000247   RUMIDATUL A, RAHMAWATI N, SUNARYA S (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung- 401 32, Indonesia) : Production of secondary metabolites and its antibacterial and antioxidant activity during the growth period of endophytic fungi isolated from gall rust sengon plants. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 325-31.

In our previous study, secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi isolated from gall rust sengon showed their bioactive activity against antibacterial and antioxidant, but only gave little effect to antifungal activity. Endophytic fungal culture extracted from gall rust of sengon (Falcataria moluccana Miq. Barneby and J. W. Grimes) has the ability on inhibiting Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. To increase the production of bioactive compounds, this research was focused on isolates which produced the highest activity compounds, and sought the optimal fermentation conditions in the production of bioactive compounds.  The fermentation process was carried out on PDB liquid media for 21 days, under shaker conditions, at room temperature, and sampling measurements were hold every 3 days. Bioassay were carried out against B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The early stages fungal growth was adaptation stage, continued by 1-6^th days of exponential growth period. Day 6-12^th was stationary growth and day 15-21^th were cell death periode. The highest secondary metabolite production was achieved at stationary periodes, that was occured at days 9-15^th and high antibacterial activity was produced on days 9-12^th. Conclusion: The best production secondary metabolite that has high activity was at day 9-12^th.

4 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

000246   BARBHUIYA S A A, DEVI S V, KAKATI A, CHOUDHURY R A, MAZUMDER M U (Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Sciences, Aizwal- 796 017, Mizoram) : Pharamacognostic profile and comparative in vitro anti- inflammatory activity study of ethanomedicinal plants of North East India. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 317-24.

In ethno-medicinal practices, the leaves of Alocasia macrrorhizos, Canavalia ensiformis, Amaranthus cruentus, Averrhoea carambola, Bauhina tenifloara and Capsicum Chinese have different pharmacological activities. The problem encountered with the proper utilization of herbal drugs is lack of documentation and standard parameter, which create problem in acceptance and importance of these plants. The objectives of our study are to establish scientifically evaluated pharmacognostic profile and in vitro antiinflammatory screening of six plants. Leaf sample from each plant was evaluated by macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical parameters (As per WHO recommended methods of standardization). The anti-inflammatory activity screening of methanolic extracts was carried out against inhibition of protein denaturation method taking diclofenac sodium as a benchmark. The macroscopic characteristic and microscopical evaluation reveals the type of stomata within the leaves and presence of parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, upper epidemis, lower epidermis, vascular bundle, palisade cells and trichomes in the transverse section of leaves. Physicochemical parameter reveals the total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble, methanol soluble extractives and moisture content. The IC₅₀ value of MEAM, MECE, MEAC, MEAC1, MECC and MEBT against inhibiton of protein denaturation was found to be 72.88, 841.78, 735.12, 303.75, 188, and 354.1855 μg/mL respectively. The present study contributes useful information that will help in the exact identification as well as assessment of purity of crude drugs. Methanolic extract of Alocasia macrorrhizos could be a potential anti-inflammatory agent from the natural sources.

4 illus, 5 tables, 33 ref

000245   CHERGUI A, HAFID L E, AJAL E L, ZAKARIYA I, NEJJARI R, TAZI M R (Mohammed V Univ, BP 6203- Rabat institut-Rabat, Morocco) : Evolution of biometric parameters and oil fatty acid composition of argan "argania spinosa l. skeels" fruits from beni- snassen (eastern region of Morocco) during ripening. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(2), 296-308.

Argania spinosa Skeels is an endemic forest essence of Morocco. The argan of the north-east of Morocco remains a virgin subject of study without enough value given to it. The aim of this study is to asses the evolution of biometric parameters and fatty acids composition of the argan fruits from Beni-Snassen region during ripening. 4 fruit shapes harvested over seven months were characterized through the measurement of their biometric parameters (size and weight), and their composition of majority fatty acids. the studied argan tree could be classified into two major groups, namely: early-riped trees with oval or oval-apiculate fruits and late-riped trees with fusiform or spherical fruits. When considering the fruits size and weight, the highest values were recorded on late-ripened fruits, more particularly fusiform shapes. The obtained results showed, on one hand, a significant difference in the unsaturated fatty acids, according to the fruit ripeness stage and shapes, being the later significantly affecting the stearic acid content; and on another hand, it was noted an increase of oleic acid content while linoleic acid decreased. In the maturation stage, the spherical shaped fruits were found to have the highest ratio of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids. The results demonstrated the possibility to predict the kernel’s weight from the fruit’s length. The results also showed the good dietary and nutritional quality of spherical shapes and that the biometric parameters are important criteria for the differentiation of argan tree fruits.

7 illus, 6 tables, 51 ref

000244   DILIAROSTA S, MUTTAQIIN A, RAMADHANI R (Science Education Dep, Negeri Padang Univ, Indonesia) : Consumer behavior model based on integration of food safety and health consciousness in Padang City. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 212-6.

The growing number of food poisoning cases that occurred in Padang City in 2017-2018 shows that various regulations that have been made by the government have not been able to stop producers and traders from using hazardous substances in food. Therefore, research is needed that aims to form a model of consumer behavior that focuses on consumer awareness of the choice of food consumed through the integration of health awareness and food safety. This study is a Research and Development study using the ADDIE approach. Based on the results of the analysis conducted at the Padang city market, it shows that the behavior of vegetable consumers in the city of Padang tends not to care about the dangers of chemical residues in pesticides and fertilizers used by vegetable farmers. Based on the existing need to support the formation of an integrated consumer behavior model for food safety and health awareness, it is by providing guidance in choosing healthy vegetables and by distributing leaflets on the benefits of vegetables. And to encourage consumer awareness, motivation is given to a healthy lifestyle so that families avoid the dangers of food poisoning through social media. This study produces a Conceptual Design of Consumer Behavior Model based on Integration of Food Safety and Health Consciousness in Padang City. From the results of the model test, the F significance value of 0.000 (p <0.05) can be concluded that the hypothesis is accepted, meaning that food selection variables, health awareness and food safety have a significant effect on consumer behavior together.

2 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

000243   SOM S, ANTONY J, DHANABAL S P, PONNUSANKAR S (Pharmacy Practice Dep, JSS Coll of Pharmacy, Tamilnadu- 643 001) : Phytochemical profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (l.) r. br. ex schult and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection linked enzyme inhibitory properties. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 196-205.

Exponential expansion in the usage of herbal medicines was observed in recent decades due to the increasing importance of the traditionally used natural remedies. In order to identify bioactive components of medicinal value, in the present study, we aimed to screen different extracts of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult for health beneficial effect by exploring its biological properties and phytochemical profile. By using sequential extraction method, H. indicus roots were extracted with various solvents based on low to high polarity. Subsequently, quantitative phytochemical profiling, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities were tested by using standard protocols. The MTT assay was carried out in SHSY-5Y cell lines to evaluate anti-inflammatory effect.  Methanol extract displayed highest phytochemical content with high concentration of terpenoid (59.82±0.97 mg LE/g of extract) and saponin (15.03±0.45 mg DE/g of extract). All the extracts exhibited concentration dependent pharmacological activities. In comparison, methanol extract produced highest activities with IC₅₀ of 15.21±0.31 and 11.36±0.39 μg/ml against NO and DPPH radical scavenging assays respectively. Also, methanol extract showed maximum inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (IC₅₀=17.46±0.49 μg/ml) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC₅₀=31.05±0.39 μg/ml), however, aqueous extract displayed highest potency against monoamine oxidase-B inhibition (IC₅₀=24.60±0.45 μg/ml). At 12.5-100 μg/mL concentrations, methanol and aqueous extracts did not show any cytotoxic effect on SH-SY5Y cells and dose dependently suppressed TNF-α and IL-6 production. Collectively, H. indicus could act as a disease modifying therapeutic in pharmaceutical industries by utilizing it as alternative therapy for the management of oxidative stress and its related disorders.

3 illus, 5 tables, 64 ref

000242   BAHTIAR A, UTAMI P S, NOOR M R (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Indonesia Univ, West Java, Indonesia) : The antioxidant effects of the ethanolic extract of binahong leaves unilateral ureteral obstruction rat model. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 185-8.

Chronic kidney injury produced free radicals. In a previous study, the ethanolic extract of binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) has a flavonoid content, quercetin, a protective free radical effect. This study aims to determine the impact of binahong leaves against chronic kidney damage in Sprague Dawley rats.  To this end, we developed a chronic kidney injury animal model by Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO) method. We randomly divided rats into six groups. Group I is the Sham group; Group II is the negative control group; Group III is the positive control group (losartan 1.18 mg/kg BW); Group IV is Dose I of binahong leaves extract 75 mg/kg BW); Group V is Dose II binahong leaves extract 150 mg/kg BW); Group VI is Dose III binahong leaves extract 300 mg/kg BW). We administered losartan and binahong extracts on day 14 after UUO treatment. The plasma was examined for the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, catalase enzyme activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA). All statistical analyzes were processed using the Statistical Program of Social Sciences (SPSS) software for Windows, version 16. The measured values of the parameters were expressed in mean ± SD. The difference test between groups was evaluated by ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) followed by LSD (Least Significant Difference) with a degree of significance (p) <0.05 if the data distribution was normal and homogeneous. If the distribution of data is not normal and not homogeneous use non-parametric Kruskal Wallis analysis.  The results showed that UUO produced high MDA levels, whereas SOD activity and catalase activity were decreased compared with the Sham group. Administration of binahong extracts could reduce the MDA amount and increased the SOD and catalase activity. Conclusion: Binahong leaves extracts showed antioxidant activity to prevent kidney injury in UUO model rats.

3 tables, 15 ref

000241   PANJAITAN R G P, LIRIDAH L (Biology Education Dep, Tanjungpura Univ, West Kalimantan- 78124, Indonesia) : Liver organ impairment due to the consumption of Kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa korth.). Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 179-84.

This study was aimed to evaluate the administration effects of kratom leaves extracts on the liver of mice (Mus musculus). The total of 25 mice was divided into five groups, respectively; (A) without treatment, (B) treatment with distilled water at 0.50 ml/20 g body weight, (C) treatment of kratom leaves extracts with a dosage of 0.15 mg/20 g body weight, (D) treatment of kratom leaves extracts with a dosage to 0.30 mg/20 g body weight and (E) treatment with a dosage of silymarin at 0.70 mg/20 g body weight. All those treatments were completed in seven consecutive days. On day 8, blood withdrawal and liver dissection were executed. The average levels of AST enzyme in the treatment groups respectively showed 22.81 U/L (A), 23.30 U/L (B), 34.86 U/L (C), 40.68 U/L (D), and 25.44 U/L (E), (p<0.05). Whereas, the average levels of ALT exposed respectively at 17.96 U/L (A), 18.35 U/L (B), 29.13 U/L (C), 33.59 U/L (D), and 20.68 U/L (E), (p<0.05). The average scoring for the treatment groups resulted in 0.33, 0.67, 1.33, 1.67, and 0.67, respectively, with p<0.05. Hence, it was concluded that the higher doses of the extracts of kratom leaves administered during the treatment, the more severe damage the liver organ became.

1 illus, 3 tables, 56 ref

000240   NAMASUDRA S, PHUKAN P, BAWARI M (Life Science and Bioinformatics Dep, Assam Univ, Silchar- 788 011, Assam) : GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds and safety assessment of the ethanol extract of the barks of Holarrhena pubescens wall. ex.g.don (family apocynaceae): Sub-acute toxicity studies in swiss albino mice. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 162-71.

Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don belongs to the family Apocynaceae and has several therapeutic applications in traditional medicine. This plant has various pharmacological properties such as antihelmintic, antidiuretic and antidiabetic. One of the major concerns, as they are used, is the lack of adequate pharmacological and toxicological data to support their uses. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the safety of an ethanolic extract of Holarrhena pubescens Wall.ex.G.Don (Apocynaceae) by determining its potential toxicity after oral administration for 28 days. In sub-acute toxicity, the extract at the doses of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg, bw was administered orally for 28 days. After 28 days of treatment, the mice were decapitated; brain was homogenized for evaluating oxidative stress. The brain was fixed in 10 % formalin and processed for histopathological examinations. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extract was performed by (GC-MS). In the sub-acute study in mice, daily oral administration of HP resulted in a significant increase in the lipid peroxidation of treated animals and a decrease in enzymes activity of CAT, SOD, GPX and GR in both, males and females mice. Histopathological analysis showed alterations in the mice brain cortex. From the GC-MS analysis of the plant extract, it was evident that major phytochemicals were present in the ethanol extract of HP. Some major phytochemicals namely, conessimine (17.81 %); lup-20(29)-en-3-one (16.50 %); piperidine, 2-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-(6.44 %); lup-20(29)-ene-3, 28-diol, (3.beta.) (4.82 %) and 17- (1, 5-dimethyl-3-phenylsulfanyl-hex-4-enyl (4.37 %) were found. H.pubsecne bark ethanol extract was found to be relatively safe in lower doses although at higher doses it can cause lipid peroxidation and damage to the neuronal cell of the brain and should therefore be used with caution.

4 illus, 2 tables, 54 ref

000139   NEEKHRA S, AWASTHI H, SINGH D P (Amity Univ Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow (U.P.)– 226 010) : Beneficial effects of Sambucus nigra in chronic stress-induced neurobehavioral and biochemical perturbation in rodents. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 155-61.

Stress is the causative factor for various diseases and disorders faced by the majority of the diseased population. The leaves of Sambucus nigra (S. nigra) are attributed to neuropharmacological properties as per literature. Considering the above, the S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract was tested for adaptogenic activity in animals. The study deals with the evaluation of S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract for adaptogenic activity using cold immobilization and footshock induced stress. The S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) was administered to treatment groups 1 hour before footshock for 14 consecutive days and cold immobilization stress for 10 consecutive days, respectively. The current work was carrying out to investigate the adaptogenic activity of S. nigra against footshock stress induced perturbations in behaviour (sexual behaviour, depression, and cognitive dysfunction). Suppressed male sexual behaviour, percentage active avoidance response and duration of immobility in footshock stress were used as the stress indices. Additionally, liver function (SGOT, SGPT, and ALP), lipid profiles (TC, TG, HDL, LDL, and VLDL) and differential leukocytes counts (neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocyte, and monocyte) in cold immobilization stress were assessed in terms of stress indices. Diazepam (1 mg/kg) was served as the standard adaptogenic agent as per literature review for comparison. All these chronic stress-induced perturbations were reversed, dose-dependently by S. nigra (2000 and 400 mg/kg) and diazepam (1 mg/kg). The dose group 400 mg/kg p.o. of S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract for adaptogenic activity in cold immobilization and footshock induced stress method showed significant variation (P< 0.1) when is compared with the stress control group. S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract showed significant adaptogenic activity was indicated by qualitatively results comparable to diazepam, against a range of biochemical and behavioural perturbations induced by chronic stress.

5 tables, 43 ref

000238   BAHTIAR A, MIRANDA A J, ARSIANTI A (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Indonesia Univ, West Java, Indonesia) : The effect of Artocarpus altilis (parkinson) fosberg extract supplementation on kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury rat. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 150-4.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a kidney disease resulting in high morbidity and mortality levels in humans. One of the disorders classified as AKI is ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), characterized by two phases. The first phase is Ischemia in the kidneys due to obstruction of the renal arteries or veins, followed by the second phase, which is the occurrence of reperfusion with blood flowing back in the renal arteries veins. The aim of this current research is to analyze the efficacy of Artocarpus altilis on Kidney ischemiareperfusion model rats. To this end, first, we established Ischaemia-reperfusion kidney injury rat. We then evaluated the Artocarpus altilis extract on IRI model rats. A total of 36 rats have grouped into six groups. Group I is the Sham group, Group II is the negative control group, Group III is the positive control group (vitamin C 100 mg/kg BW), Group IV is Dose I of Artocarpus altilis extract 50 mg/kg BW), Group V is Dose II Artocarpus altilis extract 100 mg/kg BW), Group VI is Dose III Artocarpus altilis extract 200 mg/kg BW). The vitamin C and Artocarpus altilis extract administered 14 days before and after Ischemia-reperfusion treatment. At day 0, Ischemia was made by bilateral renal pedicle clamping method for 30 minutes, sacrificed 14 days after reperfusion. The blood and histology samples were collected on day 0, a day after reperfusion, at 24 hrs after reperfusion, at 48 hrs after reperfusion, and 14 days after treatment. The clamping duration of 30 minutes leads to achieving the most representative clinical IRI conditions. It shows the most significant recovery of injury conditions within the 14-day reperfusion period in IRI animal models, making it ideal for IRI operations for the preliminary test. The administration of 100 mg/kg BW of Artocarpus altilis extract could reduce the malondialdehyde plasma compared with the sham group. The SOD and Catalase activity showed improvement after reperfusion.  Artocarpus altilis extracts showed antioxidant activity to prevent the kidney from ischemia-reperfusion injury by modulated SOD and Catalase.

2 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

000137   ALSAIKHAN W H, ALMATROODI S A, TROUDI A AW, ALSAHLI M A, RAHMANI A H (Medical Laboratories Dep, Qassim Univ, Buraidah- 525 71, Saudi Arabia) : Pesticide residue measurement in commonly used vegetables using the QuEChERS method. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 142-9.

The aim of current study was to measure the pesticide residues level in vegetables in the Unaizah city, Saudi Arabia. A total of 40 samples including tomato, cucumber, zucchini and red pepper were analysed for various types of pesticides using Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method. The results show that 65 % of samples of supermarket and farms contained 14 types of pesticides but pesticides residue level was below the maximum residue levels (MRL) whereas 30% samples were free from pesticides. A total 05 % of the vegetables samples were found to exceed the maximum residue levels (MRLs). Moreover, the results indicate that the tomato samples with residue < MRL were 100 %. A total of 20 % of the zucchini samples were with residue < MRL and 80 % of the red pepper samples were with residue < MRL. Cucumber sample from farms showed insecticides were found to exceed the MRL and none of the fungicides detected exceeded the MRL. However, the concentration of acetamiprid was 0.078 mg kg^-1 in cucumber was exceeded the maximum residue levels (MRLs) which was 0.03 mg kg^-1 and residues of carbofuran that exceeded the MRLs was 0.026 mg kg^-1. Acetamiprid was the most commonly detected pesticides and followed by imidacloprid. The results designated that most of the vegetable samples were contaminated with different types of pesticide residues. The high levels of pesticide residues could be a public health problem including pathogenesis because most of the tested vegetables are commonly used as without cooking.

2 illus, 9 tables, 38 ref

000236   ADI A S, ELYA B, HANAFI M, SC M (Indonesia Univ, West Java, Indonesia) : Antioxidant and cytotoxic bioassay on Blumeodendron toxbrai (blume.) stem bark hexane, dichloromethane, and methanolic ekstract. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 139-41.

Blumeodendron toksbraii has the potential to be anti-HIV and anti α-glucosidase. This research was conducted to examine the effects of antioxidant and cytotoxicity in vitro from these compounds from methanolic stem bark extract.  Stem bark to be extracted with maceration using hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol solution. Extracts were quantified with respect to in vitro antioxidant activity using the 2.2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging. Anticytotoxic activity was determined by cytotoxicity assay using MCF-7 cell line with Alamar Blue method. The observed IC₅₀ value from hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extract for antioxidant assay were 88.33 ± 0.19 μg/ mL, 74,54 ± 0,61 μg /mL and 94.1 ± 0.19 μg/mL respectively. IC₅₀ value of anti-cytotoxic assay from hexane extract, dichloromethane and methanol extract is 121.24 ± 0.15 μg/mL, 55 ± 0,48 μg/mL and 70.71 ± 0.15 μg/mL. dichloromethane extract showed good promising result for anti-oxidant and cytotoxic assay, futher study needed to isolate compound from this plant.

9 ref

000235   MOSTAFA E M, GAMAL M, GHONEIM M M, HUSSEIN S, EL-GHORAB A H, ABDELGAWAD M A, MUSA A (Pharmacognosy Dep, Jouf Univ, Aljouf- 723 41, KSA) : Repurposing of FDA approved alkaloids as covid 19 inhibitors; in silico studies .. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 110-23.

Alkaloid drugs were permitted for using as a treatment of numerous diseases. Colchicine, codeine, piperine, papaverine, ergometrine, theophylline, theobromine and caffeine are recognized safe alkaloids and used for many human disfunctions. The chemical structures of alkaloids have flexible chemical moieties with various electronic and chemical characters. COVID-19 is a horrible disease as result from that the discovering of potent drugs from previously FDA approved drugs is the main objective of this study. docking studies were used for discovering the interactions of alkaloids with protease proteins. The nature of selected alkaloids structures was utilized for advance insights studies to predict new medical applications. Docking studies for alkaloids were completed and the obtained outcomes, displayed that all tried alkaloids have great attraction with the five protease proteins, the energy docking score ranged from -2.9516 (for colchicine with 5R82) to -24.7449 (for ergotamine with 5R80) kcal/mol with 1-5 variable interactions bond. Among the tested drugs, papaverine and ergometrine revealed high docking scores for all five proteins (score ranged from, -14.1058 to 23.1619 for papaverine and, -4.7900 to 24.7449 for ergometrine) and number of interactions with all tested proteins are two to three for papaverine but for ergometrine are two to five.

5 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

000234   AL-HAMWI M, ABOUL-ELA M, EL-LAKANY A, NASREDDINE S (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Beirut Arab Univ, Beirut- 5020, Lebanon) : Anticancer activity of Micromeria fruticosa and Teucrium polium growing in lebanon. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 103-9.

The anticancer activities of two Lebanese plant extract Micromeria fruticose (A) and Teucrium polium (B) and their fractions were tested against MCF7 and A549 cancer cell lines using MTT assay. Separation was carried out through column chromatography and TLC analysis. Results showed that both plants possess a promising and dose dependent inhibitory activity with IC50of extract A 28.52 and 26.47 μg/ml on MCF7 and A549 cells respectively, and that of extract B was 41 and 27.9 μg/ml on MCF7 and A549 cell lines, respectively. More interestingly, combination treatment with either extracts A or B and cisplatin, significantly boosted the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin against the two cancer cell lines. Further studies are recommended to determine the active components in both plants responsible for these activities and explore their interactions at molecular level.

2 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

000233   DILLASAMOLA D, RACHMAINI F, JUWITA D A, HARYATI R (Andalas Univ, Indonesia) : The effect of giving red-fleshed watermelon juice (Citrullus lanatus (thunb.)) on pregnant white mice (Mus musculus) exposed by monosodium glutamate (MSG) orally on the number and morphology of fetus. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 97-102.

Infertility can occur due to the presence of free radicals. One of the most popular of free radical is monosodium glutamate. Free radicals from monosodium glutamate can be prevented by antioxidant compounds. Red-fleshed-fleshed watermelon is a fruit that contains antioxidant compound such as lycopene. This research was conducted to see the effect of red-fleshed-fleshed watermelon juice on the fetus including number, morphology, visual abnormalities and body weight of pregnant white mice exposed to monosodium glutamate solution orally. Total of 25 female white mice aged around 2-3 months were used as test animals.  Pregnant white mice were divided into 5 test groups. Group I and II served as negative controls (whithout treatment) and positive controls (exposed to monosodium glutamate solution orally at dose of 1g/kgBW). Group III was given a solution of monosodium glutamate orally at dose of 1 g/KgBW added red-fleshed-fleshed watermelon juice at dose of 1.4 g/kgBW. Group IV was given solution of monosodium glutamate orally at dose of 1 g/KgBW added red-fleshed-fleshed watermelon juice at dose of 4.2 g/kgBW. The research data were processed using the one-way ANNOVA test. The result showed that mice body weight, fetal number and morphology (body weight, body length, tail length, and head diameter) did not significantly influence (p>0.05). However, it significantly affected the weight gain of mice during pregnancy. However, it significantly affected the weight gain of mice during pregnancy day 6 to day 17 of pregnancy (p<0.05) and found abnormalities in the fetus such as low birth weight (LBW) and haemorrhage in group II and III.  It can be concluded that watermelon juice at dose of 2.8 g/kgBW and 4.2 g/kgBW are effective in ward offfree radicals from monosodium glutamate orally at dose of 1 g/kgBW.

9 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

000232   MULYATI A H, SULAEMAN A, MARLIYATI S A, RAFI M, FIKRI A M (Community Nutrition Dep, IPB Univ, Bogor- 166 80, Indonesia) : Preclinical trial of propolis extract in prevention of high salt diet- induced hypertension. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 89-96.

Propolis has been widely reported as having various biological activities. However, Indonesian propolis seems to be less explored. The present study aimed to analyze the antihypertensive activity of Indonesian propolis in rats.Hypertension was induced by high-NaCl (8%) diet for 3 weeks. A total of 36 rats were divided into 6 groups, including standard diet group (SD), high-NaCl diet group (NaD), high-NaCl diet group + captopril (25 mg/ kg) (PD), high-NaCl diet + propolis from Riau Archipelago (NaDP1), high-NaCl diet + propolis from Lampung (NaDP2) and high-NaCl diet + propolis from South Sulawesi (NaDP3). Propolis was daily administered at dose of 200 mg/ kg on hypertensive rats for 1 week. Blood pressure and body weight were weekly measured. Moreover, routine urine analysis, haematological parameters and lipid profiles at week 4 were determined. The results showed that high-NaCl diet successfully induced hypertension in rats after 3 weeks of intervention. However, the diet did not cause weight gain (p>0.05). All Indonesian propolis samples significantly reversed either systolic or diastolic blood pressure of hypertensive rats. From urine analysis, propolis from Riau Archipelago and Lampung showed diuretic effect. The haematological analysis mainly showed no significant difference compared standard diet group. Furthermore, LDL and HDL concentrations were significantly improved by propolis from Lampung and South Sulawesi, respectively (p<0.05). In addition, we only found significant decrease in relative weight of liver in all groups administered with high-NaCl diet (p<0.05). The present study suggests that all Indonesian propolis possessed antihypertensive activity.

7 tables, 64 ref

000231   MUTHIA R, WATI H, JAMALUDIN W B, KARTINI, SETIAWAN F, FIKRI M, WAHHAB A (Pharmacognosy and Phytochemstry Dep, Borneo Lestari Coll of Health Sciences, Indonesia) : Standardization of eleutherine bulbosa urb. bulbs and total flavonoid content from three locations in kalimantan, Indonesia. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 73-80.

Dayak Onion (Eleutherine bulbosa Urb.) is a typical plant of Kalimantan which is traditionally used by the Dayak community as a medicinal plant. Dayak onion bulbs have been proven had many pharmacology activities. This study aims to determine the nonspesific and specific parameters of 70 % ethanol extract of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb. Total flavonoids was also quantified. Eleutherine bulbosa Urb was extracted with maseration method used etanol 70 % as solvent. Determination of non-spesific includes by determined specific gravity, water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, residual sovents, heavy metanol contamination, microbial contamination, mold and yeast contamination. Determination of specific parameters included extract identity, organoleptic extract, water/ethanol soluble content, chromatography profile. Total flavonoid content were quantified with colorimetric method.  there were no significance difference between nonspesific and specific parameters Eleutherine bulbosa Urb from three different locations. Measurement of total phenol content and total flavonoid content respectively form South Borneo were ; 6,499 ± 0,5248 mg QE/g extract, from central borneo were 7,585 ± 0,0437 mgQE/g extract, and from east borneo were 5,035 mg ± 0,3887 mgQE/g extract. it can be concluded that bulbs of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb from three locations have characters to similar between each other and bulbs of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb form central borneo had the highest total flavonoid content.

5 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

000230   AMIRABAGYA F, HAPSARI R A F, WULANDARI E (State Islmic Univ Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, Indonesia) : The effect of jatropha curcas l seed extract on ast/alt activity and the central vein thickness in liver. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 66-72.

Jatropha is known as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-fungal, anti-cancer, and has coagulant activity. Jatropha curcas (Jatropha curcas L.) contains toxic compounds such as cursin, ricin and gallic acid. The liver has an important role in the process of metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotic substances. Repeated exposure to toxic compounds can damage hepatic hepatocytes. If the hepatocyte cells are injured, the AST/ALT enzyme is excreted and goes into the blood vessels, as an indicator of liver damage. This is also indicated by changes in the thickness of the central veins. This study aims to determine the effect of giving jatropha seed extract (Jatropha curcas L.) on AST/ALT activity and the central vein thickness in the liver. The research design was experimental, using male rats (Rattus novergicus L) Sprague Dawley strain. The rats were given Jatropha seed extract at doses of 0, 5, 25, 50, and 250 mg/ KgBW for 28 days. To assess liver damage, measurements of AST/ ALT activity and thickness of the central vein in the liver were performed.Jatropha seed extract increased ALT activity at doses of 25.50, and 250 mg / KgBW compared to the control group (1.207; 1.62; 1.548 IU/L/ mg tissue x 10^-3); and increased AST activity at doses of 5, 25, 50, and 250 mg / KgBW compared to the control group (0.769; 0.974; 1.449; 1.185 IU/L/ mg tissue x 10^-3); Central vein thickness increased at doses of 25 and 50 mg/KgBW (6.17 and 4.9 μm) (Kruskal Wallis; p> 0.05). Jatropha curcas L. seed extract increased the activity of AST/ALT and the thickness of the central vein in the liver.

3 illus, 24 ref

000229   PUANGPRONPITAG D, TANKITJANON P, SUMALEE A, KONSUE A (Mahasarakham Univ, Thailand) : Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities of the seedling extracts from inca peanut plukenetia volubilis. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 52-8.

Plukenetia volubilis L., Inca peanut is an oleaginous plant, widely cultivated as commercially in South East Asia, especially in Thailand. The oil from the seed plant is a greatest interesting a natural source. The aims of this study were investigated phytochemical screening, to evaluated the total flavonoids and phenolic compound contents as well as antioxidant activities of seedling extract from P. volubilis. The dried P. volubilis seedlings of 21 days growing period were extracted by using different solvent including aqueous (ASS), 50% ethanolic (HESS), and 95% ethanolic (ESS) extracts. The phytochemical screenings were determined on total phenolic compound (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents. The antioxidation were tested by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy radical scavenging (DPPH), 2,2 -azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS⁺) assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP).  The results found that the ESS were significantly highest amount on total phenolic compound (23.0809±0.8632 mgGE/gExt ) and flavonoid (466.3839±1.5580 mgQE/gExt) contents. In this study, ascorbic acid (IC₅₀ =0.016±0.0003 mg/mL) and Trolox (IC₅₀ =0.044±0.0008 mg/mL) as standard substances were showed more potent than all of the extracts from P. volubilis seedlings. Surprisingly, the ESS has more potent on free radical scavenging higher than different solvents; DPPH=0.007± 0.001 (IC₅₀=mg/mL), ABTS= 1.4065± 0.0505 (IC₅₀=mg/mL),and FRAP= 74.4960± 2.6067 (mg=TE/gExt). the plant seedling extracts composed with high amount of flavonoids and phenolic compound contents possess valuable to antioxidant activities. The seedling extracts from the plant could apply to supplementary food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and horticultural industries. Next study, chemical compositions, the major active compound(s), and biological activities will be clarified.

2 tables, 40 ref

000228   ARMENIA, PERMATASARI D, SINAMAR L P, ESTERA K, AHMADIN A (Andalas Univ, Indonesia) : The impact of sub acute administration of purified gambier (Uncaria gambir roxb.) to the liver and kidney functions and its reversibility on rats. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 44-51.

The impact of sub-acute administration of purified gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) to the liver and kidney function and its reversibility had been studied on rats. Rats at the aged of 2-3 months and the bodyweight of ±250 g were treated with water solution of purified gambier at the dose of 5 mg/kg10 and 20 mg/kg for 7 to 14 consecutive days. Plasma ALP, AST activities, creatinine clearance, liver and kidney ratios were determined on the day 1, 7, 14 one week after the doses stopped. All data on each parameter were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's multiple T-test and significance was taken at p<0.05. The results showed that all parameters was not affected significantly (p>0.1), except ALT activity and liver organ ratio decreased significantly (p<0.05). These indicated that purified gambier is relatively non-toxic to the liver and the kidney of the rats at doses of 5-20 mg/kg BW for 14 days.

5 illus, 5 tables, 21 ref

000226   AGIL M, LASWATI H, PURWITASARI N, MA’ARIF B (Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Dep, Airlangga Univ, Surabaya, Indonesia) : Analysis of heavy metal contents of Marsilea Crenata presl. leaves and soils from east java province, Indonesia. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 17-22.

Marsilea crenata Presl. grows in East Java Province, Indonesia, and showed several pharmacological activities due to its phytoestrogen content. Research indicated its phytoremediation property, and therefore has an impact on heavy metal accumulation in the plants. Lead, cadmium, and mercury are amongst heavy metals that are toxic to the human body. This study aimed to determine and compare Pb, Cd, and Hg mineral contents of soils and leaves of the plants grew in Batu, Pasuruan, Surabaya, and Kediri cities in the province. 10 g of dried powdered leaves and soils were put in separate crucible porcelains, and add 2ml of nitric acid. All were burnt in low heat until white smoke were not formed, and then stood to cool. Ashes obtained were examined using AA 6200 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). Showed that leaves samples from the areas showed no Pb and Hg mineral contents that exceeded the permissible limit. Batu City leaf sample had Cd heavy metal content of 2.79 ± 0.01 ppm, which exceeded the permissible limit. Analysis of heavy metal contents of soils from all of the areas showed no exceed limit of Pb and Hg mineral concentrations. Cd soil contents of Surabaya and Kediri cities, were 0.73 ± 0.00 and 2.61 ± 0.08 ppm respectively.

1 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

000225   SEBASTIN V, GOPALAKRISHNAN G, SREEJITH M, KUMAR K I A (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Malik Deenar Coll of Pharmacy, Kasaragod, Kerala) : In vitro and in vivo antidiabetic evaluation of whole plant extracts of Argyreia imbricata (roth) sant. and patel. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 30-6.

Plants of the genus Argyreia have been used in traditional and folk medicines and a variety of pharmacological activities have also been reported. The present study was aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity in vitro and in vivo of the different extracts of the whole plant Argyreia imbricata.The powdered material of the whole plant Argyreia imbricata was extracted with solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol by soxhelation. In vitro antidiabetic activity of all the extracts was evaluated by α–amylase and α–glucosidase inhibition assay. Based on the results of in vitro evaluation, the extracts selected were subjected to in vivo evaluation on the Wistar albino rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Initially, acute toxicity of the extracts was evaluated and the effective dose (ED₅₀) was fixed. Standard drug Glibenclamide was used for the comparative evaluation. Two doses of test extracts, low dose and high dose were administered to the test animals and their antidiabetic activity was evaluated by means of monitoring the changes in the blood glucose level, hematological and biochemical parameters and histopathology of liver and pancreas of test animals.  Based on the results of in vitro evaluation, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were selected for the in vivo evaluation. ED50 of the test extracts were fixed as 200mg.kg^-1. Two doses, 200mg.kg^-1 and 400mg.kg^-1 of the test extracts were subjected to evaluation. Both the tested extracts possessed the activity, but the methanol, extracts showed significant activity in all aspects. Results of the present study strongly support the antidiabetic activity of tested extracts. Further studies on toxicity, identification isolation of the potential compounds may give useful results for the development of clinically useful chemotherapeutic agents in the future.

5 tables, 12 ref

000224   GARI S B V, PERAMAN R (Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univ, Anantapur- 515 002 , Andhra Pradesh 515002) : Tinospora sinensis (lour.) merr. stem modulate the tnf-alpha expression in hct- 116 tumour cell, besides the inhibitory effect on cervical, colon and breast cancer cell lines and mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 8-16.

The present study was designed to evaluate TNF-Alpha experession, anticancer and antitubercular properties for the stem extracts of Tinospora sinensis (TS). natural product research is widely used for identifying hit molecules for life threatening diseases including cancer, tuberculosis and drug resistant infections. There were three polarity dependant solvent extracts obtained through cold maceration process using ethanol (ELTS), ethyl acetate (EATS) and n-hexane (NHTS), respectively. The extracts were subjected to MTT assay for their anticancer potential against HeLa (cervical cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer) and HCT116 (colon cancer) cell lines, and based on the results, NHTS was subjected to flow cytometry for TNF-Alpha expression in HCT-116 cells. The antitubercular activity for the extracts was performed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H₃₇Rv (Mtb) by luciferase reporter phage (LPS) assay method. The result of anticancer screening revealed that n-hexane extracts showed the significant inhibition (p<0.05) on HCT-116 cells with the IC₅₀ of 177.4 μg/ml, whereas EATS and ELTS were equally active on HeLa with the respective IC₅₀ of 236 and 277 μg/ml. The NHTS was significantly effective on decreasing (P<0.05) TNF-Alpha expression (31.27 MFU) in HCT-116 cells and is closely active with standard simvastatin (26.7 MFU) against the control (7.06 MFU). The antitubercular activity results revealed the equi-potency of both NHTS and EATS on Mtb with growth inhibition of 84 % at 100μg/ml. The GC-MS analyses of NHTS confirmed the presence of Berberine, palmatine, tembertarine, magniflorine, choline and tinosporin. Conclusion: Overall, we scientifically support the traditional use Tinospora sinensis stem in the treatment of cancer and immune diseases.

7 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

000223   CHUYEN N V, SON N H, HIEN P V, GIANG D T, MINH H B N, MAI N T T, MEN C V, SON H A, DUONG V B (Vietnam Military Medical Univ, Hanoi, Vietnam) : A new ursane-type triterpene from the fermented shallot allium ascalonicum. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(1), 1-7.

3,24-acetonideclethric acid (1), a new ursane-type triterpene, and four known compounds including ursolic acid (2), randiasaponin IV (3), ilekudinoside W (4) and (25S)-1β,3β,24β- trihydroxyspirost-5-en 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)- α-L-arabinopyranoside (5), and were isolated from the fermented shallot Allium ascalonicum. Their structures were determined by analysis of HR-ESI-MS, NMR spectral data, as well as comparison with those reported in the literature. All of the saponins (3-5) exhibited antimicrobial activity against three strains Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans with IC₅₀ values in the range from 89.49 ± 2.24 to 95.71 ± 3.86 μM.

2 tables, 11 ref

000222   SHAHRAJABIAN M H, SUN W, CHENG Q (Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China) : Pharmaceutical benefits and multidimensional uses of ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi l.). Phcog Commn 2021, 11(2), 138-41.

Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) seeds are derived from a herb plant of the family Apiaceae. It is also known as Ajowan caraway, bishops weed or carom and has substantial medicinal properties. The keywords of Ajwain, traditional medicine, health benefits, pharmaceutical science and health benefits were searched in Google Scholar, Scopus, Research Gate and PubMed. Ajwain oil has a wide range of medicinal applications, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic, antilithiasis, nematicidal, anthelmintic, and antifilarial activities. The seeds have stimulant, sialagogue, stomachic, carminative, aromatic, antiseptic, antihypertensive, antispasmodic, antiparasitic, anthihistamine, antiscorbutic, vermicide, emmenagogue, digestive and antiseptive properties. Ajwain is one of the most important medicinal plants and can promote good health and serve as a nutrition therapy on the basis of traditional Asian medicine.

1 table, 45 ref

000205   SINGH S, SINGH B K, CHOUDHARY B, RAMACHANDRAN R, BANSAL V, DAVIS D (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontic Dep, Rishiraj Dental Coll, Bhopal- 462 037, Email: dr.shantwana87@gmai.com) : Anxiety associated with endodontic therapy: An evaluative study. People's J Scient Res 2021, 14(1), 40-7.

Patients treated for endodontic reasons might experience anxiety due to the pain associated with this procedure. This anxiety can be managed by psychotherapy or pharmacological intervention or combination of the two. This study was carried out to assess the level of anxiety associated with pain precipitated during the endodontic treatment. It also assessed the various ways by which this anxiety could be brought down. Amongst the patients who underwent endodontic treatment, in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, 100 were selected on the basis of having experienced pain during the endodontic treatment. After completion of the treatment, these patient were given a questionnaire to fill. It contained 12 questions to assess the level of anxiety, they could experience in future, during any endodontic procedure and the ways in which it could be brought down or controlled. Subjects who were given the positive information regarding endodontic treatment indicated that they were less fearful of pain associated with endodontic treatment. As a result, the patient may be more at ease before and during treatment, avoidance behaviour may be decreased and the patients can make a decision regarding treatment choice which is based on common sense rather than fearful expectations..

2 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

000204   BISEN D, SAPKAL R (Obstetrics and Gynecology Dep, People’s Coll of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Bhopal- 462 037, Email: diksha.bisen@gmail.com) : Association of body mass index and pregnancy outcome: A hospital record based study. People's J Scient Res 2021, 14(1), 36-9.

Association between pregnancy body mass index in normal cases and in cases with preterm birth was studied in a hospital record based cohort. 400 patients were studied for BMI in pregnancy, 200 cases of preterm labour in Group A and 200 without preterm labour in Group B. Data was analysed and correlated for preterm delivery and its relation to BMI. BMI was categorised as mass index.

3 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

000203   KHATRI S, BHARTY S, PRAKASH B, CHOURASIYA K (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical Coll, Jabalpur- 482 003, Email: sk36636@gmail.com) : Prevalence of Pseudomonas aerugenosa in clinical isolates. People's J Scient Res 2021, 14(1), 32-5.

P. aeruginosa is a leading cause of nosocomial infections ranking second among the gram-negative pathogens. Hence this study was conducted to enhances the knowledge of this particular organism. A total of 100 isolates of P. aeruginosa isolated from various clinical specimens like urine, pus, blood, body fluids, sputum, collected from patients, irrespective of age and sex, were identified by standard microbiological procedures. Total hundred culture positive samples were taken and found that P. aerugenosa was predominantly present in urine sample of male aged between 21-30 years.

2 tables, 10 ref

000202   RAO P V P, SWAMI D, DIXIT A K (Community Medicine Dep, People’s Coll of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal- 462 037, Email: pvprakasarao@gmail.com) : Family health study and presentation as a comprehensive teaching-learning method in community medicine for medical graduates. People's J Scient Res 2021, 14(1), 24-31.

Against growing need of more interactive learning tools to impart comprehensive knowledge and discussion based training to medical students, present study aimed to test efficacy of family health study presentations when incorporated in academic curriculum.Acarefully chosen set of cross-sectional questionnaire was designed to get perception of participating students on the effectiveness, nature, advantages and future recommendation for including family health presentations in academics. Feedback is taken directly from undergraduate medical students as they are the true gainers from this learning tool. The feedback of participating students against questionnaire was clubbed in four categories of results namely improving the understanding of community medicine as a subject, acknowledging it as a non-burden interactive learning method, utility in skills enhancement and future prospects. There were five response options kept in the study – strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. Results of study as 75.5 %, 65.92 %, 72 % and 80.7 % responses were in favour of the positive aspects of family health presentation in the four categories of results. If neutral responses are also added to former positive responses – (19.26 %, 9.62 %, 20.7 % and 12.5 % respectively), overall non-negative response are 94.7 %, 75.5 %, 92.7 % and 93.2 % respectively. To conclude, results highlight that family health study presentations are meaningful activity and shows signs of being excellent learning methodology for medical coursework.

4 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

000201   RAJPOOT L S, DHARWADKAR K R, CHANDRAKAR S, JAIN A, SHARMA A (Biochemistry Dep, People’s Coll of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal- 462 037, Email: lokendrasinghrajpoot1111@gmail.com) : Association of serum magnesium level with retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. People's J Scient Res 2021, 14(1), 18-23.

Magnesium is an intracellular cation and coenzyme for various reactions of the glycolytic pathway. Hypomagnesemia has been shown to precipitate hyperglycemia and has, therefore, been implicated in insulin resistance and its microvascular complications. Poor glycemic control has been associated with retinopathy. Hence, we assessed association of serum magnesium with T2DM and diabetic retinopathy among 100 patients with type 2 Diabetic Mellitus (with complications) with their ophthalmological complications (retinopathy) admitted in People's College of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Bhopal. Estimation of serum magnesium was done by spectrophotometric method using xylidyl blue. Comparison of serum magnesium level in patients with and without retinopathy in uncontrolled Diabetic patients. Serum magnesium level was 2.03±0.33 among no retinopathy cases. Serum magnesium level was 1.86 ± 0.26 in NDPR (Non proliferative diabetic retinopathy). Serum magnesium level was. Serum magnesium level was 1.64 ± 0.25 in PDR (Proliferative diabetic retinopathy). So it is highly suggestive of hypomagnesia to occur at an increased risk diabetic retinopathy among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Magnesium deficiency was associated with increased risk of diabetic retinopathy and poor glycemic control. People’s College of Medical Sciences and Research CentreDietary supplementation may be advised to prevent such complications and improve glycemic control.

3 tables, 12 ref

000200   ASHRAF Q M D, CHAUDHRY V, SINGHAI A, GAUR N, BABU B, DUBEY P (Orthodontics Dep, Mansarovar Dental Coll, Bhopal, Email: q1darain@gmail.com) : Effect of saliva on orthodontic arch wires using scanning electron microscope: An in-vitro study. People's J Scient Res 2021, 14(1), 14-7.

To determine and compare the surface morphological changes in the stainless steel, and titanium-based alloys such as TMA, and CuNiTi in saliva solution. Each sample is made up of a 60 mm long wire engaged in 6 brackets welded on 0.18×0.006 inches molar band strip and tied with ligature wire, Six such samples (Two each)from three different types of three kind of wires i.e. TMA (Titanium-Molybdenum alloy or , SS (Stainless Steel), and CuNiTi (Copper-Nikil- β Titanium) Titanium) were immersed in saliva solution The sample was divided into interbracket and intrabracket area. Each sample was divided into six parts each contains interbracket and intrabracket area. The corrosion of arch wires will be detected using SEM after a period of 12 weeks of incubation in artificial saliva. The inter bracket corrosion rate was significantly less as compared to the intra bracket corrosion for all materials in saliva. There was significant increase in corrosion rate in Stainless Steel as compared to TMA and CuNiTi wires. There was significantly less corrosion was found in CuNiTi wires. There was significant increase in corrosion in saliva. The highest corrosion was seen in stainless steel followed by TMAand minimum by CuNiTi wires.

3 tables, 17 ref

000199   CHHARI R, PURUSKAR P, CHAUBAL C C, KOMAL (General medicine Dep, People’s Coll of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal- 462 037, Email: prashantchoubey0810@gmail.com) : Incidence of dyslipidemia among nondiabetic normotensive Indian population. People's J Scient Res 2021, 14(1), 8-13.

Dyslipidemia is now considered as an independent risk factor for cardiac disease worldwide. Lipid abnormalities are major risk factors for premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). There are emerging evidences of premature CVD occurring among Indians, at least 10 years earlier as compared to other ethnic groups. In this context, the present study was designed with aim to determine lipid levels and to compare the lipid levels and prevalence of dyslipidemia in a non-diabetes and non-hypertensive patients in Bhopal District. The participants were in the age group between 18-80 years. Overall prevalence of dyslipidemiawas 26.6 % among study subjects 26 %, 25.3 %, 18.1 % and 51.3 %  of participants had high serum cholesterol, hightriglycerides, low high density lipoprotein (HDL), high low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high cholesterol/HDL ratiorespectively. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was high among study population (26.6 %). Screening programs should be conducted for early detection of dyslipidemia. Information, education and communication programs based on lifestyle modification like healthy diet habits, regular physical activity for weight controland tobacco cessation need to be implemented.

4 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

000198   YADAV S K, SETHI A S, YADAV D K, YADAV A K, SETHI R S, CHAURASIYA O S, NATH D, YADAV C P (Peadiatrics Dep, Super Speciality Cancer Institute and Hospital, Lucknow, UP, Email: ajeet17llrm@gmail.com) : Clinical profile and hepatic dysfunction pattern in paediatric dengue infection: A prospective study from Bundelkhand region of Central India. People's J Scient Res 2021, 14(1), 1-7.

Dengue is a common vector-borne disease, affecting all age groups resulting in significant morbidity. Hepatic dysfunction in pediatric dengue infection ranges from mild transaminitis to acute liver failure. This led us to study clinical profile and pattern of hepatic dysfunction in paediatric dengue infection of Bundelkhand region of India. This prospective study was conducted during June 2017 to October 2018. Study participants were enrolled and classified in three groups as per WHO 2009 classification. Clinical profile and laboratory parameters were recorded. Data were analyzed using STATA 15.0. We enrolled 50 cases and classified them in dengue without Warning sign (WS) 21(42 %), dengue with WS 24(48 %) and severe dengue 5(10 %). Commonest presenting symptom and sign were fever (100 %) and hepatomegaly (42 %) respectively. Pain abdomen, mucosal bleeding and hepatomegaly were significantly more in dengue with WS (p value<0.001, 0.006 and <0.001 respectively). Gastrointestinal bleeding, neurological symptoms and shock were significantly present in severe dengue (p value <0.001 for all). Hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum protein were significantly decreased in severe dengue (p value- 0.012, 0.007 and 0.023 respectively). However, Total leucocyte count, Prothombin Time andActivated Partial Thromboplastin Time were significantly elevated (p value 0.008, 0.012 and 0.0223 respectively). Mean serum transaminases were elevated in all groups and were comparable. Elevated serum transaminases were recorded in in all patients with dengue infection; however these laboratory findings do not differentiate between severe and nonsevere dengue infection.

1 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

000197   RIVERA-SEPULVEDA A, ISONA M (Nemours Children’s Hospital, FL, United States, Email: rivera.andreav@gmail.com) : Assessing resident diagnostic skills using a modified bronchiolitis score. Pediatrics oncall 2021, 18(1), 11-6.

Resident milestones are objective instruments that assess the resident’s growth, progression in knowledge, and clinical diagnostic reasoning; but they rely on the subjective appraisal of the supervising attending. Little is known about the use of standardized instruments that may complement the evaluation of resident diagnostic skills in the academic setting. Evaluate a modified bronchiolitis severity assessment tool by appraising the inter-rater variability and reliability between pediatric attendings and pediatric residents. Cross-sectional study of children under 24 months of age who presented to a Community Hospital’s Emergency Department with bronchiolitis between January-June 2014. A paired pediatric attending and resident evaluated each patient. Evaluation included age-based respiratory rate (RR), retractions, peripheral saturation, and auscultation. Cohen’s kappa (K) measured inter-rater agreement. Inter-rater reliability (IRR) was assessed using a one-way random, average measures intra-class correlation (ICC) to evaluate the degree of consistency and magnitude of disagreement between inter-raters. Value of >0.6 was considered substantial for kappa and good internal consistency for ICC. Twenty patients were evaluated. Analysis showed fair agreement for the presence of retractions (K=0.31), auscultation (K=0.33), and total score (K=0.3). The RR (ICC=0.97), SpO2 (ICC=1.0), auscultation (ICC=0.77), and total score (ICC=0.84) were scored similarly across both raters, indicating excellent IRR. Identification of retractions had the least agreement across all statistical analysis. The use of a standardized instrument, in conjunction with a trained resident-teaching staff, can help identify deficiencies in clinical competencies among residents and facilitate the learning process for the identification of pertinent clinical findings.

2 illus, 2 tables, 46 ref

000196   KINANTI R S, GHRAHANI R, SURYANTI S (Child Health Dep, Padjadjaran Univ, Bandung, Indonesia, Email: renighrahani@yahoo.com) : Platelet count as inflammatory marker in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatrics oncall 2021, 18(1), 7-10.

Platelets as immune cells have been shown to play several roles in inflammation. Increasing of anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) autoantibody levels are commonly used to assess the high disease activity of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Platelet count is a cost effective indicator that can easily be detected as inflammatory marker. This study aimed to see the correlation between platelet count and anti-dsDNA antibody levels. This study was a cross-sectional study using data from medical records involving 41 newly-diagnosed pediatric SLE (pSLE) patients (aged ≤18 years) was conducted at Department of Child Health in our hospital between January 1st 2018 and June 30th 2019. Platelet count was measured using Sysmex XN analyzer. Anti-dsDNA antibody levels were measured by Standard Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Spearman’s rank correlation and Pearson’s chi squared test were performed to analyze the data (p<0.05 is considered significant). Forty-one pSLE patients were included in this study, consisting of 38 female (92.7 %) and 3 male (7.3 %) patients with median age of 15 (IQR=13-17). The median value of platelet count was 238000/mm3 (IQR = 152000-355000/mm3). The median value of anti-dsDNA antibody levels was 153.8 IU/ml (IQR = 30.5-416.2). Platelet count was inversely correlated with anti-dsDNA antibody levels (Spearman correlation Rho=-0.433, p=0.005). Thrombocytopenia was correlated with rash (p=0.001), fever (p=0.0002), and arthritis (p=0.001). Decreasing of platelet count can be considered as new parameter in predicting SLE with highly active disease course.

1 table, 24 ref

000195   MANE S S, SATHE V, PUSTAKE M V, WALHEKAR S, RAMAKRISHNAN S (Pediatrics Dep, Grant Government Medical Coll, Byculla- 400 008, Mumbai, Email: pustakemanas@gmail.com) : Efficacy of oral amoxicillin versus parenteral ceftriaxone in treatment of uncomplicated community acquired pneumonia (cap): A prospective, single blinded, parallel design, randomized controlled Tr. Pediatric Oncall Journal 2021, 18(1), 1-6.

Community acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is one of the major causes of under-five morbidity and mortality in most of the tropical countries. Management of CAP with an appropriate antibiotic will help reduce the growing antibiotic resistance. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of oral amoxicillin with parenteral ceftriaxone in uncomplicated CAP in children aged 6 months to 12 years. This was a prospective, single blinded, parallel design, randomized control trial. One hundred children with uncomplicated CAP, aged 6 months to 12 years, admitted in pediatric wards at a tertiary care centre were included in the study. The enrolled patients were randomized in two groups in the ratio of 1:1. Group I received oral amoxicillin and group II received intravenous ceftriaxone for 7 days. Number of days for defervescence, day of settlement of respiratory distress, day of subsidence of cough, duration of hospital stay, step-up to higher antibiotics, adverse drug reactions were compared in both the groups. Time to deferervescence of fever in Group I was 3.7±0.9 days as compared to 3.66±0.8 days in group II (p=0.81). Settlement of respiratory distress occurred in 3.22±0.85 days in group I as compared to 3±0.67 days in group II (p=0.19). Subsidence of cough occurred in 11.68±0.92 days in group I as compared to 11.14±1.06 days in group II (p=0.74). Duration of hospital stay was 6.02±1.11 days in group I as compared to 7.24±1.18 days in group II (p<0.0001). Step-up to a higher antibiotic was required in 2 (4 %) children on oral amoxicillin and 1 (2 %) child on IV. ceftriaxone (p=1.00). Two children from oral amoxicillin group had diarrhea without any signs of dehydration on day 2 of treatment, which subsided in 2 days after giving probiotics and oral rehydration solution. This did not require discontinuation of amoxicillin. No side effects were observed from IV ceftriaxone group.  Use of oral amoxicillin for uncomplicated CAP in children has a similar outcome as compared to parenteral cephalosporins. It reduces the duration of hospital stay and thus the cost of treatment. More importantly, it prevents the unnecessary use of a higher-class antibiotic, thereby helping to reduce antibiotic resistance.

1 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

000183   MARTIN K D G, ASTRERO M F T, MALLARI L A N, HIPOL R M (Biology Dep, Philippines Univ, Baguio, Philippines, Email: kgmartin@up.edu.ph) : Activity of laccase enzyme present in the phenol-contaminated sediments of the marilao-meycauayan-obando river system, Philippines. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 162-8.

Laccases are enzymes produced by different microbes like bacteria and fungi. These enzymes are members of the family of oxidases and are capable of oxidizing phenolics into non-toxic forms. Sediments were collected from the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System, specifically from the sampling area connected to leather tanneries, which directly dump their effluents into the river. This study aimed to determine the presence of laccase activity of sediments of Meycauayan River where effluents of leather factories and tanneries are directly dumped. Concentration of the phenolic compounds from five collection sites were measured. Collected phenol-contaminated sediments were tested for laccase activity using ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)). Laccase was extracted from the collected sediments and used for the degradation of phenol. Reduction of phenol concentration by the extracted laccase reached 79.82% to as high as 90.84% with a starting phenol concentration of 27.5 mmol per sample. Three strains of phenol-degrading ligninolytic bacteria closely related to Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus, Lysinibacillus fusiformisss and Lysinibacillus sphaericus were identified to be present in the river’s sediment which could produce laccase and facilitate degradation of phenol.

4 illus, 29 ref

000149   MAHESHWARI M, VIJAYARENGAN P (Botany Dep, Annamalai Univ, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, Email: maheswarim1994m@gmail.com) : Phytochemical evaluation, ft-ir and gc-ms analysis of leaf extracts of pergularia daemia. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2021, 20(1), 259-65.

Pergularia daemia is traditionally used to treat various ailments like anthelmintic, antipyretic and expectorant and to treat infantile diarrhoea, malarial intermittent fever, asthma, mental disorder, toothache and cold. In the present study leaf extracts of P. daemia was subjected to qualitative phytochemicals, GC-MS and FT-IR analysis. The quantitative analysis of the leaves showed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, phenols, carbohydrates, amino acids, tannins and cardiac glycosides. The GC-MS study of methanol extract revealed 16 compounds. Some major compounds identified are 9-Octadecenoic Acid (E), Cis- Vaccenic Acid, N-Hexadecanoic Acid, 1- Dimethyl (Butyl), Silyl Oxy Butane along with other minor constituents. FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of 12 functional groups such as amines, alkanes, carbon dioxide and alkynes. The results suggested that P. daemia contains significant photo components and can be used as a source for many pharmacological studies and a curative for various ailments.

2 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

000128   DUTTA A (Physiology Dep, Index Medical Coll, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Email: drabhilashadutta@gmail.com) : Correlation of anemia to body mass index among adult population in a rural region of Malwa in Madhya Pradesh. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(4), 454-7.

Anemia and obesity are the markers of imminent health issues in adults because malnutrition shows two extreme ends, decreased hemoglobin (Hb) and increased body mass index (BMI), caused due to undernutrition and overnutrition, respectively. This study was done to compare the effect of a BMI on anemia in India as very few of these studies have been done in rural India and none in the rural Malwa region of Central India.The study was conducted at a rural mission hospital in a remote village Hatpipliya of district Dewas, Madhya Pradesh, beginning from September 2020 to November 2020 with a sample size of 152 subjects. Hb was assessed on the basis of the World Health Organization standards and BMI was calculated as per Quetelet’s index. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed. A total of 152 people in the age group of >20 years were included in the study. Seventy-one (47 %) were male and 81 (53 %) were female. The prevalence of anemia among underweight population was 38.8 %, which was almost closed to those with normal BMI (38.5 %). The overweight category showed 21 % to be anemic and interestingly, 50 % of obese individuals were anemic. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in the prevalence of anemia among all BMI groups. Frequent screening for the prevalence of anemia and its association with BMI should be done among the target group.

1 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

000127   KHAKIMOV Z Z, RAKHMANOV A K, BEKOVA N B, SHUKURLAEV K S (Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Email: dr.ali.fl@mail.ru) : Influence of the potential dependent calcium channel blockers to the development of carrageenan-induced aseptic inflammation. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(4), 436-40.

A number of patients with diseases of the cardiovascular system simultaneously take anti-inflammatory medicines due to the presence of concomitant chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatism, arthritis, and podagra. Considering the above, it seems important to study the effect of calcium antagonists (CA) on the course of the inflammatory process. The purpose of the study was an investigation of the effect of amlodipine, diltiazem, and cinnarizine in comparison with diclofenac sodium on the course of carrageenan-induced aseptic arthritis. The experiments were carried out on outbred white rats, males, and weigh 150–170 g. The inflammation was induced by the subplantary injection of a 1 % aqueous solution of carrageenan in a volume of 0.1 ml. The studied medicines diclofenac sodium at a dose of 10 mg/kg, amlodipine and diltiazem at doses of 20 mg/kg, and cinnarizine at doses of 50 mg/kg were intragastrically administered to experimental animals 1 h before the injection of carrageenan. Measurement of the paw volume of animals was carried out using a plethysmometer The anti-inflammatory activity of amlodipine in the indicated hours of observation was 34.1, 36.8, 37.8, and 39.7 %, respectively. Сinnarizine also had a distinct anti-exudative effect, after 1, 2, 3, and 4 h of the experiment value of anti-inflammatory activity of it were as following: 38.6, 40.3, 41.9, and 44.0 %, respectively.  Blockers of potential-dependent calcium channels clearly suppress the exudative phase of aseptic inflammation. The studied medicines are arranged in a descending order by their pharmacological activity in the following row: diclofenac sodium = diltiazem> cinnarizine> amlodipine.

2 tables, 13 ref

000126   KRISHNAIAH V, UMADEVI R S, SHAIK L ( Pharmacology Dep, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: dr.leeyaimran@gmail.com) : A prospective observational study of ophthalmic adverse drug reactions in a tertiary care hospital. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(4), 421-8.

According to an epidemiological study, 1.7–25.1 % of eye disease was drug induced, but the evidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in ophthalmology is found to be scarce, as it is difficult in correlation between symptoms and ocular signs, and their causality assessment. Hence, the present study of ADR in ophthalmology is taken up. The aim of the study was to assess the pattern of reported ophthalmic ADR due to ophthalmic or systemic drugs and systemic ADRs due to ophthalmic drugs and to assess the causality, severity, and preventability factors of reported ADRs. A prospective observational study enrolling 100 subjects with ocular ADRs due to ocular or systemic drugs, and systemic ADRs due to ocular drugs visiting KIMS Hospital and Research Centre, Bengaluru. Following Institutional Ethics Committee approval and clearance, and written informed consent from study subjects, 100 consecutive subjects fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria will be included for the study. The causality of ADRs is assessed by WHO-UMC and Naranjo’s causality assessment scale. The severity of ADR assessed using Modified Hartwig scale. The preventability of ADR assessed by Modified Schumock and Thornton scale follow-up will be done for severe ADRs. The clinical spectrum of ADRs ranged from mild redness of the eyes, itching, lacrimation, blurred vision, and purulent discharge from the eyes and to loss of vision. The most common causative drugs were antimicrobials, anti-inflammatory agents, antiepileptics, and mydriatics. Majority of ADRs were probable in WHO-UMC causality assessment, mild in severity, and definitely preventable. No fatal cases were reported. The clinical pattern of reported ocular ADRs due to topical and systemic drugs from the ophthalmology department and in wards ranged from mild severity to moderately severe reactions requiring patient hospitalization.

6 tables, 11 ref

000125   NEELAMMA P, NALINI G K, SURESH R M, DEEPAK P, SAHANA G N, JAYASHREE V N, VALDER B K N (Pharmacology Dep, Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan, Karnataka, Email: drnalinigk72@yahoo.com) : Migraine prophylaxis: Efficacy and safety of lisinopril. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(4), 416-20.

Migraine is the most common headache, having at least five attacks that last 4–72 h, that are unilateral, pulsating, moderate or severe in intensity and aggravated by or cause avoidance of routine physical activity and are also accompanied by nausea/vomiting, photophobia. Treatment of headaches can be either abortive or prophylactic. Here meaning of prophylactic treatment is to reduce the frequency or severity of headaches. Very few studies have been done regarding the safety and efficacy of lisinopril in migraine prophylaxis so we focus on prophylactic therapy for migraine.  The aim of the study was (i) to compare the effect of propranolol and lisinopril in migraine as prophylaxis and (ii) to assess the adverse drug reaction of lisinopril. Sixty out patients diagnosed with Migraine in medicine department, HIMS Hassan, and willing to give consent are included for 3 months. Thirty Patients/group, Group1 – Lisinopril 5 mg/day od and Group2 – Propranolol 20 mg tid given regular treatment. All the patients were provided with a migraine diary and advised to record the number of attacks of migraine. Patients were followed-up at the end of 1st and 3rd months. The change in the migraine frequency and pain intensity was checked (Visual Analog Scale) and also adverse drug reaction.  Migraine episodes and headache severity index were reduced by 84 % and 43 %, with lisinopril compared with propranolol. Days with migraine were reduced in 11 participants for lisinopril. Eight patients reported an adverse effect like cough during lisinopril therapy. Lisinopril has better prophylactic therapy in migraine.

1 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

000124   MAHAJAN S, KAUR A, DEEPTI S S, RALLY S (Community Medicine Dep, Government Medical Coll, Amritsar, Punjab, Email: arshgandhi09@gmail.com) : Non-pharmacological approach for prevention of relapse during recovery in substance abuse: A study done at drug deaddiction center attached to a tertiary hospital. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(4), 411-5.

Many studies have been conducted on prevention and treatment of substance abuse but focus on recovery phase is still little. Recovery from addiction is a process of reconnecting and taking oneself back; finding their voice. Spirituality, social support, family support, and hobbies have played major role in self-help recovery programs and the treatment of substance use disorders (addictions) for a long time. The previous studies focused on problems associated to the life of substance abusers raised the question on whether these factors could influence their recovery. Set against this background, this study explains the role of non-pharmacological modalities in the recovery of substance abusers. This study aims to study the role of non-pharmacological modalities in recovery of relapse cases of substance abuse. A cross-sectional study was carried out at drug deaddiction center attached to Government Medical College, Amritsar, between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2015, involving 400 male relapse cases. The subject who visited drug deaddiction center was visited which was included in the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The collected data were entered into Microsoft Excel sheets and analyzed in EPI INFO VERSION 7. Prior approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee was obtained. Significant association of hobbies and fitness measures with state of mind and degree of satisfaction with life was seen. The study highlights need of peer recovery support system and family support.

3 tables, 20 ref

000123   TORVI A D, SOUJANYA S (Pharmacology Dep, ESIC Medical Coll, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, Email: soujanya73.ss@gmail.com) : A comparative study of efficacy of fexofenadine with chlorpheniramine maleate in allergic rhinitis in the outpatient department of otorhinolaryngology. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(4), 406-10.

Allergic rhinitis is most common non-infectious rhinitis. It is a hypersensitivity disease of nasal mucous membrane mediated by immunoglobulin E characterized by sneezing, itching, watery nasal discharge, and nasal blockade. Allergic rhinitis is condition managed largely in general practice and oral antihistamines are preferred most commonly. Antihistamines differ among each other from potential toxicity perspective, this comparative study between fexofenadine and chlorpheniramine is undertaken to know the differentiating aspects, symptomatic improvements in allergic rhinitis. To study the efficacy of fexofenadine with chlorpheniramine maleate in patients with allergic rhinitis.  A comparative study was done on 70 patients of allergic rhinitis after obtaining informed consent in ENT outpatient department where the patients were randomly allocated into one of the following groups: (1) Group A: 35 patients were given Tab. fexofenadine 120 mg and (2) Group B: 35 patients were given Tab. chlorpheniramine 4 mg. Patients were asked to follow up after 2 weeks to know symptomatic improvement assessed before and after the treatment and adverse effects of drugs. In Group A (fexofenadine), mean age of the patients was 34.95 years, and in Group B (chlorpheniramine), it was 40.17 years. About 57 % of patients had intermittent symptoms in Group A and 43 % in Group B. There was a significant reduction in severity of individual symptoms in patients in Group A when compared to Group B (P < 0.001). Symptoms score has decreased from baseline mean by 100 % in Group A as compared to 92 % in Group B. Except for nasal itching there was marked reduction in other symptoms in Group A compared to Group B. Fexofenadine is better with relieving the symptoms than chlorpheniramine, adverse effects were seen more commonly in chlorpheniramine.

3 tables, 19 ref

000122   SHILPA M, SHILPA M, RAGHUNANDANA R, NARAYANA K (Physiology Dep, Sapthagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: shilpam246@gmail.com) : Empathy in medical education: Does it need to be taught? – Students feedback on AETCOM module of learning. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(4), 401-5.

A doctor’s intention while treating his patient is just not to cure the disease, rather it is to heal the illness. An overall approach to a patient includes not only the pharmaceutical prescription but also includes the doctor’s attitude and care toward a patient. The respect for the patient and the cadavers plays an important role. These aspects are introduced by Medical Council of India in the new curriculum. The present study was to look into the students perception toward this new curriculum. This study aims to know about the students’ perception toward the competency-based medical education curriculum. The study was conducted on one hundred and fifty 1st year MBBS students, who had undergone training on various AETCOM modules through lecture class, sharing experiences by patient and doctor, roll play, poster presentation by the students, painting exhibition, opinion poll, panel discussion, and interaction with simulated and real patients. Assessment was done through reflection and feedback. It was a multidisciplinary approach. Among the participants, 51.76% totally ag reed, 23.53 % of them partially agreed with the concepts of new curriculum, wherein 82 % of the students realized the difference between healing and curing. About 88 % of them said that treating all patients with equanimity is an important ethical concern. About 92 % of them realized their duties and responsibilities toward society as a doctor. About 74% of them agreed with the ethical concern of the respect toward patient’s autonomy. Students have realized about the importance of empathy for building a good doctorpatient relationship and its role in effective patient management through the AETCOM modules.

2 tables, 18 ref

000121   MADHAVI P, VANITHA M (Pharmacology Dep, Osmania Medical Coll, Hyderabad, Telangana, Email: drmvantihaomc@gmail.com) : Comparing the efficacy and safety of theophylline with doxofylline in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(4), 397-400.

A significant public health concern, both preventable and treatable, is chronic pulmonary obstructive disorders (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]). It is one of the primary causes of chronic illness and mortality worldwide. The prominent safety concerns in the use of theophylline need to be addressed. In Grade 1–2 COPD patients, the efficacy and effectiveness of oral doxofylline should be contrasted with theophylline.Two groups of 25 patients, with one group getting theophylline and the other doxofylline, were randomized to a total of 50 patients in addition to the normal treatment for 12 weeks. Each patient was accompanied by a pulmonary function test (PFT), a COPD assessment test (CAT) evaluation questionnaire, and a drug-related safety review at 6 weeks and 12 weeks for the assessment of efficacy parameters.  At 6 weeks and 12 weeks within their respective classes, theophylline and doxofylline showed substantial increases in PFT and CAT performance. However, there was no noticeable change relative to the two classes. In theophylline group, the amount of adverse drug reactions is larger relative to patients in the doxofylline community. Dyspnea was the most severe harmful effect of all categories. Doxofylline is also useful in treating Grade 1–2 COPD (global obstructive lung disease criteria), which has a greater safety profile relative to theophylline.

5 tables, 15 ref

000121   MADHAVI P, VANITHA M (Pharmacology Dep, Osmania Medical Coll, Hyderabad, Telangana, Email: drmvantihaomc@gmail.com) : Comparing the efficacy and safety of theophylline with doxofylline in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(4), 397-400.

A significant public health concern, both preventable and treatable, is chronic pulmonary obstructive disorders (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]). It is one of the primary causes of chronic illness and mortality worldwide. The prominent safety concerns in the use of theophylline need to be addressed. In Grade 1–2 COPD patients, the efficacy and effectiveness of oral doxofylline should be contrasted with theophylline.Two groups of 25 patients, with one group getting theophylline and the other doxofylline, were randomized to a total of 50 patients in addition to the normal treatment for 12 weeks. Each patient was accompanied by a pulmonary function test (PFT), a COPD assessment test (CAT) evaluation questionnaire, and a drug-related safety review at 6 weeks and 12 weeks for the assessment of efficacy parameters.  At 6 weeks and 12 weeks within their respective classes, theophylline and doxofylline showed substantial increases in PFT and CAT performance. However, there was no noticeable change relative to the two classes. In theophylline group, the amount of adverse drug reactions is larger relative to patients in the doxofylline community. Dyspnea was the most severe harmful effect of all categories. Doxofylline is also useful in treating Grade 1–2 COPD (global obstructive lung disease criteria), which has a greater safety profile relative to theophylline.

5 tables, 15 ref

000120   JYOTHI C H, LATHA S, RAMESH H, SUSHMA H K (Pharmacology Dep, JJM Medical Coll, Davangere, Karnataka, Email: lathas1224@gmail.com) : Evaluation of anxiolytic activity of Trachyspermum ammi (ajwain oil) in Swiss albino mice. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(4), 389-92.

Anxiety disorders are most common mental illness, characterized by changes in mood, behavior, somatic function, and cognition. At present, benzodiazepines are most commonly used drugs for treating anxiety and are associated with many side effects. Medicinal plants are inexhaustible source for searching new drug or new activity, with comparatively lower side effects and drug interactions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the anxiolytic activity of Ajwain oil alone and combination of Diazepam and Ajwain oil (in subthreshold doses), in Swiss albino mice. A total of 24 Swiss albino mice of either sex weighing 20–30 g were included in the study and were divided into four groups of six animals each. Among which, Group 1 (control) received – tween 80 (10 mg/kg), Group 2 (standard) – Diazepam (1 mg/kg), Group 3 (test-1) – Ajwain oil (50 mg/ kg), and Group 4 (test-2) – Diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) + Ajwain oil (25 mg/kg). After 60 min of oral administration of drugs, anxiolytic activity was assisted using elevated plus maze (EPM) and Digital Actophotometer. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, followed by post hoc Tukey’s test. Ajwain oil showed significant increase in number of entries and time spent in open arm in EPM and in Digital Actophotometer there was decrease in locomotor activity when compared to control. In Group 4, where we used subthreshold dose of Ajwain oil and diazepam, number of entries in EPM and decrease in locomotor activity in Actophotometer showed significant results when compared to standard. Hence, with the above results, we suggest Ajwain oil possesses significant anxiolytic activity.

2 tables, 14 ref

000120   JYOTHI C H, LATHA S, RAMESH H, SUSHMA H K (Pharmacology Dep, JJM Medical Coll, Davangere, Karnataka, Email: lathas1224@gmail.com) : Evaluation of anxiolytic activity of Trachyspermum ammi (ajwain oil) in Swiss albino mice. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(4), 389-92.

Anxiety disorders are most common mental illness, characterized by changes in mood, behavior, somatic function, and cognition. At present, benzodiazepines are most commonly used drugs for treating anxiety and are associated with many side effects. Medicinal plants are inexhaustible source for searching new drug or new activity, with comparatively lower side effects and drug interactions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the anxiolytic activity of Ajwain oil alone and combination of Diazepam and Ajwain oil (in subthreshold doses), in Swiss albino mice. A total of 24 Swiss albino mice of either sex weighing 20–30 g were included in the study and were divided into four groups of six animals each. Among which, Group 1 (control) received – tween 80 (10 mg/kg), Group 2 (standard) – Diazepam (1 mg/kg), Group 3 (test-1) – Ajwain oil (50 mg/ kg), and Group 4 (test-2) – Diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) + Ajwain oil (25 mg/kg). After 60 min of oral administration of drugs, anxiolytic activity was assisted using elevated plus maze (EPM) and Digital Actophotometer. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, followed by post hoc Tukey’s test. Ajwain oil showed significant increase in number of entries and time spent in open arm in EPM and in Digital Actophotometer there was decrease in locomotor activity when compared to control. In Group 4, where we used subthreshold dose of Ajwain oil and diazepam, number of entries in EPM and decrease in locomotor activity in Actophotometer showed significant results when compared to standard. Hence, with the above results, we suggest Ajwain oil possesses significant anxiolytic activity.

2 tables, 14 ref

000119   SORI R K, GANDIGAWAD P (Pharmacology Dep, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Univ, Dharwad, Karnataka, Email: dr.priyagandigawad@gmail.com) : Drug utilization pattern of anti-epileptic drugs in tertiary care hospital. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(4), 385-8.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that requires therapy over prolonged period of time to keep patient seizure free. Although patients respond with monotherapy, refractory epileptic patients require polytherapy. Drug utilization studies provide insight to rational drug prescribing. This study was designed to analyze and to study prescription pattern of antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy in tertiary care hospital. The present study was conducted by collecting data from medical record department. Detailed data of patients diagnosed with epilepsy including demographic details, comorbidities, and allergies admitted from January 2015 to December 2017 in study pro forma were collected. A total of 386 patient’s data were analyzed and it was found that male patients were most affected with epilepsy compared to females. Generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) was the most commonly diagnosed in majority of the patients. Levetiracetam (42.48 %) was the most commonly prescribed drug as monotherapy, followed by phenytoin (11.91 %), sodium valproate (8.54 %), and carbamazepine (5.18 %). The most common combination of drugs in polytherapy were levetiracetam and carbamazepine (12.43 %), phenytoin with carbamazepine (8.03 %), phenytoin with sodium valproate (7.21 %), and phenytoin with lamotrigine (3.86 %). The higher incidence of epilepsy is noted in males of all ages. GTCS was the most common type of epilepsy diagnosed and majority of the patients were prescribed with monotherapy. As it is a retrospective study, there were several limitations in the study such as quality of life of patients, compliance to the drugs, adverse reactions to the drugs were not assessed. Hence, further prospective studies with more sample size should be conducted to assess various factors on drug utilization in epilepsy.

3 tables, 11 ref