Sheoran A S (Mining Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, JNV University, Jodhpur-342 011) : Attempt to evaluate design criteria for acid mine drainage treatment by constructed wetland. J Instn Engrs-Pt MN 2008, 89(Aug), 19-25.

The treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) by constructed wetland on bench scale test cells of 1 m^{3 size with local wetland plant sp T angustata, D bipinnata, S bengalense and Oscillatoria (blue green algae) was carried out. The experiments were conducted for different water column heights (100 mm, 150 mm and 200 mm) and the performance of the system was evaluated. It was observed that the concentration of pollutants came down to concentrations subscribed by Bureau of Indian Standards and Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) after one-day of retention period. During the course of study a design criteria was developed for construction of wetlands for the treatment of acid mine drainage.}

3 illus, 5 tables, 14 ref

002710   Sharma R S;Raghupathy V P (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Research and Development Center, PES Institute of Technology, 100 Feet, BSK Third Stage, Bangalore-560 085, Email: rssharma25@yahoo.co.in) : Expermiental investigation of flexural behavior of sandwich beams with a PUF core and embedded rigid inserts. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2008, 60(2), 159-65.

Investigation is concerned with the experimental investigation of strength and stiffness of sandwich panels with rigid inclusions (inserts) embedded in a PUF core. Four point and Three point flexural tests were conducted on number of sandwich specimens fabricated by woven glass cloth FRP as facings, polyurethane foam as core with epoxy resin as bonding medium between core and the facings. The strength and stiffness estimated in this investigation with rigid inserts revealed that the use of inserts improves the stiffness and load bearing capacity of the panels. Inserts that are connected to the face sheets and extended through the depth of the core were considered. This investigation has confirmed the importance of experiments in the field of sandwich constructions with rigid inclusions which can effectively replace other conventional sandwich constructions which are currently in use.

6 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

002709   Shah S K;Vishwakarma D D (Electrical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, M S University of Baroda, Kalabhavan, Vadodara-390 001) : Smart multistage partial parallel interference cancellation estimator for DS/CDMA system. J Instn Engrs-Pt ET 2009, 90(Jul), 30-6.

A conventional DS/CDMA system treats each user separately as a signal, with other users considered as noise or Multiple Access Interference (MAl). Due to random time offset between signals, it is impossible to design the code waveforms to be completely orthogonal. The conventional detector does not take into account the existence of MAl. MAl is a factor which limits the capacity and performance of DSICDMA system. Parallel Interference Cancellers (PIC) simultaneously subtract off all of the users' signals from all of the others. The spectral efficiency E_eff and energy efficiency (reception sensitivity) are measures of SS techniques. The value of (E_b/N_o) to obtain a specified Bit Error Rate (BER) (~ 10^-9). In DS system code weight determines the error rate. PIC is one of nonlinear multiuser detection approaches which try to improve performance at the cost of low computing complexity and short processing delay. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) mechanism for the interference cancellation in a direct sequence code-division multiple access (OSI COMA) communication system is proposed here. The proposed ANN architecture for multistage PIC is trained as Multiple Access Interference (MAl) detector to improve the performance of a multistage PIC. To facilitate performance comparison of proposed model with traditional and other methods a Graphical Use Interface (GUI) is designed which enables user to flexibly perform interactive tasks of studying andcompare the methods in terms of their performance.

8 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

002708   Sethi R;Karmakar N C;Gupta S (Mining Engg Dep, IT, BHU, Varanasi-221 005) : Effluent genertation of coal mines and its treatment methods. Indian Min Engng J 2008, 47(11), 15-20.

The waste water of coal washeries, coal handling plant, workshop, overburden runoff of a coal mine contents high concentration of suspended fine particles, majority of which is coal fines. The polluted water cannot be directly discharged to the nearby water body. It is normally treated in sedimentation tanks before its discharge. But, due to presence of ultra fine size particles and improper maintenance of sedimentation tank, the released water still contents high percentage of suspended solids. The characteristics of the effluent depend upon the sources of its generation. Study on the performance characteristics of different coagulants shows that the turbidity removal efficiency depends much on the the characteristics of the effluent and combined coagulants performs better than individuals. Here, the various sources of generation of effluent and their treatment methods are discussed.

^iia5 tables, 14 ref

002707   Senthil Kumar K;Shanmugam J (Avionics Div, Madras Institute of Technology, Anna Univ, Chromepet, Chennai-600 044, Email: ksk_mit@rediffmail.com) : Design and simulation of autonomous landing phase for an unmanned air vehicle. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2008, 60(4), 275-91.

Deals with the design and simulation of autonomous landing phase for an unmanned Air Vehicle. Pitch angle and airspeed autopilots are developed, followed by glide slope and flare controllers to guide the aircraft to safe landing. During transition from glide slope to flare path, an UAV tend to be in the unstable region. A blending function has been formulated for use in UAV to overcome this unstability during transition. The flight path command simulation architecture is developed to provide the appropriate command signals for glide path, flare, blending and braking after touchdown. The flight path command signals with reference to the destination airport allows the simulation to perform at any designated airport supported by simulation graphics. Successful landings are demonstrated at a variety of simulated airports all over the world. The MATLAB / S1MULINK toolbox is used as a design tool.

43 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

002706   Rattan;Patterh M S;Sohi B S (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, GNDEC, , Ludhiana-141 006) : Synthesis of linear antenna arrays with minimum sidelobe level and null control using simulated annealing. J Instn Engrs-Pt ET 2009, 90(Jul), 37-40.

Simulated Annealing (SA) is a stochastic global optimization technique, which models the behavior of molecules of a pure substance during the slow cooling that results in the formation of perfect crystal. The use of this technique to solve other problems is based on the analogy between the state of the molecule and the state of set of parameters that affect the performance of the system to be optimized. The simulated annealing technique has been used to design the beam pattern of the non-uniform linear array with minimum sidelobe Ievel and null control. The evaluation or cost function has been Written for the array geometry with the goal of minimum sidelobe level and null control in certain directions. Design examples employing the SA for finding the optimum element locations have been Illustrated. Comparative results indicate superiority of SA over other existing methods like, Particle Swarm Optimization and Quadrature . Programming.

5 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

002705   Rao J S (NO, , Altair Engineering (India), Mercury 2B Block, 5th Floor, Prestife Tech Park, Sarjapur Marathahalli Outer Ring Road, Bang, Email: js.rao@altair.com) : Rotor dynamics of aircraft gas turbine engines. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2008, 60(3), 169-82.

Rotors are gradually replaced by drum construction and the bearing supports have become very flexible owing to thin engine casings mounted on the wings. The compressor and turbine rotors are no more coupled serially through couplings as in steam turbines but are mounted one over other as spools. Now, there are several critical speeds of multi spools excited by unbalances and misalignment. The disks mounted on the rotors carrying the blades have also become very flexible with several critical speeds excited by different per rev excitations from flow path and subjected to severe resonances during start up and shut down operations. Besides, these mounted parts have become globally elastic but locally plastic structures and their lifing has become an important design problem. Traces the developments taken place leading to optimum designs and life estimation of gas turbine rotating parts.

20 illus, 2 tables, 50 ref

002704   Ramji M;Ramesh K (Applied Mechanics Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, Email: kramesh@iitm.ac.in) : Stress separation in digital photoelasticity part B - whole field evaluation of stress components. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2008, 60(1), 16-25.

Shear difference is one of the widely used techniques for stress separation in photoelasticity. Though it is a line byline technique, a whole field evaluation of stress separation using this technique and its representation is shown in this paper. It is observed that spikes in isoclinic values lead to streak formation in the whole field representation of separated stress components. The use of outlier algorithm for smoothing isoclinic and isochromatic data has removed these streaks and has also greatly improved the accuracy of the separated stress components. The various issues related to digital implementation such as boundary pixel identification, grids for accommodating the various boundaries etc. are given in the Appendix. Performance of the methodology is verified for simply and multiply connected objects. The models are subjected to moderate loads to have sufficient isochromatic-isoclinic interaction. The stress components obtained are smoothed with the outlier algorithm for improved accuracy. Whole field separated stress values are obtained for the domains considered.

10 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

002703   Ramesh Kumar M;Chandradass J;Velmurugan R (Aerospace Engineering Dep, Composite Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, Email: ramanv@iitm.ac.in ) : Experimental studies on the vibration control of epoxy clay nanocomposites. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2008, 60(1), 49-59.

Fabrication of nanocomposites for different-clay (alumina-silicate) concentrations (1, 3, 5 and 10 wt%) with the matrix (epoxy) is done by using shear mixer. Presents the experimental study of free vibration and damping characteristics. The work also involves vibration control of nanocomposite laminates by reinforcing organically modified montmoril-lonite clay in the epoxy matrix by resin casting technique. Theoretical study is also carried out to study the vibration and damping characteristics of epoxy clay nanocomposites. Dynamic result shows that the second phase nanoscale dispersion in the matrix significantly enhances the internal damping of nanocomposites. Also presents the active vibration control of nanocomposite beams. Piezoelectric patches are bonded on the surface of beam and control algorithms are applied to the system. Feed forward (open loop) control algorithms are used to control the vibration. Maximum control is obtained for sample with 3 wt. %OC.

11 illus, 5 tables, 16 ref

002702   Ramakrishna M V;Ravindran M K;Nagaraj B P; Bhat N C (Spacecraft Mechanisms Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore) : Development of SAR antenna deployment mechanism for RISAT. J Spacecraft Technol 2009, 19(2), 43-53.

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) antenna is a large planar array of size 6 m x 2 m with total mass of about 850 kg. The mechanism for this is to stow two panels in launch mode and deploy in the orbit. The large size and heavy antenna panels, with active microwave electronic equipments mounted on them needs special consideration for stowage, good flatness and least deployment repeatability error. Describes the performance requirements, design constraints, special features of this unique mechanism. The details of the flight hardware and test conducted is also presented.

23 illus, 3 ref

002701   Rajasekaran S (Infrastructure Engineering, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Determination of the shape of submerged funicular arches Eith self weight using evolution strategies. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2008, 89(Nov), 26-32.

The numerical technique, evolution strategies is applied to find the shape of a funicular arch submerged in shallow and deep water. Since, there is no closed form solution available for fully stressed arches with selfweight and hydrostatic pressure, an approximate solution is presented. Numerical examples show that the approximate solution is sufficiently accurate.

8 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

002700   Pradhan S C (Aerospace Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721 302, Email: scp@aero.iitkgp.ernet.in) : Thermal buckling of functionally graded plates with cutouts. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2008, 60(1), 60-76.

Finite element formulation for the thermal buckling of moderately thick rectangular functionally graded material (FGM) plates is developed. This is based on the first order shear deformation theory (FSDT). One dimensional heat conduction equation is employed to represent the non-uniform temperature distribution across thickness of the FGM plate. Material properties of the plate are considered to be function of temperature. It is assumed that the material properties of the FGM plate vary as a power function along the plate thickness. Finite element code is developed and computation of critical thermal buckling temperature of the FGM plates is carried out. This computer program is validated with the results available in the literature. Further, finite element analysis is carried out to determine the thermal buckling of rectangular FGM plates with circular cutout. Uniform and non uniform temperature distributions across the plate thickness are considered. Further, effects of (i) plate aspect ratio, (ii) plate thickness to side ratio, (iii) power index 'k' (iv) size of the cutout and (v) the three different boundary conditions on the critical buckling temperature are studied.

13 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

002699   Pradhan G K;Thote N R (Petroleum Conservation Research Association, , ER-Kolkata) : Integrating blasting into the mining to processing system. Indian Min Engng J 2008, 47(10), 50-4.

5 illus, 13 ref

002698   Pradhan G K; (Petroleum Conservation Research Association, , Kolkata) : Capacity utilization of HEMM-a case study of a bauxite mine. Indian Min Engng J 2008, 47(12), 11-17.

2 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

002697   Prabhakar B;Chakraborty A K (NO, CMRI Regional Centre, Nagpur) : Application of numerical methods. Indian Min Engng J 2008, 47(12), 23-7.

To design underground openings such as tunnels, pillas, panels, stope, cavern, rock slopes and others, is one of the vital challenges at present. Several factors affect the stability of underground openings such as rock properies and stresses in the rock mass, design geometry, rate of extraction and others. Any rational procedure for the design of openings, should include field, laboratory and theoretical studies of rock behaviour. One of such design requirements of underground openings, involves stability analysis in which the stress distribution and the displacement of various points around the opening should be evaluated. Closed-form solutions are available for regular geometry shapes of the opening such as circular, rectangular and elliptical based on two main assumptions namely the rock behaves as a continuum and other discontinuum. Numerical modelling, however, is essential for the rock behaves as discontinuum. This is advantageous for complex geometry and three dimensional modelling. Also presents a case study of Maneri Bhali Hydel tunnel by applying one of the numerical methods. At the Dhanarigad site, up-stream face of tunnel has exhibited extremely difficult tunnelling conditions. The closures were very high and rock loads appeared to be enormous. The supports got twisted very badly and the excavated portion near the face collapsed. Some collapsed portion had been cleared and fresh supports had been installed. These fresh supports have also experienced closures to tthe closures occurred soon after initial excavation. Due to continuous closures and heavy inrush of watger, all installed steel supports were failed and buckled. Lastly, for completion, tunnel alignment has been changed. Presents a typical case study of hydel tunnel and its problems also.

7 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

002696   Phadikar J K;Pradhan S C (Aerospace Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Nonlinear finite element model of single wall carbon nano tubes. J Instn Engrs-Pt MM 2008, 89(Oct), 3-8.

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are being modeled with nonlinear finite element . The inter-atomic interactions due to covalent and non-covalent bonds are represented by nonlinear frame and spring elements, respectively. Correlations between classical molecular mechanics and structural mechanics are used to effectively formulate the physics governing the nanotubes. In order to represent all the atomic bond forces sophisticated finite element models consisting of hexagons with nonlinear frames and springs are introduced. These finite element models exactly represent all the different energy forms of CNT Mechanical response predicted by employing molecular dynamics and various finite element models are discussed. The finite element results agree with those obtained employing molecular dynamics. Further, effect of finite element mesh refinement and the constituent mechanical properties of the frames and the springs on mechanical response of the carbon nano tube are being investigated.

15 illus, 14 ref

002695   Pathak K (Mining Engineering Dep, IIT, Kharagpur-721 302) : Observation strategies and research needs in safety management in mines. Indian Min Engng J 2008, 47(10), 60-6.

Brings out some best practices of safety observations followed in certain safe mine. It is concluded that the interests and involvement of the management of mines in safety observation programme are important for sustaining safety in mines. Investigation of safety situation needs to be carried out observing proper methodology to evolve short term safety observation planning and long term strategic planning for safety assurance.

3 illus, 5 re

002694   Patel B P;Singh S;Nath Y (Applied Mechanics Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khaz, New Delhi-110 016, Email: badripatel@hotmail.com) : Postbuckling characteristics of angle-ply laminated joined conical-cylindrical-conical circular shells. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2008, 60(2), 127-38.

The postbuckling behaviour of angle-ply composite laminated joined circular conical-cylindrical- conical shells, subjected to external pressure, torsion, axial compression and thermal loading, is studied considering the variation of stiffness coefficients along the meridional direction in the conical sections. The analysis is carried out using the semi-analytical finite element method based on first-order shear deformation theory. The nonlinear governing equations are solved using Newton-Raphson iterative technique coupled with the displacement control method. An asymmetric perturbation in the form of a small magnitude load spatially proportional to the linear buckling mode shape is considered. The effect of semi-cone angle and number of circumferential waves on the prebuckling/postbuckling response of angle-ply laminated joined circular conical-cylindrical-conical shells is investigated. The effect of inclusion of rotation about normal to the middle surface in the strain-displacement relations is also studied.

11 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

002693   Paranjape A;Sinha N K;Ananthkrishnan N (NO, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA, Email: adityap@iitbombay.org) : Use of bifurcation and continuation methods for aircraft trim and stability analysis-a state-of-the-art. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2008, 60(2), 85-100.

Describes the state-of-the- art in the use of bifurcation and continuation methods for the analysis of aircraft trim and stability with a few illustrative examples. Both the standard and extended bifurcation analysis procedures are discussed and typical results for instabilities in high-α flight and inertia-coupled roll maneuvers are shown. This is followed by several problems in nonlinear flight dynamics where bifurcation and continuation methods have been fruitfully applied to yield effective solutions. Finally, the use of bifurcation theory to arrive at analytical instability criteria is demonstrated for the aircraft roll coupling and wing rock problems. 78 references have been cited in the text.

12 illus, 1 table, 78 ref

002692   Naidu V P S;Raol J R (Multi Sensor Data Fusion Laboratory, Flight Mechanics and Control Div, National Aerospace Laboratories, Post Boc No. 1779, Bangalore-560 017, Email: vpsnaidu@gmail.com) : Fusion of out of focus images using principal component analysis and spatial frequency. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2008, 60(3), 216-25.

Details of principal component analysis and spatial frequency are presented. Two image fusion architectures are developed to fuse multi focused images and their performance is compared. In first architecture source images to be fused are considered as whole in the fusion process. In second architecture the source images to be fused are divided into blocks and then used in the fusion process. Overall SF shows slightly better performance. Block based image fusion scheme (second architecture) shows superior performance. This architecture is very simple and can be used in real time applications.

9 illus, 6 tables, 11 ref

002691   Nagrale P P;Chandra S;Viladkar M N (Civil Engineering Dep, Sardar Patel College of Engineering, Mumbai-400 058) : Elasto-plastic analysis of fibre reinforced flexible pavements. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2008, 89(Nov), 49-54.

The investigation includes two aspects. First, the CBR tests were conducted on three type of soils reinforced with different percentage of synthetic fibres varying from 0.75 to 3 having the aspect ratio of 50, 84 and 100. The optimum quantity of fibre was decided based on CBR value and ease of compaction. Triaxial tests were conducted on unreinforced and reinforced soils as well as other pavement layer materials at a confining pressure of 40 kPa. These stress-strain curves were used as input parameters in elasto-plastic finite element analysis. The pavement sections were modelled for a traffic intensity of 150 msa as a two-dimensional axi-symmetric finite element problem. The thickness of each layer above the subgrade for different traffic intensity was decided as per the Indian Practice code (lRC 37-2001). The vertical compressive strain developed at the top of unreinforced and reinforced subgrade soils were used for estimating the increase in service life of pavement due to reinforcement of subgrade Soils.

3 illus, 6 tables, 15 ref

002690   Nagarajan P;Pillai T M M;Ganesan N (Civil Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala) : Design of continuous deep beams using IS 456: 2000 and strut-and-tie method. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2008, 89(Nov), 20-5.

Generally structural members can be broadly divided into two regions, namely B or Bernoulli regions where the strain distributions are linear and 0 or Disturbed regions where the strain distributions are nonlinear. While well defined theories are available for designing B regions, thumb rule or empirical equations are still being used to design D regions. It has been recently understood that the strut-and-tie method (STM) is an effective tool for the design of both Band D regions. Since the STM is a realistic approach, this has found place in many international codes of practice. The STM approach is not described in detail in the current IS 456:2000 code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete. The main objective is to highlight the STM concept as a powerful design concept for the analysis and design of concrete structural elements. For this purpose continuous deep beam subjected to a uniformly distributed loading (VOL) is considered and it is designed using both IS 456 codal recommendations and with STM. It is shown that deep beams can be economically designed using STM.

7 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

002689   Murmu T;Pradhan S C (Aerospace Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302, Email: scp@aero.iitkgp.ernet.in) : Buckling analysis of beam on Winkler foundation by using MDQM and nonlocal theory. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2008, 60(3), 206-15.

Buckling analysis of beam using Eringen nonlocal elasticity theory is being carried out. The associated governing differential equation is solved by the modified differential quadrature method (MDQM). The MDQM employs Chebyshev polynomial for the determination of weighting coefficient matrices. The results obtained from analysis are being validated with those reported in literature. Effect of number of interpolation points on the accuracy of the results is also investigated. It is found that seven numbers of interpolations are required to achieve reasonable accurate results for various nonlocal parameter values. It is also observed that the effect of nonlocal parameter on critical buckling load for the higher modes is higher and more nonlinear than the lower modes. Further the effect of (i) nonlocal parameter, (ii) Winkler elastic foundation moduli and (ii) boundary conditions on the critical buckling loads are being investigated and discussed.

6 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

002688   Mohan S M;Rajagopal K (Civil Engineering Dep, A C College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi) : Dry deposition flux of atmospheric particles and its concentration in Karaikudi. J Instn Engrs-Pt EN 2008, 89(Sept), 3-8.

Daytime and nighttime dry deposition flux and concentration of particle matter were measured in Karakudi, a city in Tamilnadu. Samples were collected by dry deposition sampler (Eagle II arrangement) containing knife surrogate surfaces. Particle concentration was measured by using high volume sampler. Sampling was taken at six different places with different time. The highest dry deposition flux was measured as 934.05 mg/m^{2/h in the month of May at daytime. In most places, the fluxes of total mass and particle concentration during daytime were higher than the nighttime due to higher wind speeds. Dry deposition velocity was also calculated. Correlation between dry deposition flux and wind speed were observed and its coefficients were obtained as .0. 87an.d 0.85 for day and night for the first set and 0.628 and 0.972 for the third set. Poor correlation was obtained in the second set of sampling. Comparison of mass collected.on the filter paper and mass deposited on equivalent area of strip were also analyzed. The result showed that the super coarse particle (> 10 μm) might have dominated atmospheric dry deposition.}

8 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

002687   Mishra R K;Navindgi R D;Kuldeep Singh (Regional Centre for Military Airworthiness (Engines), CEMILAC, HAL En, , CV Raman Nagar, Bangalore-560 093, Email: rkmishra_gtre@yahoo.com) : Effect of geometrical parameters on the exit pattern factors of an annular combustor: an experimental study. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2008, 60(1), 77-83.

Combustor is an important component of a gas turbine engine and its performance governs the overall performance of the engine. Combustor exit pattern factors are very critical from the consideration of turbine blade and vane life. To achieve the desired goal of pattern factors, the air-management through different zones of combustor is to be carried out very carefully with proper fuel-air mixing followed by complete combustion in the primary zone. During the development stage, extensive studies have been carried out to establish the effect of different geometrical parameters of the combustor on the exit pattern factors. Describes the details of the experimental investigations carried out on a full- scale combustor with different geometrical parameters such as diffuser geometry, swiller configuration, atomizer flow passage and dilution zone configurations to study their effect on the exit pattern factors. Dilution zone geometrical parameters and swirler configuration are found to have strong influence in controlling the combustor exit pattern factors and there is an optimum size and spacing of the dilution holes to achieve desired pattern factors at combustor exit.

13 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

002686   Mishra D P;Das S K (Mining Engineering Dep, Indian School of Mines University, Dhanbad) : Consolidation characteristics of stowed pond ash and pond ash-lime mixture. J Instn Engrs-Pt MN 2008, 89(Aug), 9-18.

The consolidation characteristics of the stowed class F pond ash and pond ash-lime mixture are studied to evaluate the effect of incremental load, time and addition of lime on the consolidation behaviour of the stowed mass. The stowed samples are collected from the goaf of a fabricated mine model used for stowing. After stowing with pond ash slurry having 65 solid and 35% water (by weight), the samples are collected from the model and tested at intervals of 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, 28 days and 35 days. Lime of 7% (by weight) of the total solid is added with the pond ash which makes a slurry mixture of proportion lime: pond ash: water = 4.55 : 60.45 : 35. From the study it is found that the void ratio of both the stowed pond ash and pond ash-lime mixture decreases with the applied load. Comparatively, the stowed pond ash-lime mixture samples showed a higher void ratio irrespective of their time of collection. The pond ash sample collected after 21 days of stowing showed a maximum void ratio of 1.033 at an applied load of 0.1 kg/cm², whereas, the pond ash sample collected after 35 days of stowing showed a minimum void ratio of 0.842 at a load of 3.2 kg/cm². In case of stowed pond ash-lime mixture samples, the sample collected after 14 days of stowing showed a maximum void ratio of 1.14 at an applied load of 0.1 kg/cm² and the samples collected after 35 days of stowing showed a minimum void ratio of 0.944 at a load of 3.2 kg/cm². From the consoliddation test it is evaluated that the load bearing capacity of the stowed pond ash reduces with increment of load and time which is marked by the decrease in coefficient of consolidation (C_v) values. Comparatively, the stowed pond ash -lime mixtures showed higher C_v values than the stowed pond ash.

20 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref

002685   Mehta R C;Tiwari S B (Aeronautical Engineering Dep, Noor Islam College of Engineering, Kumaracoil, Thuckalay-629 175, Email: atulm@md4.vsnl.net.in) : Comparative studies of aerodynamic drag using inviscid flow computation and newtonian method at high speed. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2008, 60(1), 39-48.

The flow field analysis over various reentry configurations is studied numerically by solving time-dependent compressible Euler equations. The governing fluid flow equations are discret-ized in spatial coordinates employing a finite volume approach, which reduces the equations to semi-discretized ordinary differential equations. Temporal integration is performed using multi-stage Runge-Kutta time stepping scheme. A local time step is used to achieve steady-state solution. The numerical computation is carried out for freestream Mach number of 10.0 and angle of attack of 10.0 degree. The flow features around the blunt body are characterized by a bow shock wave, expansion wave and base flow region. The numerical scheme captures all the flow field features well. Comparisons of the flow field and surface pressure distribution results are made between different configurations of the blunt body capsules such as ARD (ESA' s Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator), Apollo II, MUSES-C, OREX (Orbital Reentry Experiments) with and without shoulder curvature and spherically blunted cone with flare angle of 30 and 35 degree. The inviscid analysis takes into consideration centrifugal force and expansion fan at the shoulder of the reentry capsules. The effects of the capsule geometry on the flow field may be useful for optimization of the reentry capsule. The Newtonian flow assumptions are used to calculate forebody aerodynamic drag for various blunt- bodies in conjunction with the NISA software. A comparison between CFD and the Newtonian flow assumptions for various reentry modules are made, and comparison shows an agreement between them.

6 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

002684   Mateenuddin Q;Patil B P;Paradesi Rao CH D V (Deccan College of Engineering and Technology, , Hyderabad-500 001) : Elimination of eye blink and eye movement artifacts from EEG data using ICA. J Instn Engrs-Pt ID 2008, 89(Nov), 32-6.

Eye movements, eye blinks, cardiac signals, muscle noise, and line noise present serious problems for electroencephalographic (EEG) interpretation and analysis. Rejecting contaminated EEG segments results in an unacceptable data loss. Many methods have been proposed to remove artifacts from EEG recordings, especially those arising from eye movements and blinks. Often regression in the time or frequency domain is performed on parallel EEG and electro-oculographic (EOG) recordings to derive parameters characterizing the appearance and spread of EOG artifacts in the EEG channels. Because EEG and ocular activity mix bi-directionally, regressing out eye artifacts inevitably involves subtracting relevant EEG signals from each record as well. Regression methods become even more problematic when a good regressing channel is not available for each artifact source, as in the case of muscle artifacts. Use of principal component analysis (PCA) has been proposed to remove eye artifacts from multichannel EEG. However, PCA cannot completely separate eye artifacts from brain signals, especially when they have comparable amplitudes. Here, a new and generally applicable method for removing a wide variety of artifacts from EEG records based on blind source separation by independent component analysis (ICA) is used. Results on EEG data of normal and autistic subjects show that ICA can effectively detect, separate, and remove contamination from a wide variety of artifactual sources especially dueto eye blink and eye movements in EEG records.

7 illus, 9 ref

002683   Mani P;Chakravorty B (NO, National Institute of Hydrology, WALMI Complex, Phulwarisharif, Patna-801 505) : Dam break flood simulation of Maithon and Panchet dams using NWS DAMBRK model and inundation mapping. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2008, 89(Nov), 16-19.

Dam break flood simulation of two dams, namely, Panchet and Maithon located on Damodar and Barakar, respectively, river have been performed using NWS DAMBRK model. The failure of Maithon dam has been simulated and its outflow at the confluence of the two rivers has been considered as lateral inflow, while simulating the failure for Panchet dam over river Damodar. The failure of two dams are simulated under their probable maximum flood (PMF) condition. The maximum discharge, maximum stage and maximum flow velocity and its time of occurrence at various cross-sections along the Damodar and Barakar rivers have been computed. The inundation maps showing the extent, depth and area of inundation have been prepared using GIS software.

4 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

002682   Mangal S K;Sood A K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Punjab Engineering College, Deemed Univ, Sector-12, Chandigarh-160 012, Email: skmangal_pec@rediffmail.com) : Vibration analysis of thin circular disc interacting with a fluid in cylindrical container. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2008, 60(4), 255-68.

Studies vibration analysis of a thin circular disc interacting with a fluid in cylindrical container, It has been done systematically by carrying our mathematical modeling and subsequently validated by ANSYS software. The author has first determined natural frequencies and mode shapes for a thin circular disc alone and then for fluid contained by a cylindrical vessel alone. The author had then found natural frequencies and mode shapes for coupled case of thin circular disc interacting with a fluid contained by the cylindrical container. The same had been validated by ANSYS software. It is found that natural frequencies of coupled vibrations are different than that of the frequency of disc or fluid taken separately. In order to study the correct failure pattern of the coupled vibration system, it, thus, becomes a necessity to study coupled vibration analysis.

4 illus, 7 tables, 14 ref

002681   Majumder A K;Barnwal J P (NO, Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR), Bhopal-462 026) : New possibilities in fine coal beneficiation techniques. J Instn Engrs-Pt MN 2008, 89(Aug), 3-8.

Recently a number of fine particle separators, referred to as enhanced gravity concentrator (EGC), have been developed and commercia1ised, mainly for recovering me tree gold particles around (10 μm size) produced by milling of gold-bearing ores. These separators are unique in that these use centrifugal force to enhance the relative settling velocities between particles. Due to their success in recovering gold particles. for the first time a few research projects were taken up to extend their scope in fine coal (below 500 μm) beneficiation. The outcome of those projects are summarized.

5 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

002680   Kumar S;Bhalla P;Singh A P (Computational Intelligence Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Klawad, Haryana-133 105) : Fuzzy rule base generation from numerical data using biogeography-based optimization. J Instn Engrs-Pt ET 2009, 90(Jul), 8-13.

Fuzzy rule based systems are one of the very important class of knowledge based systems. The knowledge in a fuzzy system is embedded in the form of a rule base. Presents a new approach base extraction from numerical data using Biogeography Based Optimization Approach (BBO). The base extraction problem is formulated formulated as the minimization problem. BBO was used to enumerate corresponding to each data set. Discusses rule extraction for type zero TSK fuzzy systems for battery charger. However, the approach is very powerful computation tool to deal with NP hard problem: results indicate that the BBO is a very promising optimizing algorithm for evolving fuzzy logic based systems.

3 illus, 1 table, 48 ref

002679   Kumar S;Barai S V (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Cohesive crack model for the study of nonlinear fracture behaviour of concrete. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2008, 89(Nov), 7-15.

Finite element formulation of cohesive crack model for predicting nonlinear Mode I fracture behaviour of geometrically similar notched plain concrete beams is presented in the paper. Results obtained using numerical simulation is compared with the experimental results of the previous researcher. The effect of finite element mesh on load bearing capacity of the beam is further analyzed. It is shown that for normal size-range structures, the values of peak load determined using concept of classical linear elastic fracture mechanics deviates from those obtained using cohesive crack model. Influence of some important softening functions of concrete on the global response and size-effect curve are also presented.

8 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

002678   Kumar A;Dutta P (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012) : Modelling precipitation of solid crystals during freezing of aqueous ammonium chloride solution. J Instn Engrs-Pt MM 2008, 89(Oct), 9-13.

A macroscopic single-phase continuum model for transport of solid crystals during solidification of a binary solution is developed. In order to model the movement of solid crystals numerically, a separate solid fraction transport equation is used. In this model issues, such as, remelting and growth of solid crystals during their motion, resistance offered by moving solid crystals, viscosity variations of the solid-liquid mixture with ~olid fraction and prescription of slip velocity between moving solid and liquid are taken into account. This procedure is integrated into an existing macroscopic solidification model, in which the complete set of volume-averaged equivalent single-phase governing equations are solved using a pressure-based finite volume method. The model is used to simulate columnar solidification of a metal analogue binary system namely, NH4CI-H20 solution. A gentle ramp of the mushy zone, as also reported in literature, is observed towards the bottom due to settling of detached crystals.

4 illus, 14 ref

002677   Krishnamurthy M;Gurumurthy V;Das D;Pandey P K (Aeronautics Entity, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, ISRO, Thiruvananthapuram-695 022, Email: k_manokaran@vssc.gov.in) : Investigation of cloud formation over PSLV heatshield. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2008, 60(3), 226-33.

Cloud formation was seen around the heatshield region in the transonic and low supersonic Mach number regime of PSLV flight. It is observed that the cloud formation is due to local condensation of moisture in the ambient air due to expansion of air around the heatshield and corresponding reduction in the local temperature over the heatshield in the transonic and low supersonic regime. CFD studies in conjunction with atmospheric dew point variation and flight trajectory data indicate the possibility of cloud formation around PSL V heatshield in the transonic and low supersonic regime. This type of condensation cloud in the transonic regime is known as "Trandtl-Glauert (PG) Cloud'' and the condensation is also observed in the low supersonic Mach numbers. The condensation cloud formations are also observed over air-crafts.

8 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

002676   Kolhe K P;Datta C K (CAET Dapoli, , Ratnagiri-415 712) : Microstructure and mechanical properties of multipass submerged arc welding. J Instn Engrs-Pt MM 2008, 89(Oct), 18-23.

A correlation study of submerged arc welding (SAW). weld joint microstructure and mechanical properties ' was performed using a 16 mm thick mild steel plate.. The main purpose of study was to investigate and correlate relationship between the various parameters. mechanical properties and microstructure of single 'V' bull joint of mi d eel plate. and also 10 perform the phase analysis of the multipass welded structures.

4 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

002675   Kazmi A A (Dep of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee-247 667) : Small scale wastewater treatment plant in Japan. J Instn Engrs-Pt EN 2008, 89(Sept), 34-43.

In Japan, the installation of small wastewater treatment plants has intensified during the last two decades. A fairly wide range of technologies suitable for small-scale sewage treatment pave been developed. Design, operation and maintenance guidelines have been established. Highlights the technical features of different categories of small wastewater treatment plants implemented mainly in rural areas of Japan. Operation, maintenance and sludge treatment are also briefly discussed. Experience shows that for very small-scale wastewater treatment, prefabricated septic tanks/anaerobic filters with contact aeration are suitable, while for larger scales, the oxidation ditch, sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and intermittent aeration processes are promising.

9 illus, 10 tables, 12 ref

002674   Kashyap S K;Raol J R (Flight Mechanics and Control Div, National Aerospace Laboratories, Kodihalli, Bangalore-506 017, Email: sudesh@css.nal.res.in) : Evaluation of derivative free Kalman filter for non-linear state-parameter estimation and fusion. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2008, 60(2), 101-14.

The estimation of the states-parameters of non-linear system is often carried out using Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). The EKF is only reliable for systems that are almost linear on the time scale of the updates (i.e. sampling interval). The limitation of EKF can be overcome by use of another class of recursive estimator named derivative free Kalman filter (DFKF) or more popularly known as Unscented Kalman filter, a method that propagates mean and covariance using non-linear transformation. In this paper two methods: i) factorized version of EKF (UD Extended Kalman Filter or UDEKF) and ii) DFKF are studied and evaluated using various sets of simulated data of the non-linear systems as well as one real data set. Sensitivity study of DFKF with respect to tuning parameters such as α, β, and K (used in creation of sigma points and their associated weights) is also carried out using one set of simulated data. DFKF as compared to EKF is more accurate, easier to implement and has same order of calculations. The concept of DFKF is extended to data fusion (DF)for similar sensors and algorithm is named DF-DFKF. Application of DFKF is demonstrated in parameter estimation problem.

15 illus, 5 ref

002673   Kansara K D;Ramanjaneyulu K (NO, Structural Engineering Research Centre, CSIR Campus, Taramani, Chennai-600 113) : Service-life-performance evaluation of RC bridges under environmental actions. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2008, 89(Nov), 55-62.

Explains a methodology using which a service-life-performance evaluation can be performed for bridges. It also provides a demonstration of a Service-life-performance model developed to analytically evaluate the remaining service life and residual strength of RC bridges. Service-life-performance is modeled in terms of conservativeness factor. A parametric study has been carried out under the effect of chemical attack on concrete and carbonation induced corrosion of reinforcement. Various factors that influence the service-life-performance are highlighted. Such a study is of great importance while developing management tools for civil engineering infrastructure, for example, a Bridge Management System.

9 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

002672   Kamali C;A A Pashilkar (Flight Mechanics and Control Div, National Aerospace Laboratories, Post Box No. 1779, Bangalore-560 017, Email: ckamali@css.nal.res.in) : Near real time estimation of nonlinear aerodynamics. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2008, 60(4), 239-46.

Describes a novel technique for near real time estimation of non-linear aerodynamic coefficient dependencies on one or more independent variables. It is important from the point of view of updating the aerodynamic database ofsixDOF simulations subsequent to flight test. The technique is validated using the six DOF simulated data. The novelty about this technique is the combined utilization of linear interpolation and recursive least squares estimation to capture nonlinear functional dependencies that makes it suitable for multidimensional near real time estimation. The technique is preceded by data compatibility check using Extended Kalman filter.

17 illus, 11 ref

002671   Joseph G;Ramamurthy K (Building Technology and Construction Management Division, Civil Engine, IIT Madras, Chennai-600 036) : Effect of cold-bonded flyash aggregate on workability and mechanical properties of concrete. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2008, 89(Nov), 33-8.

Cold bonding facilitates production of lightweight aggregate from flyash with minimum energy consumption. This paper investigates the effect of cold-bonded aggregate on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete mixtures with cement content ranging from 250 to 450 kg/m3 and varying water-cement ratio for three. volume fractions of cold-bonded aggregate. For constant water content, workability of concrete is highly improved with an increase in volume fraction of cold-bonded aggregate in the mix. A comparison of concrete strength with that of corresponding constituent mortar strength together with the observations on failure surface indicate that concrete strength up to 30 MPa is controlled by the matrix strength or aggregate matrix bond strength, while strength higher than 30 MPa is governed by the failure of cold-bonded aggregate. It appears beneficial to use relatively higher aggregate content in mixtures with lower cement content and vice versa.

11 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

002670   Jha A K;Thakur A N;Seksena S B L (Electrical Engineering Dep, M B S College of Engineering and Technology, Jammu-181 101) : A novel analytical method for optimal sizing of stand alone photovoltaic system. J Instn Engrs-Pt ID 2008, 89(Nov), 23-31.

A novel analytical method for optimal sizing of combined photovoltaic (PV) array and battery storage for a particular load and specified reliability is reliability . Solar utilizability concept, which provides accurate calculation of energy flow from array to load, is applied. Techno-economic optimization is adopted through realistic computation of state of charge of battery and number of battery replacements in life period of PV- system by life cycle cost analysis. The proposed method may be used in fixing the proper size of subsidized photovoltaic system for a specific load in particular and rural electrification in general. The method is applicable to any size of non-industrial load.

8 illus, 27 ref

002669   Jha A K;Thakur A N;Seksena S B L (Electrical Engineering Dep, M B S College of Engineering and Technology, Jammu-181 101) : Alternative sources of energy and photovoltaic system. J Instn Engrs-Pt ID 2008, 89(Nov), 13-19.

Rapid population growth and industrialization has escalated the need of electrical energy. Meeting energy needs of every individual is formidable challenge when conventional sources of energy are depleting. The task is not limited to generation rather transmission and distribution is also a major task. Research and development works in the area of alternative sources in recent years has reduced the size of task but the challenge persists. Reviews the prospects of renewable energy source in general and photo voltaic system in particular. Photo voltaic systems are gaining popularity around the world as their prices are declining and also improving trend in conversion efficiency. It is capable to meet many outdoor and indoor energy demands at small-scale thereby reducing load on utility. Clean, convenient and reliable energy is only possible through photovoltaic generating system. With its improved technology and reduction in price by 40%, it is predicted that photovoltaic system could capture major energy market by 2010.

^iia3 illus, 42 ref

002668   Jayasree P V Y;Srinivasa Baba V S S N; Prabhakara Rao B (ECE Dep, GIT, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam-530 045) : Shielding effectiveness of conductive polymers against EM fields-a case study. J Instn Engrs-Pt ET 2009, 90(Jul), 26-9.

Shlielding is a technique used to control the electromagnetic interference (EMI). In view of this, some studies on shielding effectiveness for conductive polymers using plane-wave theory are carried out in this paper. The plane wave shielding effectiveness of two new materials, conductive polymers polyacetylene and PB T doped by ion implantation with iodine, is evaluated as a function of frequency, thickness of material, doping and angle of incidence. Conductivity of the polymers, measured in previous investigations by the cavity perturbation technique, is used to compute the overall reflection and transmission coefficients of single and multiple layers of the polymers. With recent advances in synthesizing stable highly conductive polymers these lightweight mechanically strong materials appear to be viable alternatives to metals for EM1 shielding.

4 illus, 1 table, 7 ref