000531   Kanungo D R;Bisen G S;Malpe D B (Geological Survey of India, NE Region, Shillong) : Manganese ore industry in India - a perspective. J Mines Metals Fuels 2008, 56(12), 233-9.

Manganese is considered as a strategic metal in most industrialised countries and there is no practical technology exists for replacing manganese with other material. This Discusses about the express need to carry out extensive exploration to locate new areas of high grade ore and to convert the present "remaining resources" including pre-feasibility, measured, indicated, inferred and reconnaissance to "reserve" including proved and probable categories. Keeping in view the status of reserve base and production; process of upgradation of low grade ores and fines would be a viable route to enhance the life of mines besides making operations economical. Possibilities of setting up beneficiation plant at major mine heads need attention. Export of value added manganese instead of ores should be encouraged.

7 tables, 16 ref

000530   Kahraman S;Toraman O Y (Mining Engineering Dep, Nigde Univ, Nigde, Turkey, Email: sairkahraman@yahoo.com) : Predicting los angeles abrasion loss of rock aggregates from crushability index. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(2), 173-7.

Predicting Los Angeles abrasion loss of aggregate material from some simpler tests will be useful for especially preliminary studies. Investigates the possibility of predicting the Los Angeles abrasion loss from the crushability index, Los Angeles abrasion, crushability, density and porosity tests were performed on 11 different rock types collected from different areas of Turkey. The results of the tests were analysed using simple and multiple regression analyses. Generally significant correlations were obtained from both simple and multiple regression analyses. The correlation coefficients and estimation capabilities of the two multiple regression equations are slightly higher than that of the simple regression equation. It was concluded that the simple regression equation is practical and reliable enough for estimation purposes. However, the two multiple regression equations can be used for a more accurate estimation.

7 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

000529   Kahraman S;Fener M (Mining Engineering Dep, Nigde Univ, 51100 Nigde, Turkey, Email: sairkahraman@yahoo.com) : Electrical resistivity measurements to predict abrasion resistance of rock aggregates. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(2), 179-84.

The prediction of Los Angeles (LA) abrasion loss from some indirect tests is useful for practical applications. Eor this purpose, LA abrasion, electrical resistivity, density and porosity tests were carried out on 27 different rock types. LA abrasion loss values were correlated with electrical resistivity and a good correlation between the two parameters was found. To see the effect of rock class on the correlation, regression analysis was repeated for igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks, respectively. It was seen that correlation coefficients were increased for the rock classes. In addition, the data were divided into two groups according to porosity and density, respectively. After repeating regression analysis for these porosity and density groups, stronger correlations were obtained compared to the equation derived for all rocks. The validity of the derived equations was statistically tested and it was shown that all derived equations were significant. Finally, it can be said that all derived equations can alternatively be used for the estimation of LA abrasion loss from electrical resistivity.

9 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

000528   Jothiprakash V;Devamane M G;Sasireka K (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-400 076) : Inter-comparison of radiation based reference crop evapotranspiration methods. J Instn Engrs-Pt AG 2008, 89(Dec), 22-7.

In the study, eight radiation based models, namely, Makkink, Turc, Jensen-Haise, McGuinness and Bordne, Priestley and Taylor, Hargreaves, Doorenbos-Pruitt, and Abtew methods have been evaluated and compared for determining the reference crop evapotranspiration (ET_r). All the eight methods were developed in countries other than India, hence the empirical coefficients in the equations need to be recalibrated to make them applicable to the climatic conditions of the study area in India. The values of the coefficients in the above radiation based ET_r methods are altered and evaluated with reference to the FAO modified-Penman method, such that, these methods can be used to determine the ET_r for the selected region. The 7esulis~show that, large bias existed when the original coefficients were used for the determination of ET_r When recalibrated values of the coefficients were used, almost all the methods showed improvement in estimation of ET_r for the study region. With properly determined values of the coefficients, the Hargreaves, Jensen-Haise and Doorenbos-Pruitt methods may be recommended for estimating ET_r in the study region as far as radiation based methods are concerned.

1 illus, 6 tables, 23 ref

000527   Ismail M M;Murali G;Sheriff N M;Rajadurai A (NO, Syed Ammal Engineering College, Ramanathapuram-623 502) : Experimental and numerical investigations on the forming characteristics of thin steel sheet in the presence of a rectangular drawbead. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2008, 89(Apr), 17-24.

The prediction and prevention of flange and side-wall wrinkling, tearing and galling are extremely important in the design of tooling and process parameters in sheet metal forming processes. In this paper, finite element method was used to analyse the strain and thickness variation during the sheet metal forming process with and without the presence of a rectangular drawbead. Modelling and meshing were done with DYNAFORM and analysis was carried out using LS -DYNA, a commercially available explicit Finite Element Analysis (FEA) code. In simulation, a hemispherical cup of diameter 100 mm was considered with specific size of rectangular drawbead. Experiments were conducted using a die block of 102 mm diameter and punch of 100 mm diameter on AIS 1020 steel of thickness 1.02 mm (19SWG). Rectangular drawbead of requisite height was made on the binder surface and corresponding groove was machined on the die block and the forming process was executed. Strain and thickness variations were measured for this process. For strain verification circular grid method was used. The results demonstrate excellent agreements between the numerical method and experiment.

ref

000526   Hu Z;Li D;Xie K (College of Aerospace and Materials Engineering, National Univ of Defense Technology, Changsha Hunan 410073, P R China, Email: huzongqian@gmail.com) : Influence of radio frequency power on structure and ionic conductivity of LiPON thin films. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(4), 681-6.

Lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) thin films as solid electrolytes were prepared by radio frequency magnetron sputtering of a Li₃PO₄ target in ambient nitrogen atmosphere. The influence of radio frequency (rf) power on the structure and the ionic conductivity of UPON thin films has been investigated. The morphology, composition, structure and ionic conductivity of thin films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and a.c. impedance measurement. It was found that ionic conductivity of LiPON thin films increases with N content in thin films. XPS measurements reveal that ionic conductivity also keeps relativity with the structure of thin films. Higher the N_t/N_d ratio, higher will be the ionic conductivity of LiPON thin films. And both of them can be improved by increasing rf power from 1.5 W/cm² to 5.5 W/cm².

9 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

000525   Helaluddin G M (Physics Dep, Durgapur Government College, Durgapur-713 214, Email: g.helaluddin@yahoo.com) : Improved optical costas loop PSK receiver: simulation analysis. J scient ind Res 2008, 67(3), 203-8.

Simulation analysis of proposed optical costas loop has been investigated considering strong nonlinearity of loop and finite loop delay through phase subtraction. Prime attention has been given on inherent laser phase noise due to random spontaneous emission and shot noise related to photo detection process. The stringent laser linewidth requirements for promising receiver has been relaxed up to 8.0 MHz for each laser considering 3.3° RMS phase error and power sensitivity improvement is realized introducing an extra optical phase modulator at VCO laser output.

4 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

000524   Halder A;Agarwal V;Garhwal R;Sinha M (Aerospace Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Determination of inertial characteristics of a high wing unmanned air vehicle. J Instn Engrs-Pt AS 2008, 89(Nov), 3-8.

Studies the dynamics of an unmanned air vehicle (UAV), prior knowledge about the vehicle's inertial characteristics is essential. An experimental study and detailed analysis has been carried out to determine the centre of gravity (CG) and inertia tensor for a high wing UAV testbed. An improved method has been suggested for aircraft inertial characterization in general, and for high wing low cost UAV in particular. To carry out the experiment, complete experimental set-up has been designed and fabricated in-house. The method proposed here, promises to provide superior estimation of inertial characteristics of high wing UAV, compared to the methods cited in the literatures.

4 illus, 8 ref

000523   Gururaja Rao C;Sree Krishna N (Mechanical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Warangal-506 004) : Simulation studies on combined conduction- convection- surface radiation from an electronic board with protruding heat sources. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2008, 89(Apr), 25-30.

The results of a detailed numerical investigation into the problem of combined conduction, convection and surface radiation from a vertical electronic board provided with three identical protruding discrete heat sources are presented here. The governing equations for temperature distribution in the heat sources and along the board are obtained on the basis of energy balance between the heat generated, conducted, convected and radiated from the geometry. The resulting partial differential equations are first converted into the algebraic form using a finite difference technique and the resulting finite difference equations are subsequently solved using Gauss-Seidel iterative technique. The effects of various pertinent parameters, such as, volumetric heat generation, thermal conductivity, surface emissivity, convection heat transfer coefficient, temperature distribution, peak device temperature and relative contributions of convection and radiation to heat dissipation from the device are elucidated.

2 illus, 12 ref

000522   Gowd A S;Ganesan V;Rajagopal K;Reddy K H (Mechanical Engineering Dep, JNTU College of Engineering, Anantapur-515 002) : Prediction of in-cylinder flow in DI diesel engine with RNG k-<128><101> model. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2007, 87(Oct), 45-50.

In a four stroke CI engine the fluid motion inside the engine cylinder plays an important role in proper combustion and emission characteristics of the engines. The KIVA code generally is used for such predictions, which solves three-dimensional unsteady turbulent flow equations and capable of predicting the behaviour of fluid flow in four-stroke DI diesel engine. In this work, the RNG k-ε turbulent model, which has the capability of predicting the fluid flow in four stroke DI diesel engines in a much better way was usedinplace of standard k-ε model. Ahemi-spherical bowl-in -piston was considered to carryout the analysis. Global variables like pressure, turbulent kinetic energy during compression and expansion stroke and pollution formation, namely, CO, HC were predicted with both the turbulence models. The theoretical predictions were compared with the available experimental results in the literature and from the comparisons it was seen that the predictive capabilities of RNG k-ε turbulent model is better than the standard k-ε model. The results obtained with RNG k-ε turbulence model were found to be closer to the experimental results.

5 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

000521   Giriraj B;Gandhinadhan R;Prabhu Raja V; Vijayaraghavan T (Mechanical Engineering Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: giri_4656@yahoo.com) : Adaptive control in high speed machinin for improved surface finish. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2008, 15(4), 311-16.

Deals with development of an adaptive control system based on cutting speed correction algorithm to deliver consistent part quality in high speed machining (HSM). Rapid tool wear in HSM affects the part quality in terms of surface finish (R_a). Cutting force which is an indirect measure of surface finish is taken as input for the proposed adaptive control system. The adaptive control is implemented using the graphical programming language of Lab VIEW. A process capability study is carried out with existing set-up and with adaptive control system. It was observed that, with a marginal increase in cutting speed, for a semi-dull tool, the resultant cutting force decreased and the surface finish improved. The process capability index and process capability ratio have shown 39% and 25% improvement respectively. The developed adaptive control system based on cutting speed will be an alternate to the existing feed rate correction algorithm.

6 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

000520   Edward S;Jayakumar J;Gugan N (Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dep, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi-626 005) : Aeroplane hijack prevention technique using LabVIEW. J Instn Engrs-Pt AS 2008, 89(Nov), 32-3.

The purpose of the proposed method is to prevent hijacking of aeroplanes by placing them into a Safe Mode. If any terrorist threaten to overtake an aeroplane, either the pilot may put the aeroplane into an automatic mode by the push of a button, or, if that is not possible, the aeroplane will switch itself into that mode, once it senses that it is forced to fly outside of the envelope of a pre-planned flight. The aeroplane's actual position determined by Global Positionlrig system (GPS) is constantly monitored and checked whether it is within a pre-determined envelope of a pre-planned flight. If it senses that the envelope is penetrated, then it will search a computer-based library to find a suitable airport for an emergency landing. Routinely, vectors length to the airport will be calculated and the aeroplane will steer itself onto that vector. When it comes within the vicinity of the airport, a landing sequence will be initiated to allow a safe landing. LabVIEW is a graphical programming language, which is used to implement the software.

5 ref

000519   Bhattacharya D;Naik P C (NO, , Odissi Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar-751 002) : Archaeometry : a glimpse into history of ancient Indian engineering science. J Instn Engrs-Pt AR 2008, 89(Oct), 9-14.

Elevation measurements of curvilinear spires require trigonometry or theodolite. The Orissan curvilinear spire have in-built elements that allow application of a combination of linear arithmetic and geometry for elevation measurement. They also offer surfaces for application of equations pertaining to smooth mobious curves of various pitches. Khapuri an/a (Ka) and bhumi anla (Ba) are two such elements which are exclusive to the kalingiya school. Using this elements the height can be estimated in any units at day or night without physically measuring any elevation, without using any instrument. Curvilinear spire celebrates ancient science and may have been used as a model for instruction of computational subjects pertaining to elevation, altitude, etc. The study articulates theme specific archaeometry.

6 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

000518   Bhakar S R;Bansal A K;Chhajed N (Soil and Water Engineering Dep, College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur-313 001) : Frequency analysis of consecutive days of maximum rainfall at Udaipur. J Instn Engrs-Pt AG 2008, 89(Dec), 14-16.

Annual one day of maximum rainfall and two to five days consecutive days of maximum data corresponding to return period varying from 2 to 100 years are used by design engineers and hydrologists for the economic planning, design of small and medium hydrologic structures and determination of drainage coefficient for agricultural fields. Various probability distributions and transformations can be applied to estimate one day and two to five consecutive days of annual maximum rainfall of various return periods. Three commonly used probability distributions (namely, normal, lognormal and gamma distribution) were tested by comparing the chi-square value. Gamma distribution was found to be best fit for the region.

4 tables, 11 ref

000517   Banerjee S;Mondal S;Bhaumik A K;Banerjee A ((Mine. Engg), BESU, Shibpur, Howrah-711 103, Email: arup_bhaumik@yahoo.com) : Doppler effect imaging for safety and security. J Mines Metals Fuels 2008, 56(12), 256-9, 263.

The work is an attempt to develop an easy to use device based on Doppler shift for safety and rescue of people trapped due to accident. The novelty of work lies in usage of monochromatic/composite light beam instead of LASER or SONAR. The proposition is based on the work of LANDAU & LIFSHITZ on guantum elasticity and it is used as the basic tenet of the work. Despite considerable differences of frequency of light and sound wave, initial scaling has been done to obtain Doppler shifts vs. frequency and in optical region it has been found that one inversion of shift occurs in blue region of composite light. The work may work as profound base for further development in industrial safety.

3 illus, 1 table

000516   Banerjee G N (Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Bhubaneswar-751 013, Email: gnbanerjee@immt.res.in) : Development of a thermally stable binder combination for briquetting of coke fines. J Mines Metals Fuels 2008, 56(12), 249-51.

Significant amount of coke fines (-6 mm) are generated during preparation of coke burden for blast furnace feed. IKIW Ltd., Barbil, Orissa generates around 15 thousand tonnes of coke fines/annum at their plant site in Barbil. These fines are not used adequately and appropriately and sold in the market at a throw-away price. If these fines are to be utilized in their low shaft furnace, they have to be reconstituted through briquetting. Development of suitable binder combination for coke briquetting is of prime importance since the briquette has to withstand the high temperature abrasive conditions of blast furnace. A study on development of a binder combination suitable for briquetting of coke fines was undertaken being sponsored by IDC, Orissa. As a result, a thermoactive binder combination was developed. The binder combination comprises organic and inorganic compounds, addative and hardener. It consists of 15-20% wt. of the briquette. Briquettes produced are having adequate green (50 DFM) and cured strength (928 kg for 7 days) and are thermally stable at elevated temperature. Discusses the development and suitability of the binder combination for briquetting of coke fines along with its thermoactive behaviour and other properties in details.

8 tables, 7 ref

000515   Balakrishna A;Rao D N;Srinivas J;Satish P (NO, SRKR Engineering College, Chinna-Amiram-534 204) : Computer aided material selection processes in concurrent engineeirng using neural networks. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2007, 87(Oct), 20-3.

Selection of the proper materials for a structural component is critical to engineering design. Existing design procedures may currently be sufficient, especially where experience exists, but fierce industrial competition is spurring the search for improved methods and tools. The main drivers are quality, life-cycle cost and time-to-market. Improved design efficiency and accuracy may have an enormous impact on the economic viability of the final product. Discusses the materials selection processes in the context of structural design of under water vehicle propulsor rotor blade using neural networks. The use of computer-aided systems could assist designer and it will be potentially reduced product cost and time -to-market. Computer-aided systems for materials selection could assist concurrent engineering activities by helping to resolve many of the materials dilemmas presented during the initial design phase and by helping to guide the selection process based on the data as well as experience compiled from the previous product development.

3 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

000514   Balachandran S;Rudramoorthy R (NO, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: essbee48@yahoo.co.in) : Energy efficiency improvement in air heater of a tea unit. J scient ind Res 2008, 67(2), 151-3.

Evaluates efficiency of air heater and discusses system modifications carried out in air heater used in one of the tea units. Field trials indicate that these driers are operating at very low efficiency due to age-old design and improper selection of materials. Operational system changes have improved performance of heater and firewood consumption has dropped to about 100 kg/h from 160 kg/h resulting in a saving (38%) with little or no investment.

1 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

000513   Asadi S S;Sasidhar Babu S;Rajani G;Reddy M A (NO, , 5-6-84/1 Sangeeth Nagar Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500 072, Email: ssvp_envi@yahoo.co.in) : Development of decision support system (DSS) using remotesensing, GIS and visual basic: a model stduy. Ultra Scient phys Sci 2008, 20(1), 87-102.

Objective of the study is to create the Development of Decision Support System (DSS) for MARIPEDA MANDAL and to develop methods for village wise for its efficient utilization and sustainable management and socio-economic development through remote sensing and GIS, Visual Basic techniques. The thematic layers are derived from IRS-ID PAN + LISS-III merged satellite imagery and Survey of India (SOI) topomaps using visual interpretation.

3 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

000512   Anand R B;Singh S N;Rai L (Applied Mechanics Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: sns@am.iitd.ernet.in) : Effect of swirl on the flow characteristics of S-shaped diffusing duct. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2008, 15(4), 317-25.

The flow and performance characteristies of a S-shaped diffusing duct having an area ratio of 1.9, length of 300 mm and turning angle of 22.5° 22.5° have been experimentally investigated to establish the effect of swirl. The static pressure, total pressure, velocity and turbulence intensity are measured using a calibrated five-hole probe and constant-temperature hot-wire probe. The performance parameters are evaluated based on the mass-averaged quantities. A significant improvement in the pressure recovery coefficient is observed for swirl flow from 0.36 to 0.54. The improvement is observed for both, clockwise and anti-clockwise swirl, the improvement being higher for clockwise swirl. Flow uniformity at the exit is more uniform for clockwise swirl at the inlet.

6 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

000511   Akhtar K;Kadoli R (NO, , Syntel Limited, Mount Road, Chennai-600 015) : Stress analysis of SUS 304 - ceramics functionally graded beams using third order shear deformation theory. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2008, 89(Apr), 31-7.

Kinematics for moderately thick rectangular beams satisfying zero shear strain on the top and bottom surfaces is utilized to define the strain displacement relations involving the membrane, bending and higher order of displacements. Strain energy containing shear rotation term is deduced. The principle of stationary potential energy is used to obtain the static finite element equilibrium equations for the FGM (functionally graded material) beam with a uniformly distributed transverse load. FGM beams with continuous and smooth grading of metal and ceramics based on power law index are considered for the study. Equivalent single layer approach is followed for the evaluation of the constitutive matrix of the FGM beam. Numerical results are presented on the axial stresses and shear stresses in SUS304 -Al₂O₃, SUS 304- ZrO₂ and SUS 304-Si₃N₄FGM beams with clamped - clamped and simply supported boundary conditions. The effect of volume fraction of ceramic and metal on the nature of stress distribution through the thickness are investigated. The studies reveal that, the magnitude and distribution profile of static stresses in the beam depends on the power law index and also on the nature of load bearing surface, ie, whether the loading is on the ceramic rich face of the beam or metal rich face.

12 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

000510   Aggarwal S;Prasad J;Chani P S (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttara Khand-247 667) : Cable net facades for India. J Instn Engrs-Pt AR 2008, 89(Oct), 15-19.

The high rise buildings with glass curtain walls is the most recent trend in architecture, that enable to see through the facade of the building. The conventional curtain walls act as supporting structure, which usually contains load bearing frames, profile systems, claddings, fastening systems etc. Functionally curtain walls resists air and water infiltration. Such curtain walls are constructed from glass, stainless steel and aluminium. While developing the facades as the supporting structure for the curtain walls, suspended cable net structures are developed, that can employ tensioned steel cable as a primary structural element, The paper briefly describe the design procedure, boundary conditions, pretensioning of cables in the cable net design. Concluded with the related esthetics and cost which are the major factors for selection of glass in the comercial buildings.

5 illus, 6 ref

000509   Acar R;Celik S;Senocak S (Civil Engineeirng Dep, Ataturk Univ, Engineering Faculty, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey, Email: racar@atauni.edu.tr) : Rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) model using an artificial neural network aproach. J scient ind Res 2008, 67(3), 198-202.

Multilayer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network (ANN) model was trained and used to model rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationship for short duration rainfall (SDR), in a catchment located in a semiarid climate in Turkey. Trained ANN model has been found more suitable to predict SDR than classical statistical model.

2 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

024176   Vijaya Kumari S;Viswanath G R;Dheepalakshmi; Dwarakanath K;Tripathy A K (NO, Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore) : Remaining life assessment of power transformers. Wat Energy int 2008, 65(3), 30-3.

The concentration of furans in the mineral insulating oil of a power transformer is a good indicator of the condition of the cellulosic materials such as paper, pressboard, and cotton materials used both as electrical insulation and as mechanical support. The condition of the cellulosic materials is vital, because these materials are the limiting factor on the life of a transformer. Over the last three years, the Liquid Dielectrics Laboratory at CPRI conducted a massive survey of the concentration of furans in the mineral Insulating oils of more than eight hundred operating transformers. Remaining life assessment of transformers is attempted based on the percentile population

2 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

024175   Thakare S W;Tatewar S P;Ingle R N (Civil Engineering Dep, Government College of Engineering, Amravati-444 604) : Stepped - block spillway for earthen dam. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2008, 89(Aug), 28-30.

Stepped-block spillway consists of precast concrete blocks placed on the downstream face of earthen dam along with a drainage layer underneath. These spillways may be provided as main service spillway for new dams and can also be used for upgrading spillway capacity of existing dams. In case study, a stepped-block spillway is designed for Chandrabhaga River Project in Maharashtra State for which a con ventional ogee spillway is provided. The cost of the designed stepped-block spillway as well as existing spillway system is worked out and compared. Stepped-block spillway is found to be more cost effective.

1 illus, 3 ref

024174   Soonee S K;Narasimhan S R;Porwal R K;Kumar S; Kumar R;Pandey V (NO, , Power Grid Corporation of India Limited) : Application of phase angle measurement for real time security monitoring of Indian electric power system - an experience. Wat Energy int 2008, 65(3), 19-25.

In the Indian grids, phase shifters have not been deployed. However, hybrid system of AC and DC interregional ties provides an opportunity to modulate power flow on the AC links. The two HVDC back-to-back stations within the NEW grid enables us to measure phase angle between the two AC buses on either side of the HVDC blocks. The AC buses on either side of the HVDC back-to-back blocks are geographically at the same substation but were separated thousands of kilometres electrically after formation of N-E-W grid. Measurements of phase angle difference between these two adjacent (buses) points provide a signature of the system state. The phase angle measured in the manner described above is telemetered to the regional control centres. World over Synchrophasor technology is being considered for such wide area monitoring. This has been exhaustively documented in international literature ^[1-8]. Monitoring and assessment of system state using phase angle measurement with the help of SCADA system would not give system behaviour for low frequency oscillations (inter-area oscillations) but it is still a good visualization tool as it captures several quantities to indicate the 'pulse' of the system. The phase angle differences across different nodes are a measure of static stress across the grid and its proximity to instability and therefore can be monitored with respect to predetermined stability threshold limits. These threshold limits are being put based on the past experiences of system separation and offline simulations. The novel approach has improved system visualization and situational awareness of the system operators in the "NEW-grid." Describes the deployment of direct phase angle measurement for monitoring the security of a large grid and would be a precursor to the deployment of Synchrophasor technology in the Indian electric power systems.

4 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

024173   Sood D K;Anil Kumar P K (NO, , NTPC Ltd) : Experiences of air cooled generator stator flexible. Wat Energy int 2008, 65(3), 26-9.

Highlights the need for properly designed flexible connections, forcing unit shutdowns at high economic cost. This feedback also highlights need for checking naJutalJreguency of the assembly at site after machine erection so as to prevent excessive vibrations, which can cause serious equipment damage. The possibility also needs to be examined for type testing along with flexible assembly at works so as to minimize potential hazards on account of failures at site after commissioning of the unit. Taking proper preventive measures like natural frequency measurements and flexible vibration measurements shall eliminate these failures. This will serve as a useful tool for utilities in reduction of forced outage in air-cooled generators.

9 ref

024172   Saha S K (Materials Science Dep, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata-700 032, Email: cnssks@iacs.res.in) : Nanodielectrics with giant permittivity. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(3), 473-7.

Nanodielectrics is an emerging area of research because of its potential application in energy storage and transducers. One-dimensional metallic nanostructures with localized electronic wave functions show giant dielectric constant. Following the prediction, during the last couple of years we have investigated the effect of giant permittivity in one-dimensional systems of conventional metals and conjugated polymer chains. In this article, we have tried to summarize the works on giant permittivity and finally the fabrication of nanocapacitor using metal nanowires, which shows giant permittivity is also discussed.

8 illus, 21 ref

024171   Roy T K;Chattopadhyay B C (Civil Engineering Dep, Bengal Engineering and Science Univ, Shibpur-711 103) : Utilization of rice husk ash and pond ash for improving subgrade in road construction. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2008, 89(Aug), 42-6.

Due to adoption of highly intensified activities in road construction in India like Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojona as well as Golden Quadrilateral huge quantity of materials is required for construction works. In the present scenario, conventional materials required for construction of subgrade are in short supply in many locations. On the other hand, large amount of waste materials produced from different industries like fly/pond ash, rice husk ash (RHA), paper mill slag etc. create environmental problem along with depositional hazards. Utilizing some of these waste materials as alternative materials for construction, no doubt, is a gainful solution. However, prior to adoption of such materials in practice, systematic experimentation is needed to justify their use. With this objective, an experimental program was undertaken to explore the possibility of utilization of the alternative materials like rice husk ash and pond ash by mixing these with soil for the construction of road subgrade as cost effective mix.

5 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

024170   Rivaz B D (NO, , NV Bekaert, France) : Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC): the use of SFRC in precast segment for tunnelling. Wat Energy int 2008, 65(3), 47-56.

Describes the research program carried out with AFTES (French Tunnelling Association) and will explain through the test result the real behaviour of the different material (plain concrete, SFRC, rebars) under this critical load case. This test will enable the engineer to define a required level of performance for this type of loading in relation with project requirements. The test program showed the behavior of SFRC in this application and its efficiency compared to traditional reinforcement. Multiple cracking occurred resulting in plasticizing and damage, but never sudden dislocation and failure. The test type which appears the most interesting is the median off-centered impact load test which gives very similar results and shows remarkable ductility. In addition, this test is relatively easy to implement with test specimens easy to execute and handle.

10 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

024169   Reddy D S;Prasad C S R K (NO, , SEZ Pvt Ltd, Jai Tower, Plot no 68, Sector 15, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai-400 614) : Design and evaluation of isolated traffic signal using new minimum delay cycle length equation. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2008, 89(Aug), 3-7.

Studies to overcome the limitations of Webster cycle length equation, new minimum delay cycle length equations are proposed for a four phase intersection by researchers in Texas A&M University. These equations are applied in the design of an isolated four legged intersection which is located in Warangal city (Andhra Pradesh). This is followed by the measurement of classified traffic volume counts and stopped delays at the same intersection for both morning and evening peak periods. Using Highway Capacity Man ual (HCM) - 2000 methodology the in tersection le vel of service is e valuated. La ter signals are designed using proposed minimum delay cycle length equation and also using Webster cycle length equation. Results observed that proposed new cycle length model overcomes the shortcomings of the Webster model. This model produced optimum cycle lengths even for higher traffic volumes.

5 illus, 5 tables, 9 ref

024168   Ravinder;Talegaonkar A (NO, , Central Electricity Regulatory Commission) : Developing power exchange(S) in India: issues and challenges. Wat Energy int 2008, 65(3), 12-18.

Proposes a coordination process among stakeholders for implementing 'single-window clearance' with coordination among various system operators for scheduling and congestion management. Suggests simple and reasonably predictable method to overcome the challenge of applying transmission charges and transmission losses to bilateral and Power Exchange based multilateral transactions. The authors discern that the creation of PX(s) has the potential to unshackle the electricity supply industry by promoting investment, harnessing captive generation and better optimization of resources provided, the technical challenges are resolved in a simple and practical manner as suggested.

2 illus, 6 ref

024167   Raghu A;Ananthamurthy S (Physics Dep, Bangalore Univ, Bangalore-560 056, Email: asharath@gmail.com) : Nanorheology of regenerated silk fibroin solution. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(3), 359-65.

Investigated the rheological properties of regenerated silk fibroin (RSF), a viscoelastic material at micro and nano length scales, by video microscopy. Describes here the principles and technique of video microscopy as a tool in such investigations. In this work, polystyrene beads were dispersed in the matrix of RSF polymer and the positions of the embedded beads diffusing were tracked using video microscopy. An optical tweezer was used to transport and locate the bead at any desired site within the micro-volume of the sample, to facilitate the subsequent free-bead video analysis. The position information of the beads was used to obtain the time dependant mean squared displacement (MSD) of the beads in the medium and hence to calculate the dynamic moduli of the medium. We present here the results of rheological measurements of the silk polymer network in solution over a frequency range, whose upper limit is the frame capture rate of our camera at full resolution. The technique is complementary to other microrheological techniques to characterize the material, but additionally enables one to characterize local inhomogeneities in the medium, features that get averaged out in bulk characterization procedures.

7 illus, 20 ref

024166   Punia M;Nautiyal V P;Kant Y (NO, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, 4 Kalidas Road, Dehradun-248 001, Email: yogesh@iirs.gov.in) : Identifying biomass burned patches of agriculture residue using satellite remote sensing data. Curr Sci 2008, 94(9), 1185-90.

The combine harvesting technology which has become common in the rice-wheat system in India leaves behind large quantities of straw in the field for open residue burning, and Punjab is one such region where this is regularly happening. This becomes a source for the emission of trace gases, resulting in perturbations to regional atmospheric chemistry. The study attempts to estimate district-wise burned area from agriculture residue burning. The feasibility of using low resolution (MODIS) and moderate resolution (AWiFS) satellite data for estimation of burned areas is shown. It utilizes thermal channels of MODIS and knowledge-based approach for AWiFS data for burned area estimation. A hybrid contextual test-fire detection and tentative-fire detection algorithm for satellite thermal images has been followed to identify the fire pixels over the region. The algorithm essentially treats fire pixels as anomalies in images and can be considered a special case of the more general clutter or background suppression problem. It utilizes the local background around a potential fire pixel, and discriminates fire pixels and avoids the false alarm. It incorporates the statistical properties of individual bands and requires the manual setting of multiple thresholds. Also, a decision-tree classification based on SeeS algorithm is applied to AWiFS data. When combined with image classification using a machine learning decision tree (See 5) classification, it gives high accuracy. The study compares the estimated burned area over the region using the two algorithms.

6 illus, 12 ref

024165   Prasad S V;Prasada Raju G V R;Ramana Murthy V (Civil Engineering Dep, JNTU Univ, Kakinada-533 003) : Use of waste plastic and tyre in pavement systems. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2008, 89(Aug), 31-5.

Expansive soils are so widespread that it becomes impossible to a void them for high way construction. Many highway agencies, private organizations and researches are doing extensive studies on waste materials and research projects concerning their feasibility and environmental suitability. Describes the attempts made to investigate the stabilisation process with model test tracks over expansive subgrade. Shear, CBR and loading-unloading tests were carried out on the tracks with different reinforcement materials, nemely, waste plastics and waste tyre rubber introduced in gravel subbase course laid on expansive subgrade. Test results show that enhanced load carrying capacity is obtained for reinforced gravel subbase as compared to unreinforced gravel subbase in the flexible pavement system.

8 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

024164   Prabhu R R;Abdul Khadar M (Physics Dep, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kerala Univ, Kariavattom PO, Thiruvananthapuram-695 581, Email: mabdulkhadar@rediffmail.com) : Optical phonon modes of CdS nanoparticles using Raman spectroscopy. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(3), 511-15.

The reduction in the grain size to nanometer range can bring about radical changes in almost all of the properties of semiconductors. CdS nanoparticles have attracted considerable scientific interest because they exhibit strongly size-dependent optical and electrical properties. In the case of nanostructured materials, confinement of optical phonons can produce noticeable changes in their vibrational spectra compared to those of bulk crystals. In this paper we report the study of optical phonon modes of nanoparticles of CdS using Raman spectroscopy. Nanoparticle sample for the present study was synthesized through chemical precipitation technique. The CdS nanoparticles were then subjected to heat treatment at low temperature (150°C) for extended time intervals. The crystal structure and grain size of the samples were determined using X-ray diffraction and HRTEM. The Raman spectra of the as-prepared and heat treated samples were recorded using conventional Raman and micro-Raman techniques. The spectrum of as prepared sample exhibited an intense, broad peak at 301 cm^-1 corresponding to the LO phonon mode. Higher order phonon modes were also observed in the spectra. A noticeable asymmetry in the Raman line shape indicated the effect of phonon confinement. Other features in the spectra are discussed in detail.

5 illus, 25 ref

024163   Morchhale R K;Goel M D;Yegneswaran A H (Advanced materials and Processes Research, Institute (Formerly Regional Research Laboratory), CSIR, Bhopal-462 064) : Onsite hydrostatic pressure leak testing of cast iron spun pipes. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2008, 89(Aug), 16-20.

The present work deals with the design, construction and demonstration of a hydraulic pressure testing machine. The machine can be easily transported to the site for carrying out the test on large diameter (upto 600 mm) cast iron pipes. This will not only save the cost of transportation of pipes from factory to laboratory before laying at the site but will also save a considerable time. The developed machine is capable of testing the pipe upto a maximum pressure of 50 kg/cm². The machine was designed using mild steel plates and high -density neoprene sheet to achieve the complete tightness towards water leak during the test for maximum design pressure. It has been provided with arrangement to reallocate the machine at site using rollers at the base. Because of its cost effectiveness and usefulness at site, this machine can be effectively used for pressure leak testing of water pipe at the site before laying the pipes for transporting water.

2 illus, 2 tables, 2 ref

024162   Mohan S (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai-600 036) : Optimal operation of a tank irrigation system. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2008, 89(Aug), 21-7.

An attempt has been made to develop tank operational policies in the form of simple regression equations or rule curves using implicit and explicit stochastic methods, respectively. The methodology adopted in this paper for derivation of optimal operation policies consists of three phases. In the first phase, accurate determination of the effective rainfall and the irrigation requirements of crops was carried out. Development of Implicit and explicit stochastic reservoir operation optimization models constitutes the second phase. In the third phase, simulation models were developed to compare the performance of optimal operation policies derived from these stochastic models as wellas with the actual releases. The performance of the derived operational rules was found to be superior for the tank irrigation system studied.

4 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

024161   Mandal P K (NO, , NTPC Limited) : High unburnt carbon problem in fly ash & bottom ash in some Indian stations. Wat Energy int 2008, 65(3), 34-44.

The formation of unburnt carbon in pulverized coal based boiler furnace is undesirable as it leads to not only huge wastage of fuel but associated with revenue loss also, which in turn increase the unit generation cost. The formation of unburnt carbon depends on many factors viz., nature of fuel (reactivity), operational parameters (O₂ level, residence time of coal particles inside the furnace, turbulence, furnace temperature profile, etc.) mill performance (coal fineness). The high unburnt carbon formation of some Indian pulverized coal power based stations was studied to find out the causes of unburnt carbon formation. The possible remedial measures and various tips were also suggested for improvement. The case studies of all the stations are given separately.

20 illus, 9 tables

024160   Madheswaran C K;Natarajan K;Prakash A; Anandavalli A (Structural Engineering Research Centre, CSIR Campus, Chennai-600 113) : Experimental studies on behaviour of steel-concrete composites girders subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2008, 89(Aug), 8-15.

Describes an experimental study on behaviour of steel-concrete composite girders. Steel and concrete composite girders with deformable connection were subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading. In order to in vestigate the behaviour of composite girders subjected to flexure, it is important to study the actual behaviour of studs connections under cyclic as well as monotonic loading. For this purpose, monotonic and cyclic load tests were carried out. Composite girders were designed for full as well as partial shear connection between steel girder and concrete flange. Six composites girders were fabricated and tested. Three composite girder specimens were subjected to monotonically increasing load while others were subjected to cyclic loading. The study revealed the effects of longitudinal slip on the deformation of steel-concrete composite girders. Describes the experimental set-up, casting, method of testing, instrumentation set-up and analysis of test data. The composite girders were tested under simply supported boundary conditions. The results of monotonic tests were compared with those obtained with cyclic tests. The predicted results were compared with experimental results.

8 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

024159   Krishne Gowda K;Manjuantha K;Manjunath B M; Yadupati Putty R (Civil Engineering Dep, UBDTCE, Davangere) : Climatic changes at Davangere region by using climatological data. Wat Energy int 2008, 65(3), 66-76.

Davangere is one of the agriculturally well developed revenue subdivision as well as district in Karnataka (India). Global climatic change has prompted us to analyze the climatic condition of Davangere, it is agriculturally very sensitive area, from the available meteorological data. The command area in Davangere district of Karnataka comes under Bhadra Reservoir and it is located at latitude 14°2870"N and longitude 75°56'00"E at an elevation of 599 m above msl. The meteorological data has observed by the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) at Davangere station for the period from 1975 to 2007 was used in theanalysis. The results of 5 yearly moving averages showed increase in relative humidity @ 0.112% per year; maximum temperature @ 0.009° C per year and sunshine hours @ 0.003 hrs per year and decrease in rainfall (c) 0.018 mm per year; rainy days @ 0.292 days per year, minimum temperature @ 0.027° C per year and wind speed @ 0.032 km per year. These observations confirm the mild trend in climate change at in and around Davangere region is most probably due to localized human interventions.

7 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

024158   Jonker J H;Kodde M J;Bakker K J (NO, , Movares, Utrecht, and Centre for Underground Construction, Gouda, The Netherlands) : Dutch approach looking for a new tunnel concept; the "totally other tunnel (Tot)".. Wat Energy int 2008, 65(3), 57-65.

The Netherlands is a small country with limited space for further urban development. Further the number of inhabitants is still growing which means a further need for houses, roads and additional workspace. The combination of the above means a densification in the build up areas. Conventional solutions may take too much space; new alternatives including Underground Construction are necessary. Conventional Underground Construction is an option but expensive. Therefore innovation is sought, for new construction methods, cost reduction and reduction of risks. One of the challenges TOT is the quest for a shallow tunnel in the Holocene soil layers. Whether this is feasible will be the result of the project. The methodology applied is the organisation of Creative Workshops. A positive setting is created where one is asked not to criticize ideas, but to come up with solutions that would make unconventional ideas work. In this way creativity is triggered in its utmost way. Characteristic patterns are broken through, leading to out-of the box solutions. Based on the results conceptual ideas research are formulated. The First round of TOT will be finished halfway 2008. Planning is going on to organize a second round.

3 illus, 6 ref

024157   Harness G (Electric Power Group, , Caterpillar Inc., Mossville, llinois, USA) : Meeting current and future emissions standards in the electric power industry. Indian J Pwr River Valley Dev 2008, 58(1-2), 5-8.

The action of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to institute an emissions policy for stationary diesel power generation warrants an in-depth look at how the marketplace will respond. Currently, most EPA emissions regulations for diesel engines and generator sets pertain only to mobile equipment. State and local agencies have implemented local standards for stationary generator sets on an individual basis. A national stationary engine rule will have a significant effect on generator set manufacturers' product development priorities. Emission standards also drive behaviour at the customer and supplier levels. In general, customers are aware of state and local regulations; however, are they aware of the various technologies that engine manufacturers use to meet the new emissions regulations? Do these technologies influence customer-buying behaviour? How does the need to meet emission standards affect electric power product manufacturers' ability to develop product for the marketplace? Emissions regulations will continue to play a substantial role in shaping the market for stationary diesel power generation. Summarizes U.S. EPA regulations for emissions on diesel engines. Outlines manufacturers' steps to reduce emissions and meet ever more stringent rules and Discusses potential impacts on customer buying behaviour.

3 illus, 1 table

024156   Gurumoorthi P;Janardhanan K (Food and Process Engineering Dep, School of Bioengineering, SRM Univ, Kattankulathur-603 203, Email: p_gurumoorthi@yahoo.com) : Physico-chemical properties and cooking quality of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens var utilis) germplasm. Indian J agric Biochem 2008, 21(1-2), 31-4.

Studies on physico-chemical and cookability characters of different germplasm of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis) were conducted and significant variations were observed. The germplasm Mundanthurai (white-coloured) showed favourable physico-chemical traits and exhibited highest grain weight (120.52g). In general, seed weight had highly significant positive correlation with seed volume, swelling capacity and hydration capacity. Soaking seeds in 0.5 % sodium bicarbonate resulted in significant reduction in cooking time for all the germplasm except for Kailasanadu (white-coloured). Besides, this unique germplasm exhibited poor hydration capacity, poor water holding capacity, hydration index and other swelling characteristics. Valanadu (black-coloured) and Mundanthurai (both the black-coloured and white-coloured) germplasm of velvet bean exhibited favourable traits which deserve further exploitation.

2 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

024155   Das A;Chakraborty B;Sood A K (Physics Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: asood@physics.iisc.ernet.in) : Raman spectroscopy of graphene on different substrates and influence of defects. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(3), 579-84.

Shows the evolution of Raman spectra with a number of graphene layers on different substrates, SiO₂/Si and conducting indium tin oxide (ITO) plate. The G mode peak position and the intensity ratio of G and 2D bands depend on the preparation of sample for the same number of graphene layers. The 2D Raman band has characteristic line shapes in single and bilayer graphene, capturing the differences in their electronic structure. The defects have a significant influence on the G band peak position for the single layer graphene: the frequency shows a blue shift up to 12 cm^-1 depending on the intensity of the D Raman band, which is a marker of the defect density. Most surprisingly, Raman spectra of graphene on the conducting ITO plates show a lowering of the G mode frequency by ~ 6 cm^-1 and the 2D band frequency by ~ 20 cm^-1. This red-shift of the G and 2D bands is observed for the first time in single layer graphene.

8 illus, 25 ref

024154   Dag A;Cevheroglu S;Ayhan M (Mining Engineering Dep, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana Turkey, Email: ahmdag@cukurova.edu.tr) : Evaluation of filling methods applied to some marbles from Diyarbakir region of Turkey. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(4), 2733-40.

Performance of the filling methods polyªester, epoxy and ultraviolet resins applied to two different types of limestone were analyzed. The limestone (sedimentary) used originates from two different types of marble that are widely produced and processed in the Diyarbakir region. The effects of the filling methods on loss of material that occurred during the processing stage and the total process costs were also determined.

1 illus, 6 tables, 7 ref

024153   Budhani R C;Rakshit R K (Physics Dep, Indian Institute of Technologuy Kanpur, Kanpur-208 016, Email: rcb@iitk.ac.in) : Nanomagnetics with lasers. Bull Mater Sci 2008, 31(3), 241-7.

Both liquid and vapour phase pulsed laser deposition (PLD) techniques have been used to synthesize nanophase magnetic alloys of CoPt. While the liquid route results in soft phase (disordered fee) nanoparti-cles of CoPt near equiatomic composition dispersed in a surfactant-polymer matrix, the conventional vapour phase PLD allows growth of high coercivity nanoscale structures of CoPt on (001) SrTiO₃. The magnetization, M(T), dynamics of the colloidal particles is examined. Two distinct particle distributions are established from analysis of M(T) data, in conformity with results of electron microscopy. In vapour deposited films at low growth rate (~ 0-4 Angustrum/s), morphology changes from a self-similar fractal to nanodots as the deposition temperature is raised from 700-800°C. The large lattice mismatch between (001) SrTiO₃ and the aclbc plane of L1₀ ordered phase imparts tensile strain to the films whose morphological manifestations can be suppressed at high growth rates.

7 illus, 17 ref

024152   Asthana A K;Balasubramanian R;Ramakrishna V (NO, I.I.T., Delhi) : Perspective planning for the Indian national grid system with enhanced reliability-concept of a twin system having multi-point asynchronous HVDC inter-connection. Wat Energy int 2008, 65(3), 7-11.

The Indian power sector is growing at an accelerated pace and in the next 15-20years, it could increase five fold to the level of 500 GW peak demand and 700 GW of installed generation capacity. As future generation resources are away from load centers, transmission need may increase ten fold. Concept of regional planning in power sector was followed for about 35 years leading to development of five Regional grid systems. Since the advent of the current century, the planning has changed towards National grid. In National planning, the transmission requirement has increased substantially on account of quantum as well as distance. A large National grid network of 765 kV AC, 400 kV AC and HVDC bi-pole lines has been evolved. A numbers of ± 800 kV, HVDC bipole systems with 6000 MW capacity have also been envisaged and need of 1200 kV AC system is also being felt. Grid expansion is posing a number of issues such as increasing short circuit levels, operational voltage excursions due to fluctuating reactive balance, concern for risk of grid collapse with reduced probability but much higher implication. The issues are being addressed using the technologies and practice of the day. It is suggested to develop a Twin National Grief System in which the total inter-connected all-India National grid system is made up of two separate systems. The two systems would have asynchronous HVDC inter-connections at a number of points designed to be suitable for exchange of power from one system to the other. Power transfer from system to the other could be operationally regulated to optimize the operation of the twin system. The capacity of HVDC links would be determined from the consideration that operational depletion of transmission capacity in one system could be compensated by the other system. The twin system design would help to addressing short circuit level, providing HVDC control for operational regulation and contingency support from one system to other, and substantially reduce the implication of grid failure as failure of one grid would not lead to blackout. Each of the twin grid would also have its own independent hierarchical load dispatch/system control.

1 ref

024151   Anjan Kumar M;Prasada Raju G V R (Civl Engineering Dep, JNT Univ, Kakinada) : Utilization of stabilised flyash layer as sub-base course in flexible pavement construction. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2008, 89(Aug), 36-41.

Swelling soils are widely distributed in different regions of the world and generate losses of about thousands of million dollars per year as a consequence of damages in the civil engineering constructions. Many highway agencies, private organizations and researchers are doing extensive studies on waste materials and research projects concerning the feasibility and environmental suitability. Flyashisa waste byproduct from thermal power plants causing dumping and severe health problems every year. Effective utilization of waste material with technical development in each field is indeed necessary. Attempts are made to investigate the stabilization process with model test tracks over expansive sub-grade. Cyclic plate load tests were carried out on the tracks with chemicals like lime and cement introduced in flyash sub-base laid on expansive sub-grade. Test results show that maximum load carrying capacity is obtained for stabilised flyash sub-base compared to untreated flyash sub-base.

3 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

023037   Villafuerte J (Research & Development, CenterLine (Windsor) Ltd., Windsor, Ont., Canada) : Cold spray: a solution for architectural glass. Indian Weld J 2008, 41(4), 57-9.

5 illus, 3 ref