000434   SIBRI J F, AKAKPO-AKUE J, ACKAH J A A B, SORO M, YAYÉ G Y, KPLE T K M (Jean Lorougnon Guédé Univ, BP Daloa 150, Côte d’Ivoire, Email: sibrijean1991@gmail.com) : Assessment of sickling inhibitory activity of Ficus carpensis, Newbouldia laevis, Carpolobia lutea and Carpolobia caudata on human erythrocytes HbSS. J Phytopharm 2021, 10(1), 15-8.

Sickle cell disease is a hemoglobinopathy. In hypoxia situation, homozygous individuals might suffer from vaso-occlusive seizures, hemolytic anemia and increased susceptibility to infections. A recipe of the leaves of Ficus carpensis, Newbouldia laevis, Carpolobia lutea and Carpolobia caudate, four plants used in the traditional treatment of sickle cell disease in the Daloa region, was the subject of this study. This investigation was initiated in order to assess sickle cell inhibitory activity of the recipe, by using Emmel’s method. The decocted (DS) and the aqueous extract (EA) of the recipe brought the residual sickle cell rate at 10 and 11 % respectively. Which correspond to sickle cell inhibitory activity of 90 % for the decocted (DS) and 89 % for the aqueous extract (EA). These activities were higher than that of phenylalanine (83 %) which is used as an antisickling amino acid reference. The chemical study of the both extracts of the recipe revealed the presence of compounds known for their anti-oxidant and anti-sickle cell activities. Those flavonoids, polyphenols and alkaloids could be partly responsible for the sickle cell inhibitory activity of the recipe. These results showed that both the extracts of the recipe had antisickling activity. The use of this recipe of four plants in the traditional treatment of sickle cell disease in the Daloa region might be justified.

3 illus, 1 table, 34 ref

000433   KOLAWOLE I O, EBUEHI O A T, AWOYERA E A (Biological Sciences Dep , Mountain Top Univ, Ogun State, Nigeria, Email: ioadefisan@mtu.edu.ng) : In vitro antioxidant and anti-arthritic effect of the aqueous and ethanolic leaf and root bark extract of Alafia barteri. J Phytopharm 2021, 10(1), 10-7.

Alafia barteri (Apocynaceae) is a climbing shrub having white or pink flowers. Traditionally, it has been used to treat diseases like malaria, sickle cell anemia, and eye infections. This research is focused on investigating the antioxidant and anti-arthritic activities of the aqueous and ethanol leaf and root extract of Alafia barteri plant in vitro. In-vitro antioxidant methods used were 2, 2 -diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, reducing power activity and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay while the anti-arthritic activity was studied using the assay method of protein denaturation. Results revealed that aqueous and ethanol root extracts scavenge free radicals, thus inhibiting damage caused by oxidative stress in arthritis while the ethanol extracts of both the leaf and roots had good anti-arthritic activities as seen in its ability to decrease protein denaturation.

8 illus, 19 ref

000432   SORO M, AKAKPO-AKUE J, ACKAH J A A B, SIBRI J-F, YAPI Y G, KPLE T K M (Jean Lorougnon Guédé Univ, BP Daloa- 150, Côte d’Ivoire, Email: sorombefehe@gmail.com) : Effect of Rhynchospora corymbosa and Olax subscorpioïdea two plants used in the management of Korhogo sickle cell disease. J Phytopharm 2021, 10(1), 1-6.

Sickle cell disease is the first genetic disease in the world. Rhynchospora corymbosa and Olax subscorpioïdea are two plant species used in traditional management of sickle cell disease in the department of Korhogo. After a chemical study of the decocted and the aqueous extract of these two plants, their effect on the in vitro reversal of sickling of HbSS genotype erythrocytes, has been evaluated according to Emmel method. An abundance of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, polyterpenes and sterols was found in the decocted and aqueous extract of Rhynchospora corymbosa (DRC and MRC). As for the decocted and aqueous extract of Olax subscorpioïdea (DOSA and MOSA), polyphenols, leucoanthocyanins and flavonoids were found in addition to the chemical compounds identified in Rhynchospora corymbosa. At the concentration of 0.312 mg/mL DRC, MRC DOSA and MOSA have obtained the reversal rate of 75, 50, 80 and 80 % respectively. All four extracts demonstrated activity on in vitro reversal of sickle cells. This activity could be caused by the presence of chemical groups that would be used in the treatment of several diseases because of their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Rhynchospora corymbosa and Olax subscorpioïdea are both an effect on the in vitro sickling reversal. Their use in the management of sickle cell disease in northern Côte d'Ivoire might be justified

2 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

000648   GUPTA A, KANSAL A, CHAWLA P (Thapar Univ, Patiala, Punjab, Email: anupmagupta31@gmail.com) : A survey and classification on applications of antenna in health care domain: data transmission, diagnosis and treatment. Sadhana 2021, 46, 68.

In present era antenna is playing a prominent role in biomedical engineering for improving health and quality of life. Pacemakers, deep neural implants, endoscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, microwave imaging and clinical instruments for thermal ablation are some examples of health care instruments which are taking the benefits of antenna and wireless body area network. Antennas can be implanted, placed on body and swallowed to transfer diagnosis information from the human body to the external monitor and further to the doctor or concern person through internet. In addition, variation in the electrical parameter of antenna like near field electromagnetic radiations, impedance, reflection coefficient can be analyzed to detect diseases noninvasively. Breast and brain tumour detection, cancer detection and motion detection are some of the important applications of antennas. Moreover, heating effect of electromagnetic field is also valuable to treat the malignant cell tissues. In this survey paper, authors have covered all the possible application of antenna and the challenges faced by antenna designers to make them suitable for specific application.

9 illus, 2 tables, 138 ref

000638   GUPTA R, SHARMA K K, GUPTA A, MOHAN I, DEEDWANIA P C (Preventive Cardiology and Medicine Dep, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Depression, stress, and cardiovascular risk factors in India heart watch: A population-based cross sectional study. RUHS J Health Sci 2021, 6(1), 63-72.

A population-based study to determine association of depression and stress with cardiovascular risk factors was performed. We evaluated 5234 urban subjects (men 2891, women 2343) in 11 cities. Prevalence of depression, and perceived stress (work, home, or financial for >12 months) and cardiovascular risk factors was determined. Associations were tested using logistic regression, odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) calculated. Age-adjusted percent prevalence (95% CI) in men and women of depression was 23.5 (21.9-25.0) and 24.7 (23.1-26.3), home stress 56.0 (54.2-57.8) and 60.5 (58.5- 62.5), work stress 46.3 (44.5-48.1) and 36.5 (34.5-38.4), financial stress 54.4 (52.6-56.2) and 55.5 (34.5-38.4), all three 30.7 (29.0-32.4) and 23.8 (22.1-25.5) and depression with all three in 11.3 (10.1-12.4) and 7.8 (6.7-8.9). In individuals with depression v/s without, prevalence (%) was significantly greater for physical inactivity (men 46.6 v/s 36.4, women 51.9 v/s 45.5), high waist-hip ratio (men 80.2 v/s 67.2, women 88.5 v/s 83.4), low HDL cholesterol (men 37.7 v/s 32.3, women 58.1 v/s 52.0), and diabetes (men 17.5 v/s 15.5, women 14.5 v/s 12.4) (p<0.05). Subjects with different stresses had greater prevalence of physical inactivity, truncal obesity, hypertension, low HDL cholesterol, and diabetes (p<0.05). Depression and stress are associated with decreased physical activity and greater truncal obesity, low HDLcholesterol, and diabetes in India.

3 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

000636   DEGAWAT P R (Cardiology Dep, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Mechanistic issues in salt sensitive hypertension. RUHS J Health Sci 2021, 6(1), 44-52.

Salt sensitivity is defined as rise in blood pressure (BP) by 5% or more from baseline after high salt diet than that during a low salt diet. The mechanism of salt sensitivity is multifactorial with a complex conceptual framework. Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) is crucial in maintaining sodium equilibrium in body. It has been reported that blunted renin response to salt depletion is responsible for salt sensitivity. Adrenal and sympathetic nervous system, through glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) pathways play a key role in salt sensitivity. Other mechanisms are endothelial dysfunction, hyperinsulinemia, CYP450 derived metabolites of arachidonic acid, kallikrein-kinin system, and impaired ion transport through the kidney. Recent studies have identified newer causative mechanism including sodium storage, vascular endothelial dysfunction, and innate immunity in salt sensitivity.

2 illus, 96 ref

000635   BHAGAT K K (Cardiology Dep, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Renal artery denervation in hypertension management. RUHS J Health Sci 2021, 6(1), 39-43.

Renal denervation (RDN) as a treatment option for hypertension has experienced a see-saw of increase and decrease during its development. After successful outcomes reported in case registries, the first randomized sham-controlled trial, SYMPLICITY-HTN-3, did not show significantly lower office or 24-h ambulatory systolic BP. However, faults in the design and conductance were identified and blamed for the negative results. New shamcontrolled randomised trials with improved methodology have been initiated and studies have reported significant BP reductions of about 10 mmHg in office and 6 mmHg in 24-hour ambulatory systolic BP. These data provided the biological proof that RDN lowers BP in patients with hypertension. These trials have renewed clinical and scientific interest in defining the appropriate role of RDN in hypertension treatment. In addition, issues that need to be addressed in future include development of investigations to determine the extent of RDN at the time of the procedure and the potential of renal nerve fibres to regain their potency at later stage following the ablation procedure.

2 tables, 17 ref

000634   SANADHYA A (Cardiology Dep, Eternal Heart Care and Research Centre, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Resistant hypertension: detection, evaluation, and management. RUHS J Health Sci 2021, 6(1), 31-8.

Treatment resistant hypertension (RH) is an important clinical problem. Its prevalence in clinical practice ranges from 10-20%. It has been defined as failure to achieve target blood pressure (BP), usually >140/90 mmHg after taking 3 or more anti-hypertensive medicines, one of which is a diuretic, in appropriate dose. It also includes patients whose BP achieves target values on 4 or more antihypertensive medications. The diagnosis of RH requires confirmation of medication adherence and exclusion of white-coat effect. The importance of RH is due to the associated risk of adverse outcomes. Once antihypertensive medication adherence is confirmed and out-of-office BP recordings exclude a white-coat effect, evaluation includes identification of contributing lifestyle behaviours, identification of drugs interfering with BP medication effectiveness, screening for secondary hypertension including obstructive sleep apnoea, and assessment of target organ damage. Management of RH includes maximization of lifestyle interventions, use of long-acting thiazide-like diuretics (Chlorthalidone or Indapamide), addition of a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (Spironolactone or Eplerenone), and, if BP remains elevated, stepwise addition of antihypertensive drugs with complementary mechanisms of action to lower BP.

3 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

000633   GUPTA A, SHARMA G, KHEDAR R S (Internal Medicine Dep, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Treatment dilemmas in hypertension management in diabetes. RUHS J Health Sci 2021, 6(1), 23-30.

Hypertension is a common comorbidity in diabetes. It is important in pathogenesis of its macrovascular and microvascular complications and concomitant hypertension increase the risk of polyvascular complications of diabetes. In diabetic hypertensives, an early diagnosis, treatment optimization, prevention of therapy and diseaserelated complications, and minimising drug interactions are common important dilemmas in hypertension management. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological means must be used for management of blood pressure (BP). For drug therapy, angiotensin receptor blockers are the first line drug and dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are the first add-on drug in majority of cases. With the recent advent of antidiabetic drugs, such as SGLT2-inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists that influence BP, a new dimension in hypertension management has emerged. It is important to not only control BP but also manage other vascular risk factors, incorporating patient's needs and ensuring long term compliance. This individualization of therapy is the need of the hour.

2 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

000632   GAUTAM P (Cardiology Dep, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Centre, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Comparative evaluation of major hypertension guidelines and practical implications. RUHS J Health Sci 2021, 6(1), 14-22.

Guidelines are important to guide management of hypertension. Although more than 200 guidelines are available globally, important ones for India are learned societies-based from North America, Europe, and international organizations. These guidelines are all the more important as governments and international organizations such as World Health Organization (WHO) have absolved their roles in formulating them. In this article, we discuss similarities and differences in guidelines from 4 major societies: 2017 American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association, 2018 European Society of Cardiology/ European Society of Hypertension, 2019 UK National Institute of Clinical Excellence, and 2020 International Society of Hypertension. All the guidelines agree on the proper method of blood pressure measurement, use of home blood pressure (BP) monitoring, and importance of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring as important for diagnosis. They all have restricted the use of beta-blockers as first-line therapy in hypertension. The major disagreements are with the level of blood pressure for defining hypertension, flexibility in identifying blood pressure targets for treatment, and use of initial combination therapy.

6 tables, 24 ref

000621   JOSE J, DINESHKUMAR B, KRISHNAKUMAR K, RAJESHKUMAR R, TAMILSELVAN N (Pharmaceutics Dep, St. James Hospital Trust Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Chalakudy, Kerala, Email: dinsbiotech@gmail.com) : Indian squid ink nano-suspension: formulation, characterization, in vitro anti-tumor activity against human breast cancer and human kidney epithelial cell lines. Res J Biotech 2021, 16(5), 174-80.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of adult deaths worldwide. In India, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) estimated indirectly the death of people from cancer. Almost 60% of drugs approved for cancer treatment are of natural origin. In this study we have developed different formulations of Indian squid ink extract nanosuspension from squid fish (namely F1, F2 and F3) and characterized for its various physiochemical evaluations and investigated its anti-tumour effect in human breast cancer cell lines (MCF- 7) and kidney epithelial (Vero) cell lines. The result revealed that the formulation F3 showed the better nano-scale particle size in the range of 87- 125nm, better zeta potential of -21.2mV and in vitro drug release of 98.18±0.2 for 6 hours. The in vitro antitumor study indicated that the F3 formulation of Indian squid ink nanosuspension showed potential anti-tumour activity in a dose dependent manner against human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line and human kidney epithelial (Vero) cell line compared with standard Indian squid ink extract. This study concluded that high pressure homogenization method could be suitable to formulate Indian squid ink nanosuspension (ISI-NS) with anti-tumour potential against MCF-7 and vero cell lines.

3 illus, 9 tables, 14 ref

000596   ADIKWU E, OWOTA R O, BIRADEE I (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Niger Delta Univ, Bayelsa State, Nigeria) : Tenofovir/Lamivudine/Efavirenz-Induced hepatotoxicity: Cucurmin as a potential protective agent. Res J Biol Sci 2021, 16(1), 1-8.

Tenofovir/Lamivudine/Efavirenz (TLE) is a first-line agent used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Its use has decreased HIV progression, but the occurrence of hepatotoxicity is a serious burden. Curcumin (CUM) is a polyphenol compound which has potential therapeutic health benefits. This study assessed its protective effect against TLE-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Forty adult male Wistar rats (180-200 g) grouped into 8 of n = 5 were used. Group I (Control) was orally administered with normal saline (0.2 mL) daily. Groups II-IV were orally administered with CUM (50, 100 and 200 mg kg^-1 ) daily. Group V was orally administered with TLE (300/300/600) mg kg^-1 . Groups V1-VIII; were orally administered with CUM (50, 100 and 200 mg kg ^-1 ) before the administration of TLE (300/300/600) mg kg^-1 daily. The rats were treated for 30 days. After treatment, the rats were anesthetized and blood samples were collected and assessed for serum liver function markers. Liver samples were excised and assessed for oxidative stress markers and histology. Serum aminotransferases, bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase alkaline phosphase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, liver malondialdehyde levels and liver weight were significantly (p<0.001) increased in TLE administered rats when compared to control. Body weight, liver catalase, glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase and GSH peroxidase levels were significantly (p<0.001) decreased in TLE-treated rats when compared to control. TLE caused hepatocytes necrosis. Interestingly, CUM supplementation abrogate TLE-induced hepatotoxicity at 50 mg kgG1 (p<0.05), 100 mg kgG1 (p<0.01) and 200 mg kgG1 (p<0.001) when compared to TLE. CUM may clinically prevent TLE related hepatotoxicity.

8 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

000583   HANDAYANI T W, TANDI J, WIDODO A (Pharmacy Dep, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi Pelita Mas, Palu- 94111, Indonesia, Email: jonitandi757@yahoo.com) : Qualitative and quantitative determination of secondary metabolites and antidiabetic potential of Ocimum basilicum L. leaves extract. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 622-8.

Traditional herbal substances are used in alternative diabetes mellitus care programs. This research aimed to determine the secondary metabolite levels of ethanol extract Ocimum basilicum L. leaves, clarify the effect of extracts on blood glucose levels, and histopathological pancreatic tissue Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytochemical screening of extracts was carried out qualitatively according to standard methods. UV-Vis Spectrophotometric was the quantitative estimation of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The rats were treated with ethanol extract of O. basilicum L. leaves with a dose of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg bodyweight for 28 days, then calculated with blood levels and histopathology of pancreatic tissue in the group treated and compared to the group of diabetes. Group doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight could significantly reduce blood glucose levels, and according to histological results, can regenerate mouse pancreatic cells. It could conclude that the ethanol extract of O. basilicum L. leaves is a potential source of antidiabetic.

2 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

000571   PATTANAIK S, PANDA J, KAR D M, PRADHAN P, PAL A (Siksha ‘O’Anusandhan, Odisha- 751 003, Email: sovanpattnaik@soa.ac.in ) : Computational evidence on 5- hydroxytryptamine receptor (5HT_2A) towards antidepressant flavonoids. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 523-9.

Depression is assumed to be the most serious disorder in which oxidative stress is playing a critical role in developing various psychopharmacological actions. The unique phytochemicals flavonoids compounds found in many vegetables and potential medicinal plants are well reported for psychiatric activity through the there antioxidant and psychotherapeutic properties. However, there is no report on any receptor-ligand interactions in regards to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT_2A) with potential phyto compounds along with its virtually design conjugate derivatives for antidepressant action. An attempt has been taken through computational tools to design and validate these selected phyto compounds with its Schiff base conjugate flavonol analogs through molecular docking analysis. The result of the study showed the virtually designed flavonol derivatives exhibited good binding affinity in comparison to other selected antidepressant flavonoids. The position of these ligands in 5HT_2A receptor seems to be correlated with 5HT_2A antagonists residues interaction. Taken together, the results of physicochemical properties, LD₅₀, minimum binding energy, interacting residues and H-bond interacting active binding site residues, could help to predict the potential candidate against 5HT_A receptor for the treatment of depression.

2 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

000346   MIRMOEINI T, PISHKAR L, KAHRIZI D, BARZIN G, KARIMI N (Biology Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Islamshahr, Iran) : Phytotoxicity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles on Camelina sativa L. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2021, 27(2), 417-27.

Due to the increased production and release of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the environment, the concerns about the possibility of toxicity and oxidative damage to plant ecosystems should be considered. In the present study, the effects of different concentrations of AgNPs (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 g/L) synthesized using the extract of camelina (Camelina sativa) leaves on the growth and the biochemical traits of camelina seedlings were investigated. The results showed that AgNPs significantly increased Ag accumulation in the roots and shoots which decreased the growth and photosynthetic pigments of camelina seedlings. The highest decrease in the height and total dry weight was observed by 53.1 and 61.8% under 4 g/L AgNPs, respectively over control plants. AgNPs application over 2 g/L enhanced the accumulation of proline, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and methylglyoxal, and up-regulated the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase) and glyoxalase (glyoxalase I and II) system which indicates oxidative stress induction in camelina seedlings. Moreover, AgNPs reduced ASA and GSH contents and increased DHA and GSSG contents, hence disrupting the redox balance. These results showed that AgNPs at 4 g/L had the most toxic effects on the camelina growth. Therefore, increasing oxidative stress markers and the activity of antioxidant enzymes and enzymes involved in glyoxalase system indicated the oxidative stress induced by AgNPs treatments over 2 g/L as well as the induction of antioxidant defense systems to combat AgNPs-induced oxidative stress.

61 ref

000334   GUPTA R, ANAND G, GAUR R, YADAV D (Biotechnology Dep, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur Univ, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh) : Plant–microbiome interactions for sustainable agriculture: A review. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2021, 27(1), 165-79.

Plant–microbiome interactions are significant determinant for plant growth, fitness and productivity. Depending upon the specific habitat, plants' microbial communities are classified as the rhizo-, phyllo-, and endospheric regions. Understanding the plant microbiome interactions could provide an opportunity to develop strategies for sustainable agricultural practices. There is a necessity to decipher the complex structural and functional diversity within plant microbiomes to reveal its immense potential in agriculture. The plant microbiota harbors enormous microbial communities that defy analytical methodologies to study dynamics underlying plant microbiome interactions. Findings based on conventional approaches have ignored many beneficial microbial strains, which creates a serious gap in understanding the microbial communications along with the genetic adaptations, which favors their association with host plant. The new era of next generation sequencing techniques and modern cost-effective high-throughput molecular approaches can decipher microbial community composition and function. In this review, we have presented the overview of the various compartments of plants, approaches to allow the access to microbiome and factors that influence microbial community composition and function. Next, we summarize how plant microbiome interactions modulate host beneficial properties particularly nutrient acquisition and defense, along with future agricultural applications.

95 ref

000325   RAO Y J, NARASIMHA G (Virology Dep, Sri Venkateswara Univ, Tirupati? 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, Email: gnsimha123@rediffmail.com) : Isolation and screening of marine actinobacteria for their antimicrobial compounds. Pharmacogn Res 2021, 13(1), 49-53.

The objective of this study is to assess the antimicrobial activity of marine actinobacteria isolated from coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh, India. Using sterile techniques, soil samples were collected from Machilipatnam  (MCP), Krishna district, Andhra  Pradesh, India. Biochemical tests were performed to identify isolated actinobacteria. Antimicrobial activity of the isolated organisms was performed by the disk plate technique. In this study, six mangrove soil samples were collected and performed culture‑dependent methods to obtain marine actinobacteria. A  total of five actinobacteria were isolated in which two exhibited antibacterial as well as antifungal activity. Among the five, MCP‑2 isolate had shown promising antibacterial and antifungal activity. The findings of this investigation revealed that the coastal marine actinobacteria are an important source of novel antibiotics.

3 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

000324   RATHIA S, CHANDRAVANSHI L, KORI V K, PATEL K, GUPTA P K (Kaumarbhritya Dep, Shri NPA Government Ayurveda Coll, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, Email: satirathiya@gmail.com) : Immunological, biochemical, and infant-toddler quality of life parameter-based study of swarna prashana (a herbo-mineral ayurveda preparation) in infants. Pharmacogn Res 2021, 13(1), 34-41.

Increasing rate of emergence of newer infection, resistance to antibiotics, reoccurrence of infections, and malnutrition have created a space for an effective and safe solution of above issues to mankind. Swana Prashana is a unique concept of Indian system of medicine for improving the generalized immunity consequently helping the child to resist and fight against various infection and diseases.  Study was planned to evaluate the efficacy of Swarna Prashana and Swarna Vacha Prashana in infants.  A  randomized, controlled, single‑blind clinical study was planned in healthy infants to study the effect of Swarna Prashana in anthropometry, hematological, biochemical, immunological, and infant‑toddler quality of life  (ITQOL) parameters in 3 differently categorized groups namely Group A: (n = 39, Ghrita and Madhu). Group B: (n = 42, Swarna Bhasma, Ghrita and Madhu) Group C: (n = 38, Swarna Bhasma, Ghrita, Madhu and Vacha Churna). Results: The present clinical study showed statistically highly significant (P < 0.001) increase in all the anthropometrical measurements of infants all three groups. The drugs did not hamper normal growth of the infants and they did not have any additional effect on enhancing the anthropometrical values. Hematological and biological parameters did not show significant difference in comparison in all groups. The results of Renal function and liver function tests were in normal limits after completion of treatment and post treatment follow‑up suggestive of safe to be administered in infants. Immunological parameters also did not show significant difference of comparison in all groups except in Group C where immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, albumin, globulin levels were increased. Group C significantly improved all the ITQOL parameters while on comparison significant difference was observed in improving the physical abilities only. Current study suggests Swarna Prashana as infants health promotive and morbidity preventive. Author advocates a large scale randomized double blind clinical trial for further validation of impact of Swarna Prashan as mass health‑care initiative.

12 tables, 20 ref

000323   BRANQUINHO L S, VERDAN M H, SILVA-FILHO S E, OLIVEIRA R J, CARDOSO C A L, ARENA A C, KASSUYA C A L (Federal Univ of Grande Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, Email: mhelenaverdan@gmail.com) : Antiarthritic and antinociceptive potential of ethanolic extract from leaves of Doliocarpus dentatus (aubl.) standl. in mouse model. Pharmacogn Res 2021, 13(1), 28-33.

The folk use of Doliocarpus dentatus for pain and inflammatory conditions led our group to evaluate the anti‑inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antiarthritic effects of its ethanol extract from the leaves (EEDd) on mouse models. Oral treatments with EEDd  (100–300 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the formalin‑induced nociceptive and cold sensitivity, prevented acetic acid‑induced nociceptive behavior, and prevented articular inflammation  (including knee edema, leukocyte infiltration, and mechanical hyperalgesia) induced by zymosan. In the peritonitis model, betulinic acid  (BA, 0.3–30 mg/kg) and EEDd (300 mg/kg) significantly inhibited zymosan‑induced leukocyte infiltration. In the complete Freund adjuvant  (CFA) model, oral treatments with EEDd  (100–300 mg/kg) for 21  days significantly inhibited mechanical hyperalgesia, cold response, and edema. In the MTT viability assay, EEDd (3–90 μg/mL) did not induce leukocytes cytotoxicity. cytotoxicity. Most models employed male and female Swiss mice or, for the CFA test, C57BL/6 mice. This study demonstrates that EEDd exhibited antinociceptive, antihyperalgesic, and antiarthritic potential in mice and BA contribute for the EEDd observed activities.

5 illus, 33 ref

000322   AUNG W M, LIMSUWANCHOTE S, WUNGSINTAWEEKUL J (Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany Dep, Prince of Songkla Univ, Songkhla- 90112, Thailand, Email: juraithip.w@psu.ac.th) : Preparation of diterpenes-enriched extract from croton stellatopilosus ohba leaves using enzyme- and ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Pharmacogn Res 2021, 13(1), 22-7.

Croton stellatopilosus Ohba accumulates several diterpenes. Among them, plaunotol, a cytoprotective agent, has been prescribed to treat peptic ulcers. We aimed to prepare the diterpene‑enriched extract  (DEE) using enzyme‑  and ultrasonic‑assisted extractions.The type and amount of pectinase and cellulase and the condition of ultrasonic treatment were optimized. A combination of enzyme and ultrasonic treatments was performed. The high‑performance liquid chromatography  (HPLC) method was validated and used for the determination of plaunotol and plaunolide contents in the DEE.  A combination of cellulase (10 units) and ultrasonic (at 80 % amplitude) treatments enhanced the yield of plaunotol significantly. Application of the crude extract on diaion HP‑20 resin afforded the DEE. With the validated HPLC method, the DEE contained 8.81 % ± 0.02 % w/w of plaunotol and 8.40 % ± 0.92 % w/w of plaunolide. We established an efficient method to prepare DEE based on green extraction. This method showed about eightfold enhancement purification factor compared to the original crude extract and about 90 % yield recovery

3 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

000320   DUAN X, HAO Y, LIANG X, QIU G, XUE W (Intensive Care Unit Dep, Beihua Univ, Jilin Province- 132 011, Email: xhdfcnk01@sina.com) : Eriocitrin alleviates the arterial occlusion-mediated cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury through the modulation of apoptotic proteins and immune markers in mice. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 193-9.

Stroke is ranked on top of the persistent ailments associated with the brain. The incidence of ischemic stroke is rapidly rising along with intensified mortality as well as permanent disability conditions. However, tissue plasminogen activator  (tissue-type plasminogen activator) is the only FDA-approved treatment for the treatment of stroke with decreased success rate. Eriocitrin, a flavonoid compound of Citrus limon with incredible therapeutic values, was active in the current investigation to explore the neuroprotective capability in arterial occlusion-provoked cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury (CIRI) in mouse replica.  The neurological defects were considered through the standard scoring method and the expression status of apoptotic proteins, i.e., nuclear factor kappa B  (NF-ƙB), caspase-3, and caspase-9, was examined via western blotting test. The expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase  (nNOS) was scrutinized through real-time polymerase chain reaction and standard ELISA kits were employed to examine the status of the proinflammatory markers. The arterial occlusion provoked cerebral ischemic animals displayed the severely elevated status of inflammatory markers namely interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor α, and the expression statuses of apoptotic proteins, as well as nNOS, were also uplifted while comparing to the sham subjected animals. Amazingly, eriocitrin  (100 mg/kg) treatment revealed the declined inflammatory markers level, besides, the expression patterns of apoptotic proteins and nNOS were also reduced noticeably in the cerebral ischemic-reperfusion-operated animals. The novel findings of this investigation were demonstrated that the Eriocitrin delivered an astounding neuroprotection in the arterial occlusion-mediated CIRI in mouse replica, which possibly a promising neuroprotectant in cerebral ischemia.

7 illus, 53 ref

000319   JING S, WANG Z, ZHANG J, LI X, HUANG R ( Neurosurgery Dep, Zhangqiu District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong- 250 200, China, Email: jingshendong111@sina.com) : Neuroprotective effect of neferine, an alkaloid against the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine induced parkinson’s disease mouse model. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 186-92.

Parkinson’s disease  (PD) is the second most chronic neurodegenerative disorders affecting the age-old peoples worldwide. Therefore, in the present study, we assessed the neuroprotective effect of neferine against the progressive Parkinson’s induced mouse model. Mice were induced PD by treating them with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine  (MPTP), a neurotoxin selectively disrupts the dopaminergic neurons and then treated with neferine, a plant alkaloid.The neuroprotectant effect of neferine against MPTP-induced Parkinson’s was assessed with behavioral analysis such as grid test and stride length measurement test, and the motor coordination was confirmed with rota rod test. Further, to assess the anti-inflammatory property of neferine, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were estimated. To confirm the neuroprotectant effect of neferine, the levels of dopamine and the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cylcooxygenase-2, rate-limiting enzyme of dopamine synthesis tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra tissue of control and experimental mice were evaluated. Our overall results authentically prove that neferine acts an anti-inflammatory agent decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the dopamine levels in substantia nigra, thereby protecting the mice from MPTP-induced Parkinsonism.  The behavioral analysis also confirmed neferine as a persuasive neuroprotectant with nil side effects and can be prescribed as a drug to treat Parkinson’s with subject to further trials.

5 illus, 36 ref

000318   HU C, XIANG S, LI L, QIN F X, WEI G, HUANG X, DING R, HUO J, FANG Z (Oncology Dep, Nanjing Univ of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu- 210 046, China, Email: fangzjnj65@sina.com) : Salidroside induces apoptosis and autophagy in gastric cancer cells via regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathway. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 179-85.

Salidroside, an active ingredient of Rhodiola rosea, exhibits antiproliferative effect in gastric cancer  (GC) cells. However, the involvement of salidroside in apoptosis and autophagy of GC cells has not been elucidated. Cell viability of BGC-823 cells was assessed by CCK-8 assay, and apoptosis was analyzed with terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay and flow cytometry. The apoptosis- and autophagy-associated proteins and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were determined by Western blot analysis. Autophagy was evaluated by green fluorescent protein-fused LC3 punctate formation. Salidroside inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis and autophagy of BGC-823 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, salidroside enhanced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK. Furthermore, inhibition of MAPKs significantly abolished the effects of salidroside in BGC-823 cells. Salidroside induced apoptosis and autophagy of BGC-823 cells via activation of MAPK signaling pathway.

4 illus, 23 ref

000558   RAMADHAN S A, FAUZI D, WITKA B Z, RAHAYU D, HASANAH A N (Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry Dep, Padjadjaran Univ, West Java, Indonesia, Email: aliya.n.hasanah@unpad.ac.id ) : Methyl methacrylate as functional monomer for ethylmorphine-imprinted polymers in butanol using bulk and precipitation polymerization. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 424-32.

Ethylmorphine is a narcotics compound that can be used as an antitussive and analgesic with low levels in the blood. Ethylmorphine can cause dependence and can be misused by society. To minimize the misuse of ethylmorphine, it is necessary to monitor ethylmorphine’s levels in the blood. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and examine the characteristics and performance of molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) for extraction ethylmorphine from the blood. MIP was synthesized using ethylmorphine as a template molecule, methyl methacrylate as a monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a crosslinker, benzoyl peroxide as an initiator, and butanol as a porogenic solvent with two polymerization methods (bulk and precipitation). The result shows that the precipitation polymerization method produces sorbents that have better analytic performances than sorbents made by bulk polymerization; the value of affinity was 0,0964 mg/g and homogeneity was -0,7535. However, it is not selective to ethylmorphine compared to hydromorphone with a value of imprinting factor was 4,6502. Based on these results, MIP made by precipitation polymerization couldn't be used to extract ethylmorphine selectively but can be used to extract hydromorphone selectively. Physical characterization of the sorbent with FTIR and SEM shows that MIP made by precipitation polymerization method has a larger cavity and pore size compared to NIP from the same polymerization method.

7 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref

000553   REZEKI E N, RUSLAN K, HARTATI R, NAYAKA N M D M W, FIDRIANNY I (Pharmaceutical Biology Dep, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung- 40132, Indonesia, Email: irdafidrianny@gmail.com) : The waste products of Mangifera indica L. ‘ARUMANIS’: In vitro antioxidative activities and phytochemical content. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 374-81.

The objectives of this study were to determine antioxidative activities of waste products (peel and seed) and flesh of arumanis mango (Mangifera indica L. ‘Arumanis’) using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) methods and to analyze the correlation between total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) with their antioxidative activities. TPC, TFC and antioxidative activities were observed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Pearson’s method was used to elaborate the relationship between phytochemical content with their antioxidative activities. The ethanol seed extract gave the top antioxidative activity using DPPH and ethyl acetate flesh extract by CUPRAC assay. The highest TPC was showed by ethyl acetate seed extract, meanwhile, ethanol peel extract gave the highest TFC. The TFC in arumanis mango peel, flesh, and seed extracts had a significant and positive correlation with their AAI (antioxidant activity index) CUPRAC. In general, the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of waste products of arumanis mango were greatly potent antioxidants by DPPH and CUPRAC assays. Flavonoid compounds in arumanis mango peel, flesh and seed were the primary contributors in antioxidative activities by CUPRAC method. The waste products (peel and seed) of arumanis mango fruit were potential sources as natural antioxidants.

2 illus, 4 tables, 35 ref

000549   SERIANA I, AKMAL M, DARUSMAN, WAHYUNI S, KHAIRAN K, SUGITO (Syiah Kuala Univ, Banda Aceh-23111, Indonesia, Email: akmal_kh@unsyiah.ac.id) : Phytochemicals characterizations of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaves ethanolic extract: an important medicinal plant as male contraceptive candidate. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 343-50.

Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is a tropical plant that belongs to the Meliaceae family. It has an antifertility effect that could be developed for a male contraceptive candidate. This study evaluated the phytochemicals characteristics of neem leaf ethanolic extracts from Kajhu and Limpok in Aceh Besar Regency, Aceh, Indonesia, through phytochemicals screening, FTIR, and GCMS analysis. The result showed the differences of active compounds of neem leaves ethanolic extract from Kajhu and Limpok. Neem leaves ethanolic extract from Kajhu have more active compounds than from Limpok area, which contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, steroids. The main compound neem leaves ethanol extract in Kajhu is linolenic acid, while hexadecanoic acid is found in Limpok. Its active compounds serve as an antifertility agent that could disrupt gonadotropin hormone and spermatogenesis.

2 illus, 4 tables, 38 ref

000537   GURNING K, HARYADI W, SASTROHAMIDJOJO H (Pharmacy Dep, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Senior Medan, Medan-20141, Indonesia, Email: kastagurning@gmail.com) : Isolation and characterization of antioxidant compounds of Bangun-bangun (Coleus amboinicus, L.) leaves from NORTH SUMATERA, INDONESIA. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 248-53.

Coleus amboinicus, Lour has been successfully isolated and characterized active isolates from the ethyl acetate fraction and tested its antioxidant activity. Isolation was carried out by maceration method with methanol followed by stratified fractionation with n-hexane, chlorofrom and ethyl acetate. The each fraction was tested for antioxidant potential by DPPH method at a wavelength of 515 nm and the ethyl acetate fraction gave a better antioxidant potential then it's purified. Purification using by gravitational column chromatography with the stationary phase silica gel 60 and the mobile phase ratio of n-hexane: ethyl acetate with polarity are gradually increased. Isolates were characterized by UV, FT-IR, NMR, and GC-MS spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity (IC₅₀) test obtained 386.46. The molecular formula is C₂₂H₂₈O₆ isolate with the name of the chemical compound 16-hydroxy-7α-acetoxyroyleanone (syn. 16-hydroxy-7-O-acetylhorminone).

4 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

000536   MEGANTARA S, LEVITA J, IBRAHIM S, NGUYEN B P (Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Dep, Padjadjaran Univ, Sumedang- 45363, Indonesia, Email: jutti.levita@unpad.ac.id) : Andrographolide, a diterpenoid lactone compound of Andrographis paniculata, binds to LYS353 and ASP38 in the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 241-7.

The SARS-CoV-2 viruses use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter the human body. Infections are initiated by the binding of transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein to the peptidase domain of human ACE2 (hACE2). A recent structural analysis reported the presence of two hotspots in hACE2 where the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus attached, namely hotspot-31 and hotspot-353. Our work studied the molecular interaction of diterpenoid lactones of Andrographis paniculata and the hydroxybenzylidene derivates of andrographolide with these hotspots in the peptidase domain of hACE2. The X-ray crystal structure of hACE2 was downloaded from RCSB Protein Data Bank (https://www.rcsb.org/). The ligands were built using MarvinSketch of ChemAxon and were subjected to energy minimization using the MMFF94 forcefield partial charges in the LigandScout software. The energy-minimized ligands were docked to both hotspots of hACE2. The results indicated that of all test ligands, only andrographolide could occupy hotspot-353 by building hydrogen bonds with Lys353, Glu37, and Asp38, and possesses the best docking score (-6.20 kcal/mol). Thus, andrographolide might be able to prevent the fusion of SARS-CoV-2 to hACE2 by occupying the site where the viruses attach to.

5 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

000533   RAJ R, CHANDRASHEKAR K S, BISWAS R, PAI A, PAI V (Pharmacognosy Dep, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, Email: pai.vasudev@manipal.edu ) : Rapid high-performance thin layer chromatographic quantitative estimation of caffeine in various foods and beverages. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 221-6.

Caffeine is an alkaloid and well-known CNS stimulant usually added in most foods and beverages. Caffeine had drawn more attention in many nutritional products due to its stimulant effect on CNS, so that the product to which caffeine is added becomes more popular in the market. The present work was carried out to extract and estimate the amount of caffeine in the various food and beverages by chromatography technique using HighPerformance Thin Layer Chromatography. Procured marketed products like confectioneries, foods and beverages are subjected for extraction and estimated the caffeine content by HPTLC method by using mobile phase Ethyl acetate: Methanol (9: 1) and quantified. Monster and Tzinga both energy drinks showed the content within the label claim (23.96 and 25.43 % respectively). However other products though they did not have a label claim, showed significant caffeine content, in that dark chocolate showed the highest 11.40 %, whereas diet coke did not show any caffeine content. The consumable food products like biscuits, energy drinks, and other beverages with added caffeine should have quantitative labeling on the wrapper to help the consumer to know about the caffeine. But label claim of caffeine is missing on some products, HPTLC method helps to estimate the caffeine content from the marketed products.

10 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

000532   MUKHOPADHYAY N, SAMPATH V, PAI S, BABU U V, LOBO R (Pharmacognosy Dep, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal- 576 104, Email: richardlobo73@gmail.com) : Evaluation of antiarthritic potential and phytochemical analysis of different fractions of selected medicinal plants. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 212-20.

Arthritis is a chronic inflammatory condition that is a major disability throughout the world. For so many years there are several therapies used for the treatment but they have many disadvantages like side effects, poor bioavailability, high cost etc. So, researches are going on for the development of alternative effective therapy for arthritis. The current study explores anti-arthritic activity (by targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6) and phytochemical analysis of different fractions of Capsicum annum, Boswellia serrata and Lawsonia inermis. In this study overall seven fractions were prepared with the help of fractionation. They were coded as CO, COHF, COMF, BPS, HMEP, HMAP and HAMF. The anti-inflammatory activity of the fractions was evaluated by using an in-vitro IL-6 and TNF-ɑ ELISA study. The non-toxic concentration of the study samples was determined by MTT assay. High-PerformanceThin-Layer Chromatography was used for qualitative analysis of phytoconstituents present in the fractions. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy was used for the identification of phytoconstituents present in the fractions of COMF, BPS and HMEP. HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of capsaicin, galactose, arabinose, luteolin, β-sitosterol, LCMS analysis showed the presence of capsaicin, luteolin, lalioside and arabinose.

8 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

000317   WANG F, HUANG J, LI J, CHEN K, ZHANG X, ZHANG Y, ZHU Y (Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai- 201 499, Email: zhuyi1222@sina.com) : Bilobalide, A bioactive compound on sepsis-induced acute lung injury through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 163-9.

Sepsis, one of the major life-threatening conditions and responsible for approximately 40 % of clinical Acute Lung Injury  (ALI) patients. Nevertheless, there are no specific medications available to reduce mortality. Bilobalide, a natural bioactive component present in Ginkgo biloba, has several medicinal properties. However, the effect of Bilobalide against ALI residues unknown. And so, the therapeutic property and underlying molecular mechanism of Bilobalide was investigated against sepsis-prompted ALI in the murine model. Materials and Methods: In C57BL/6J mice model, sepsis introduced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to induce lung injury. Our results showed that Bilobalide treatment increased the survival rate of CLP-induced sepsis mice. Pretreatment with Bilobalide substantially inhibits the sepsis-induced lung exudation, which is exposed by measuring the wet/dry weight of lung and lung permeability of the mice. Also, Bilobalide attenuated the histopathological alterations alike alveolar hemorrhage and infiltration of inflammatory cells are assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1 β, IL-6 and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 pro-inflammatory mediators and myeloperoxidase are measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Molecular mechanism of Bilobalide in lung inflammation whereby cyclooxygenase-2  (COX-2), induced nitric oxide synthase  (iNOS), heme oxygenase-1  (HO-1), and the activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (kB) (p65)/IkB are determined by immunoblotting technique. Moreover, pretreatment of Bilobalide significantly downregulated the expression of COX-2, iNOS, and phosphorylation of p65 and induced the IkB activation in the lung. Further, Bilobalide prevented the oxidative stress by upregulating the expression of HO-1 in lung tissues, and gene expression of sepsis-induced anti-oxidative enzymes  (catalase, MnSOD, CuZnSOD, and GPx-1) in the Bilobalide-treated mice were induced dose-dependently and it determined by a quantitative-real time-polymerase chain reaction.  Hence, we suggested Bilobalide has the ability to act as a possible therapeutic candidate against sepsis caused ALI.

6 illus, 31 ref

000316   ZHOU J, FAN Q, ZHANG Y, CASTILLO R, XIAO M, LIU H, ZHU Z, LIU Y, YANG Y, ZHOU Y, PAN X, HE F (Hunan Univ of Chinese Medicine, Hunan- 410 208, China, Email: pharmsharking@163.com) : Novel mathematical model for the assessment of similarity of chromatographic fingerprints of volatile oil from houttuynia cordata. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 154-62.

The analysis of similarities among fingerprints of Chinese herbal medicines is an important quality control tool to determine the authenticity of the herbal medicines. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to develop a novel mathematical model to analyze the similarity of the chromatographic fingerprints of Houttuynia cordata (HC). Total quantum statistical moment similarity (TQSMS) expressions were deduced to evaluate the similarities between two chromatographic fingerprints. The volatile oil samples of HC were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the fingerprints were constructed by the area under the peak of the chromatograms.  There were nine peaks in common, and a total of 733 chemical constituents observed among 15 batches of samples. The number of peaks in the chromatographic fingerprints of the 15 batches of HC was 49–137, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 30.13 %. The sum of area under the peak was 1.159 × 107 –3.437 × 108 μv × s, with an RSD 174.56 %; MCRTT   was 9.410–18.602  min, with an RSD of 20.79 %; and VCRTT   was 37.549–81.504, with an RSD of 23.27 %. The volatile oil composition and content of HC showed strong fluctuation. Therefore, its quality control from the variety and content of the components is impractical. Since TQSMS method can characterize the sample similarity, we can quantitate the correct probability of positive and negative conclusions regardless of the population origin of the samples. Our results show that TQSMS can be an additional method that can be used to assess the similarity of two chromatographic fingerprints.

7 illus, 32 ref

000315   ZHANG S, WANG T, WANG X, WANG Y, WANG P, LI J, WANG Z, LIN F ( Rehabilitation Medicine Dep, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao Univ, Yantai- 264 000,China, Email: faliang86@outlook.com) : Protective effects of ginsenoside rh1 on intervertebral disc degeneration through inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-b signaling pathway. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 140-5.

In this study, we aim to explore the protective effect of ginsenoside Rh1 against intervertebral disc degeneration  (IDD) and the related mechanism. IDD model in Sprague-Dawley rats was established and the animals were treated with different concentrations of ginsenoside Rh1 for 4 weeks, after this, the animals were sacrificed and the intervertebral disc of was collected for analysis using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Western blot analysis was performed for quantifying the expression levels of glycosaminoglycans  (GAGs) and Types I and Type II collagen. Moreover, serum samples were collected and the expression levels of some of the inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1 β and IL-6 were evaluated. Next, we collected the nucleus pulposus  (NP) cells from the animals and were divided into five groups: control, IDD, treatment groups with different concentrations of ginsenoside Rh1 (10, 20, and 50 µg/mL). After treatment, the levels of IL-1 β and IL-6 in the cell culture supernatant were examined. Then, we performed western blot analysis to quantify the levels of B-cell lymphoma-2  (Bcl-2), B-cell lymphoma-extra-large  (BCL-xL), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in different groups. We observed that ginsenoside Rh1 significantly downregulated the expression of type I collagen and upregulated the expression of type II collagen and GAG under in  vivo conditions. Moreover, the expression levels of IL-1 β and IL-6 in the serum samples of IDD rats and cell culture supernatant of NP cells isolated from the IDD rats were significantly increased. However, ginsenoside Rh1 significantly increased the levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and decreased the levels NF-κB both under in vitro and in vivo conditions.  Ginsenoside Rh1 demonstrated protective effect against the IDD via regulation of IL-1 β/NF-κB signaling pathway.

5 illus, 29 ref

000314   LEE Y, LIM H-W, YOON J-Y, LEE S, RYU I W, PARK M, CHI Y M, LIM C-J (Biotechnology Dep, Korea Univ, Seoul- 02841, Email: cjlim@kangwon.ac.kr) : Skin-Healing properties of ginsenoside rd against ultraviolet-b-induced photooxidative stress through up-regulation of antioxidant components in hacat keratinocytes. Pharmacogn J 2021, 17(73), 134-9.

Korean ginseng  (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a traditional herbal medicine used worldwide today. Ginsenoside Rd  (Rd), one of its main ginsenosides, has been ascertained to have various pharmacological efficacies including neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. This work assesses the antioxidant and protective potentials of Rd against ultraviolet (UV)-B-induced skin photooxidative stress in HaCaT keratinocytes. Cell viability was detected using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. Promatrix metalloproteinase-2  (proMMP-2) activity and protein were detected using gelatin zymography and western analysis. Total glutathione (GSH) content and total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were spectrophotometrically determined. Rd, at varying concentrations nontoxic to HaCaT keratinocytes, attenuated the UV-B-induced ROS generation. Rd at 5, 12, and 30 µM attenuated the UV-B-induced proMMP-2 gelatinolytic activities to 59.3 % ± 9.5 %, 41.3 % ± 9.5 %, and 13.1 % ± 8.9 %, respectively, of those of the non-treated control cells. It could also diminish the UV-B-induced proMMP-2 protein levels. Rd at 5, 12, and 30 µM augmented the UV-B-reduced total SOD activities to 1.6 ± 0.2-, 2.4 ± 0.3-, and 3.2 ± 0.2-fold of those of the non-treated control cells, respectively. Rd could up-regulate the UV-B-reduced total GSH.  Rd has counteracting properties against elevated ROS and proMMP-2 and attenuated GSH and SOD under UV-B irradiation, implying that it possesses a protective activity against photoaging possibly through up-regulating antioxidant components. These findings suggest that Rd can be considered as a novel natural resource for anti-photoaging functional cosmetics.

4 illus, 6 tables, 28 ref

000313   HIJAZI M A, HIJAZI K, BOUHADIR K, FATFAT Z, ABOUL-ELA M, GALI-MUHTASIB H, EL-LAKANY A (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Beirut Arab Univ, Beirut, Lebanon, Email: m.hijazi@bau.edu.lb) : Anticancer activity of abietane diterpenoids from salvia libanoticum grown in lebanon. Pharmacogn J 2021, 17(73), 127-33.

The Salvia plant and their metabolites are well reported for their valuable therapeutic effects and as potential remedies for treatment of many diseases. Salvia libanoticum is an endemic species to Lebanon where its metabolites have never been investigated. The objectives were to evaluate the potential of abietane diterpenes from the roots of Salvia libanoticum as anticancer agents and explore some essential chemical features. Crude extract from the roots of Salvia libanoticum was separated using chromatographic techniques and spectroscopic analysis. The anticancer activities of the isolated compounds along with the crude extract were evaluated against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and HCT116 human colon cancer cells using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.  Eight abietane diterpenes were isolated to be royleanone (1), 6,7-dehydroroyleanone (2) orthosiphonol (3), horminone (4), 7α-acetylhorminone  (5), taxoquinone  (6), 8,9-epoxy-7-oxoroyleanone  (7), and 7-oxoroyleanone  (8). All compounds including the extract revealed dose-dependent inhibitory effects that varied between the two cell lines, indicating cell-type specificity and suggesting different cell-compound interactions. The most effective compound was found to be 7α-acetylhorminone, with IC50 of 18 and 44 µM on HCT116 and MDA-MB-132 cells, respectively. The results suggested that oxygenated C7 is essential for the cytotoxic activity. Moreover, the carbonyl group at position C7 leads to higher activity than the hydroxyl group. This study reported the potential of abietane diterpinoids as anticancer agents. It also suggested Salvia libanoticum and its diterpinoids as promising remedies in colon and/or breast cancer therapy. Further studies are needed to explore the exact interaction of these compounds with cancer cells at molecular level.

2 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref

000312   YU H, TOUNA A B, YIN X, ZHANG Q, LENG T, YANG L (Obstetrics and Gynecology Dep, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical Univ, Yunnan, China, Email: 13759481789@163.com) : Identification of differentially expressed genes and biological pathways in sanguinarine-treated ovarian cancer by integrated bioinformatics analysis. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 106-11.

This study was intended to identify potentially target genes and underlying biological pathway of sanguinarine in ovarian cancer. We obtained the expression changes of downstream target genes and underlying biological pathways regulated by control and sanguinarine groups via Affymetrix gene expression profile chip in ovarian cancer cells. An Affymetrix Genechip Agilent mRNA Array was used to recognize differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Afterward, gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes  (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed for the DEGs using the DAVID database. A total of 1185 DEGs between sanguinarine and control groups were identified, including 835 upregulated and 350 downregulated DEGs. The result of GO analysis recommended that the DEGs were mostly enriched in biological processes, including negative regulation of gene expression, nitrogen compound metabolic process, and transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. Alterations in cellular components  (CC)   were suggestively enriched in the cytoskeleton and endoplasmic reticulum. The changes in molecular function were suggestively enriched in nucleic acid-binding transcription factor activity, protein dimerization activity, and enzyme binding. The results of the KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the DEGs were mostly concentrated in “Systemic lupus erythematosus,” “MAPK signalling pathway,” “Pathways in cancer,” and “Metabolic pathways.”  The present study provided insights into the mechanism underlying sanguinarine target genes in ovarian cancer cells, which might be used as effective targets for OC diagnosis and treatment.

4 illus, 40 ref

000311   KANG Y, LI J, JING L, ZHANG Y, WANG X (Urology Surgery Dep, The People’s Hospital of Zhangqiu, Shandong Province- 250 200, China, Email: lvtianer@sina.com) : Antiproliferative and apoptosis inducing effect of delphinidin against human bladder cancer cell line. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 101-5.

Urinary bladder cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of delphinidin on proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in the urinary bladder cancer cell line (T24). We performed 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay to analyze the cytotoxic effect of delphinidin on T24 cell proliferation. We tested different concentrations of delphinidin. Furthermore, the effect of delphinidin on cell cycle arrest was studied using flow cytometric assays and the percentage of apoptotic cell death was estimated via annexin V/propidium iodide. According to our results, delphinidin  (10–60 µg/mL) demonstrated a significant cytotoxic effect against T24 cells. Morphological analysis and analysis of the oxidative stress revealed a significant number of dead cells in comparison to the control group. The results of flow cytometry revealed that delphinidin caused dose-dependent apoptosis of T24 cells. In summary, delphinidin can be a promising option for the treatment of urinary bladder cancer in the future.

4 illus, 27 ref

000310   MA S, XUE D, ZHANG B, JIANG Y, CAI Q (Medicine Dep, Liaoning Univ of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China, Email: caiqianmail@sina.com) : Targeted metabolomic analysis of seven short-chain fatty acids in feces of rats with spleen-deficiency syndrome after administering raw and bran-fried atractylodis rhizoma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 93-100.

For treating spleen-deficiency syndrome (SDS), atractylodis rhizoma (AR) is usually treated with bran, which is measured to enhance efficacy. Newly, we found that bran-fried AR (BFA) had benefits over raw AR in refining gut flora. However, the change about metabolism of gut flora caused by raw and BFA remains unclear.  The aim of this study was to compare the difference between raw and BFA acting on short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolism in SDS rats, a metabolic pathway comprising gut flora. The model of SDS rats was recognized and then given raw and BFA by gavage. The serum was collected for the determination of motilin  (MTL), gastrin  (GAS), trypsin  (TRY), and amylase (AMS) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The feces were collected for the determination of 7 SCFAs under selective ion monitoring mode by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Raw and BFA can upsurge the levels of MTL, GAS, TRY, and AMS in the serum of SDS rats, diminution the levels of acetic acid and propionic acid, and rise the level of hexanoic acid in the feces of SDS rats, and BFA showed noteworthy activity than raw AR. Raw and BFA can improve the acetic acid, propionic acid, and hexanoic acid metabolism in SDS rats, and BFA was more potent than raw AR.

3 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

000309   SUDEEP H V, GOUTHAMCHANDRA K, RAMANAIAH I, RAJ A, SHYAMPRASAD K (R and D Center for Excellence. Vidya Herbs Pvt. Ltd, Karnataka, Email: research@vidyaherbs.com) : An edible bioactive fraction from Rosa multiflora regulates adipogenesis in 3t3-l1 adipocytes and high-fat diet-induced c57bl/6 mice models of obesity. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 84-92.

Rose varieties are cultivated worldwide for ornamental flowers and have been greatly valued in the cosmetics and medicinal applications. Medicinal preparations from the different parts of the rose, including leaves, petals, and fruits, have been studied for various health benefits. Here, we have studied the efficacy of a standardized rose petal extract using the experimental models.  The anti-obesity effect of a polyphenol-rich extract from the petals of Rosa multiflora var. platyphylla  (RoseFit, 2 %–3 % isoquercetin) was studied using in  vitro adipocyte differentiation model and in  vivo diet-induced obesity model.  Treatment with 250 and 500 µg of rose fit dose-dependently reduced the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and lipid accumulation thereof. The expression of adipogenic markers such as CCAAT/ enhancer-binding protein-alpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma was markedly down regulated in the adipocytes treated with RoseFit. A  6-week treatment of high-fat diet  (HFD) fed mice with RoseFit (100 mg and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced the body weight, liver and fat pad weights, and adipocyte cell size of epididymal fat. Rose fit treatment also mitigated the hepatic inflammation significantly as compared to untreated HFD mice. Collectively, our findings suggest that the standardized rose petal extract may be used as a functional ingredient in food to increase the nutritional value and health-promoting effects.

10 illus, 1 table, 39 ref

000308   LIU H, SU L-L, REN Y, WANG W-Y (Nephropathy Dep, Weihai Rongcheng Center Hospital, Shandong, China, Email: w0cgipw5@163.com) : Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide increases the expression of erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor in rats with chronic renal failure by activating hypoxia-inducible factor-2α. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 76-83.

To investigate the effect of Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide (RGP) in rats with chronic renal failure. In this study, we established a rat model of adenine-induced chronic renal failure. Hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), total protein (TP), serum albumin  (ALB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cystatin C (Cys C), and serum creatinine anhydride (SCA) were detected in the blood samples of rats. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe the pathological changes. Immunohistochemical was used to detect the protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor  (HIF)-2α, erythropoietin  (EPO), and vascular endothelial growth factor  (VEGF) and calculate the value of microvessel density (MVD) in renal tissues. M1001 and GPRRP + PT2385 groups were added to further validate the mechanism of RGP.  In the case of rats with chronic renal failure, GPRRP and EPO contributed to the repairment of renal tissue. The level of Hb, TP, and ALB, as well as RBC counts was significantly increased, and the renal function indexes, including BUN, SCA, and Cys C, were significantly decreased, and HIF-2α, EPO, VEGF, and MVD were significantly increased. The effects observed in M1001 group was similar to those in GPRRP group, but compared with GPRRP + PT2385 group, the biochemical indicators and renal function indexes were significantly decreased, which means HIF-2α inhibitor antagonized the protective effect of RGP. RGP played an essential role in repairing the renal injury in rats with chronic renal failure. The therapeutic mechanism of action may be related to the activation of HIF-2α, thereby increasing the expression of EPO and VEGF and then reducing renal anemia and renal tissue damage.

6 illus, 39 ref

000307   KOCANCI F G, ASLIM B (Medical Laboratory Techniques Dep, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat Univ, Ankara, Turkey, Email: goncaok@gmail.com) : Chemical composition and neurotherapeutic potential of glaucium corniculatum extracts. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 67-75.

The discovery of natural agents that suppress neural apoptosis is of strategic importance for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Glaucium corniculatum has been used as a traditional medicine because of its memory-enhancing and neuroprotective properties. However, there has not been a study about this plant’s apoptosis suppressive properties until now. The present study examines the possible suppressive effects on apoptosis of three different G. corniculatum extracts  (chloroform, methanol, and water) in neuronal-differentiated PC12  (dPC12) cells induced by hydrogen peroxide  (H2 O2 ) and presents the first association of compound content differences in extracts with the suppressive property.  The chemical composition of these extracts was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy  (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The changes caused by the extracts in apoptotic markers were examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Results: Extracts contained alkaloid, fatty acid, alcohol, alkane hydrocarbon, ester, ether, alkane, alkene, aliphatic, aromatic, and phenolic compounds with different relative proportions. In all the three extracts, the major compound was allocriptopine. Oleamide and 2-monopalmitin were the major fatty acids, respectively, identified in water and methanol extracts. Extracts were suppressed H2 O2 -induced apoptosis via decreasing the expression of Bax, Caspase-3 and -9, while increasing Bcl-2, in a concentration-dependent manner. The water extract showed the highest apoptosis suppression while methanol was the second.  G. corniculatum extracts suppress apoptosis in dPC12 cells and allocriptopine, oleamide, and 2-monopalmitin may be responsible of apoptosis suppressive effect.

3 illus, 5 tables, 41 ref

000306   GU$ X , YAO$ X , MEI J, HE H, GAO X, DU Y, ZHAO J, ZHAO L, LAI X, SHI K (Hematology Dep, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Yunnan- 650 118, China, Email: xykyxm@sina.com) : β-caryophyllene, a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene, induces apoptosis by inhibiting inflammation-associated proliferation in molt-4 leukemia cells. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 58-66.

Leukemia is known to be a common type of cancer mostly affecting children. The standard therapeutic treatment available for leukemia has many drawbacks with serious side effects. Therefore, plant-based chemotherapeutic agents that show less/no toxic side effects might be an efficient way to treat leukemia. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the potential of β-caryophyllene, obtained from various plants sources, and found that it persuades oxidative stress-associated apoptosis during the repression of inflammation and proliferation in  MOLT-4 leukemia cancer cells. In this study, MOLT-4 cells were incubated with β-caryophyllene (15 and 20 µM) for 24 h and found that β-caryophyllene increased the level of cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased the level of antioxidants, mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptotic reaction in MOLT-4 cells. Cell proliferation and apoptosis are important cellular events, and inhibition of cell proliferation along with the generation of proapoptotic marker has been considered as a novel task for treatment of cancer. According to our results, β-caryophyllene induced apoptosis by downregulating the expression of Bcl-2 family of proteins and upregulating the expression of caspases involved in BAX-associated apoptosis in MOLT-4 cells. It also downregulated the expression of biomarkers involved in proliferation  (proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin-D1) and inflammation  (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, nuclear factor-kappa B, and cyclooxygenase-2). In summary, β-caryophyllene potentially induced apoptosis by generating ROS and by inhibiting inflammation and proliferative genes in MOLT-4 leukemia cells.

11 illus, 44 ref

000305   ZHANG S, BI L, WANG Q, WANG D, TIAN Y, ZHENG Z, HAN Y (Tuberculosis Dep, Hebei Univ, Baoding City- 071 000, China, Email: thiszzq002@sina.com) : Immunomodulatory effect of d-carvone in swiss albino mice with benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung cancer. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 51-7.

Globally, lung cancer is the second most cause of deaths, which accounts for approximately 29 % of the cancer cases worldwide. d-Carvone is considered a vital constituent of many essential oils with immense pharmacological benefits. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory effect of d-carvone in the Swiss albino mice model against benzo(a) pyrene (BaP)-induced lung carcinoma. BaP was orally administered to the mice (50 mg/kg body weight [bw] for 4  weeks  [twice a week]). Post-BaP administration, d-carvone  (20 mg/kg bw) was orally administered to the mice  (20 mg/kg bw). We calculated the tumor incidence and performed the following measurements: lung and bw, hematological parameters, immune complexes  (phagocytic and avidity indexes, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, soluble immune complex levels, immunocompetent cells (leukocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils), immunoglobin (Ig) levels  (IgG, IgA, and IgM), level of xenobiotics and enzymes that point toward hepatic dysfunction, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and proinflammatory cytokines  (PICs) in experimental and normal mice. The level of oxidative stress in the experimental animals was investigated. The lung tissues of investigational animals were examined for the histopathological changes. According to the results, there was an increased level of lipid peroxidation and decreased level of antioxidant activity in the lung tumor samples. The counts of lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear cells, and macrophages were notably decreased and increased, respectively, by the d-carvone post-treatment. Moreover, BaP-induced inflammation that is indicated by the increased in the level of PICs and CEA proteins in lung samples. d-Carvone attenuated the levels of PICs and CEA. The results of this study reveal that d-carvone prevented the cells against BaP-induced inflammation in lung cancer without causing adverse effects.

7 illus, 1 table, 48 ref

000304   LI A, ZHANG L, VEERARAGHAVAN V P, MOHAN S K, WANG J ( Hematology Dep, Shandong Univ, Shandong Province- 250 033, China, Email: 85875634wang@sina.com) : Dieckol attenuates cell proliferation in molt-4 leukemia cells via modulation of jak/stat3 signaling pathway. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 45-50.

Leukemia is a cancer of the hematopoietic stem cells, which leads to an uncontrolled proliferation of leukocytes in blood. It is responsible for one of the most important cancer-associated deaths across the globe.  In this study, we analyzed whether dieckol  (DEK), a polyphenolic compound obtained from brown algae, can suppress cell proliferation via regulation of JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway in leukemia cell lines (Molt-4). According to our results, DEK induced cytotoxicity, altered the cell morphology, caused nuclear damage, enhanced the formation of reactive oxygen species, decreased the production of mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced the levels of antioxidants (reduced glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase), and augmented the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in Molt-4 cell lines. Furthermore, STAT3 has been recognized as an important transcriptional mediator that controls cell proliferation. Thus, suppression of STAT3 transcription is a novel approach for the suppression of Molt-4 cell proliferation. In this study, DEK inhibited STAT3 translocation, thereby suppressing the increased expression of cyclin E1, PCNA, cyclin D1, and JAK1 in Molt-4 cell lines. In summary, DEK suppressed the cell proliferation of Molt-4 cells via inhibition of JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway

8 illus, 44 ref

000303   LIU L, MU H, PANG Y (Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Province, China, Email: zhongxinlll16@sina.com) : Caffeic acid treatment augments the cell proliferation, differentiation, and calcium mineralization in the human osteoblast-like mg-63 cells. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 38-44.

Osteoporosis is an imperative health problem that extremely distresses the public that leads to a higher risk to the bones from both spontaneous and accidental bone fractures. Caffeic acid is a polyphenol compound that happens naturally in numerous vegetables such as coffee beans, potatoes, propolis, olives, and carrots with many pharmacological aids. The current study was planned to examine the potential of Caffeic acid in proliferation, differentiation, and calcium mineralization of osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. The cell viability of Caffeic acid-supplemented MG-63 cells was examined through the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide  (MTT) cytotoxicity test. The mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin was reviewed through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction study. The calcium deposition rate in the Caffeic acid-treated MG-63 cells was studied through Alizarin Red S  (ARS) staining. The result of the MTT test exposed that the 10 and 20 mg/kg of Caffeic acid supplementation did not show any cytotoxicity to the osteoblast-like MG-63 cells; instead, it helped the viability of MG-63 cells. The expression of ALP is particularly increased in the Caffeic acid-supplemented MG-63 cells, whereas the osteocalcin expression was noticeably diminished. The ARS staining was exhibited that the Caffeic acid treatment was noticeably enhanced the calcium mineralization rate in the osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. Based on the findings of investigation, it was proved that the Caffeic acid treatment was significantly enhanced the cell proliferation, differentiation, and calcium mineralization in the osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. Hence, it was clear that Caffeic acid can be engaged as the potential agent for the purpose of bone regeneration.

3 illus, 43 ref

000523   BUDIPRAMANA K, WIRASUTISNA K R, WARTONO M W, PRAMANA Y B, SUKRASNO S, YUNIARTA T A (Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung- 40132, Indonesia, Email: krisyantibudipramana@staff.ubaya.ac.id) : Heterogeneity of triterpenes and steroids structure as DPP-4 inhibitors: A review article. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 149-54.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are diabetes mellitus drugs that inhibit the metabolism of glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) from the DPP-4 enzyme thus prolong the half-life of GLP-1. This review provides an overview of DPP-4 inhibitors from triterpenes and steroids and some related compounds from in silico prediction, in vitro, and in vivo studies. The knowledge of the heterogeneity of DPP-4 inhibitors structure from synthetic drugs as well as natural sources will assist to design more potential DPP-4 inhibitors, yet it is needed to be evaluated clinically. Hopefully, the scientific combination among molecular modelling and experimental studies perspectives will generate DPP-4 inhibitors with the desired outcome.

3 illus, 1 table, 34 ref

000519   SAHA G K, KUMARI B, UPADHYAY P K, KUMAR M, BHATT S, SAINI V, SHARMA N, NARWAL S, BHATIA M (Maharishi Markandeshwar, Ambala, Haryana, Email: manish_singh17@rediffmail.com) : Development and validation of Telmisartan in tablet dosage form by RP-HPLC assay technology. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 125-30.

A simple, selective, rapid, precise and economical reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatographic method has been developed as per ICH nomination for Development and Validation of Telmisartan in Tablet Dosage form By RP-HPLC Assay Method. The assay method was carried out by using a mobile phase consisting of Buffer Solution and Solution A ((Methanol and Acetonitrile (1:1)) in the gradient ratio. The detection was carried out by using HPLC Shimadzu LC with UV-Visible PDA at 298 nm.The column was Hypersil BDS C-8 (12.5 cm X 4.0 mm, 5 µ). The flow rate was selected as 1.2 ml/min. The retention time of Telmisartan was found to be 8.3 min respectively. The developed method was validated in terms of specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity and system suitability. The optimized proposed method easy to handle and commercially used for the routine quality control checking of Telmisartan pharmaceutical combine tablets dosage form.

3 illus, 6 tables, 12 ref

000516   HARAHAP U, DALIMUNTHE A, HARO G, SYAHPUTRA R A, WIDODO, UTOMO D H, SATRIA D (Pharmacology Dep, Sumatera Utara Univ, Medan- 201 55, Indonesia, Email: urip@usu.ac.id ) : In-silico analysis of cardiac glycosides from vernonia Amygdalina delile. leaves as cardiotonic through inhibition of Na⁺/k⁺ atpase ion transport. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 101-4.

Vernonia amygdalina Delile. leaves are potential as cardiotonic and anticancer cause of cardiac glycosydes which contain in them. This study evaluated the mechanism of cardiac glycosides from Vernonia amygdalina Delile. leaves in inhibition of Na^+/K⁺ ATPase with molecular docking. Docking was performed on the receptor file (PDB ID: 4HYT) using AutoDock Vina PyR x 9.5 program and visualized by Ligplot 2.1 dan PyMol 2.3.1. Two and three-dimension conformation models of compounds were generated by Chem Draw program. The docking score of Ouabain as the standard and Vernoniosides A2 were -10.7 Kcal/mol and -9.4 Kcal/mol. Vernoniosides A2 interacted with Phe316, Leu793, Phe783, Gly319, Ile800, Ile315, Glu116, Ala323, Leu795, Tht797, Asn122, Glu179, Asp884, Lys905, Asp121, Gln111, Glu117 and Asn122 residues

1 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

000301   DARWISH A G, SHAKER E S (Biochemistry Dep, Minia Univ, Minia- 61519, Egypt, Email: ahmed.darwish@famu.edu) : Physalis peruviana Juice and Seeds Methanolic Extracts; Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry; Antioxidant and Anticancer against Human A549, HepG2. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 1-5.

Physalis peruviana L. is a medicinal herb and its consumption increases annually in The Middle East, also the scientific research on it increases due to its valuable nutrient.  Methanolic extracts of P. peruviana L. seeds and juice were screened for their anticancer and antioxidant. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy profiling was performed for all extracts. The identification of seeds and juice methanolic extract showed the main sex compounds; ethanol, 2,2’ -oxybis-, caffeic acid in both of the extracts. Octadecadienoate ethyl and octadecenoic acid have been found in seed extract, and octadecadienoic acid and ferulic acid were in juice extract. Seeds extract has phenolic and flavonoid content as 53.58 and 45.56, respectively, comparing to juice extract (26.58 and 7.30, respectively). The antioxidant activities of seeds extract using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) (28.73 at 50 µg/ml and 1164.10, respectively) comparing to juice extract values (4.06 at µg/ml and 848.43, respectively). The conspicuous optimistic result is that seeds extract showed cancer inhibition against human HepG2 and A549 (81.45 and 85.34, respectively) comparing to juice extract  (44.06 and 32.06, respectively). Therefore, the demand to increase the usage of Physalis or golden berry in people’s diet is a demand to face the environmental oxidative stress.

19 ref

000302   ZHOU S, XU S, LI H, ZHAO C (Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology Coll, Jilin City 132101, China, Email: zhoushengxue1111@163.com) : The inhibitory effects of different kinds of ginsenosides on skin pigmentation in melasma mice model. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 31-7.

The study was aimed to compare the effects of seven different kinds of ginsenosides and total saponins on melasma and to explore their related mechanisms. The inhibitory rate of ginsenosides on tyrosinase (TYR) activity was measured in vitro. The skin cream comprising different kinds of ginsenosides was prepared and the melasma mice model was established. After successful modeling, different skin creams were applied to the backside of mice for 30 days and these mice were separated into 11 groups. Afterward, the melanocytes and melanin in the epidermal cells were analyzed under the microscope. Finally, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), TYR and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in melasma mice were determined by different assay kits. The outcomes of in  vitro experiment showed that ginsenosides could affect TYR activity with different concentrations. In the melasma mice model, ginsenosides and total saponins inhibited the growth of melanocytes and the synthesis of melanin. Furthermore, with the increasing use of skin cream comprising ginsenosides and total saponins, the activity of SOD showed an increase trend, while MDA content and TYR activity exhibited a decrease trend. Thirty  (30) days of treatment with ginsenosides (except for Rg1 and Rg2) and total saponins significantly increased the SOD activity and decreased the MDA and TYR levels compared with those in melasma mice without treatment (P < 0.05). Skin cream comprising ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, Rd, and Re could employ better protective roles in melasma by suppressing oxidative stress and inhibiting the synthesis of melanin.

3 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref