046658   YUTANTO D (Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Dep, Airlangga Univ, Jawa Timur- 60115, Indonesia, Email: muhammadaminuddin2018@outlook.com, ) : The effect of soot particulate towards MAPK expression in the mechanism of cardiovascular system disruption. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194335.

Air pollution is associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. An oxidative stress arising from particulate matter has been shown to activate a number of redox responsive signaling pathways in target cells. This pathway is involved in gene expression that plays a role in the response to inflammation and pathological changes including the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). To describe the effect of soot particulate exposure towards MAPK expression in the mechanism of cardiovascular disruption. This research was an experimental research by using “post test only control group design” approach. The experiment was conducted in laboratory female rats (Rattus novergicus) and consisted of 3 groups: Control group -exposed by soot particulate with the concentration of 532 mg/m³ an hour each day for 30 days, without soot particulate exposure- (n=10); Treatment 1 group (n=2); Treatment 2 group -exposed by soot particulate with the concentration of 1064 mg/m³ an hour each day for 30 days- (n=12). The soot particulate significantly induced an increase in MAPK expression in the treatment 1 group (the number of immunoreactive cells: 51 (31-216) vs 2 (0-50), p=0.001; immunoreactive score (IRS) index: 2 (1-4) vs 1 (0-2), p=0.048) and in treatment 2 group (the number of immunoreactive cells: 73 (17-203) vs 2 (0-50), p=0.000; IRS: 2 (1-4) vs 1 (0-2), p=0.01) compared to control group. There was a significant increase in MAPK expression which was measured from the total number of immunoreactive cells in Treatment 1 (p=0.001) and Treatment 2 group (p=0.000) compared to Control group. The Exposure to soot particulates significantly increased MAPK expression in experimental rats.

4 tables, 15 ref

043446   ABIRAMI K , RAMKUMAR H , SENTHIL D (Pedodontics Dep, SRM Dental Coll, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: abiramik1092@gmail.com) : Clinical and radiographic evaluation of the efficacy of formocresol, Allium sativum oil, and Aloe barbadensis gel as pulpotomy medicaments in primary molars: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 518-22.

The aim of the study was to clinically and radiographically evaluate the efficacy of formocresol, Allium sativum oil, and Aloe barbadensis gel as pulpotomy medicaments in primary molars. Eighty-two primary molars indicated for pulpotomy were included in the study. The molars included were divided into three groups by simple random sampling, and treatment was done with formocresol as control, comparing it with Aloe barbadensis gel and Allium sativum oil. The teeth were then followed up for 6 and 12 months clinically and radiographically. Chi-square test was used to compare the clinical and radiographic results between the groups. McNemar test was used to compare the clinical and radiographic results at 6 and 12 months. The results revealed that there was no significant difference between the groups when comparing the experimental groups to the control. The study shows that Aloe barbadensis gel and Allium sativum oil may be used as an alternative to formocresol as pulpotomy medicaments.

1 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

043445   FLÓRIO F M , KLEE L D S , RAMOS A P B , AMBROSANO G M B , SILVA A D S F (Preventive Dentistry Dep, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, Brazil, Email: flaviaflorio@yahoo.com) : Use of water by schoolchildren: Impact of indirectly supervised daily toothbrushing: A pilot study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 513-7.

This present longitudinal, quantitative, and analytical pilot study evaluated the impact of daily indirectly supervised toothbrushing on water consumption. The study was carried out in a social center that provided care to children aged 5–14 years in Campinas in the state of São Paulo. Calibrated hydrometers were installed on taps used by the children, and the daily volume of water used was measured for 25 school days (T0). An educational program was then implemented (T1), where supervised toothbrushing was explained, encouraged, and put into action. The next phase (T2) incorporated a recreational approach to the rational use of water, and the consumption was measured for another 25 school days. After six months (T3) without further educational interventions by the researchers, water consumption was measured for the same period of 25 school days. The data were analyzed based on the mixed models methodology for measures repeated over time. The water consumption did not change significantly (p > 0.05) between the different phases of the study (T0 = 0.43 ± 0.19, T1 = 0.38 ± 0.17, T2 = 0.39 ± 0.15, T1 = 0.48 ± 0.21 dm³ /day/child). The introduction of toothbrushing into the routine of the children, in the context of recreational and sustainable health education, did not have a detrimental impact on water consumption. Among the many recommendations for the introduction and implementation of supervised toothbrushing programs in school environments, there is no mention of the measures taken during such procedures aimed at economizing water, the rational use of which should be a daily practice irrespective of the water conditions of the surrounding region. The findings of this study contribute to the enhancement of educational and pedagogical activities in schools.

1 table, 45 ref

045257   SHANQITI A F A, ABUGAD H A, SALAMA K F (Family and Community Medicine Dep, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Univ, Dammam- 34212, Saudi Arabia, Email: ksalama@iau.edu.sa) : Assessment of ambient noise exposure among medical staff in dental clinics center of Dammam medical complex, Saudi Arabia. J Ecophysiol Occup Health 2020, 20(3&4), 120-7.

Exposure to loud noise is a major problem for medical staff, especially in dental clinics and laboratories. This research aims to assess the ambient noise in dental clinics and the impact of noise on medical staff in dental clinics at Dammam Medical Complex, Saudi Arabia. A Cross sectional study was performed. Ambient noise was measured using the sound level meter in various laboratories and clinics. The data showed that the maximum noise levels were between 116 and 56 dB(A) with peak levels ranging from 116 to 106 dB(A) in the laboratory and clinic environment. There is a significant correlation with the number of medical personnel, the area of the laboratory or clinic and the number and nature of the equipment used with the sources and ambient noise in their workplace and with daily exposure might cause severe impact on hearing loss in such clinics. The study strongly recommends the implementation of preventive measures and should be for periodic medical examinations and educational programs of the highest priority for medical staff in clinics and dental laboratories.

9 tables, 21 ref

043444   KHANAGAR S B , ALFADLEY A (Preventive Dental Science Dep, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz Univ for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: sanjeev.khanagar76@gmail.com) : Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dental interns in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional survey. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 508-12.

Dental profession is labeled as a high-risk profession, due to which dental care professionals are under tremendous pressure during the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to assess the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dental interns in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among dental interns from different universities in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The data were collected using a validated Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 Items (DASS-21) questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were presented using frequencies (n) and percentages (%). Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to assess the association between sociodemographic data (age, gender, nationality, marital status, and history of physical and mental illness) and levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. A p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. A total of 160 dental interns were invited to participate in this survey; out of which 110 participants responded yielding a response rate of 78 %. The mean age of the study participants was 25.1 years. About 65 % of the participants were female. Only 14.5 % of the subjects reported having a past history of physical or mental illness. Depression, anxiety, and stress were identified in 11.9 %, 7.3 %, and 0.9 % of the dental interns, respectively. Demographic characteristics did not appear to influence depression, anxiety, or stress levels (p > 0.05). The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic has affected the mental health of dental interns. The presence of depression, anxiety, and stress among dental interns highlights the need for special intervention and support programs to promote mental health and well-being among dental interns.

4 tables, 28 ref

043443   KAUL B , MAHAJAN N , KOTWAL B , GUPTA S , VAID V , KAUL S (Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Indira Gandhi Government Dental Coll, Jammu and Kashmir, Email: drbhavnakaul@yahoo.com) : Effect of parental employment and family status (nuclear–j) on the child’s oral health in jammu population: A cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 504-7.

This study was conducted to assess or evaluate the influence of parental employment on the child’s oral and dental health. This study aims to assess the repercussions of working parents in Jammu belonging to nuclear and joint families on the oral and dental health of children aged 2–14. A cross-sectional study was conducted in which a total of 1,848 children were examined from March 01, 2012, to February 28, 2014, who came to seek treatment in the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Indira Gandhi Govt. Dental College and Hospital, Jammu, along with the accompanying parents. Assessment was based on the following parameters: dental caries, eruption status of teeth, and orthodontic status. Age-wise distribution of the patients was done in four groups, 2–5 years (33 %), 5–8 years (30 %), 8–11 years (21 %), and 11–14 years (16 %), and were examined as per the above-mentioned criteria. The results were compiled and statistically analyzed using Chi-square test. Children of working parents exhibited more incidence of dental caries which was statistically analyzed (p value = 0.111) and was found insignificant and when analyzed as per the retained deciduous teeth and orthodontic anomalies (p value <0.05) was found to be highly significant. Also, children belonging to the nuclear families whether employed or unemployed were found to be more affected by the above-mentioned dental diseases. It was seen that the children whose both parents were working had more incidence of dental caries, over-retained deciduous teeth, and were possessing habits that lead to orthodontic anomalies.

3 illus, 6 tables, 5 ref

041616   SAHA P, BRISHTY S R, RAHMAN S M A (Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Dep, Dhaka Univ, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh, Email: smarahman@du.ac.bd) : Synthesis and evaluation of disubstituted benzimidazole derivatives as potential analgesic and antidiarrheal agents. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(2), 222-9.

The present study is aimed at the synthesis and biological evaluation of a variety of disubstituted benzimidazole derivatives. The disubstituted benzimidazoles, identified as 3a, 3b, 3c, and 3d were synthesized through condensation of o-phenylenediamine compounds with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of ammonium salt as a catalyst and characterized by infrared spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The compounds were screened for analgesic and antidiarrheal activities using acetic acid-induced writhing and castor oil-induced diarrhea models, respectively in Swiss mice. Compounds 3c, 3a, and 3b at a dose of 25 mg/kg decreased the number of writhes by 88.81, 69.40 and 64.93 %, respectively (P<0.05) as compared to standard aceclofenac (88.81 %). Derivatives 3d and 3a displayed promising antidiarrheal activity (P<0.05) at both 25 (inhibition of defecation 67.64 and 56.45 %, respectively) and 50 mg/kg dose levels (80.65 and 75.81 % inhibition respectively) in comparison to standard loperamide (85.48 % inhibition at a dose of 25 mg/kg). Among the synthesized derivatives, 3a emerged as the most effective analgesic and antidiarrheal agent, and it might be employed as a lead compound for future investigation.

1 illus, 4 tables, 49 ref

046656   KAMAL B J, NADHIM S N, KHALAF M A (Kirkuk Univ, Kirkuk, Iraq, Email: belalkamal63@gmail.com) : Hypertension control in diabetic patients. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194333.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the commonest diseases world wild and can cause multi-systemic complications, hypertension can co-exist with diabetes and predispose to diabetes complications, both micro and macro-vascular. The objectives of this study are to assess the incidence of hypertension in diabetic patients and whether they are controlled or not. This is a community-based descriptive cross-sectional study done in Azadi teaching hospital in Kirkuk city from the period of September 2014 until February 2016, 240 diabetic patients were collected using a questionaire, containing details of his condition. The study had showed that in which 57 % of patients were with high blood pressure, 32 % with normal blood pressure and 11 % with low blood pressure, most of the hypertensive patients were uncontrolled, and most of the diabetic patients were non-smokers and 55 % of them were with non-sedentary life style, but the majority of them were overweight and obese. The study agrees with a lot of studies that hypertension is more common in diabetic patients, especially in those who are obese and smokers and most of them are uncontrolled hypertensive. 

4 tables, 23 ref

041615   GIRI S, MOHAPATRA S (Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be Univ), Bhubaneswar, Odisha - 751 003, Email: sujatamohapatra@soa.ac.in) : Formulation and in vitro characterization of time release tablets of propranolol hydrochloride. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(2), 216-21.

The objective of this investigation was to prepare and evaluate propranolol hydrochloride time release tablets using press coating technique. The time release tablet consisted of two layers, a core tablet containing the active ingredient and an outer cell coating. The core tablet was prepared with the active ingredient using conventional method. Press coated optimized tablet was formulated using different ratios of ethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M. The coated tablets were evaluated by estimating the physical attributes, drug content, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and in vitro drug release profile. Based on the evaluation parameters formulation F10 showed a 6 h release lag time. The release pattern of F10 formulation fulfilled the circadian variation matching the chronotherapeutic objective of hypertension.

4 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

041614   KUMAR N, DHARMALINGAM S (Analytical Research and Development Dep, Dr Reddy’s Laboratories, Hyderabad - 500 072, Email: nitink@drreddys.com) : Quality by design-based development and optimization of a novel, dual wavelength HPLC method for determination of impurities in piribedil prolonged release tablets. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(2), 203-15.

The objective of this investigation was to develop a stability-indicating method for the estimation of impurities in piribedil tablets using the quality by design approach. Piribedil and its impurities have different absorption maxima hence known and unknown impurities were quantified at 210 and 238 nm, respectively. Phosphate buffer (pH 4.3) and a mixture of phosphate buffer, methanol, and acetonitrile (30:40:30, v/v) were used in gradient elution mode. Zorbax SB Phenyl (150×4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) column was used for separation. Mobile phase was delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and column was maintained at 45°. Injection volume was optimized as 10 µl. Critical chromatographic parameters such as column oven temperature and pH of the buffer were optimized by design of experiments. Forced degradation studies were performed and all the degradants formed were well separated from known impurities and from piribedil peak. Mass balance was found to be > 98 % in all stressed conditions. The developed method was validated and found specific, precise, linear, accurate, rugged and robust.

8 illus, 8 tables, 17 ref

043442   SINGH R , SRIVASTAVA B , GUPTA N (Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Santosh Dental Coll and Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drsinghrashi@ gmail.com) : Prevalence and pattern of hypomineralized second primary molars in children in Delhi–NCR. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 501-3.

Developmental defects of enamel especially enamel hypomineralization are prevalent among children. Hypomineralized second primary molars (HSPM) present a serious clinical dilemma for the current practitioners. It represents as a potential predictive factor for molar incisal hypomineralization (MIH). The reported prevalence of HSPMs in India however still remains uncertain. A total of 649 children aged 6–10 years were randomly selected from various schools in Delhi NCR. The teeth were indexed for developmental defects of enamel using modified European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry judgment criteria given by Ghanim et al. A total of 83 HSPMs were observed in 33 of the 649 subjects examined, with a prevalence of 5 %. Molars affected had prevalence of 62.88 %, with two deciduous molars being most commonly affected. Of the defects present, creamy white opacities were most common followed by yellowish brown opacities. Posteruptive breakdowns (PEB) were more commonly associated with yellowish brown opacities. The prevalence of HSPMs in Delhi, NCR was 5 %. Creamy white opacities were the most common lesion present.

5 tables, 18 ref

041613   ABDULLAH S M, MAZUMDER P M ( Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Dep, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra - 835 215, Ranchi, Jharkhand, Email: pmitramazumder@bitmesra.ac.in) : Augmentation of mast cell stability, a therapeutic strategy for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(2), 193-202.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a continuous deteriorating type of interstitial lung disease. In clinical practice, inhibition of fibrotic progression is essential. Currently available interventions for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are confined to prophylactic effects and also have limitations with dose-associated adverse effects. Progressive nature of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and unavailability of therapeutic drugs together is a huge setback for treating advanced stages of fibrotic conditions. Further, monotherapy with antifibrotic agents may not be adequate as various underlying mechanisms are involved in the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The present article made an attempt to discuss potential targets that could impede fibrotic progression for developing mechanism-based strategies for the therapeutic control of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. A suitable combination therapy to potentiate antifibrotic effects with parallel augmentation of mast cell stability could be considered as a possible approach to stop disease progression as well as aid in the reversal of fibrotic condition in established idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

4 illus, 83 ref

041612   SUGUMAR D, SARAVANAN J, EMDORMI R, PRAVEEN T K (Pharmacology Dep, JSS Coll of Pharmacy, Tamil Nadu - 643 001, Email: getsarwan@gmail.com) : An update on the role of nrf2 and its activators in diseases associated with oxidative stress. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(2), 184-92.

wide range of experimental and observational studies have established the irrefutable role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of a plethora of diseases either directly or indirectly. Several factors ranging from radiation, pollution, high fat and sugar diet, alcohol consumption, smoking, tobacco consumption and even certain drugs contribute to oxidative stress. The imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant levels remain the underlying cause of oxidative stress. When the levels of oxidants outweigh the levels of antioxidants it leads to formation of free radicals like hydroxyl, superoxide, alkoxyl, peroxyl, glutathiyl, tocopheroxyl, hydroperoxyl and ascorbate. These free radical species play a definitive role in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases, malignancies, cardiovascular, respiratory and liver diseases. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 is a master transcription factor belonging to the leucine zipper family. Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 is a repressor of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 under basal or normal conditions, which is responsible for cytoplasmic sequestration and proteosomal degradation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 via ubiquitination. The activation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/antioxidant response element signalling pathway regulates the expression of numbers of genes that are cytoprotective, antioxidative and detoxificative in action. This article reviews the potential therapeutic role of nuclear factor erythroid-2- related factor 2 activators in prevention and treatment of those diseases in which oxidative stress plays a definitive role in the pathogenesis.

7 illus, 71 ref

043441   GUPTA P , SINGH N , TRIPATHI T , GOPAL R, RAI P (Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Dep, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, Email: drtulikatripathi@yahoo.com) : Tau angle: A new approach for assessment of true sagittal maxillomandibular relationship. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 497-500.

The orthodontic treatment planning relies on correct diagnosis of skeletal discrepancy, which demands accurate and precise cephalometric parameters. This study proposed an angle, which is based on unvarying cephalometric points and gives a true sagittal skeletal maxillomandibular relationship. The present study was conducted on 279 individuals (13–30 years), which were divided into three groups (class I, II, and III skeletal malocclusion) depending on beta, wits, and ANB (A point, Nasion, B point) angles. Tau angle was measured, which lied at the junction of lines connecting the points T to G and G to M. ANOVA and the Dunnett T3 post hoc test were used to discern difference between three skeletal patterns. The gender difference in each skeletal pattern was found using the unpaired Student’s t-test. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves determined the Tau angle’s sensitivity and specificity to differentiate among skeletal patterns. The Tau angle between 28 ° and 34 ° suggests a skeletal class I malocclusion; values below 28 ° show a class III skeletal pattern and above 34 ° suggest skeletal class II pattern. Tau angle gives a true sagittal skeletal relationship, which depends on stable landmarks and is unaffected by rotation of jaws in vertical dimension due to growth or orthodontic therapy. Tau angle provides a demarcation among three skeletal malocclusions, which can be an important tool for treatment planning in pediatric patients having both anteroposterior and vertical dentofacial discrepancies.

3 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

046655   HUSSEIN B G, AZZAWI J I, HUSSEIN R A (Surgery Dep, Tikrit Univ, Tikrit, Iraq, Email: dr.jamel@tu.edu.iq. ) : Diode laser & conventional surgery treatment, a comparative study in anal diseases. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194332.

Anal pain is a common complaint, mostly of benign etiology but with psychological impact & interferes with life activities. The causes of anal pain usually can be easily diagnosed & treated with over the counter pain relievers & hot water soaks. To compare the effectiveness of treatment with laser surgery to the traditional type of surgery. A prospective study was conducted on patients admitted to Samarra General Hospital & a private hospital from first of October 2017 to thirty one of May 2018. Ninety eight patients underwent different traditional & laser surgical procedures for hemorrhoids, anal fissure &fistula in ano. Of them, 68 patients (69.3 %) were males & 30 patients (30.7 %) were females with age range from 20-55 years (mean age of 32 year). The patients were divided into 2 groups: The laser surgery was less than traditional surgery in duration of operation by 17 minutes. For the intraoperative blood loss the laser surgery was less than traditional surgery. The infection rate was 1 of 49 cases in laser surgery while it was 7 of 49 cases in traditional surgery. The healing duration in laser surgery was less than traditional surgery. Duration of return to work was 22 days & 23 days in laser & traditional surgeries respectively. Finally the pain score according to numeric pain scale was mild for laser surgery & moderate for traditional one. Laser surgery was better than traditional surgery in treatment of anal disease.

4 tables, 17 ref

043440   MRUDHULA K JN , VINAY C , ULOOPI KS , ROJARAMYA K S , CHANDRASEKHAR R (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Vishnu Dental Coll, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, Email: rojachowdary28@gmail.com) : A cross-sectional study on sense of coherence and its relationship with caries experience and socioeconomic status in 11–16-year-old schoolchildren. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 493-6.

To know the association of sense of coherence (SOC), caries experience, and socioeconomic status (SES) in 11–16-year-old schoolchildren. This cross-sectional study included a total of 595 schoolchildren aged 11–16 years, and informed consent was obtained. Demographic and socioeconomic data were collected through pro forma filled by the parents. Sense of coherence of children was recorded with SOC-13 item questionnaire given in both English and local language (Telugu). Caries experience was recorded with DMFT index by carrying out the intra-oral examination of children. In a total of 595 schoolchildren, 35 % children have weak SOC, 34.9 % have moderate SOC, and 29.9 % have strong SOC. Caries experience was inversely associated with SOC (p value = 0.006) on analysis by ANOVA. On multivariate regression analysis, it was observed that for every one-unit increase in SOC, caries experience decreased by 0.11 unit. However, there was statistically no significant (p value = 0.09) relation between childhood SES and SOC. Age (p value = 0.08) and gender (p value = 0.19) are not associated with SOC. Sense of coherence influences the caries experience irrespective of socioeconomic status, age, and gender of the child. Children having stronger SOC have increased likelihood to seek out preventive dental services, which helps in maintaining good oral health. SOC is structured mainly by the experiences during the early years of life. Therefore, SOC can be strengthened by interventions in the early life through school dental health programs.

5 tables, 25 ref

043439   VELAGALA D , REDDY V N , ACHANTA A , SNEHIKA G , RAMAVATH B N , MAREDDY R A (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Mamata Dental Coll, Khammam, Telangana, Email: dollypedo@rediffmail.com) : Enamel erosion: A possible preventive approach by casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate—An in vitro study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 486-92.

Several efforts were made in order to alter the compositions of acidic food items concerning their properties to be able to reduce their erosivity potential. The addition of combinations of calcium and phosphate salts to these food products has grabbed great interest. In vitro evaluation of the effect of the addition of 0.2 % w/v casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP–ACP) to four commonly available beverages (of which two were carbonated) on enamel erosion. Sound-extracted human third molar teeth were taken, and enamel sections (n = 270) were made and polished. Acid-resistant nail varnish was painted to create an exposed enamel window of 1 mm2 , followed by testing of the four soft drinks and distilled deionized water (DDW). Every drink was evaluated with and without the addition of 0.2 % w/v CPP–ACP. The enamel specimens were kept in 50 mL solution at 37 °C for 30 minutes, rinsed, and then varnish was removed. All samples were then profiled using white-light profilometer, and erosive depths were recorded. One-way analysis of variance test and post hoc Tukey test. Enamel erosion was created by all the soft drinks tested, but the addition of 0.2 % w/v CPP–ACP has remarkably reduced (p value < 0.05) erosive depths in all test solutions compared to solutions without CPP–ACP. The erosive depths for solutions with DDW did not vary much from those with 0.2 % CPP–ACP. Addition of 0.2 % w/v CPP–ACP to the soft drinks has remarkably reduced their erosivity potential.

11 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

046654   CONDENG B, SYAFAR M, SIRAJUDDIN S, NAIEM F, SALEH A (Health Promotion and Behavioral Science Dep, Hasanuddin Univ, Makassar, Indonesia, Email: baharuddincondeng@gmail.com) : Condition of houses with smoking habits in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194331.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the direct infectious diseases caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis which can attack various organs, especially the lungs. Pulmonary TB can be transmitted through the air, the longer and nearer a person contacts with the source of transmission, the greater the chance of contracting it. This study aims to describe the factors that can influence the incidence of pulmonary TB in patients at Undata Hospital, Palu. This study used a cross-sectional study design to describe the factors that influence the incidence of pulmonary TB in 15 patients with pulmonary TB MDR (Multi-Drug Resistant). The results showed that patients who had the most pulmonary TB were male (53.3 %), aged or more than 40 years (53.3 %), high school education level (46.7 %), damaged house condition (73.3 %), and have smoking habits (53.3 %). Patients of the male sex, old age, high school education level, damaged housing conditions, and smoking habits are the most common factors for MDR pulmonary TB patients.

2 tables, 15 ref

043438   SURESH S , NAVIT S , KHAN S A , SHARMA A , JABEEN S , GROVER N , ALIA S (Pedodontics Dep, Saraswati Dental Coll, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drsaarikasuresh@gmail.com) : Effect of diode laser office bleaching on mineral content and surface topography of enamel surface: An SEM study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 481-5.

To assess the effects of different bleaching procedures on the mineral component and surface topography of the enamel using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). Forty samples of approximately 3 × 3 mm size from the coronal portion of 20 extracted human anterior teeth were obtained. The samples were divided into two control groups and three experimental groups. In group I or positive control (n = 5), no bleaching or phosphoric acid treatment to the enamel surface was done. Group II samples or negative controls (n = 5) were treated with 37 % phosphoric acid. In group III (n = 10), the tooth was treated with 35 % hydrogen peroxide (HP) without any activation. Group IV (n = 10) was treated with 37.5 % HP with LED light activation and group V (n = 10) was treated with 45 % HP with diode laser activation. The calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels of each sample were measured using an EDX system prior to bleaching treatments. All the samples were again subjected to the EDX analysis after the bleaching treatment and two samples (after EDX analysis) from each group were subjected to the SEM analysis. No significant difference was seen in phosphorus levels before and after the bleaching. However, significant increase in calcium levels was observed after bleaching activated with LASER and LED light. The SEM observations revealed maximum surface alterations on the enamel after chemically activated bleaching. The LASER-activated bleaching agent seems to be more surface-friendly and less time-consuming as compared to other bleaching systems.

7 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

041610   SOUJANYA K, REDDY K S, D. KUMARASWAMY, VISHWANATH REDDY G V, GIRIJA P, SIRISHA K (Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry Dep, Vaagdevi Coll of Pharmacy, Warangal, Telangana - 506 001, Email: ragisirisha@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of wound healing and antiinflammatory activities of new poly-herbal formulations. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(1), 173-8.

Present investigation evaluated the impact of poly-herbal formulations comprising extracts of Zingiberofficinale, Curcuma longa, Aloe barbadensis, Citrus aurantium, Emblica officinalis and castor oil on wound healing activity using excision wound model and antiinflammatory activity using formalininduced pawedema method. Ointments containing 2, 4 and 6 % w/w of extracts were made and used in wound healing action and all the formulations significantly (p<0.01) reduced the wound area. Ointment of 6 % w/w has shown better results than 2 and 4 % w/w. These results were compared to that of the standard framycetin. Poly-herbal formulation-1, poly-herbal formulation-2 and poly-herbal formulation-3 were prepared and used at doses of 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg to determine antiinflammatory activity. All poly-herbal formulations significantly (p<0.01) inhibited formalin-induced rat paw edema. Poly-herbal formulation-3 displayed greater inhibition than poly-herbal formulations 1 and 2. These results were comparable to that of the standard diclofenac. Present work and previous studies on poly-herbal formulations corroborates that these are safer and effective in treating inflammation and wounds.

1 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

043437   SURESH M , MALLIKARJUN S B , BABU G , ZAREENA M A (Pediatric Dentistry Dep, Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences, KK Campus, Karnataka, Email: drminusuresh91@gmail.com) : Fracture resistance of reattached hydrated fragment of fractured incisors. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 476-80.

Fragment reattachment procedure provides conservative treatment option when an intact fractured fragment is available. Rewetting of fractured fragment before reattaching has shown better bond strength of attached fragment. Therefore, fracture resistance of reattached fractured fragment with hydration and without hydration was evaluated and compared. Ellis class II fracture was induced in selected and coded 60 extracted maxillary central incisors using a custom-madewise and assigned into group I and group II (without hydration and with hydration) and both the groups were further divided into two groups (1 week and 3 months). In group I, fractured fragments were reattached after bench-drying for 24 hours. In group II, fractured fragments were reattached after hydrating for 1 hour following bench-drying for 24 hours. Composite (Filtek Z350 XT, Universal Restorative, 3M ESPE) was used to reattach the fractured fragments. Reattached fractured fragments were stored in artificial saliva for 1 week and 3 months and subjected to fracture resistance test using Universal Testing Machine. The data obtained were tabulated and statistically analyzed. Fracture resistance in hydration samples was higher than without hydration at the end of 1 week and 3 months statistically. Fracture resistance of fractured fragment at the end of 3 months was higher in both with hydration and without hydration but was not significant with hydration. Hydration of fractured fragment before reattachment procedure has shown better fracture resistance and improved further after storing in artificial saliva for 3 months.

3 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

041609   KIM K B W R, JEONG S M, KIM M J, AHN D H (Food Science and Technology Dep, Pukyong National Univ, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea, Email: dhahn@pknu.ac.kr) : Tyrosinase inhibitory effects of sargachromanol g, sargachromanol i and mojabanchromanol b isolated from Myagropsis myagroides. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(1), 170-3.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of Myagropsis myagroides extract on tyrosinase activity. Inhibition of tyrosinase was observed in the presence of an n-hexane fraction of Myagropsis myagroides. Separation of the n-hexane fraction using silica gel column chromatography yielded the chloroform:methanol (50:1) fraction, which showed the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity. After several separation and purification steps, sargachromanol G, sargachromanol I, and mojabanchromanol b were obtained. These 3 chromene compounds displayed strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity. It could be concluded that Myagropsis myagroides is a potential source of natural antimelagenic compounds.

1 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

046653   MAHMOOD A S, SHAKIR W M, KAREEM K S (Surgery Dep, Baghdad Univ, Baghdad, Iraq) : The surgical outcome of distal pancreatectomy for distal pancreatic tumors. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194330.

Pancreatic cancer is still associated with poor prognosis and remains a therapeutic challenge and the fourth leading cause of cancer related mortality. Overall long-term survival is about 1–5 %, and in only 10–20 % of pancreatic cancer patients is potentially curative surgery possible, increasing five-year survival rates to approximately 20–25 %. Thirty two patients’ data files were reviewed; those who underwent left sided pancreatectomy for tumor lesions in their pancreatic body or tail in Gastroenterology and Hepatology Hospital & Baghdad Teaching Hospital ,Baghdad, Iraq. for the period from December 2013 up to April 2018. demographics , dates of presentation , ad-mission , presentation features , biochemical investigations , radiological findings , operative findings,histological reports of excised samples and clinical notes regarding postoperative hospitalization period with the postoperative biochemical and radiological findings were analyzed. The result shows most of the resected lesions were benign premalignant tumors with female preponderance and lower mean age of presentation than found in other studies. No significant complications were documented and neither mortality nor recurrence were registered with thrombocytosis was the complication in one case . Successful celiac axis resection done in one case . Most of the cases operated in the 2015 with the non specific abdominal pain being the presenting symptom in more than 30  % of cases . Tumor site was in the tail in about 60 %, and the most common surgical option was distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy . Mucinous cystic neoplasia was the most common tissue diagnosis . Hospital stay was around 5 days in about 33 % of cases .

5 illus, 10 ref

043436   PATTANSHETTI A K , KOTHARI H P , TIWARI J , MALAGI S , PATTANASHETTY S , HINGE K (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Maitri Coll of Dentistry and Research Centre, Chhattisgarh, Email: drkirthipattanshettimalgi@gmail.com) : of knowledge and attitude of expectant mothers regarding effect of their oral health and its influence on the infant oral health. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 471-5.

Good oral health during pregnancy and infancy is important for the overall health and well-being of mother and child, respectively. To assess the knowledge and attitude of expectant mothers regarding the effect of their oral health and its influence on infant oral health. A cross-sectional study was conducted among expectant mothers. They were randomly selected from those reporting to the Department of Gynecology in Government and Private Hospitals in Durg, Chhattisgarh. A total of 124 closed-ended, self-administered questionnaire were filled by participants, which had 21 items addressing the knowledge and attitude of expectant mothers regarding their oral health and oral hygiene practices; the transmission of bacteria from mother to child; cariogenic food consumption; effect of periodontal disease on infant’s teeth and safe trimester for dental treatment. Data were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Significant differences were found in expectant mothers’ knowledge and attitude based on their age (p = 0.02, 0.07), education level (p = 0.001, 0.95), trimester (p = 0.83, 0.43), and number of pregnancies (p = 0.05, 0.10), respectively. The knowledge related to the oral health of pregnant women during pregnancy was found to be low and needs to be improved. Execution of educational programs along with other healthcare professionals to motivate expectant mothers. 

5 tables, 38 ref

043435   MISHRA R, SINGH A K (Dentistry Dep, Pradesh Univ of Medical Sciences, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dratul.148@gmail.com) : Retrospective study of pediatric oral lesions in rural areas in district Etawah, Uttar Pradesh. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 468-70.

The aim of the study was retrospective comparative evaluation of past 3 years’ pediatric oral lesions diagnosed from the Department of Dentistry, UPUMS, Saifai, Etawah, and classification and identification of pediatric oral lesions on the basis of demographic features and histopathological features. The present retrospective comparative evaluation was done with the help of the last 3 years’ histopathological reports obtained from the Department of Dentistry, U.P. University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah. Pediatric patients of age 0–17 years divided in three groups included in the study. In our department, out of total 450 histopathological reports, 56 reports were of pediatric cases in which males were 38 and females were 18. Pediatric patients were further divided into three categories: primary dentition period (0–5 years), mixed dentition period (6–12 years), and permanent dentition period (13–17 years). This retrospective study is an effort for classifying and identifying pediatric oral lesions on the basis of demographic features and histopathological features. The majority of the oral lesions detected were benign in nature.

4 tables, 20 ref

041607   TANNGOEN P, LAMLERTTHON S, TIYABOONCHAI W (Naresuan Univ, Bangkok, Thailand, Email: wareet@nu.ac.th) : Characterization and evaluation of α-mangostin-loaded film-forming gels for acne treatment. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(1), 157-65.

In this study, α-mangostin, extracted from mangosteen peel, was developed in to a topical film-forming gel antiacne preparation using different film-forming polymers as carriers. The physicochemical properties and α-mangostin incorporation efficiency were evaluated. In vitro permeation of α-mangostin-loaded film-forming gels, antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus were examined. The optimal formulations were viscous gels, which could convert into a dry film within 30 min after application. The films were transparent, flexible and easy to peel off. Scanning electron micrographs of the α-mangostin-loaded film-forming gels revealed a rough surface with an interior porous structure while blank film-forming gels showed smooth and compact morphology. The high α-mangostin incorporation efficiency up to 96 % was achieved. In vitro permeation studies showed a biphasic permeation profile with a fast permeation characteristic within 30 min followed by a slow permeation up to 8 h. α-Mangostinloaded film-forming gels demonstrated efficient antibacterial activities against P. acnes and S. aureus. Moreover, α-mangostin-loaded film-forming gels showed good physicochemical stability during storage at 4º for 6 mo. In summary, the developed α-mangostin-loaded film-forming gels are good candidates for topical antiacne treatments.

7 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

046652   APRINA, PUTRI M A, FATONAH S (Nursing Dep, Health Polytechnic of Tanjung Karang, Lampung- 35145, Indonesia, Email: aprinamurhan@yahoo.co.id) : Rubik play therapy influence on the level of anxiety in children preoperative. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194329.

Morbidity of children aged 0-21 years if it is calculated on the total population was 14.4 %. Often Problems Arise before the operation is anxiety. Play an effective coping way to reduce the anxiety experienced by children. This study aimed to identify the effect of play therapy Rubik’s on the level of preoperative anxiety in children in Room Kemuning Hospital Dr. Moeloek H.Abdul Lampung Province. The method used in the current research was the study design quasy experiment with one group pretest-posttest. Sample was selected by purposive sampling. Data collection technique used observation sheet, using a measuring instrument anxiety MYPAS (Modifiet Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale). Data were analyzed using t-test. The average score of anxiety before the play therapy Rubik’s was 73.40 and after therapy play Rubik was 52.10. The p-value = 0.000 (there was difference in preoperative anxiety scores before and after therapy using play Rubik).

1 table, 16 ref

043434   BASTAWALA D S , KAPOOR S , NATHANI P (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, Manubhai Patel Dental Coll, Vadodara, Gujarat, Email: dishabastawala7455@yahoo.com) : A Comparison of coronal tooth discoloration elicited by various endodontic reparative materials MTA plus, bio MTA+, and biodentine: An ex vivo study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 463-7.

To compare coronal tooth discoloration obtained by different endodontic materials—MTA Plus, Bio MTA+, Biodentine. Pulps in 30 caries-free mandibular and maxillary intact human premolars and molars scheduled for extraction for periodontally compromised reasons were mechanically exposed and allocated to each of the three groups, MTA Plus, Biodentine and Bio MTA+. After the pulpotomy procedure, the base of resin-modified GIC was given and the teeth were filled with composite resin. After extraction, the teeth were stored in artificial saliva and spectrophotometer analysis done eventually at 1, 7, 30, and 60 days later. Images of all teeth were recorded at each interval using a digital camera and the ∆E values for all specimen at interval were recorded and compared. Majority of the specimens showed discoloration after placement of MTA Plus, Biodentine, and Bio MTA+. The statistical analysis showed significant differences between the MTA Plus, Bio MTA+, and Biodentine experimental groups during the observation period. Under the states of this study, compared to Bio MTA+ and MTA Plus, Biodentine created significantly less discoloration. Mineral trioxide aggregate materials lead to higher amount of discoloration on the tooth surface than Biodentine. Hence, Biodentine should be the material of choice for use in esthetic area to avoid chances of tooth discoloration.

5 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

041606   CUI Y Q, YANG P, SUN P,YAN Y D, JIN G Y, QUAN J S (Pharmaceutics Dep, Yanbian Univ, Jilin, 133000, China) : Preparation of pegylated liposomal ginsenoside; Formulation design and in vitro evaluation. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(1), 149-56.

In this study, ginsenoside Rg3-loaded PEGylated liposomes were prepared and optimized using the BoxBehnken design. These liposomes were characterized, the cumulative release profiles were investigated and compared with ginsenoside Rg₃ -loaded liposomes in vitro. To improve the stability ginsenoside Rg3-loaded PEGylated liposomes were freeze-dried and the lyoprotectants to be added were screened. The results showed that the liposomes have a small particle size (152.58±0.74 nm) and spherical shape. The encapsulation efficiency and drug-loading rate were approximately 85.24±1.02 and 7.44±0.08 %, respectively. For lyoprotectants, 2 % lactose was chosen as the lyophilized protectant according to the appearance, re-dispersity, particle size, and entrapment efficiency of lyophilization of ginsenoside Rg3- loaded PEGylated liposomes. In vitro release showed that ginsenoside Rg3-loaded PEGylated liposomes showed a more obvious sustained release effect, which suggests that ginsenoside Rg3-loaded PEGylated liposomes might enhance the therapeutic effect of ginsenoside Rg3.

4 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

043433   PAULRAJ J , NAGAR P (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Saveetha Univ, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: drjessy2019@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial efficacy of triphala and propolis-modified glass ionomer cement: An in vitro study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 457-62.

The antimicrobial activity of restorative materials has a major role in preventing recurrent caries. To assess the antimicrobial activity of triphala and propolis-modified glass ionomer cement (GIC) against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. The samples were prepared using cylindrical molds (6 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness). A total of 30 samples were prepared containing 10 samples in each group. Group I, 10 samples of glass ionomer with aqueous extract of triphala were prepared; group II, 10 samples of glass ionomer with 50 % of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP); and group III as control consisting of 10 samples of glass ionomer. The samples were placed in to agar plates containing inoculum of S. mutans and Lactobacillus and incubated at 37 °C for 48 hours and using a digital caliper, zones of inhibition formed around specimens were measured. Data obtained were analyzed using nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test followed by pairwise comparison was done using Dunn-Bonferroni test. Group I and group II showed highest antimicrobial efficacy against S. mutans and Lactobacillus with no statistical significant difference, i.e., (p value > 0.05) but in both groups I and II, there was a statistical significant difference when comparing with group III i.e., (p < 0.05). Thus, triphala and propolis-modified GIC provided higher antibacterial effect with increased level of inhibition against the S. mutans and Lactobacillus; hence, it can be used as a choice of restorative material to treat dental caries. Further studies are required to determine the physical and mechanical characteristics of the material.

6 illus, 4 tables, 43 ref

043432   KOBEISSI R , BADR S BY , OSMAN E (Pediatric Dentistry Dep, Beirut Arab Univ, Beirut, Lebanon, Email: Pedodontist18@hotmail.com) : Effectiveness of self-assembling peptide p11-4 compared to tricalcium phosphate fluoride varnish in remineralization of white spot lesions: A clinical randomized trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 451-6.

Fluoride varnish with therapeutic tricalcium phosphate formulas such as Clinpro™ varnish has shown greater tendency in treating white spot lesions (WSLs) by inhibiting the progression of initial enamel lesions through the mineral exchange. The self-assembling peptide SAP₁₁^-4 (Curodont Repair, CDR) works on a different scale in treating WSLs by mimicking the enamel matrix and aiming to guided enamel regeneration. To quantitatively and qualitatively compare the effectiveness of the SAP₁₁^-4 vs tricalcium posphate fluoride (TCPF) in remineralization of WSLs in young permanent teeth. Nine healthy patients were enrolled in this study. The trial was performed on 40 young permanent teeth in the initial demineralization stage. Teeth were randomly assigned to receive either TCPF (group I) or SAP₁₁^-4 (group II). Lesions were assessed at pretreatment, 3, and 6 months posttreatment quantitatively per laser fluorescence DIAGNOdent pen and qualitatively through the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) II. The result of the current study revealed a significant quantitative and qualitative increase in remineralization of WSLs in both groups and over time intervals. However, the WSL recovery was significantly better in the self-assembling peptide group, reflecting an excellent remineralization potential of the WSLs by the SAP₁₁^-4 compared to TCPF varnish. Both TCPF and SAP₁₁^-4 were effective in treating WSLs. However, the success of guided enamel regeneration by the SAP₁₁^-4 through the biomineralization has proven superiority of this material compared to TCPF. Early detection of WSLs and minimal intervention through remineralizing agents can limit unnecessary tissue loss, further caries progression, and consequently prevent further harm to the patients. 

4 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

046650   HASIN A J, KADEEM M K, TREAM K (Surgery Dep, Thi-Qar Univ, Nasiriyah, Iraq, Email: mtqr86@gmail.com.) : Incidence of early complications in laparoscopic total thyroidectomy vs open thyroidectomy using breast approach in simple multinodular goiter. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194327.

Total thyroidectomy is a popular and common surgical operation in the word. it’s done through collar incision that may culmination with bad cosmetic appearance for this type of wound in the neck. Recently laparoscopic total thyroidectomy was become popular in experience laparoscopic hand surgeons. Among patients, we noticed many early complications that may occur after laparoscopic total thyroidectomy due to a new technique in total removal of thyroid gland to give an excellent cosmetic result. In our study we want to do comparative study for incidence of early complication (which occur within early 30 postoperative day) between LTT (laparoscopic total thyroidectomy) and OTT (open total thyroidectomy). The prospective study done to 122 patients who mad total thyroidectomy for simple multinodular goiter. 58 patients underwent LTT and 64 patients OTT in GIT center in Thi-Qar city which are done by the same surgeon for all patients. study done through 2 years 1/5/2017 till 30/4/2019 through breast approach and collar incision. Surgical outcome records the complications that occur to the patients within 30 days post-operatively. The main age of patients in LTT was 39.6 ± 6.4 and in OTT was 48.2 ± 8 (p= 004). The operating time in LTT 125.4 ±  4 minutes while in OTT was 92.6 ± 2 (p=0.03). There were no significant differences in hospital stay in both groups. patients with OTT experienced more pain than ETT group postoperatively as evaluated by a visual analog scale. Cosmetically group LTT were very satisfied with this procedure according to the questionnaire we used. The fallow up period was 30 days only. most of early complications are no significant differences between 2 groups as the LTT done by experience laparoscopic hands. 2 cases (3.5 %) only were convert to open procedure. Conclusion: LTT procedure is a new technique used to give an excellent cosmetic result rather than used collar incision in the midline of the neck, there are no significant differences in all early complications that may occur in LTT and OTT. LTT must be done by an experience laparoscopic hand.

2 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

043431   SRIVASTAVA V K (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dr.vinaypedo@gmail.com) : Prevalence and pattern of dental caries and their asssociation with age and gender in preschool children: An observational study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 442-50.

Dental caries is the most common oral disease in preschool children. It is considered to be due to multifactorial etiology, affecting primary molars with various caries patterns. The aim of the study was to determine prevalence and patterns of dental caries in primary molars of preschool children. Prevalence and patterns of dental caries were correlated with age and gender. The study design adopted was analytical observational study. Caries examination was done using plain mouth mirror, probe, and tweezers with cotton pellets under standardized environment. Children’s age was measured in years, and the age in years and months were merged with nearest round off number. Obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software. Test for significance was done with the help of Chi-square test. In Maxilla, max. rt 2nd molars (p value = 0.036), max rt 1st molars (p value = 0.035), max lt 1st primary molars (0.095), and max lt 2nd primary molars (p value = 0.005) showed significantly different caries patterns at different ages of preschool children, while no significant differences were observed in caries patterns in male and female gender. In mandible, man. lt 2nd primary molars (p value = 0.005), and man. rt 2nd primary molars (p value = 0.004) showed significantly different caries patterns in different ages of preschool children, while Mand. Lt 1st primary molars (p value = 0.389) and Mand. Rt 1st primary molars (p value = 0.272) showed nonsignificant differences in caries patterns with different ages of preschool children. A nonsignificant difference in caries patterns was noted in male and female gender. Mandibular primary molars were more vulnerable for caries development when compared to maxillary primary molars in preschool children. The number of caries patterns present in mandibular and maxillary primary molars, were as follows: Mn. Rt 1st PM > Mn. 1st Lt PM & max lt 1st PM > max lt 2nd PM and max rt 1st PM > Mn. Rt 2nd PM > Mn. Lt 2nd PM > max rt 2nd PM.

1 illus, 8 tables, 16 ref

043430   KAJAL A , TANDON S , RAI T S , LALCHANDANI C M (Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Dep, RUHS Coll of Dental Sciences, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: anupamakajal31@ gmail.com) : Efficacy of audiovisual aid in assessing parental attitude toward their child’s oral health. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 437-41.

To evaluate the effectiveness of audiovisual (AV) aid in assessing the parental attitude for their child’s oral health. A study (cross-sectional) was conducted in 50 parents of the children between age group of 0 and 14 years. A PowerPoint presentation was given to parents in two batches, and its effectiveness was assessed by comparing results of questionnaire before and after presentation. Data were collected through a questionnaire. All data were compiled using MS Office Excel Sheet, and analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software for descriptive analysis, and the level of statistical significance used in this study was chosen at p value < 0.005. The results proved that selected sample had lack of knowledge regarding primary teeth and its importance, oral health care of the child from birth, ideal time of first dental visit, and preventive treatments before awareness program. But there was significant difference in attitude of parents regarding their child’s oral health care after presentation. Within the limitation of the study, the high prevalence dental caries in children showed that change of parental behavior and attitude is much more important rather than focusing on increasing knowledge only. Hence, AV aids can be effective tools for increasing awareness.

12 illus, 15 ref

043429   SHARMA A, JAIN M B (Dentistry Dep, Shaheed Hasan Khan Mewati Government Medical Coll, Nuh, Haryana, Email: mb30in@yahoo.co.in) : Pediatric dentistry during coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic: A paradigm shift in treatment options. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(4), 412-5.

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the world in an aggressive manner and the healthcare fraternity has been at the forefront in this fight. Dental professionals are at a larger risk to get afflicted owing to the proximity to the oral cavity. Along with other verticals of dentistry, pediatric dentistry too has to adapt quickly keeping in mind the newer protocols so as to limit the increase of the global epidemic and the commencement of cross-infections. The purpose of this article is to present different treatment options for a pediatric dentist so as to achieve positive dental outcomes.

21 ref

046649   HUSSEIN A M, ALI B A, MOHAMMED M S (Salahaddin General Hospital, Tikrit, Iraq, Email: ah1977no@gmail.com. ) : Prevalence of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing non coronary cardiac surgery: a single center study. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194326.

To evaluate the prevalence of significant coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients referred for open heart surgery for various valvular and non valvular etiologies.  A total of 160 patients (73 males and 87 females) were included in this study: old age, male gender, hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperlipidemia, smoking and left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction are recorded as risk factors for CAD. Of the 160 patients: 143 (89.4 %) have valvular disease (VHD) and 17 (10.6 %) have non valvular disease. Patients with VHD were classified according to valve lesions into: mitral stenosis (MS), mitral regurgitation (MR), aortic stenosis (AS), aortic regurgitation (AR), tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and mixed valvular disease. Correlation between various types of valve diseases and CAD are assessed. CAD were detected in 26.9 % (43) of patients. Old age, HT, DM, hyperlipidemia and smoking were significantly correlated with CAD. CAD were more common in patients with VHD than non VHD. 25(50 %) patients with AS have significant CAD (P value= 0.0001), in patients with MR: 8(12.7 %) have significant CAD, while patients with MS and AR were have CAD in 15.1 % and 25 % respectively. Among patients with non valvular heart disease (17 patients): 13 patients have atrial septal defect and 4 patients have atrial myxoma. 3 patients (6.1 %) have significant CAD (P value=0.2), one of them had HT, DM and smoker man presented with chest pain on exertion. Obstructive CAD were more common in patients with AS and MR and higher in patients with risk factors for CAD. 

3 tables, 12 ref

043428   GOSWAMI M , BHARDWAJ S , GREWAL N (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, Email: sakshi.bhrdwj@ gmail.com) : Prevalence of shape-related developmental dental anomalies in India: A retrospective study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(4), 407-11.

The aim and objective of this study was to review the literature to analyze the prevalence of developmental dental anomalies regarding shape in India. Although there have been several studies investigating the prevalence of individual dental anomalies related to shape, only a few studies considered all subtypes and their distribution among genders, especially in India. An electronic search was made in the PUBMED database to review prevalence-based data on developmental dental anomalies related to shape in India up to December 2018. A diverse range of results regarding prevalence of developmental dental anomalies related to shape were seen in these studies due to vast regional, cultural, and ethnic diversities and various environmental factors affecting the tooth development. There is a necessity to conduct more study on shape-related dental anomalies because there are very limited studies regarding prevalence of concrescence, dilacerations, and accessory root and various associated factors. Early diagnosis and timely management of these anomalies can prevent complications. The knowledge on identification and prevalence of dental anomalies helps the dental practitioners improve the treatment plan. The prevalence studies can be of utmost importance in the formulation of oral healthcare programs by using their data to analyze the intensity of dental anomalies.

5 tables, 27 ref

043427   KOCHHAR A S , BHASIN R , KOCHHAR G K , DADLANI H , THAKKAR B , SINGH G (Periodontology Dep, Kalka Dental Coll and Hospital, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, Email: himdent@hotmail. com) : Dentistry during and after COVID-19 Pandemic: Pediatric considerations. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(4), 399-406.

This article is a rumination on the outbreak of the dreaded coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic which has engulfed both the developed and the developing countries, thereby causing widespread global public health concerns and threats to human lives. Although countries have made varied efforts, the pestilence is escalating due to the high infectivity. It is highly likely that dental professionals in upcoming days will come across COVID-19 patients and SARS-CoV-2 carriers, and hence must ensure a tactful handling of such patients to prevent its nosocomial spread. Despite the avalanche of information that has exploded in relation to this rapidly spreading disease, there is a lack of consolidated information to guide dentists regarding clinical management including precautions to take materials to use and postprocedure care, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Available sources of information have been analyzed, while relying on peer-reviewed reports followed by information available from the most respected authoritative sources, such as WHO, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and ADA. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary from the available literature on COVID-19, its insinuation in dentistry, recommendations that have been published, and the actual in-practice implications, so a plan can be formulated and adapted to the circumstances of each dental practice during the pandemic and the times to follow.

2 illus, 1 table, 68 ref

043426   JINDAL L , DUA P , MANGLA R , GUPTA K , VYAS D , GUPTA P (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences, Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, Email: jindallucky30@gmail.com) : Dental caries in relation to socioeconomic factors of 6 and 12-year-old schoolchildren of Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India: An epidemiological study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(4), 395-.

Determination of prevalence of dental caries in 6 and 12-year-old schoolchildren, dental caries prevalence between government and private schoolchildren, and the influence of socioeconomic factors on dental caries on children of Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India. In the government and private schools at Paonta Sahib of Sirmour district, Himachal Pradesh, India, a cross-sectional study was carried out. The study population comprised schoolchildren of 6 and 12 years. A total of 1,004 children of both genders were surveyed for dental caries status. The decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index was used for clinical examination of caries. Prior collection of sociodemographic information was done in addition to information on oral health behavior by personal interview. In the present study, dental caries prevalence was found to be higher in children of 6 years of age (63.6 %) than that of 12 years (53.6 %) (p = 0.001). The mean DMFT was 2.47 ± 2.75 for 6–year-old children and 1.18 ± 1.33 for 12–year-old children. No significant difference was observed in dental caries prevalence among children of government and private school (p = 0.167). Moreover, dental caries frequency was highest in children belonging to upper-middle (38.14 %) class followed by lower-middle (32.32 %), upper-lower (25.42 %), and upper class (4.12 %). The obtained data were analyzed using the chi-square test and one-way ANOVA test. Dental caries prevalence was high in children of 6 years of age in the study. The dental caries frequency was more in upper-middle-class children. These results suggest that emphasis should be given to scientific monitoring, effective implementation, and evaluation of school-based oral health promotion and preventive programs to increase the dental awareness and oral hygiene practices, in Paonta Sahib, Sirmour district.

2 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

043425   SHAHAMFAR M , AZIMA N , ERFANPARAST L (Orthodontics Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Tabriz, Iran, Email: mohamadreza_ shr@yahoo.com) : A randomized split mouth clinical trial comparing mineral trioxide aggregate with a new fast-setting calcium silicate cement in direct pulp capping of primary molars: A preliminary report from a long-term follow-up. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(4), 390-4.

This study was done to compare the success rate of a novel fast-setting calcium silicate cement (protooth) with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in direct pulp capping (DPC) of primary molars. Forty-five patients with an age range of 5–7 years with 90 bilaterally symmetrical primary molars that had deep carious lesions were incorporated into a randomized split mouth clinical trial. Initially, the caries was removed. Afterward, the teeth randomly underwent DPC with either MTA or protooth. Restoration of the teeth was done by amalgam fillings. Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed after 6 months. To analyze the data, Chi-square statistical test was used. Values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. After 6 months of follow-up, 88 teeth on 44 patients were available for evaluation. The MTA-treated teeth showed a success rate of 95.5 %, while the same outcome for the protooth-treated teeth was 93.2 %. The difference did not yield a statistically significant difference (p value > 0.05). The findings of this study showed favorable results for the novel calcium silicate cement “protooth” when compared to the outcomes of MTA in the DPC of primary molars. The constant need for the development of more effective materials in the modern pediatric dentistry makes this novel cement of particular interest for pedodontists. The new cement is biocompatible, hydrophilic, and has fast-setting time and adequate tensile strength with favorable clinical results in the DPC of primary molars which can benefit pedodontists in their clinical practice.

1 illus, 1 tables, 36 ref

041599   DHANASEKAR N N, BAKRUDEEN H B, KUMARI S R, LAKSHMI M S (Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR–CLRI), Chennai - 600 020, Email: nareshnila@gmail.com) : Preparation of ibuprofen-loaded geonanohybrids using a facile grinding process. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(1), 88-96.

In the present investigation, a controlled release system for ibuprofen was prepared using a newly synthesized nanodrug carrier. The nanodrug carrier was made by blending montmorillonite and chitosan by forming an intimate mixture of geomaterial of montmorillonite clay and chitosan. Ibuprofen was then loaded into the montmorillonite-chitosan nanohybrid and the resulting montmorillonite-chitosan/ ibuprofen nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The in vitro release profiles of ibuprofen from montmorillonite-chitosan/ibuprofen was studied at 37°±0.5° under simulated gastric and intestinal media at pH 1.2 and 7.4, respectively. Controlled drug release was observed at both pH conditions. Kinetic of the release of ibuprofen at pH 1.2 and 7.4 was studied to find that the release followed Korsmeyer-Peppas and first-order kinetic models, respectively.

6 illus, 5 tables, 35 ref

043424   KHAN A S , NAGAR P , SING P , BHART M (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Krishnadevaraya Coll of Dental Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: aminah. thedento@yahoo.com) : Changes in the sequence of eruption of permanent teeth; Correlation between chronological and dental age and effects of body mass index of 5–15-year-old schoolchildren. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(4), 368-80.

To determine the changes in the sequence and age of eruption of permanent teeth in 5–15-year-old schoolchildren, correlating their dental and chronological age. A total of 1,477 schoolchildren aged between 5 years and 15 years were examined for the eruption timing, body mass index (BMI), and other oral findings. Dental age was calculated for 10 % of the total sample using the Willem’s method from their ortho-pento graphs (OPGs) and correlated with their chronological age. The maxillary teeth erupted earlier than mandibular teeth. Males were found to mature earlier than females. The sequence of eruption observed was: males (maxilla) 1-6-2-4-3-5-7 and (mandible) 1-6-2-3-4-5-7; females (maxilla) 6-1-2-4-3-5-7 and (mandible) 1-6-2-3-4-5-7. The chronological age and the dental age were found to be different in the age range of 9–10 years female; 10–11 years male; and in 13–14 years both male and female. Also when the dental age was correlated with the BMI, the dental age of obese children in 5–6 years and underweight children in 10–11 years were found to be far ahead of their actual chronological age. This study opens an expected door for a large sample size to be tested in various local populations with different ethnicity and race as there can be changing trend in the eruption pattern. Changing trends in the sequence and age of eruption of the permanent teeth definitely need to be looked into. As this change, if firmly established in future, can help pedodontist in better planning of space management, interceptive as well as full-mouth orthodontic treatment which largely depends on this sequence being true in most of the cases.

14 illus, 5 tables, 30 ref

041598   VEERUBHOTLA K, WALKER R B (Pharmaceutics Div, Rhodes Univ, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa, Email: R.B.Walker@ru.ac.za) : Application of quality by design principles for optimizing process variables of extrusion and spheronization of a captopril pellet formulation. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(1), 76-87.

Product development using quality by design is a proactive and risk-based approach that shifts the manufacturing process from empirical to science-based. Risk assessment was performed to identify and analyse risk areas for the manufacture of captopril pellets. Twelve experimental runs were performed using a Plackett-Burman screening design. Pareto plots revealed the effect of formulation and process variables on the responses monitored and facilitated the identification of the most critical parameters for optimization of the formulation. A response surface methodology approach in conjunction with a central composite design was used to optimize the Eudragit® RL 30D (15-30 ml), microcrystalline cellulose (20- 40 % w/w), sodium starch glycolate (2-5 % w/w) and spheronizer speed (650-1050 rpm). The amount of Eudragit® RL 30D had a significant effect on % yield, cumulative % captopril released and content. The % cellulose had a moderate effect on particle size and % yield. The signal to noise ratio was found to be adequate and therefore the model could be used to navigate the design space. The lower and upper limits for Eudragit® RL 30D, % w/w cellulose, % w/w disintegrant and spheronizer speed were established as 20-22 ml, 32-34 % w/w, 3.7-4.1 % w/w, 928-1050 rpm, respectively. In vitro release of captopril from the optimized, lower and upper limit design space formulations ranged between 59.60-76.01, 95.68-110.34 and 101.12-111.84 %, respectively. In conclusion, a risk-based quality by design approach and design of experiments was successfully used to establish a design space for captopril pellets manufactured by extrusion-spheronization while monitoring targeted outputs for safe and effective use.

5 illus, 5 tables, 32 ref

043423   RAI A , TRIPATHI A M , SAHA S , DHINSA K , JAIN B , YADAV G (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dr.amitrai001@gmail.com) : Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of four different plant extracts against cariogenic bacteria: An in vitro study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(4), 361-7.

Dental caries is an oral disease which is infectious in nature associated with various pathogenic microorganisms and is prevalent across the world. To evaluate and compare the anticariogenic properties of the different plant extracts against various cariogenic microorganisms. In phase I, the anticariogenic efficacy of four different herbal extracts, namely Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Terminalia chebula (Harad), Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi), and Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice), was evaluated against two strains of bacteria viz. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. In the second phase of the study, the overall decay depth was compared. In phase I, zone of inhibition was significantly higher in G. glabra (Licorice) followed the descending order by O. sanctum (Tulsi), T. chebula (Harad), and T. cordifolia (Guduchi), respectively. In the second phase, it was found that the decay depth was significantly higher in T. cordifolia (Guduchi) followed the descending order by T. chebula (Harad), O. sanctum (Tulsi), and G. glabra (Licorice), respectively. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) extract had potent antibacterial efficacy against S. mutans and L. acidophilus. Synthetic drugs have many adverse effects, so more attention has been paid to natural remedies because they are safe and effective. Today, the main interest is shifted toward the drugs which is derived from plants, which has led to the screening of many herbal plants for their potential antimicrobial activity and the same can be used clinically as an alternative of synthetic drugs used in dentistry.

7 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

041597   XIE J, ZHANG J, SHUAI H (Endocrinology Dep, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Univ of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441021, Hubei, China, Email: cnhongxiashuai@163.com) : SDF-1 improves renal fibrosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus involving TGF-β-mediated ecm via pi3k/akt signalling. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(1), 66-75.

The present study investigated the role of stromal cell-derived factor-1 in the progression of renal injury in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. The 8-week old male db/db mice were used as the model of diabetic nephropathy and aged-matched male C57BL/6 mice constituted the control group. Fasting blood glucose, 24 hour urinary albumin and the creatinine clearance rate were measured. The expressions of stromal cell-derived factor-1, CXC chemokine receptor 4 and F4/80 were detected. Normal rat kidney epithelial cells were exposed to stromal cell-derived factor-1α, high glucose, tumour growth factor-β1, valsartan and LY294002, respectively. The extracellular matrix expression was evaluated. It was found that creatinine clearance rate was significantly decreased in 28-week db/db mice compared to the age-matched C57BL/6 mice and valsartan could significantly increase creatinine clearance rate. The expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1, CXC chemokine receptor 4 and F4/80 was significantly increased in the kidney of db/db mice but not in C57BL/6 mice, which was improved with valsartan treatment. In vitro, the expression of CXC chemokine receptor 4 was detected in the rat kidney epithelial cells. Tumour growth factor-β1 increased the expressions of type IV collagen and fibronectin in rat kidney epithelial cells under low glucose and high glucose condition. Stromal cell-derived factor-1α inhibited the harmful effect of tumour growth factor-β1 on extracellular matrix expression, and valsartan exerted synergistic effect on stromal cell-derived factor-1α. Stromal cell-derived factor-1α decreased tumour growth factor-β1expression and increased p-AKT expression, which were inhibited by LY294002 treatment. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 improved renal fibrosis which might partly involve TGF-β-mediated extracellular matrix via PI3K/AKT pathway.

6 illus, 3 tables, 43 ref

041596   POWAR T A, HAJARE A A (Pharmaceutics Dep, Bharati Vidyapeeth Coll of Pharmacy, Kolhapur - 416 013, Email: ashok.hajare@bharatividyapeeth.edu) : Lyophilized ethinylestradiol nanosuspension: fabrication, characterization and evaluation of in vitro anticancer and pharmacokinetic study. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(1), 54-65.

The present investigation was aimed to fabricate lyophilized nanosuspension of poorly soluble ethinylestradiol in order to enhance oral bioavailability and stability. The top-down high-pressure homogenization technique was used to formulate the desired dosage form. The formulations were characterized and optimized for compatibility, crystallographic investigation, surface topography, drug release, in vitro apoptosis and cytotoxicity and in vivo pharmacokinetic investigations. The mean particle size and zeta potential of the optimized lyophilized ethinylestradiol nanosuspension were 220±0.37 nm and -19.3±6.73 mV, respectively. The surface topographical studies showed needle-shaped particles from bar shape upon nanonization by high-pressure homogenization technique. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction studies confirmed the crystalline nature of ethynylestradiol after nanonization. The dissolution rate of ethinylestradiol nanosuspension was improved as compared to ethinylestradiol powder. In vitro cytotoxicity of ethinylestradiol nanosuspension on MCF-7 cell line showed more than 80 % inhibition of viability of cells relative to that produced by ethinylestradiol aqueous dispersion. Noteworthy, apoptotic cells treated with ethinylestradiol nanosuspension showed shrinkage, followed by fragmentation and cell death. Significantly, ethinylestradiol nanosuspension enhanced C_max and AUC_0-t by 1.5-fold and 1.7-fold compared to that of the aqueous solution. The relative bioavailability of ethinylestradiol was enhanced 2-fold and high concentrations were found to be distributed to liver, spleen and stomach. Thus lyophilized nanosuspension could be a better approach to enhance solubility, oral bioavailability and stability of ethinylestradiol in pharmaceutical formulations.

8 illus, 2 tables, 45 ref

043422   THARAY N , NIRMALA SVSG , BAVIKATI V N , NUVVULA S (Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Dep, AME’s Dental Coll and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, Email: namratha. tharay9488@gmail.com) : Dermatoglyphics as a novel method for assessing intelligence quotient in children aged 5–11 years: A cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(4), 355-60.

To measure the IQ and record dermatoglyphic patterns of children including intellectually disabled aged between 5 years and 11 years and to correlate them. The present study was a cross-sectional study conducted in two private schools in the city corporation limits. A total of 300 children aged between 5 years and 11 years were equally allocated into three groups based on IQ using covariate adaptive randomization. IQ of the children was measured using Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices. Bilateral palmar and finger prints were obtained on A4-size papers by ink method using rolling technique. Prints thus obtained were analyzed for dermatoglyphic variables using magnification lens and are read based on Cummins and Midlo classification for fingertip patterns and Bali and Chaube classification for palmar flexion creases. The data were entered and statistically analyzed. For statistical significance, a two-tailed probability value of less than 0.05 was taken as significant. The current study suggests a relationship between different fingertip patterns of digits of I, II, III, and IV of left and right hand and also digit V of right hand with various levels of IQ. Hence, dermatoglyphics can be considered as a preliminary noninvasive approach for the determination of IQ. Also, it plays an imperative role, especially in distinguishing genetic intellectual disabilities.

1 illus, 8 tables, 14 ref

043421   CHANDREGOWDA K Y , KUMAR V D , SHANKARAPPA K B , ANANDKUMAR A H , RAMEGOWDA A B S , HONNEGOWDA D K (Pediatric Dentistry Dep, VS Dental Coll and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: kiranyc555@yahoo.com) : Assessment of dental caries status and oral hygiene practices among 6–10-year-old rural and urban schoolchildren in South Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(4), 348-54.

Dental caries is the most common disease affecting oral cavity. Despite credible scientific advances and the fact that dental caries is preventable, the disease continues to be a major public health problem. To assess the dental caries status and oral hygiene practices among 6–10-year-old rural and urban schoolchildren in south Bengaluru. A total of 452 children from four schools which included one government school from rural and urban area and one private school from rural and urban area in south Bengaluru. Detailed pro forma was used, and information was recorded through an interview system. The examination for dental caries was made according to the dentition status and treatment needs as described by the World Health Organization (1997) using Community Periodontal Index Probe and Plane Mouth Mirror (type III examination), under natural day light in school premises. The examination was done by a single examiner and recorded by the trained personnel. Prevalence of dental caries was more in rural schoolchildren. More than five decayed teeth were documented in higher percentage of children in rural government school, while it was much less in children of other schools. A comprehensive community-focused oral healthcare intervention that includes oral health education in elementary schools and homes is recommended to increase general oral health awareness.

5 illus, 6 tables, 20 ref

041594   ARJUN S, KARTHIK S, ARJUNAN K, HARIHARAN S, SEENIVASAN P, SANKAR V (Pharmacy Practice Dep, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai - 600 116, Email: sansunv@yahoo.co.in) : Preparation and evaluation of rosuvastatin calcium nanosuspension and solid dispersion tablets by wet granulation and direct compression techniques using tamarind gum as a binder. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(1), 32-40.

The current investigation was attempted to enhance the solubility and dissolution of rosuvastatin calcium through nanosuspension and solid dispersion techniques using tamarind gum as a binder. Rosuvastatin calcium nanosuspension and solid dispersion were prepared using high shear homogenisation and melt fusion techniques, respectively. Various pre-compression tests were performed for the powder blends. Finally, tablets containing these nanosuspensions and solid dispersions were evaluated for various post compression quality control parameters. The nanosuspension had a particle size of 453.3±23.6 nm with a neutral surface charge. Using the lyophilised nanosuspensions and solid dispersion, tablets were prepared by wet granulation and direct compression techniques. The results of in vitro drug release studies in pH 6.8 buffer showed enhanced solubility and release of rosuvastatin calcium from the tablets containing nanosuspension and solid dispersion in 60 min, when compared to the control tablets and a marketed tablet. Additionally, the property of tamarind gum to enhance the release of drug was also observed.

4 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref

043420   YADAV V , MOHANTY V , BALAPPANAVAR A Y , VERMA A , CHAHAR P , YADAV G (Genetics Dep, Maharashi Dayanand Univ, Rohtak, Haryana, Email: geetanjalimdu@gmail.com) : Emotional intelligence and perceived stress among dental undergraduates in Delhi. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(4), 344-7.

Emotional intelligence (EI) is understanding one's own feeling and able to handle those feelings without disturbing themselves. Medical schools are stressful and the ability to manage stress is a major factor of success for these students. The current study contributes further insight to body of research in EI as it relates to students' stress in education, especially among dental undergraduates of Delhi. A cross-sectional, convenient sampling-based survey was conducted among 323 dental undergraduates from all the 3 dental Institutions across Delhi. The Schutte Emotional Intelligence and Perceived Stress scale instruments were administered to all the students of four professional years. The data analysis was done using SPSS V.17 and various statistical tests were used to determine significant difference. No significant differences were found among gender as well as among professional groups for EI. There was a significant difference (0.008) among gender with respect to perceived stress. Correlation analysis showed an inverse relationship between EI and PS (r = −0.227) which was found to be statistically significant. Training in dental education could be quite stressful due to their time-bound work, but regular student performance assessment and associated factors would allow understanding student behavior in handling situations.

1 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref