000300   Yan-Tao S, Bing W, Ting-Guo K (Liaoning Univ of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian- 116 600, China, Email: kangtingguo@163.com) : Spectrum–effect relationships between fingerprints of radix polygoni multiflori achyranthes bidentate and antiosteoporosis effect based on different extraction solvents. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 16-22.

Polygonum multiflorum and Achyranthes bidentate are traditional Chinese herbs, which show significant antiosteoporosis  (OP) effect. These two herbs are commonly used as a combination in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, the left humerus section of the mice were stained with hematoxylin and eosin staining to establish the spectrum-effect relationships between the high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint of different solvent extracts and the anti-OP effect. Finally, we analyzed the correlation between the content of main compounds of different solvent extracts and the anti-OP effect. The compatibility had obvious therapeutic effect on OP induced by retinoic acid. The results of pharmacodynamic analysis showed that the extract had a certain effect on the bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, the level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b  (TRACP-5b), and estrogen 2 and had a great influence on TRACP-5b especially. The results of spectrum-effect relationships and correlation analysis showed that the level of β-ecdysterone and tetrahydroxystilbene is negatively correlated with bone resorption index and TRACP-5b. The higher the content of the two compounds in the combination, the better the effect of treating mouse OP induced by retinoic acid. It is suggested that the compatibility of P. multiflorum and A. bidentata can be used to treat OP, and their mechanism of action is through reducing osteoclastic effect. β-ecdysterone and tetrahydroxystilbene may be the active components of combination of Polygoni multiflori-A. bidentate.

5 illus, 7 tables, 27 ref

000299   HEGAZY M M, METWALY A M, MOSTAFA A E, RADWAN M M, MEHANY A B M, AHMED E, ENANY S, SMAGDELDIN S, AFIFI W M, ELSOHLY M A (Pharmacognosy Dep, Al-Azhar Univ, Cairo- 11884, Egypt, Email: wael.afify@su.edu.eg) : Biological and chemical evaluation of some african plants belonging to kalanchoe species: antitrypanosomal, cytotoxic, antitopoisomerase i activities and chemical profiling using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/ quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 6-15.

Human African trypanosomiasis is one of the most serious neglected tropical diseases causing fatal symptoms and death. Natural products are a main source for anti-infective metabolites. The objective of the study is to evaluate eight different plants belonging to the Kalanchoe species growing in Egypt for antitrypanosomal, antimalarial, antileishmanial, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.  The antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei; cytotoxic activities against human colon carcinoma, human hepatocyte carcinoma, and human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines; antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani; antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum; and antimicrobial activities of all plant extracts have been examined.  As well as the identification of the secondary metabolites for the most active extract was performed via ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer operated in negative and positive ionization modes.  Among the examined plant extracts, Kalanchoe longiflora leaves extract showed promising activity against T. brucei with an inhibition concentration of sample at 50% fall in absorbance (IC50) value of 17.6 µg/ mL. K. longiflora with other extracts exhibited promising cytotoxic activities. Profiling of the polar secondary metabolites of K. longiflora revealed the presence of 47 metabolites including 31 flavonoids, 9 phenolic acids, 4 anthocyanidins, 2 chalcone glucoside, and 1 coumarin. To determine the mechanism of action of K. longiflora extract as a potent antitrypanosomal and cytotoxic agent, we investigate its ability to inhibit topoisomerase I enzyme. K. longiflora extract showed an excellent activity with an IC50 value of 0.148 µg/mL.  These interesting results open the door for further research aiming at the development of a successful treatment for Trypanosoma from K. longiflora.

6 illus, 2 tables, 67 ref

000297   MAKKIYAH F, RAHMI E P, REVINA R, SUSANTININGSIH T, SETYANINGSIH Y (Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta Univ, Indonesia) : Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. (Syn: Justicia picta Linn.) and its Effectiveness: A well-known indonesian plant. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 835-8.

Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff., a shrubby stove plant, has been used traditionally to treat various diseases. This review summarizes the up-to-date data about its phytochemistry and pharmacological properties and provides a perspective and direction for future research. The phytochemical analysis of G. pictum revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, glycoside, tannins, saponin, chlorophyll, nontoxic alkaloid, and anthocyanin. Meanwhile, the pharmacological analysis revealed that this plant possessed various activities such as antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-analgetic, woundhealing, anti-hemorrhoid, anti-diabetic, and estrogenic effects. However, most of its pharmacological activities were based on the crude extracts and the bioactive compounds responsible for the bioactivities have not been well identified. A further detailed investigation in phytochemistry to identify the bioactive compounds and to investigate the mechanism action of its bioactivities is required. Moreover, a toxicology study is also needed to develop a standardized formulation of G. pictum preparation and to fulfill the requirements of modern phytomedicine.

37 ref

000296   ALSAGAFF M Y, SUSANTI M, THAHA M, JONATAN C (Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Dep, Airlangga Univ, Indonesia) : Inotropes in chronic beta-blocker therapy. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 828-34.

The increasing rate of cardiovascular disorders contributes to rising hospitalized patients receive chronic oral beta-blocker therapy. Beta-blockers remain one of the fundamental therapy for chronic heart failure. Still, their role in decompensated heart failure and severe sepsis during hospitalization is often debated and inconsistent in clinical practice. In recent years, evidence of the efficacy and clinical outcomes of beta-blockers in acute heart failure (AHF) have accumulated. Clinical research indicates that chronic beta-blockade withdrawals should be prevented, or as soon as hemodynamic stabilization and euvolemic condition are reached, it should be reinstituted. As a subset of AHF patients with low cardiac output required inotropes, the choice of proper agent is fundamental. Different inotropic agents such as inhibitors of the phosphodiesterase, levosimendan, and dobutamine also their associations with beta-blockers are discussed.

1 illus, 1 table, 41 ref

000295   ALMATROODI S A, ALSAHLI M A, ALMATROUDI A, KHAN A A, RAHMANI A H (Medical Laboratories Dep, Applied Medical Science Coll, Saudi Arabia) : Peppermint, (Mentha × piperita): Role in management of diseases through modulating various biological activities. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 822-7.

Peppermint, (Mentha ×piperita), aromatic perennial herb of the mint family (Lamiaceae). It is a natural hybrid of Mentha spicata and Mentha aquatica and is found wild with its parent species in central as well as southern Europe. It holds various types of ingredients including menthol, menthone and cineol. Menthol, which is extracted from peppermint, play an important role in the inhibition of various types of pathogenesis. Peppermint oil also acts as a mild carminative agent and used for disorder of the large intestines that causes stomach pain. Moreover, experimental studies have confirmed its role in health management through anti-oxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, neuroprotection and hepatoprotective effects. its topical application shows relief from cold, muscle pain, and headache. The health promoting role of Peppermint has gained a noteworthy scientific attention, but the exact mechanism of its action still remains not clear. The current review mainly emphases on the pharmalogical effects of peppermint in the inhibition of pathogenesis. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of peppermint in the management of various types of diseases.

46 ref

000294   ALMATROODI S A, ALMATROUDI A, ALSAHLI M A, RAHMANI A H (Medical Laboratories Dep, Applied Medical Science Coll, Saudi Arabia) : Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum) and its active compounds: A review of its effects on human health through modulating biological activities. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 813-21.

Fenugreek seed are rich sources of various essential compounds and such components shows a significant role in the diseases cure and management through its anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, nephroprotective and anti-microbial activity. Moreover, fenugreek seed is a rich source of antioxidant and such potentiality inhibit the pathogenesis of diseases through free radical scavenging activity. Besides, fenugreek and its active compound shows role in tumour inhibition through modulating various genes activity including induction of apoptosis, tumour suppressor gene and inhibition of tumor necrosis factor. This review comprehensively summarizes the role of fenugreek seeds in health management through modulating various physiological and biochemical activities, along with special emphasis on in vitro and in vivo study.

80 ref

000293   TIWANA G, FUA J, LU L, CHEESMAN M J, COCK I E (Griffith Univ, Queensland- 4222, Australia) : A review of the traditional uses, medicinal properties and phytochemistry of Centaurea benedicta L.. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 798-812.

Centaurea benedicta L. is an annual herbaceous plant which belongs to the Asteraceae family. It is native to the Mediterranean region and western Asia and is commonly known as blessed thistle, holy thistle, St Benedict’s thistle or spotted thistle. Traditionally, it has been used to treat bubonic plague and possesses diuretic, galactagogue, liver-strengthening and wound healing properties. Recent research studies have investigated its anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and other therapeutic properties. Several studies have also reported its antimicrobial activity against a range of bacterial pathogens. However, most of these studies were preliminary and only tested relatively high concentrations of the extracts. Additionally, most studies screened a limited number of pathogens. Cnicin is the main chemical compound present in C. benedicta and it has been widely investigated. However, few other compounds from this plant have been identified and/or investigated, and further phytochemical studies are warranted. Interestingly, pure cnicin has good anticancer activity, whilst the crude extracts lack cytotoxic properties. Phytochemical analyses of C. benedicta extracts reveal the presence of multiple flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and lactones, although few specific phytochemicals within these phytochemical classes have been identified. A limited number of research studies have determined the toxicity profile of C. benedicta in order to evaluate its safety for human use. Substantially more detailed studies are required to rigorously investigate the therapeutic properties and phytochemistry of C. benedicta, which may ultimately lead to the development of new plant-based therapeutic medicines.

7 illus, 2 tables, 124 ref

000292   DUGUTA T, CHERIYAN B V (Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis Dep, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai– 600 117, Tamil Nadu) : An introduction and various phytochemical studies of Cinnamomum malabatrum: A brief review. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 792-7.

The aim of this research is to find new anticancer drugs from indigenous plant which are potent nontoxic or minimal toxic and to investigate the anticancer activity of Cinnamomum malabatrum plant leaves. The objective of the present study is to identify selected medicinal plants which possess anticancer activity according to their traditional uses. Cinnamomum malabatrum leaves, extraction method. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum malabatrum), the eternal tree of medical science belongs to the Lauraceae family. Cinnamon is one in every of the foremost important spices used daily by people everywhere in the world. Cinnamon primarily contains vital oils and other chemical constituents like Cinnamaldehyde, Cinnamic acid, Cinnamate. These constituents are used in different kinds of diseases they also producing cardiovascular disease lowering compound, used as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, lipid-lowering agent, and cardiovascular-disease-lowering compound, cinnamon has also been reported to have activities against cancer, like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease.  This review illustrates the phytochemical studies prospective.

14 illus, 9 ref

000291   RAMZI M I B, KOSNIN M H B, FAISAL G G, ARZMI M H, KUSUMAWARDANI A, SABERE A, MAKKY E A, IBRAHIM O E (International Islamic Univ, Malaysia) : The effect of eurycoma longifolia jack (tongkat ali) root extract on salivary s. mutans, lactobacillus and candida albicans isolated from high-risk caries adult patients. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 787-91.

The roots of E. longifolia jack (E.L.) or Tongkat Ali have been used in traditional medicine as well as supplements and food additives. Many chemical compounds have been detected in extracts of its roots which are believed to be responsible for its medicinal properties. In this study, our objectives were to study the effects of EL root extracts on the growth of Streptococcus Mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida Albicans isolated from saliva of adult patients with high caries risk. The ethanolic extract of the root of this plant was tested against saliva isolated Streptococcus Mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida Albicans via disc diffusion assay at a concentration of 200mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration was carried out by the standard broth microdilution method. Cell viability of test microorganisms against different concentration of the extract and inhibition zones were calculated. Disk diffusion assay showed positive zones of inhibition for all test microorganisms with S. mutans, Lactobacillus and C. albicans exhibiting zones of inhibition of 8.3 ± 0.7mm, 12.4 ± 2.4mm and 21.4 ± 2.7mm respectively. For minimum inhibitory concentration, the test microorganisms were tested at concentration of 250mg/ mL, 125mg/mL, 62.5mg/mL, 31.3mg/mL and 0mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration showed that MIC of S. mutans was at 62.5mg/mL, Lactobacillus at 125mg/mL and C. albicans at 31.3mg/mL. Lastly, the cell viability results supported the MIC determined prior.Ethanol-based E. longifolia Jack root extract has an antimicrobial effect on the following microorganisms isolated from the saliva of high-risk caries adult patients: S. mutans, Lactobacillus and C. albicans.

1 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

000289   CHOUDHARY N, PRABHAKAR P K, KHATIK G L, CHAMAKURI S R, TEWARI D, SUTTEE A (Lovely Professional Univ, Punjab) : Evaluation of acute toxicity, in-vitro, in-vivo antidiabetic potential of the flavonoid fraction of the plant chenopodium album l. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 765-9.

The Chenopodium album L. commonly recognized as Bathua, is widely distributed globally and contains various phytoconstituents that help treat several diseases. However, until now, aerial parts' antidiabetic potential and the plant's acute toxicity at fraction level have never been established. To investigate the acute toxicity, the in-vitro, in-vivo antidiabetic potential of the plant at fraction level.  The aerial parts of the plant were fractionated into different fractions, i.e., flavonoid fraction (CAFF), tannin fraction (CATF), alkaloid fraction (CAAF), saponin fraction (CASF), and were analyzed for in-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay. The CAFF, CATF, and CAAF were selected based on in-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay results and were further screened for its acute toxicity and in vivo antidiabetic activity using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetes model. The CAFF was characterized by LC-MS, and a molecular docking study was carried out.  The in-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay revealed that CAFF was found to be more potent than standard Acarbose having IC₅₀ values 122.18 ± 1.15 and 812.83± 1.07 μg/ml, respectively. The CAFF fraction was found to possess potent antidiabetic activity in a dose-dependent manner in both in vitro and in vivo diabetic models and did not produce any sign of severe toxicity. Furthermore, the bioactive CAFF fraction was characterized by LC-MS, showed the presence of quercetin 3-O-(2’’,6’’-di-O-rhamnosyl) glucoside (QRG) or quercetin 3-O-(2’’,6’’-di-Orhamnosyl) galactoside (QRGa) and quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) (QR). It is predicted from the molecular docking study that the CAFF fraction primarily acts as an alphaamylase inhibitor. The CAFF fraction was found to poses dose-dependent potent antidiabetic activity and did not produce any sign of severe toxicity and primarily act as an alpha-amylase inhibitor.

8 illus, 6 tables, 54 ref

000288   RADJAH S Y, PUTRI K S S, ELYA B (Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, and Natural Products Dep, Indonesia Univ, Indonesia) : Elastase inhibitory activity, determination of total polyphenol and determination of total flavonoids and pharmacognosy study of faloak plant (sterculia quadrifida r.br) from East Nusa Tenggara-Indonesia. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 758-64.

Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R. Br) is one of the typical plants of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Faloak contain flavonoid and polyphenol compounds, and show strong antioxidants activity which potentially correlated with its elastase inhibitory activity. Therefore, in this research, elastase inhibitory activity on various part of Faloak plant was investigated. The purpose of this research was to investigate the elastase inhibitory activity, determination of total polyphenol, determination of total flavonoids, and also pharmacognosy characterization of Faloak leaves, roots, stems and stem barks. Sample of leaves, roots, stems, and stem barks were extracted by 70 % ethanol using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Phytochemical screening, microscopic identification and elastase inhibitory activity testing were performed on the leaves, roots, stems, and stem barks extract. This extract with the highest elastase inhibitory activity was then determined for its total polyphenol content and of total flavonoids content. UAE method with 70 % ethanol successfully extracted active compounds from leaves, stems, roots, and stem barks of Faloak. Extract of all Faloak parts contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, and glycosides. The extract of Faloak stem barks showed the strongest elastase inhibitory activity as compared to the extract from other parts, with IC₅₀ of 73.7 μg/mL. Alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, terpene, and glycoside were detected as secondary metabolite in the extract of leaves, roots, stems and stem barks. The extract of Faloak stem barks showed the highest elastase inhibitory activity with IC50 73.7 μg/mL. The total flavonoids and total polyphenol content of Faloak stem bark extract were respectively 28.75 mg/gram and 45.25 mg/gram extract.  The 70 % ethanol extract of leaves, roots, stems, and stem barks of Faloak showed elastase inhibitory activity, and stem barks extract showed the strongest activity. Faloak stem barks extract can be considered as potential to be developed as active compound in anti-aging product, both in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dosage forms.

4 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

000287   WAHAB N Z A, AZIZUL A, BADYA N, IBRAHIM N (Biomedicine Dep, Sultan Zainal Abidin Univ, Malaysia) : Antiviral activity of an extract from leaves of the tropical plant cynometra cauliflora. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 752-7.

Cynometra cauliflora is a species of tree in the family Fabaceae and has been used in folk medicinal preparation. In this study, Cynometra cauliflora methanolic leaves extract was tested against clinical isolate herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). The leaves of C. cauliflora plant was extracted using methanol extraction method. Cytotoxicity was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Plaque reduction assays were carried out to evaluate the antiviral activity of C. cauliflora extract against HSV-1. These include post-treatment, pre-treatment and virucidal assays.  The value of cytotoxic concentration, CC₅₀ of C. cauliflora extract was 36 mg/ mL. High antiviral activity was observed in post-treatment. C. cauliflora extract treatment was found to not interfere directly to infectious particle and confer mild protection when given as prophylaxis.  This study provides important novel insights on the phytomedicinal properties of C. cauliflora extracts on HSV-1.

2 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

000286   TATA C M, SEWANI- RUSIKE C R, AREMU O, OYEDEJI O O, NKEH- CHUNGAG B N (Human Biology Dep, Walter Sisulu Univ, Mthatha- 5117, South Africa) : Antihypertensive effects of Osteospermum imbricatum in two hypertensive rat models. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 744-51.

Osteospermum imbricatum is used traditionally in Eastern Cape, South Africa for the management of hypertension, chest and stomach complaints. This study was aimed at investigating the antioxidant and antihypertensive effects of this plant.  Antioxidant capacity was determined by radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Antihypertensive effects after once off treatment with the leaf/root extracts (500 mg/kg) were evaluated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The effect of the extracts on established hypertension was determined in Wistar rats treated with Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (40 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks followed by co-treatment with L-NAME and extracts (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) or amlodipine (5 mg/kg) or normal saline for 4 more weeks.  The concentration at which there was 50 % inhibition (IC₅₀) of DPPH radical by the extracts was lower for the leaf extract (0.79 mg/mL) compared to the root extract (1.15 mg/mL). The leaf extract significantly (p<0.01) decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures in both rat models. The extracts of Omsteospermum imbricatu have moderate antioxidants and antihypertensive properties.

1 illus, 7 tables, 35 ref

000284   KENGANORA M, RUDRASWAMY S, HOMBARVALLI J S P, DOGGALLI N (Pharmacognosy Dep, J.S.S Coll of Pharmacy, Mysore) : Phytochemicals a novel therapeutic approach to control oral biofilm. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 730-6.

Humans and micro-organisms have co-evolved having a synergetic relationship with their resident microbiome. The mouth features a diverse microbiota that grows on oral surfaces as functionally and structurally organized biofilms. The oral biofilms are accountable for causing a wide range of chronic diseases and owing to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria it has really become tough to treat with efficacy. Operative control of oral biofilm and the resulting infectious diseases epitomizes a significant universal challenge. For this kind of therapeutics, natural herbal products are perfect candidates because of their unique properties. The current review presents a novel approach to control and eradicate oral biofilm by the phytochemicals. Research on phytochemicals is zealously focused on health promotion, disease prevention, and also on the development of novel therapeutic interventions.

1 illus, 2 tables, 66 ref

000283   SIORDIA-REYES GEORGINA A, JORGE C-G, ADELINA J-A M (Patología Dep, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Col. Doctores- 06720, Mexico) : Nephro- and hepatoprotective effect of Rosmarinus officinalis against damage induced with antitb drugs using a chronic model. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 722-9.

Nephro- and hepatoprotector effect of MeOH extract from R. officinalis against the liver and kidney damage caused by the mixture of RIF:INH:PZA, using a chronic in vivo model are described. MeOH extract (EMRO) was prepared by maceration process and was administered by oral via during 91 days in male Balb/C mice with RIF:INH:PZA-induced renal/liver damage, using silymarin (SIL) as a positive control. EMRO (250 mg/kg) favoured body weight gain respect to the antiTB group, this gain was better than that shown by the SIL. The AST and ALT values of the group that received the EMRO extract and SIL were similar to that the control group and low compared to the group antiTB with liver damage. In addition, the GPx, CAT and POx values of the group treated with the EMRO were similar to that the control group. In the liver histological analysis, no significant alteration was observed; however, a severe nephritis was observed in anti-TB group (II) and this effect was less in groups III (antiTB/SIL) and IV (antiTB/EMRO). MeOH extract enhances body weight gain and primarily protects the kidney and liver from damage caused by the antiTB drug mixture when was administered for 91 days.

2 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

000282   LUBSANDORZHIEVA P B, RENDYUK T D, DASHINAMZHILOV ZH B, DARGAEVA T D, FERUBKO E V (Institute of General and Experimental Biology of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Ulan-Ude, Russia) : Pharmacognostic study of collection and study of its hepatoprotective activity. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 713-21.

The aim of this work is pharmacognostic study of herbal formulation consisting of elecampane rhizomes and roots (Inula helenium L.), fruits of rose (Rosa sp.) and hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), leaves of pepper mint (Mentha piperita L.) and cowberry leaves (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.), spiny eleuterococcus rhizomes and roots (Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr.et Maxim.) Maxim., low cudweed herb (Gnaphalium uliginosum L.s.l.) as well as determination of its hepatoprotective activity. An electron microscope, HPLC and methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of Russia were used in pharmacognostic study of herbal formulation. The hepatoprotective, antioxidant and choleretic activities of the herbal formulation were studied in vivo model of liver damage induced by tetracycline hydrochloride and 40% ethanol. The content of biologically active substances (BAS) collected: essential oils - at least 0.30 %; flavonoids in terms of luteolin - not less than 1.0 %; ascorbic acid - not less than 0.5 %; tannins - not less than 3.0 %; arbutin - at least 0.4 %; eleutheroside B - not less than 0.01 %.It has been found that the course administration of herbal formulation to white Wistar rats with liver damage eliminates the prooxidant effect of tetracycline and ethanol, reduces the manifestation of cholestasis and increases the rate of bile secretion for 1-3 hours. The herbal formulation has hepatoprotective activity, antioxidant, choleretic effect and stimulates regenerative and antitoxic processes in the liver in rats with a model of combined liver damage induced tetracycline and ethanol. The obtained research results argue the possibility of using herbal formulation for prevention and complex treatment of liver diseases.

29 ref

000281   HUSNI E, BADRIYYA E, PUTRI L, ALDI Y (Andalas Univ, Indonesia) : The effect of ethanol extract of moringa leaf (Moringa oleifera lam) against the activity and capacity of phagocytosis of macrofag cells and the percentage of leukosit cells of white mice. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 706-12.

This study aims to determine the activity, capacity of macrophage phagocytosis, and percentage of leukocyte cells of male mice treated with the ethanol extract of moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam). Twenty male mice were divided into four equal groups. The extract was administered orally for seven days at a dose of 10; 30; 100 mg/kg; and 0.5 % CMC Na suspension as a negative control. On the 8^th day, the percentage of blood cell leukocytes in mice tail was calculated using a microscope. Suspension of Staphylococcus aureus was injected intraperitoneally. The peritoneal fluid was taken to figure the activity and capacity of macrophage cell phagocytosis. The activity and capacity of macrophage cells are calculated using a microscope. The data were statistically analyzed by the one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) method and Duncan test.  The results showed that giving oral ethanol extract of Moringa leaves on male could increase macrophage activity and capacity, increasing dose, macrophage activity number, and capacity increased. The highest activity and capacity was achieved at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Moringa leaf extract can also increase the percentage of banded neutrophil, lymphocytes, eosinophil cells and decrease the percentage of neutrophil cell segments and monocytes from male white mice. The highest percentage of banded neutrophil, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and reductions in the percentage of neutrophil cell segments, monocytes present at doses of 100 mg/kg.  From the result, it can conclude that ethaol extract of Moringa Leaf can increase the activity and capacity of macrophages and percentage of neutrophils.

3 illus, 15 ref

000280   OKONTA E O, ONYEKERE P F, UGWU P N, UDODEME H O, CHUKWUBE V O, ODOH U E, EZUGWU C O (Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicines Dep, Nigeria Univ, Nsukka, Nigeria) : Pharmacognostic studies of the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens linn. (labiatae) (poit). Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 698-705.

The pharmacognostic standards of fresh, powdered and transverse sections of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) leaf were carried out to determine its macroscopic, microscopical (both qualitative and quantitative), analytical standards and phytochemical profile. The macroscopy revealed a simple leaf, oppositely arranged along the stem with a dark green colour on the outer surface and pale green on the inner surface, ovate in shape and bilateral base, acute apex with a serrate margin. The qualitative microscopy of the powdered leaf shows xylem vessels parenchymal cells with diacytic type of stomata. Also epidermal cells with stoma wall, polygonal parenchymatous and collenchymatous cells making up the cortex with starch grains; non-glandular uniserate, multicellular septate trichome, irregular shaped prisms of calcium oxalate crystals and small bundle of mucilage cells. The quantitative microscopy of the leaf showed the values of palisade ratio, stomatal number (upper and lower epidermal stomatal index (upper and lower surface), vein-islet number and vein termination number to be 5.10, 50stomata/mm², 80 stomata/mm², 12.33, 23.14, 35/mm² and 20/mm² respectively. For the analytical standards; 9.90 %, 1.67 %, 0.38 % 6.39 %, 0.61 % w/w, 1.16 % w/w, 11.70 % and 7.25 % were obtained for total ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive value, water soluble extractive value, moisture content and fibre content respectively. The qualitative phytochemical analysis on Hyptis Suaveolens leaves showed presence of carbohydrates, reducing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids and saponins. These specific standards obtained are of importance in the establishment of diagnostic indices for the standardization, identification and preparation of monograph on the plant.

6 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

000279   SALAM M A, RASLAN H M, MOHAMED D A, ELGENDY A, HUSSEIN R A, MOGUIB O, ABDELHADI M, EL-BANNA R E A S, FOUDA K, SHERITY S Y E, ZIKRI E N, AMMAR N M (Complementary Medicine Dep, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt) : Effect of soybean on bone health and some metabolic parameters in postmenopausal Egyptian women. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 688-97.

Great concern has been raised recently concerning the therapeutic impact of soybean. The present study aims to investigate the effects of soybean on bone health and metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women. In this clinical study, 72 healthy postmenopausal women aged between 45-65 years were given soybean bioactive fraction 2 capsules (500mg each) daily for 24 weeks. Each capsule contained 31.25 mg proteins, 3.2 mg carbohydrates and 4.84 mg isoflavones. Blood pressure, bone mineral density, plasma osteocalcin (OCN), telopeptides of collagen type I (CTX), fasting insulin and blood glucose, lipid profile, serum creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and TSH were assessed prior and after the period of the study. Insulin resistance was calculated by homeostatic model assessment-IR formula (HOMA-IR).  Soy ingestion resulted in a significant increase in T score of the hip and OCN; recording -1.97±0.13/-1.76±0.12 and 22.44±0.60ng/ml/30.93±0.57ng/ml before/after treatment, respectively. A marked decrease was also detected in CTX from 2.22±0.10ng/ml to 1.48±0.08ng/ml. With regard to metabolic parameters, there was a significant decrease in fasting insulin (5.40±0.62uU/ml vs 4.15±0.45uU/ ml), however, fasting glucose and HOMA-IR showed no significant alterations. Lipid profile displayed remarkable decline in total cholesterol (188.86±7.23mg/dl vs 159.60±4.72mg/dl, triglycerides (97.09±5.23mg/dl vs 83.56±4.27mg/dl), LDL-c (75.60±3.06mg/dl vs 63.95±1.86mg/ dl) accompanied with a significant elevation in HDL-c (53.09±0.88 vs 65.81mg/dl±0.80mg/ dl). A significant decrease in both TSH (1.97±0.13 uIU/ml vs 1.40±0.08 uIU/ml) and serum creatinine (0.82±0.02mg/dl vs0.77±0.02mg/dl) was also noticed. Consumption of soy improves bone health, reduces cardiovascular risk with no adverse effects on kidney, liver or thyroid functions.

1 illus, 3 tables, 41 ref

000278   WAHYUNI T S, PERMANASARI A A, TUMEWU L, WIDYAWARUYANTI A, HAFID A F (Pharmaceutical Science Dep, Airlangga Univ, Surabaya- 601 15, Indonesia) : Qualitative and quantitative analysis of 70 % ethanol extract from ruta angustifolia for developing anti-hepatitis c agents. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 682-7.

Medicinal plants are potential sources for drug candidates. It possesses with various metabolites which have many pharmacology effects. Ruta angustifolia is one of medicinal plants that has been used traditionally for liver disease. Previous study it has been demonstrated to inhibit hepatitis C virus under in vitro cell culture. It decreased protein NS3 level and gave synergistic effect in combination with simeprevir and telaprevir. This plant provides a prospective candidate to develop as anti-HCV Objective: This study evaluates the phytochemistry screening for qualitative assay and determine the concentration of rutin as marker compound for developing R. angustifolia extract as anti-HCV agent.  R. angustifolia leaves were extracted with 70% of ethanol. Extract and rutin were analysis their anti-HCV activity by in vitro culture cells of Huh7it. The concentration of rutin was determine by TLC densitometry.The 70 % ethanol extract of R. angustifolia dan rutin exhibit anti-HCV activities with IC₅₀ value of 2.9 ± 0.8 μg/ml and 28.1 ± 5.6 μg/ml, respectively. Screening phytochemistry demonstrated to contain flavonoid, terpenoid, alkaloid and polyphenols. TLC densitometry analysis yield the concentration of rutin in extract 0.06 %. Extract of 70 % ethanol of R. angustifolia has a potential anti-HCV activity. Extract of R. angustifolia may provide a good candidate for developing anti-HCV agents.

2 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

000277   KEDDARI S, BOUFADI M Y, MOKHTAR M, HAMED D (Abdelhamid Ibn Badis Univ, Mostaganem, Algeria) : Culture of lactic acid bacteria in natural environments based on dates. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 675-81.

Lactic acid bacteria are used in the food industry and have restrictive criteria for probiotic potential. The most common growth media used for lactic acid bacteria is de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe culture medium (MRS). In this study, three culture media were developed (date powder DP, date core DC and date core associated with lentils CL) based on locally available plant materials with a low market value to obtain a less expensive culture medium compared to the reference medium MRS for the growth of lactic acid bacteria. Four lactic strains were used (Lactobacillus acidophilus LbA-CECT4529, Lactobacillus plantarum LbP-CECT 748, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis Bb12 and Bifidobacterium bifidum Bb 443). The growth and acidification kinetics of the tested strains were evaluated. The content sugar was determinate with HPLC. All lactic bacteria were able to grow on all culture media, but the best results were obtained with MRS and DP media. No significant difference (p <0.05) was observed between DP and MRS medium. The consumption of sugars and proteins in the DP medium was good with all tested bacteria (70.87 to 81.96 % and 71.42 to 80.90 %, respectively). After the analysis of sugar content of DP medium before and after fermentation with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fructose was the only sugar detected (45.28μg/ml ± 0.24). After fermentation, 83% of fructose was consumed by Bb12. The present data allow us to conclude that date medium promotes the growth of lactic bacteria and can be considered as MRS standard medium substitute.

3 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

000274   SHALINI K, ILANGO K (Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Div, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur- 603 203, Tamil Nadu) : Preliminary phytochemical studies, gc-ms analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity of selected medicinal plants and its polyherbal formulation. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 648-59.

Novel polyherbal formulation (PHF) is the utilization of more than one herb in the preparation of herbal medication. The thought is found in the conventional system of medicine where the variety of herbs in a specific proportion of illness. Because of synergism, polyherbalism presents a few advantages which aren’t accessible in single herbal medication. It is utilized in these medications for the treatment of numerous sicknesses including antioxidants. To develop a phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of Novel Polyherbal formulation for In vitro antioxidant activity. Macroscopical, preliminary phytochemical, quantitative phytoconstituents, and In-vitro antioxidant activity of all the individual extract and polyherbal formulation was done by chemical method. Identification of phytoconstituents with the aid of Gas chromatography – Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).  Macroscopical study and physicochemical examination, for example, ash value, extractive value, loss on drying, and pH were reported to A. racemosus, B. variegata, C. bonducella, S. asoka, and S. racemosus and novel polyherbal formulation. Qualitative phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, gums & mucilage, carbohydrates, steroids, proteins & amino acids, fats & fixed oils, glycoside, phenols, and saponins. Quantitative estimation such as TAC, TFC, TGC, TSC, and TPC was showed positive results. All the individual extract and PHF were subjected to GC-MS analysis. All the individual extract and polyherbal formulation displayed strong antioxidant activity.  To conclude the PHF was reported that high level of bioactive contents present and strong antioxidant activity in contrast to the preferred ascorbic acid. The GC-MS uncovered the presence of bioactive compounds and these compounds are suggested to treat antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral, anti-tumor, anti-proliferative activity, and antifungal activity.

3 illus, 13 tables, 29 ref

000273   SHALINI K, ILANGO K (Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Div, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur- 603 203, Tamil Nadu) : Preliminary phytochemical studies, gc-ms analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity of selected medicinal plants and its polyherbal formulation. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 648-59.

Novel polyherbal formulation (PHF) is the utilization of more than one herb in the preparation of herbal medication. The thought is found in the conventional system of medicine where the variety of herbs in a specific proportion of illness. Because of synergism, polyherbalism presents a few advantages which aren’t accessible in single herbal medication. It is utilized in these medications for the treatment of numerous sicknesses including antioxidants. To develop a phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of Novel Polyherbal formulation for In vitro antioxidant activity. Macroscopical, preliminary phytochemical, quantitative phytoconstituents, and In-vitro antioxidant activity of all the individual extract and polyherbal formulation was done by chemical method. Identification of phytoconstituents with the aid of Gas chromatography – Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).  Macroscopical study and physicochemical examination, for example, ash value, extractive value, loss on drying, and pH were reported to A. racemosus, B. variegata, C. bonducella, S. asoka, and S. racemosus and novel polyherbal formulation. Qualitative phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, gums & mucilage, carbohydrates, steroids, proteins & amino acids, fats & fixed oils, glycoside, phenols, and saponins. Quantitative estimation such as TAC, TFC, TGC, TSC, and TPC was showed positive results. All the individual extract and PHF were subjected to GC-MS analysis. All the individual extract and polyherbal formulation displayed strong antioxidant activity.  To conclude the PHF was reported that high level of bioactive contents present and strong antioxidant activity in contrast to the preferred ascorbic acid. The GC-MS uncovered the presence of bioactive compounds and these compounds are suggested to treat antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral, anti-tumor, anti-proliferative activity, and antifungal activity.

3 illus, 13 tables, 29 ref

000272   DANH N T (FPT Univ, Vietnam) : Causes, symptoms and treatments common hepatitis B today. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 644-7.

Hepatitis B is the world's most common fatal liver disease caused by the B virus. Vietnam is one of the countries with the highest rates of B virus infection in the world. HBV is transmitted through the blood and body fluids of infected people, just like HIV does, but HBV is nearly 100 times more infectious than HIV. Most hepatitis B infections in adults are fully reversible, even if symptoms are very severe. Although there is currently no effective cure and vaccines that can prevent it, we can still prevent it and cure it if we know how to take some precautions that can avoid infecting others. This article discusses the right solutions for effective treatment and prevention. Some suggestions have been made regarding the scientific composition of herbs, so their application needs more attention.

4 illus, 14 ref

000271   LANGUAGE H T H (FPT Univ, Vietnam) : A few potential treatments of asthma in Vietnam. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 640-3.

Asthma is a chronic condition that can be fatal if it isn't treated promptly during an attack. Patients with an asthma attack cannot breathe enough air to supply the body with oxygen and within minutes, the patient can die. In Vietnam today, people can buy antibiotics on their own without the need of a doctor to prescribe or visit. Many people who only see signs of coughing, wheezing have voluntarily bought antibiotics for use. The overuse of antibiotics is very common in asthma patients. In fact, antibiotics are not effective in most types of asthma. Abuse of antibiotics is not only ineffective, but also makes the patient more tired, reduces resistance, and digestive disorders. Some antibiotics can even lead to acute asthma attacks. This article covers some of the remedies that can eradicate asthma with a combination of several fairly safe treatments. Through analysis of the scientific composition and current studies, it is possible to treat asthma and maintain good health.

4 illus, 14 ref

000270   KASSEM I A A, AWDAN S A E, SALEH D O (Natural Compounds Dep, National Research Centre, Cairo- 126 22, Egypt) : Characterization of flavonoids and saponins from gleditsia triacanthos by lc-esi/ms/ms analysis: Pharmacological assessment of the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-ulcerogenic activities of g. triacanthos methanolic fruit extract and its n-butanol fraction. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 631-9.

Gleditsia triacanthos is known to possess various pharmacological activities. The composition of n-butanol fraction of Gleditsia triacanthos methanolic seedless fruit extract was identified from the LC-ESI/MS/MS spectra. Total methanolic extract of the seedless G. triacanthos fruits (MEGT) and its n-butanol fraction (BFGT) at three dose levels 70, 140 and 280 mg/kg were studied for their anti-diabetic and anti-ulcerogenic effects. The anti-diabetics properties of MEGT and BFGT were orally assessed in streptozotocin (STZ; 55 mg/kg; i.p.)-induced hyperglycemic rats. Their anti-ulcerogenic activities were also evaluated in ethanol-induced peptic ulcer in rats. Two phenolic acids, five flavonoids as well as four saponins were identified from BFGT. Both MEGT and BFGT showed high potential in decreasing the elevated serum glucose, total triglycerides and total cholesterol levels in rats, dose dependently, comparable with the anti-diabetic reference drug; gliclazide (Glz; 10 mg/kg; p.o.). They also showed an elevation insulin and α-amylase serum levels. On the other hand, MEGT and BFGT showed significant ulceroprotective activities through decreasing both number and severity of ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats, dose dependently, comparable with the anti-ulcer reference drug; ranitidine (20 mg/kg; p.o.) with MEGT at 280 mg/kg showing highest activity. From all the previous results, it can be concluded that the observed pharmacological properties are attributed to the augmented activities of the saponin and flavonoidal content of G. triacanthos fruits.

2 illus, 3 tables, 76 ref

000268   KUMAR K I A, MANICKAM M S, SREEJITH M, SEBASTIN V (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, KVM Coll of Pharmacy, Alappuzha, Kerala) : In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory evaluation of the whole plant extracts of Crotalaria biflora (l). Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 620-5.

Several species of Crotalaria are cultivated and consumed across the world by the rural population for a variety of purposes that include medicine, food, green manure, fodder etc. The present study was aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of different extracts of the whole plant Crotalaria biflora by in vitro and in vivo methods.  The powdered material of the whole plant Crotalaria biflora was extracted by soxhelation with different solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. Stabilization of human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane is the method employed for the in vitro evaluation. The extracts selected based on the results of in vitro evaluation was further subjected to in vivo evaluation by carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema method. In both in vitro and in vivo evaluations, Indomethacin was used as the standard control. Among the four tested extracts in six different concentrations subjected to the in vitro evaluation, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts (1000μg/ml) showed significant activity which was selected for the in vivo evaluation. Among the two doses of extracts (200mg.kg^-1 and 400mg.kg^-1) selected for the in vivo evaluation, the methanol extract (400mg.kg-1) showed significant activity followed by the ethyl acetate extract in the same dose. Further studies on the phytochemicals present in these extracts may give more significant results.

5 tables, 15 ref

000266   ALMATROODI S A (Medical laboratories Dep, Qassim Univ, Saudi Arabia) : Therapeutic implication of honey against chronic carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury via enhancing antioxidant potential and maintenance of liver tissue architecture. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 542-9.

The current study was undertaken to examine the possible hepatoprotective effect of natural honey against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced liver injury in mice. A significant increase in the serum aminotransferases (ALT and AST) and alkaline phosphatase activity was noticed in mice exposed to CCl₄. In addition to this, a significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) was observed in CCl₄-induction group. However, treatment with honey (400 mg/kg b.w, 4 times/ week) clearly demonstrates significant hepatoprotective activities by lowering the liver marker enzymes towards the normal reference range and restores the antioxidant enzyme levels(p<0.05). The effect of CCl₄ was also noticed microscopically by alteration in liver tissue architecture. The administration of liver toxicant causes, hemorrhage, congestion, necrosis, edema and remarkable blood vessel dilation. Moreover, honey exhibited protective action against this haloalkane in tissue architecture as the severity of liver tissue alteration was significantly reduced (p<0.05). The expressional pattern of P53 protein in groups treated with CCl₄ only as well as honey plus CCl₄ was statistically insignificant. In conclusion, this study reveals that natural honey has a remarkable protective effect against CCl₄-induced liver toxicity at antioxidant enzyme, histological and protein expression level.

7 illus, 33 ref

000266   ALMATROODI S A (Medical laboratories Dep, Qassim Univ, Saudi Arabia) : Therapeutic implication of honey against chronic carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury via enhancing antioxidant potential and maintenance of liver tissue architecture. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 542-9.

The current study was undertaken to examine the possible hepatoprotective effect of natural honey against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced liver injury in mice. A significant increase in the serum aminotransferases (ALT and AST) and alkaline phosphatase activity was noticed in mice exposed to CCl₄. In addition to this, a significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) was observed in CCl₄-induction group. However, treatment with honey (400 mg/kg b.w, 4 times/ week) clearly demonstrates significant hepatoprotective activities by lowering the liver marker enzymes towards the normal reference range and restores the antioxidant enzyme levels(p<0.05). The effect of CCl₄ was also noticed microscopically by alteration in liver tissue architecture. The administration of liver toxicant causes, hemorrhage, congestion, necrosis, edema and remarkable blood vessel dilation. Moreover, honey exhibited protective action against this haloalkane in tissue architecture as the severity of liver tissue alteration was significantly reduced (p<0.05). The expressional pattern of P53 protein in groups treated with CCl₄ only as well as honey plus CCl₄ was statistically insignificant. In conclusion, this study reveals that natural honey has a remarkable protective effect against CCl₄-induced liver toxicity at antioxidant enzyme, histological and protein expression level.

7 illus, 33 ref

000265   SUJONO T A, KUSUMOWATI I T D, MUNAWAROH R (Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Dep, Muhammadiyah Univ, Surakarta- 571 62, Indonesia) : Effects of jamaican cherry (Muntingia calabura l.) fruits extract on immunoglobulin g levels and hematological profiles in mice. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 535-41.

Jamaican cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) fruits contain potential immunomodulatory agents such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds. However, previous research was limited only to the effect of Jamaican cherry fruits on non-specific immune response namely the phagocytic index. This study aims to determine the immunomodulatory activity of Jamaican cherry fruits against specific immune response by measuring the antibody formation named immunoglobulin G (IgG). In addition, the hematological profile of the animals induced by hepatitis B vaccine was also evaluated.  forty male mice were grouped into 8 groups consist of control, treatment, and standard groups. Control group was given CMC-Na 0.5 %, six treatment groups were each given either the methanol extract of Jamaican cherry fruits (MEJF), or ethyl acetate fraction of Jamaican cherry fruits (EAJFJ) with the doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW (each dose for one group), and levamisole was given to the standard group. Levamisole and extract of Jamaican cherry fruits were prepared as a suspension in CMCNa 0.5 % and administered orally for 15 days. Mice were induced with hepatitis B vaccine intraperitoneally twice. The levels of IgG, hematological profiles, and organ index were measured on the 16^th day. The administration of MEJF and EAFJF stimulated IgG production significantly compared to the control group (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the MEJF and EAFJF did not influence the hematological profile. An increase of the spleen index was found in the EAFJF group compared to the control. Both MEJF and EAFJF were shown to have flavonoids, phenolics, and triterpenoids contents. MEJF and EAFJF possessed immunostimulant properties by increasing the specific (humoral) immune response (IgG) after induction with the hepatitis B vaccine.

1 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

000264   ANI W A K, ALQUDAH A A, TARAWNEH K A (Biology Dep, Mu`tah Univ, Jordan) : Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts of some plants selected from South Jordan. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 528-34.

Three Jordanian medicinal plants; Peganum harmala (P. harmala), Geropogon hybridus (G. hybridus), and Salvia officinalis (S. officinalis) were selected from Al-karak region in order to investigate their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The crude extract yield of all used plants were varied from 10.6% in Salvia officinalis and 15.6% in P. harmala, to 18 % in G. hybridus. The antibacterial activity of these plants was carried out on four bacterial strain (S. aureus, E.coli, E. aerogenes and B. subtilis). These plant ethanol extracts have effects on the gram positive strains and gram negative bacteria except S. officinalis did not show activity against E. Coli. The minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of P. harmala S. officinalis and G. hybridus (MIC) ranged from 125 μg/ml to 500 μg/ml. The ethanol crude extract of G. hybridus gave 10 fractions using TLC method, fraction 1,3 and 10 exhibited antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains. Their total phenolic contents were evaluated; the highest total phenol content was observed in G. hybridus with 410 mgGAE/g plant extract followed by P. harmala and S. officinalis with 305 and 203.7 mg/g plant extract, respectively. The antioxidant activity was estimated by using DPPH method. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained with G. hybridus extract and found to be 0.89 mg Trolox/g plant extract. The lowest antioxidant activity was obtained with S. officinalis which was 0.53 mg Trolox/g plant extract. The lowest IC₅₀ (highest antioxidant activity) was observed in G. hybridus with 0.83 mg/ml. Intermediate effect observed in P. harmala with IC₅₀ 1.1 mg/ml. The lowest antioxidant activity was obtained in S. officinalis with IC₅₀ 1.38 mg/ml.

3 illus, 6 tables, 48 ref

000263   JESÚS J-G H , ELVIRA C-F J, ARMANDO C-O R, GUILLERMO R-J A, DANIEL N-D-P, DAVID V-Q A, FELICITA R-C N, NÉLBER F-F (Norbert Wiener Univ, Peru) : Antioxidant capacity and protective effect of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of senecio rhizomatus rusby "llancahuasi" on erythrocytes subjected to oxidative stress. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 516-27.

To evaluate the antioxidant capacity and protective effect of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Senecio rhizomatus Rusby in rat erythrocytes subjected to oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). This study used an experimental design. The extracts were obtained through maceration with 96° ethanol (SeR96), 70° ethanol (SeR70), 50° ethanol (SeR50) and through infused water (SeRAc). Secondary metabolites were identified through colorimetric reactions and precipitation. In each extract, we could determine the capacity to eliminate 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), the reduction of ferric ion and the total polyphenol content. In addition, the activity on the plasma membrane redox system (PMRS) was evaluated in each extract. The protection against oxidative stress in erythrocytes was evaluated by determining the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA).  Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, sesquiterpene lactones and sugars were identified in all the extracts. The total polyphenols content showed a correlation with the reduction of ferric ion (r=0.885) and with DPPH radicals elimination (r = -0.899), where the one with the highest antioxidant capacity was SeR50. Thus, the SeR50 (all concentrations) and SeR70 (100 μg/mL concentration) significantly increased the PMRS activity compared to the control group. After inducing oxidative stress in erythrocytes, all the extracts maintained the GSH level and inhibited MDA formation significantly compared to the H₂O₂ group. The antioxidant capacity of hydroalcoholic extracts (96°, 70°, 50°) and aqueous infusion of Senecio rhizomatus Rusby is related to the content of polyphenols. They increase the plasma membrane redox system activity in rat erythrocytes and protect them from oxidative stress induced with H₂O₂, showing an increase in the concentration of reduced glutathione and a decrease in malondialdehyde.

6 illus, 3 tables, 57 ref

000262   BOUFADI M Y, KEDDARI S, MOULAIHACENE F, CHAA S (Abdelhamid Ibn Badis Univ, Mostaganem, Algeria) : Chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Salvia officinalis extract from Algeria. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 506-15.

 Due to its flavoring and seasoning properties, Salvia officinalis has been widely used in the preparation of many foods. In folk medicine in Asia and Latin America, it has been used for the treatment of various types of disorders, including seizures, ulcers, rheumatism, inflammation, dizziness, and high blood sugar. The purpose of this study is to determine the chemical composition by HPLC/UV, antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation; thus the, the anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract of Salvia officinalis (EES) on certain homeostatic parameters, inflammatory biomarkers and antioxidant status in Wistar rats subjected to inflammation induced by carrageenan. Male rats (n = 24) were exposed to inflammation of the peritoneal by carrageenan (200 μL: 2%) and treated for 5 days with ethanolic extract of Salvia officinalis (EES) in order to repair the damage caused by inflammation on homeostasis, TNF-α and PGE2. The results of scavenging of DPPH and lipoperoxidation of the extract, showed an IC₅₀ of 29.69 ± 1.32 and 46.17 ± 1.51 μg/mL, respectively. The identification of EEC by HPLC shows the presence of polyphenolic acids (salvianolic acid, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid) and many flavonoids (Cirsimaritin, Catechin, Acacetin, kaempferol, pinocembrine, quercetin). Salvia extract contains 221.08 ± 2.36 mg EAG/g and 80.54 ± 1.3 mg EQ/g dry extract. Compared to the control group, carrageenan induced a substantial decrease (P<0.05) in antioxidant enzymes and a highly significant increase (P<0.05) in homeostatic parameters (blood sugar, CRP and fibrinogen), biomarkers of inflammation (TNF-α and PGE2) and malondialdehyde levels. The administration of Salvia extract corrects this perturbation where there is an improvement in antioxidant enzymes and a decrease in biomarkers of inflammation. Salvia officinalis has been able to repair carrageenin-induced perturbations homeostasis and inflammation markers in Wistar rats.

2 illus, 5 tables, 71 ref

000261   ZULAIKHAH S T, WAHYUWIBOWO J, SUHARTO M N, ENGGARTIASTO B H, ORTANTO M I R, PRATAMA A A (Public Health Dep, Islam Sultan Agung Univ, Central Java- 50112, Indonesia) : Effect of tender coconut water (TCW) on tnf-α, il-1 and il-6 in streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamid (NA) induced diabetic rats. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 500-5.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is characterized by an increase in blood sugar levels also known as hyperglycemia. Continuous hyperglycemia can increase the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS causes oxidative stress and increases the formation of TNF-α expression as a marker of inflammation. Tender coconut water is rich in sources of free amino acids, L-arginine and vitamin C which can prevent oxidative stress. This research to investigate the effect of tender coconut water on TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in Streptozotocin (STZ) and Nicotinamid (NA) induced diabetic rats.  Experimental research design using posttest control group design. Twenty four male wistar strain rats were used in this study were divided randomly into 4 groups, which are group K1 (control); K2 (DM type 2); K3 (DM type 2+ Glibenclamid 0,18mg/200grBW); K4 (DM type 2+ tender coconut water 8mL/200gr BW). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus were induced using Streptozotocin (STZ) 65mg/kg body weight and Nicotinamid 230 mg/kg body weight. The administration of tender coconut water were given on day 3 after DM condition is reached, given daily for 4 weeks with dose of 8 mL/200 gr BW. Data on of TNF-α , IL-1 and IL-6 levels were analyzed by One Way Anova. Average TNF-α level, IL-1 level and IL-6 level in Group 2 increased compared to Group 1 , in Group 3 it decreased compared to Group 2 as well as in Group 4 .The results of the analysis has the p values <0.05. Administration of tender coconut water can be decreasing of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 levels in wistar strain male rats with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

1 illus, 26 ref

000260   LALITHA S, ANUSHA D, MURKUNDE Y, DEVANAND V, MAHESHKUMAR K (Physiology Dep, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research centre, Chennai- 600 116) : Anti-cancer activity of Cayratia auriculata ethanolic extracts against cancer cell line a549 an in vitro analysis. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 495-9.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anticancer activity of ethanolic cayratia auriculata extracts using the A549 cell line MTT assay. Using Soxhlet apparatus, ethanolic extracts from cayratia auriculata were prepared. The cancer cells were exposed to 12.5, 25, 50 , 100 , 150, 200 μg / mL and incubated for 24 h at different concentrations. Compared with control, C. auriculata exhibited a cytotoxic effect. At 150 and 200μg / ml concentrations, with 61 percent and 73.7 percent respectively, the highest cytotoxicity was identified. The findings show that cytotoxicity is directly proportionate to the concentration of the extract. IC50 of the ethanolic extract value of C. auriculata was found to be 102.9μg / ml against the A549 cell line. In the present analysis, C.auriculata ethanolic extract was shown to be a strong suppressant for cell division and proliferation. As for anti-tumor medicine, it can be a new source and can be effectively used as an immunological anti-malignant compound.

2 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

000259   BASSEY K, MAMABOLO P, MOTHIBE M, MUGANZA F (Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences Univ, Ga-Rankuwa 0204, South Africa) : Phytochemical profiling and chemical marker compounds identification in Helichrysum caespititium: A chemometrics and 2d gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (gcxgc-tof-ms) perspective. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 486-94.

Helichrysum caespititium is a medicinal plant indigenous to South Africa. Hitherto, only 2 compounds- caespititin and 2-methyl-4-[2’,4’,6’-trihydroxy-3’-(2-methylpropanoyl)-phenyl] but-2-enyl acetate have been reported from this species. Phytochemical profiling of the plant and identification of chemical markers are limited. Determining phytochemical profile of H. caespititium and identifying the major marker compounds in its extracts. A two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF-MS) was used to analyze H. caespititium extracts (acetone, methanol, and dichloromethane). The marker compounds from the generated phytochemical fingerprints were identified using Column plots and chemometrics orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Polar acetone, methanol, and non-polar dichloromethane extracts were analyzed separately. A total of 135 (12 from acetone, 13 from methanol, and 110 from dichloromethane extracts) compounds were identified in H. caespititium. An OPLSDA score plot with R² = 0.81 grouped the polar compounds into 2 clusters as phenolic and non-phenolic compounds, while a contribution plot from the score plot then nominated benzene[(methoxymethoxy)]methyl, 4-methyl-2,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)penet- 1-ene, isoeugenol, and 3 4-dihydroxymandelic acid as marker compounds in the polar extracts. In a second plot with R² = 0.67, the corresponding contribution plot accentuated 2-methyl-5- (fur-3-yl) pent-3-en-2-ol, 3,5-dimethyl-4-heptanone, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, dihexyl-1-(4- methylphenyl)-5(2-dimethyl aminothenyl)-1H-tetrazole, and 3,5-dimethyl-4-heptanone as the marker compounds in the dichloromethane extract. This study recommends the use of the marker compounds as quality standard of raw materials and commercial products containing extracts or other forms of the South African H. caespititium.

6 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

000257   DEORE S L, INGOLE S R, BAVISKAR B A, KIDE A A (Govt. Coll of Pharmacy, Amravati- 444 604, Maharashtra) : Comparative pharmacognostical, phytochemical and biological evaluation of five Ocimum species. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 463-74.

There are about 150 species of Ocimum in the world and out of that 68 species are found in India. Comparative pharmacognostic study of these Ocimum species is unspecified. Growing demand of Ocimum plants demands quality standards for correct identification of desired Ocimum species. Hence aim of present study is to establish comparative pharmacognostical, phytochemical and biological standards for most commonly found and morphologically confusing five species of Ocimum. Macroscopic, microscopic, preliminary phytochemical evaluations, extraction of essential oils, TLC analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial potency of selected five species carried out and compared. This comparative study reports that O. sanctum should be preferred in medicine use among selected five species based on phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial potency.

2 illus, 9 tables, 30 ref

000256   ANSORI A N M, FADHOLLY A, PROBONINGRAT A, ANTONIUS Y, HAYAZA S, SUSILO R J K, INAYATILLAH B, SIBERO M T, NAWS W, POSA G A V, SUCIPTO T H, SOEGIJANTO S (Airlangga Univ, Surabaya, Indonesia) : Novel antiviral investigation of Annona squamosa leaf extract against the dengue virus type-2: In vitro study. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 456-62.

Dengue virus (DENV) infection is general mosquito-transmitted viral taint. It can lead to the dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Dengue is a solemn illness with no endowed antiviral medication or recognized vaccine. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the activity of Annona squamosa leaf extract (ASLE) against dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2) isolated from Surabaya, Indonesia in 2013 (NCBI accession number: KT012509).  In this study, the antiviral activity of ASLE was evaluated against DENV- 2 in Vero cells using Viral ToxGlo™ Assay. In addition, we used CellTiter-Glo^® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay to set the amount of viable cells in culture based on quantitation of the ATP. DENV-2 replication inhibited by ASLE in Vero cells with IC₅₀ = 73.78 μg/mL and SI = 4.49 when cells were treated two days after virus infection, whereas its CC₅₀ for cytotoxicity to Vero cells was 331.54 μg/mL. Interestingly, this is the first report on the investigation of ASLE against DENV-2.In summary, ASLE demonstrated the antiviral activity against DENV-2 with less toxicity, and high possibility as a drug candidate. Therefore, it might be suggested for in vivo assessment in the progress of a potent antiviral against DENV-2.

3 illus, 31 ref

000507   DALIMUNTHE A, HARAHAP U, SILALAHI J, SATRIA D (Pharmacology Dep, Sumatera Utara Univ, Medan- 20155, Indonesia, Email: aminah@usu.ac.id) : Phytochemicals constituent and antipancreatic cancer activity of ethanol extract of Litsea cubeba lour. fruits. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 41-5.

Litsea cubeba (Lour,) is a plant from Lauraceae family which is potential anti pancreatic cancer agent. This study evaluated phytochemicals constituent and anti pancreatic cancer activity of ethanol extract (EE) of Litsea cubeba Lour. fruits towards Panc-1 cell line. EE was analyzed for phytochemical constituents and tested for cytotoxicity, cell cycle inhibition, apoptosis induction and inhibition of PI3KCA, Akt-1, Akt-2, mTOR and VEGFR-2 genes expression. EE was found to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids/triterpenoids, saponins, tannins and glycosides. EE of Litsea cubeba Lour. fruits were found to have IC50 of 72.86 ± 1.03 µg/mL, caused accumulation in G2-M phase, increased apoptosis and decreased PI3KCA, Akt-1, Akt-2, mTOR and VEGFR-2 genes expression. The results reveal that EE of Litsea cubeba Lour. fruits have cytotoxicity effect through cell cycle inhibition and induction apoptosis.

3 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

000506   NAINGGOLAN M, SINAGA A G S (Biology Pharmacy Dep, Sumatera Utara Univ, Medan, Indonesia, Email: marline.nainggolan@usu.ac.id) : The modification of red palm oil and palm kernel oil as antibacterial liquid soap. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 36-40.

Triglyceride and strong base are the main constituents to form fatty acid salts. These could be obtained from red palm oil (RPO) and palm kernel oil (PKO). RPO is a derivative product of palm oil which contains high levels of squalene, vitamin E, and carotenoids. These compounds are a source of natural nutrients for skin health. Meanwhile, PKO is rich in lauric acid that can kill acne-causing bacteria such as Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. This research was conducted to prepared and evaluated the antibacterial activity of the fatty acid salts of RPO and PKO. RPO and PKO were mixed with potassium hydroxide to form fatty acid salts. The antibacterial activities of fatty acid salts to inhibit Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis were tested with a concentration variation of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. The optimum activity of the fatty acid salts was formulated for face cleaner liquid soap. The physical stability was then evaluated for six days by using the cycling test method. The fatty acid salts of RPO: PKO (50:50) with 30% concentration showed the most optimum activity; thus, it was formulated as a face cleanser liquid soap. The physical stability evaluation showed that the soap complies with Indonesian National Standard No. 06-4085-1996. The fatty acid salts of RPO: PKO (50:50) may be formulated as nutritional liquid soap with optimum antibacterial activity.

5 tables, 28 ref

000503   DALIMUNTHE A, HASIBUAN P A Z, FUJIKO M, MASFRIA, SATRIA D (Pharmacology Dep, Sumatera Utara Univ, Indonesia- 20155, Email: aminah@usu.ac.id) : Phytochemicals analysis and cell cycle arrest activity of ethanol extract of litsea Cubeba lour. fruits towards mcf-7/her-2 cell line. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 16-8.

Attarasa (Litsea cubeba Lour.) fruit is a potential anticancer, especially for breast cancer. This study evaluated phytochemicals analysis of ethanol extract, cytotoxicity, cell cycle inhibition and increase p53 expression activities of ethanol extract (EE) of Litsea cubeba Lour. fruit. EE was analyzed for phytochemicals content based on Indonesia Herbal Pharmacopeia, cytotoxicity activity was determined by MTT method towards breast cancer cell line MCF7/Her-2. Cell cycle inhibition and p53 expression were analyzed with the flow cytometry method. EE was found to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids/triterpenoids, saponins, tannins and glycosides. EE wasfound to have IC50 57.92 ± 1.08 µg/mL, caused accumulation in G0-G1 phase (64.52% to 70.45%) and increased p53 expression (0.66% to 61.98%). The results utter that EE of Litsea cubeba Lour. fruits have cytotoxic activities by inhibiting the cell cycle. Our further study is to assess the molecular mechanism of compounds responsible for anticancer activity. Keywords: Breast Cancer, MCF-7/Her-2, Phytochemicals Constituent, Litsea cubeba Lour., Ethanol Extract.

2 illus, 15 ref

000255   RUMIDATUL A, ARYANTHA I N P, SULISTYAWATI E (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung- 40132, Indonesia) : Phytochemicals screening, gc/ms characterization and antioxidant activity of Falcataria moluccana miq. barneby and j. w. grimes methanolic extract. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 450-5.

In this study, Falcataria moluccana as a plant of West Java community forest was evaluated for its phytochemical content, characterization of secondary metabolites through GC/MS analysis, and antioxidant activity with the DPPH method.  The extraction of F. moluccana twig used maceration with methanol solvent. Phytochemical compounds in F. moluccana methanolic extract were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant activity was tested against 2,2-diphenyl1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The phytochemical screening of F. moluccana methanolic extract showed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins. The results of GC/MS analysis showed that the highest abundance was α-terpinolenic from the terpenoid group with a retention time of 6.776 minutes and a percentage area of 25.85 %. Total phenolic content in methanolic extract of F. moluccana was 145.21 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid was 95.39 mg QE/g while antioxidant activity (IC₅₀) was 12.60 ppm.  F. moluccana has potential as natural antioxidant and its active compounds can be developed as pharmaceutical raw materials.

3 tables, 31 ref

000254   KUSMARDI K, WIYARTA E, ESTUNINGTYAS A, SAHAR N, MIDOEN Y H, TEDJO A, PAKPAHAN A (Anatomic Pathology Dep, Indonesia Univ, Jakarta, Indonesia) : Potential inhibition by phaleria macrocarpa leaves ethanol extract on ki-67 expression in distal colon mouse. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 443-9.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) has been an important aspect of an incurable chronic inflammatory disease over the last few decades. To find useful therapies for UC, one of which is herbal therapy, many researches have been conducted. Due to its anti-inflammatory effects, Phaleria macrocarpa (PM), an Indonesian indigenous herb, is considered to be the alternative therapy for UC. Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract (PMLEE) is then used in this research to determine its effect on UC by using Ki-67 as a marker of proliferation. PMLEE was created from dry PM content undergoing maceration. The animals were classified into six categories: normal, positive control, negative control and PMLEE group (100, 200, 300 mg/kgBW). PMLEE was then injected for 7 consecutive days into BALB/c mice that were caused by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). DSS is used for modeling UC in the colon tissue of mice. All mice were terminated and then stained with anti-Ki-67 after their colons were extracted. Subsequently, the stained parts were analyzed with ImageJ based on the color intensity produced by the results of H-score. Based on H-score, PMLEE 300mg and 200mg has significantly decreased the expression of Ki-67 compare to the negative control (p=0.001 and p=0.01). PMLEE also has a tendency to be dose dependent based on the significant difference from PMLEE 300mg and 100mg (p=0.002). It then concludes that PMLEE is related to Ki-67 expression in cells, as it was inversely proportional in this analysis.

2 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

000253   AFRIWARDI, NAZMI R, DILLASAMOLA D, BADRIYYA E, ALDI Y (Andalas Univ, Indonesia) : Anti-inflammatory activity of pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides lam.) plant extract on topical application. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 411-7.

Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) is traditionally known to have many benefits, including anti-inflammatory. This study aimed to determine the activity of ethanol extract of Pegagan Embun as an anti-inflammatory using the granuloma pouch method. This experiment used 25 male white mice and were divided into five groups, namely, the positive control group, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract group with concentration 0.5 %; 1 %; 2 %, and the comparison group that given Kaltrofen® gel containing 2.5 % ketoprofen. Experimental animals were given carrageenan 2 % to induced the inflammation subcutaneously. The dosage form was given as much as 0.2 g topically for four days once a day.  Based on the results of one-way ANOVA analysis and Duncan's test, there were significant differences in exudate volume and total leukocytes (p<0.05) in the positive control group, extract with concentration 0.5 %, 1 %, 2 %, and the comparator. While the percentage of leukocyte cells showed that they were not significantly different (p>0.05), the number of neutrophil cells decreased. From the overall data obtained, it can be concluded that the extract of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. at concentration 0.5 %; 1 %; 2 %, has an anti-inflammatory effect.

5 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

000252   BUNU M I, IKHILE M I, MATHERI A N, CHARLOTTE M T, FOTSING M C D, NDINTEH D T (Chemical Science Dep, Johannesburg Univ, South Africa) : Evaluation of secondary metabolites, antibacterial, antiplasmodial and acute toxicity potentials of chloroform crude extract of boswellia dalzielii stem bark. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 393-400.

Medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds that have the potentials to cure many human ailments without unnecessary side effects like most of the chemotherapeutic drugs used today. Therefore, the need for phytochemicals in medicinal plants for potentials application in the treatments of these human ailments as alternatives. Drug resistance parasite has rendered most of the drugs used in treating many human diseases ineffective. There is an urgent need and continuous search for new drugs from natural sources because most of the drugs used are either derived from plant or end-product of the natural source. Antibacterial and antiplasmodial activities of Boswellia dalzielii stem bark chloroform extract against some pathogens and P. bergei was investigated using the serial dilution method. Phytochemical studies (GC-MS RT profiling) revealed the presence of some secondary metabolites. The extract was tested against thirteen bacterial strains (Styphylococcus epidermidis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Enterococcus faecalis, Styplococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative strains Klebsiella aerugninosa, Proteus vulgaris, K. pneumonia, Klebsiella oxytoca,Entrobacter cloacae, Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extract showed activities against Mycobacterium smegmatis,Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella aerugninosa and Proteus vulgaris. The extract demonstrated high safety with LD50 value greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The extract shows a high potent of antiplasmodial activities with P. bargie inhibition of 66.95%. The results demonstrated that Boswelliadalzielii stem bark extract can be used as a source of cheaper, less toxic novel antibiotic and antimalarial substances for drug development.

6 tables, 50 ref

000251   DAMAIYANTI D W, SARI R P, MUWARMANTI D (Oral Biology Dep, Dentistry Univ Hang Tuah Surabaya, Indonesia) : Characterization and acute toxicity bioactive compound canning waste of lemuru fish oil as potential immunomodulator. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 376-82.

Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids have beneficial effects as an immunomodulator for periodontitis therapy. Lipid studies show that fish can be a unique source of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Lemuru fish (Sardinella longicep) is one of fish that abbundant in Indonesia.  This study aims to find out the characterization and acute toxicity of lemuru fish oil for using in dental treatment.  characterization study was tested using capillary gas chromatography coupled method with flame ionization. Acute toxicity performed by given lemuru orally with dose 174.1-917.3mg/20g mice weight for 24 hours observation and sacrificed for histopathology, meanwhile groups 96 hours observation continued. Lemuru Fish oil contains 14.5 % eicosapentaenoic acid and 13,2 % Docosahexaenoic Acid. Acute toxicity showed the percentage of death below 50 %, however, liver structure start to show an effect on dose 355.3mg/20gr Lemuru Fish oil had a component Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids an potential immunomodulator. There was no acute toxicity found and the maximum dose without changing the microscopic structure of the liver is 174.1mg / 20gr.

2 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

000251   DAMAIYANTI D W, SARI R P, MUWARMANTI D (Oral Biology Dep, Dentistry Univ Hang Tuah Surabaya, Indonesia) : Characterization and acute toxicity bioactive compound canning waste of lemuru fish oil as potential immunomodulator. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 376-82.

Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids have beneficial effects as an immunomodulator for periodontitis therapy. Lipid studies show that fish can be a unique source of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Lemuru fish (Sardinella longicep) is one of fish that abbundant in Indonesia.  This study aims to find out the characterization and acute toxicity of lemuru fish oil for using in dental treatment.  characterization study was tested using capillary gas chromatography coupled method with flame ionization. Acute toxicity performed by given lemuru orally with dose 174.1-917.3mg/20g mice weight for 24 hours observation and sacrificed for histopathology, meanwhile groups 96 hours observation continued. Lemuru Fish oil contains 14.5 % eicosapentaenoic acid and 13,2 % Docosahexaenoic Acid. Acute toxicity showed the percentage of death below 50 %, however, liver structure start to show an effect on dose 355.3mg/20gr Lemuru Fish oil had a component Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids an potential immunomodulator. There was no acute toxicity found and the maximum dose without changing the microscopic structure of the liver is 174.1mg / 20gr.

2 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

000250   HUSNI E, WAHYUNI F S, FITRI H N, BADRIYYA E (Andalas Univ, Indonesia) : Cytotoxicity study of ethanol extract of Bintangor leaf (Calophyllum soulattri burm.f) on t47d breast cancer cell line (cytotoxicity study with MTT assay method). Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 362-7.

The public has used Bintangor leaf (Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f) for various medical treatments, including treated inflamed eyes and gout. Aim: This research aimed to determine the cytotoxic effect of ethanol extract and fraction of Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f leaf toward T₄₇D breast cancer cell.  The test used T₄₇D breast cancer cells, the 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test method, and ELISA Reader to determine the absorbance. This method's principle was the presence of tetrazolium salts by the reductase system in the mitochondria of living cells formed purple formazan crystals. The used parameter was the value of IC₅₀. The result showed that ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and butanol fraction did not have a cytotoxic effect on T₄₇D breast cancer cell. The values of IC₅₀ respectively are 585.31 μg/ml; 409.33 μg/ ml; 534.08 μg/ml; and 563.22 μg/ml.  Ethanol extract and Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f leaf fraction did not have a cytotoxic effect on T₄₇D breast cancer cells.

4 illus, 15 ref

000249   SORIANO M D P C, SCHIAPPACASSE F, PEÑAILILLO P, TAPIA J, WEHINGER S, VALENZUELA-VASQUEZ C A, DURÁN-PEÑA S M (Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Talca, Chile) : Nutritional and functional potential of selliera radicans cav., a chilean native halophyte. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 341-6.

Selliera radicans was recognized as one of the foods consumed by the oldest human settlement in America (Monte Verde, Chile) that had a diet with a high component of plants. This study aims at investigating nutritional and functional characteristics of S. radicans, a native halophyte from Chile. An analysis of total protein, carbohydrate, ash, and moisture from S. radicans leaves was performed, using standard methods. The content of macro and micronutrients was quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. The inulin content was carried out based on the Seliwanoff reactions. S. radicans leaves were extracted with methanol and the total content of phenolic and flavonoids and antioxidant activity were evaluated by spectroscopic method. Leaves from cultivated plants proved to be a suitable source of proteins (7.5 % on DW), ash (6.8 % on DW), and a wide range of macro and micronutrients, where Ca, K, and Na had the highest values. In addition, inulin (2.3 % on DW), total phenolics (63.4 GAE/g LDW) and flavonoids (21.8 QE/g LDW), and antioxidant capacity (10 TE/g LDW) were noted.  According to the results, cultivated S. radicans leaves are promising sources of food with beneficial health properties.

3 tables, 44 ref

000248   NGIDI L S, NXUMALO C I, SHANDU J S, MALIEHE T S, RENE K (Biochemistry and Microbiology Dep, Zululand Univ, KwaDlangezwa- 3886, South Africa) : Antioxidant, anti-quorum sensing and cytotoxic properties of the endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa cp043328.1 's extract. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 332-40.

Novel bioactive compounds are in high demand to combat challenges of microbial resistance. In recent years, secondary metabolites from endophytic bacteria have drawn attention from researchers due to their novel structures and significant biological activities.  This study aimed at extracting secondary metabolites from endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa CP043328.1 from Anredera cordifolia leaves for their biological activities. The anti-SMASH was used to predict the biosynthetic gene clusters of P. aeruginosa CP043328.1. The bacteria was resuscitated on Nutrient agar. Ethyl acetate was used to extract the secondary metabolites. Chemical composition of the secondary metabolites was evaluated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2, 2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods were used to analyze the scavenging activity. Anti-quorum sensing activity was investigated using Chromobacterium violacuem ATCC 12472 as the biological indicator. Cytotoxicity assay was performed using a tetrozolium-based columetric (MTT) assay. The bacterium has 12 gene clusters that encode for secondary metabolites. The extract revealed 15 volatile constituents with diisooctyl phthalate (50.51 %) and [1, 2, 4] oxadiazole, 5-benzyl-3 (10.44%) being the major compounds. The extract revealed scavenging capabilities with IC₅₀ of 0.625 mg/ml for DPPH and 0.15 mg/ml for ABTS. It displayed anti-quorum sensing activity with 88% violacein inhibition at 3.31 mg/ml. According to MTT assay, the extract was found to be safe for use up to 2000 μg/mL. P. aeruginosa CP043328.1 shows a potential use as a source of pharmacologically important metabolites.

4 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref