043469   ALDEGHEISHEM A, ALJUBAIR R , SAMARA H , ELDWAKHLY E A (Clinical Dental Sciences Dep, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email: asaldegheishem@pnu.edu.sa) : Correlation between luting agent curing mode and ceramic thickness on color of ceramic veneers. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(2), 52-5.

The aim of the study is to assess the influence of ceramic thickness and type of luting agent on color variation of IPS empress press ceramic system. Thirty ceramic specimens were prepared and divided according to thickness into 2 groups of 15 each (G1: 1mm, and G2: 2mm thick). Specimens were further subdivided according to the type of luting agent into 3 subgroups (5 each) and seated on a dark background of resin composite. Two resinous cements namely; Rely X (3M ESPE) and G-CEM LinkAce were used for 2 subgroups, whereas the third subgroup received no cement and served as a control (C1: 1mm thick, C2: 2mm thick). Evaluation of the variation of color parameters was determined using the spectrophotometer (Spectra). The evaluation of the color parameters was determined using the CIE Lab system of colors using a dental colorimeter. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the statistical analysis using SPSS version 21.0. Spectra photometer was significantly affected by the ceramic thickness (P=0.000). Additionally, the use of the 2 mm thickness ceramic provoked the ΔE values. The highest mean ΔE was seen in control 2mm group (2.05). Whereas, the lowest ΔE was found in Control 1mm (0.65). The luting agent seems to have no effect on mean color difference (P=0.115). The color difference (ΔE) was significantly affected by different ceramic thickness (P=0.000), while the luting agent seems to have no influence on mean color difference. The color changes that determined are clinically acceptable.

1 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

046672   RASUL S O T, MUSTAFA K K, ABDULRAHMAN Z F A (Micobiology & Biology Dep, Salahaddin Univ, Erbil, Iraq, Email: sarweenomer77@gmail.com) : Iron oxide nanoparticles reduced biofilm formation and detection of lmb genes in Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from patients with diabetes mellitus. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194349.

Fifty eight isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae were obtained from wound and urine specimens among one hundred thirty six from patients with diabetes mellitus and identified through cultural, morphological, and biochemical examinations in addition to VITEK 2 Compact System. All of the isolates were tested regarding their sensitivity to 18 antibiotics and the results showed that all of the isolates were resist to clindamycin, and sensitive to teicoplanin. The current study was carried out to use two methods (i.e. microtiter biofilm and Congo red agar ) so as to provide and extend insight into bacterial colonization and biofilm formation among diabetic patients. The two methods were compared and the results revealed that microtiter was the best method for biofilm detection, and two chemical materials (i.e. silver oxide, and iron oxide) were used as anti-biofilms for all isolates, one of the best concentration and kind of chemical materials was Iron oxide at 75 mg/ml for reducing biofilm formation. PCR system was employed in order to detect the virulence genes (i.e lmb gene), the results that 30 (51.72 %) were positive for lmb genes.

2 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

046671   HAMEED S A, IBRAHIM S A, AL-NASRAWI S (Oral Medicine and Pathology Dep, Kufa Univ, AL – Najaf, Iraq) : Comparative study to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of MTAD, 17 % EDTA, and 3 % NaOCL- against Enterococcus faecalis in primary teeth for root canals therapy (in vitro study). Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194348.

This study presented to compare the antimicrobial effect of MTAD, 17 % EDTA, and 3 % NaOCl, against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). The study utilized 40 extracted human primary teeth with single root canal. The samples were instrumented and sterilized, and then, these teeth were infected with E. faecalis for 2 weeks, after that tooth were divided randomly into 2 groups according to the irrigants used. All the samples were incubated in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth. Irrigation processes were completed according to each material instruction. The effectiveness of irrigants was evaluated by comparison between the pre-irrigation and post- irrigation samples using serial dilution (CFU/ml). Statistical analysis was done using one-way anova with dunnett t3 post hoc test. All samples treated with MTAD showed nearly complete absence of bacteria. the samples treated 3 % NaOCl and 17 % EDTA showed similar result to the first group, Statistical analysis of the data using dunnett t3 test showed there is no significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05). The study concluded that MTAD was effective as 3 % NaOCl -17 % EDTA against E. faecalis.

6 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

041650   SUNNY S, SHASTRY C S, MATETI U V, CHAND S, SHARMA R (Pharmacy Practice Dep, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangaluru - 575 018, Email: drcshastry@gmail.com) : Pharmacoeconomic evaluation on treatment of diabetic patients in a charitable hospital. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(3), 532-7.

This study aimed to conduct a pharmacoeconomic evaluation of the treatment of diabetic patients in a charitable hospital. A retrospective study was carried out for a period of 8 months from August 2016-March 2017. Patients admitted in general medicine with age above 18 years diagnosed with diabetes and on at least one antidiabetic medication. Patient’s data was collected by referring patient’s treatment charts and case notes, hospital billing system, medical record department and hospital pharmacy department. In this study, the direct medical cost was analysed. A total number of 212 diabetic patients were enrolled in the study of which 131 (61.8 %) were males, and 81 (38.2 %) were females. It was found that 67 % of patients had comorbid conditions and 33 % without any complications. One hundred and eleven (52.35 %) patients were prescribed a combination of insulin and oral hypoglycaemic agents, 66 (31.13 %) patients received insulin alone and 35 (16.50 %) patients received only oral hypoglycaemic agents. The annual median cost incurred for the management of diabetes with and without complications per patient was INR 14 959.60 and INR 8619.90, respectively. The study revealed that the costs for males with and without diabetes complications were INR 21 095 and INR 11 644.70, respectively. The corresponding figure for females was INR 12 030 and INR 8515. The cost incurred for nephropathy and peripheral circulatory co-morbidities was the highest (INR 53 795.50), whereas the cost for managing diabetes with nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy and peripheral circulatory comorbidities was INR 37 888.00. The study concluded that the cost of treatment could be drastically reduced by early identification and treatment of diabetes thereby preventing the development of diabetes-associated comorbidities.

5 tables, 19 ref

041649   PHIMARN W, WICHAIYO K, SUNGTHONG B, SARAMUNEE K (Mahasarakham Univ, Maha Sarakham, 44150, Thailand, Email: wiraphol.p@msu.ac.th) : A meta-analysis of Sphaeranthus indicus and Garcinia mangostana products on cardiometabolic outcomes in obese patients. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(3), 527-32.

This study aimed to assess the efficacy of Sphaeranthus indicus and Garcinia mangostana in improving anthropological parameters, lipid profile, blood glucose and blood pressure in obese patients. The databases used included PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science from inception to March 2019. For this analysis, a randomized placebo versus Sphaeranthus indicus and Garcinia mangostana intervention trials were selected and performed a quality assessment of the retrieved data studied using Jadad’s scoring and Cochrane’s risk of bias assessment. Three studies (215 participants) met inclusion criteria. Metaanalysis revealed a reduction in body weight (weight mean difference; -3.84 kg; 95 % CI: -3.98, -3.70), BMI (weight mean difference -1.56 kg/m² ; 95 % CI: -1.65, -1.47), waist circumference (weight mean difference -5.90 cm; 95 % CI; -6.36, -5.43). Similar results were observed for low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (weight mean difference -10.74 mg/dl; 95 % CI; -19.04, -2.44), total cholesterol (weight mean difference -22.05 mg/dl; 95 % CI -32.33, -11.76), triglyceride (weight mean difference -27.40 mg/dl; 95 % CI -30.55, -24.24) and increased high density lipoprtein significantly (weight mean difference 2.32 mg/dl; 95 % CI 0.56, 4.07). No serious adverse effects were found in either the Sphaeranthus indicus and Garcinia mangostana treated groups or comparator groups. It was concluded that Sphaeranthus indicus and Garcinia mangostana improved anthropological parameters and lipid profile.

2 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

046670   NURHAYATIA M A, ARMINI N K A, KUSUMANINGRUM T (Airlangga Univ, Jawa Timur- 60115, Indonesia, Email: niketutalitarmini@gmail.com) : Analysis of breastfeeding factors: The sunrise model approach. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194347.

Breast milk is the main food of infant in the sixth month of life. The behavior of exclusive breastfeeding in infants aged 0 - 6 months is still low. Variety of factors affected the behavior of breastfeeding. Based on Sunrise Model a lot of components affect health behaviors. To analyze the factors behavior of breastfeeding based on Sunrise Model at Kenjeran Public Health Center. The design used was cross sectional with total sampling method and 28 respondents. The independent variables were the kinship and social factors; cultural values and ways of life; niketutalitarmini@gmail. com economic factors, and educational factors. The dependent variable was the behavior of breastfeeding included exclusive, predominant and partial breastfeeding. Instruments used in the data collection were questionnaires. Data were analyzed using the Spearman test with the level of significance level was α <0.05. The results showed that kinship and social factors along with cultural values and ways of life were significantly related to breastfeeding behavior (psocial = 0,000, cultural = 0,000). Economic factors along with educational factors were not significantly related to breastfeeding behavior (peconomic = 0.460, peducational = 1,000). Kinship and social factors, cultural values and ways of life can improve the behavior of exclusive breastfeeding. Differences in economic and educational levels do not lead to differences in breastfeeding behavior. The results of this research can be used as the design of a model program of interventions on breastfeeding behavior in the community in further research.

3 tables, 15 ref

043468   ALSHAHRANI Y J, ALSANEA J A (Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email: dr.yahya.alshahrani@gmail.com) : Interrelation between sella turcica bridging and incidence of maxillary canine impaction. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(2), 47-51.

To perceive an interrelation between sella turcica bridging and maxillary canine impaction among impaction patients. Lateral cephalometric and Panoramic Radiographs of 50 subjects with impacted canines (25 buccal and 25 palatal) ware collected from Orthodontic clinics. The control group consisted of 25 orthodontic patients without a history of impaction. The size of Sella turcica (length, depth and diameter) was calculated and the bridging was gauged among the study groups. Results were evaluated using independent sample t-test and chi-square test on SPSS software (P<0.05). The percentage of partial and complete calcification of sella among patients with palatal impaction were (4 %) and (80 %), respectively. Whereas, with buccal impaction were (0 %) and (48 %), respectively. The odds of having partial and complete bridging among the patients with impaction canines was 3 times higher than the control group (odds ratio, 3.210; 95 % CI, 1.66-6.17). Gender wise comparison showed significantly reduced mean sagittal interclinoidal distance among females as compared to the male subjects (p=0.001). The occurrence of sella turcica bridge in patients with canine impaction is increased.Early detection of Sella Turcica bridge during the development phasemay alert clinicians to likely canine impaction in advanced life.

1 illus, 6 tables, 18 ref

041648   WANG C, QIAO C (China Pharmaceutical Univ, Jiangsu, China, Email: 279201754@qq.com) : Metformin protects renal function in type 2 diabetic nephropathy: Regulation of insulin signalling in the rat model. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(3), 522-7.

The present study was aimed to investigate the protective role of metformin in type 2 diabetic nephropathic rats and elucidate regulation of unwanted insulin signalling in the kidney as the underlying mechanism. Diabetes mellitus was established in male Sprague Dawley rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg streptozotocin. A sustained level of blood glucose over 16.7 mM was defined as type 2 diabetes mellitus in this study. Rats were randomly classified into the normal group, diabetes mellitus group, diabetes mellitus plus low-dose and high-dose metformin groups (100 and 200 mg/kg orally). Rats received treatment for 12 weeks after which all rats were sacrificed and kidney samples were collected. The samples were dissected and prepared for the observation of structural changes of renal glomerular podocytes between the groups microscopically. The expressions of IRS-1, Akt, nephrin, desmin, phosphatidylinositol3-hydroxy kinase (PI3K)-p85 and extra cellular matrix were probed by western blot. Compared to the control group, the downregulated nephrin and elevated levels of desmin and collagen IV in the kidney were significantly reversed by metformin treatment. Furthermore, metformin recovered the atypical activities of insulin/PI3K-Akt signalling to the normal ranges. Metformin evidently reduced the renal damage in diabetic rats, which could be due to modulating lipid metabolism and insulin resistance.

3 illus, 16 ref

043467   ALDEGHEISHEM A, ALJOHANI S , MOAWIAH T , BISHTI S (Clinical Dental Sciences Dep, Dentistry Coll, Aachen, Germany, Email: asaldegheishem@pnu.edu.sa) : Influence of ceramic thickness and luting agent on the survival of bonded ceramic veneers. an in-vitro study. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(2), 41-6.

The purpose of thislaboratory study was to examine the compressive strength of ceramic veneers of different thicknesses bonded with two different resin cements.A total of 40 ceramic specimens (5x10mm) in dimensions were fabricated according to manufacturer’s instructions. Specimens were randomly divided according to their thicknesses (1 & 2 mm) into two groups (G1, G2), with 20 samples each. Each group was further subdivided two subgroups(RelyX, G-CemLinkAce) according to luting agent applied. All specimens went through thermocycling (1500 cycles between 5-55 °C) and compressive test. According to the Kruskal-Wallis test (P<0.05), the highest mean compressive strength value was observed in the GC 2mm group (30.670 ± 2.992 MPa), whereas the lowest mean compressive strength value was observed in RelyX 1mm group 10.380 ± 3.278 MPa). The visual analysis data suggest that GC 2mm group was the only group that showed 100 % failures as mixed.The ideal thickness of the veneer should be up to 1.0 mm for high translucency of the veneer andproper polymerization of the luting cement.

4 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

041647   MOHARRAM B A, AL-DOAISS A A, AL-MAHBASHI H M, AL-KAHTANI M A, ALFAIFI M A, ELBEHAIRI S E I, SAIF-ALI R (Pharmacognosy Dep, Sana’a Univ, Sana’a, Yemen, Email: bushramoharam@yahoo.com) : Hepatoprotective, antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of Aloe niebuhriana latex extract from Yemen. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(3), 514-21.

The aim of this study was to quantify the total phenolic content of Aloe niebuhriana latex extract and validate its antioxidant, hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activity. The total phenolic content of the extract was estimated spectrophotometrically using Folin Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activity of the latex extract was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay. Paracetamolinduced hepatotoxicity rat model was used to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of the extract. Cytotoxic effect of Aloe niebuhriana latex extract was screened against breast MCF-7, liver HepG2 and colon HCT116 cancer cell lines using sulphorhodamine B assay. The extract showed high total phenolic content (245.19 mg GAE/g) and strong antioxidant activity (IC50, 19.14 μg/ml). Aloe niebuhriana extract showed significant decrease in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, as compared to paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity model. Hepatoprotective potential of Aloe niebuhriana latex extract was significantly (p<0.05) better than that of the control group and silymarin (100 mg/kg/day). Results of the study were well supported by the histopathological observations. Aloe niebuhriana latex extract exhibited a weak cytotoxicity effect against MCF-7, HepG2 and HCT-116 cancer cell lines. The present results provided evidence that the plant extract inhibited hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol, which was possibly mediated via free radical scavenging and/or inhibition of free radical generation.

2 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

045273   DAVE R, NEEKHRA V, IRANI A (Sunadan Divatia School of Science NMIMS, Mumbai- 400 076, Maharashtra, Email: drroli.dave@gmail.com) : Work related musculoskeletal disorders in defence personnel involved in heavy engineering maintenance. J Ecophysiol Occup Health 2020, 20(3&4), 239-46.

Work-related Musculoskeletal disorder (WMSDs) are multifactorial occupational disorders, having high morbidity and economic cost. Heavy engineering maintenance personnel involved in manual material handling, physical load with awkward posture poses high risk of WMSDs.  This study investigates the prevalence of work-related Musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD) among Indian defence personnel involved in heavy engineering maintenance work.  A cross-sectional survey was conducted with participant consents.379 defence personnel involved in heavy engineering maintenance task were assessed for WMSDs, using NMQ. The effect of risk factors such as age, working hours, BMI, smoking and type of job on WMSDs was analysed. Data analysis was done using using logistic regression with SPSS version 14. 67.54 % personnel (N=379) reported WMSDs with total of 704 WMSDs. 51.45 % reported multiple WMSDs and 16.09 % had single WMSDs. Highest WMSDs were reported in low back (44.85 %), followed by knee (28.23 %), elbow/forearm (15.83 %), ankle/foot (22.95 %), shoulder (18.46 %), upper back (18.46 %), neck (15.83 %) and wrist/fingers (12.92 %). Long working hours (p=0. 000; OR=1.83, 1.58-2.12) and smoking habits (p=0.000; OR=5.52, 3.43-8.48) are significantly correlated with WMSDs. Automobile me chanics (p=.045; OR=2.64, 95 % CI=1.04-6.72) and welders (p= 0.034; OR =2.32, 95 % CI = 1.21 – 4.36) are at higher risk of WMSDs. There is a high prevalence of WMSDs among Indian defence mechanics. It is suggested that ergonomics training is required for maintenance workers. The detrimental effect of smoking is also noted with the prevalence of WMSDs.

2 illus, 6 tables, 40 ref

043467   EL-WASSEFY N A-M , FARAHAT D S , ELGAMILY M , SALMAN M I , SHIKHA H A H E (Associate professor of Endodontic Faculty of Dentistry Mansoura Univ, Postal code 35516, Email: mahitabe.fathy@yahoo.com) : Biocompatibility assessment of a new MTA versus ceramic based endodontic root canal sealers. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(2), 35-40.

Connective tissue response and push-out bond strengths of a new (mineral trioxide aggregate) MTA based endodontic sealer were evaluated.Polyethylene tubes containing ProRoot ES and Endosequence BC sealers were subcutaneously implanted in 45 rats. After 3, 7, 30 days the animals were euthanized, and the specimens were evaluated histologically. Bond strengths of the sealers to root dentine were measured using a push-out bond strength test.Scores of the inflammatory tissue reaction for ProRoot® ES were significantly lower than BC sealer group at 3 days with a thinner fibrous capsule at 30 days. Also, they were not significantly different from the control group. The push-out bond strength of ProRoot® ES could not be evaluated due to handling problems, nevertheless the measured Endosequence BC bond strengths were within an acceptable range.ProRoot® ES had better biocompatibility, seen as more favorable tissue response, than the BC Sealer, although the latter had improved handling characteristics.

3 illus, 4 tables, 30 ref

043466   ALALOWI M , ALSALEM M (Pediatric Dentistry Dep, National Guard Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email: monther.333@hotmail.com) : Effect of home water filtration systems on fluoride content of drinking water in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(1), 31-4.

Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a method used by spiral-wound membranes to separate and extract dissolved solids, organics, and bacteria from water. Commercial stores in Riyadh are equipped with a variety of RO filters which differ in the type of membrane used and stages of filtration ranging from 1 stage and up to 7 stages. This study aimed to determine the extent to which different home RO water filtration systems remove fluoride from drinking water. Two types were most common in commercial stores in Riyadh: Puri OptimaR RO filters with cellulose-based or thin-film composite membranes. Both types have filtration capabilities ranging from 1 stage and up to 7 stages. Samples were coded from 1 to 7 based on the filter type. Samples were analysed using DR3900 Laboratory VIS Spectrophotometer with RFID. Most of the water samples showed a reduction in fluoride content in the range of 0.1-0.8 ppm after passing through various RO filters. Mean difference in fluoride removal was found to be (0.4) and (0.45) ppm for RO filters with the cellulose-based or thin-film composite membrane, respectively. The results of the study showed that the use of reverse osmosis water filtration technologies has a substantial effect in reducing the level of fluoride in drinking water.

2 tables, 19 ref

043465   DELEME Z H , ALDABAGH A H N (Oral and Maxillofacial surgery Dep, Mosul Univ, Ninavah, Iraq, Email: ziaddeleme76@gmail.com) : The effects of bio adhesive chlorhexidine gel, NSAIDs on post-operative sequelae after periapical surgery of upper anterior teeth. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(1), 27-30.

Although dropping need for apecoectomy as the modern endodontic therapy carry greatly promising outcomes but it is regularly done in dental clinics and may accompanied by some bothering points as ache, edema, so the main goal of this research is to evaluate the usefulness of dissimilar modalities in reducing edema and pain succeeding to the periapical surgery. This research done by involving twenty cases with periapical lesion need apecoectomy. Ten of them was given Chlorhexidine 0.2 % (PerioKIN) gel to operative area and the other 10 patients given Diclofenac sodium (Voltarin) tablet 50mg, 3 periods a day for 7 days. Edema was assessed by a subjective clinical examination, ache using a visual analogue scale. Estimations done in the first 24 hours and on 72 hours and on 7 days. No significant alterations were recognized for the edema but significant differences observed at seventh day after operation, pain values there was a highly significant difference at day three and day one and day seven there wasn’t important differences between study groups after operation.  Administration of PerioKIN in form of gel showed effects resemble to diclofenac tablets in dropping the edema and pain readings, Chlorhexidine could be used as an additional therapy in some medical conditions like heart diseases or with active pulmonary illnesses or gravid women or with stomach sore or inability of prescribing NSAIDs that is utilized empirically to diminish pain and edema consequent to periapical surgical procedures.

2 tables, 29 ref

041644   COULIBALY A Y, HASHIM R, SOMBIE P A E D, SULAIMAN S F, SULAIMAN O, ANG L Z P, OOI K L, KIENDREBEOGO M (Ouaga Univ, Burkina Faso, Email: coulahmede@yahoo.fr) : In vitro antihyperglycemic and chelating potential of selected ayurvedic medicinal plants. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(3), 491-8.

Seven medicinal plants used in folk medicine to relieve various diseases including diabetes, were investigated for antihyperglycemic activities. Two types of extracts for each plant were processed by decoction and by soaking in an aqueous-acetone mixture. The inhibitory activities were tested on α-amylase and α-glucosidase along with chelating activity. The aqueous-acetone extracts of Feretia apodanthera and Ozoroa insignis exerted strong inhibition on α-glucosidase (96.51±0.14 and 96.44±0.68 %, respectively) but lower inhibition on α-amylase (21.60±1.69 and 93.85±6.58 %, respectively) and displayed a weak chelating activity as compared to the respective standards acarbose and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Subsequent column fractionation resulted in selectively strong inhibition of α-glucosidase. The inhibitory activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase were weakly correlated (R=0.389) and both were inversely correlated with metal chelating activity (R=-0.731 and R=-0.809, respectively). Volatile compounds, 1-nonadecene and 1-heptadecene identified by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were related to the inhibitory activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. This potent inhibition of sugar degrading enzymes may help to manage the hyperglycaemia occurring in type 2 diabetes.

1 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

043464   HAMODAT H F, TAHA M Y M (Dental Basic Sciences Dep, Mosul Univ, Iraq, Email: tahadent04@yahoo.com) : Estimation of salivary MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-13 and TIMP-1 in chronic periodontitis in mosul. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(1), 22-6.

The aim of the study was to estimate salivary concentrations of MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-13, and TIMP-1in chronic periodontitis and control patients, and correlate periodontal parameters with salivary biomarkers in chronic periodontitis patients. The study group consisted of 44 patients suffering from chronic periodontitis, aging between ≤ 16-45 years old and 40 control samples collected from healthy individuals ranged between 16-40 years old. Chronic periodontitis was assessed on the basis of several periodontal parameters, including probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP) and plaque index (PI). 5ml of unstimulated saliva was collected from patients and control groups to measure salivary biomarkers by ELISA technique. All periodontal clinical parameters were significantly higher in chronic periodontitis patients compared to control group (p ≤ 0.000). Salivary MMP-8, MMP-9 and MMP-13 concentrations showed significant increase in chronic periodontitis (p ≤ 0.000), while salivary TIMP-1 level showed significant increase in control group comparing with periodontitis (p ≤ 0.000). Salivary MMP-13and MMP-9 showed significant difference in concentrations with different PPD, and CAL levels, while MMP-8 showed no significant difference, whereas all salivary biomarkers showed no significant difference with BOP index. According to Plaque index, MMP-8 concentration showed highly significant difference with different PI values.

4 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

046669   RAHAYU K P, LARASWATI B (Radiology Dep, Airlangga Univ, Surabaya- 60285, Indonesia, Email: budilaraswati1@gmail.com) : The discovery of comorbidity deviation in the cervical cancer patients treated by the intravenous pyelography examination and clinical examination (based on federation international de gyneclogie et d’obstetrique. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194346.

The cervical cancer is the most found cancer in the gynecological malignancy. Several cervical cancer cases sometimes are found the result of Intravenous Pyelography examination that is not suitable with the clinical stage that has been examined according to Federation Internationale de Gynecologie et d’Obstetrique. Another deviation that accompanies the cervical cancer cases is very important for clinicians and the patients because of the distinct deviation managements. The utilization of other modalities in supporting the other deviations needs to be considered so that the patient service will be better and more accurate as it is expected by the clinicians and the patients. This study aims to identify comorbid abnormalities in cervical cancer patients undergoing Intravenous Pyelography examinations and clinical examinations according to FIGO. : The retrospective research is applied from the medical records of the cervical cancer patients in stage IA IVB on January until December 2014 and it is analyzed statistically. From 131 samples, it is obtained 77 samples which are qualified the inclusion criteria. There are 48 samples (62,3 %) which are resulted to normal IVP and 29 abnormal samples (37,7 %). It is also revealed that there are comorbidity deviation in 14 patients (18,2 %). From the result of intravenous pyelography examination, it is found that several comorbidity deviations based on the result of BUN/creatinine and clinical examination of Federation Internationale de Gynecologie et d’Obstetrique should not be found any deviation. Regarding these results, the clinicians therefore can consider the next management for the patients.

3 tables, 7 ref

041643   YOUSEFI N, AHMADI R, TAYEBA H, TAHERI S, MAHBOUDI F, PEIRAVIAN F (Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran, Email: peiravianfarzad@gmail.com) : Biosimilar medicines in the Iranian market: A way to more affordable medicines. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(3), 483-90.

The rise of biosimilar provides an opportunity for healthcare systems worldwide to reduce costs and ensure affordability as well as accessibility of these pivotal products. This is particularly the case in developing countries with restricted budgets to guarantee the availability of safe and cost-effective drugs. Accordingly, this paper aims to study Iranian pharmaceutical industry to show the development of the biosimilar sector, which has emerged in the wake of an intense global interest in the production and marketing of biosimilar. This paper adopted a descriptive cross-sectional method to investigate the Iranian pharmaceutical industry by focusing on biosimilar products over a fifteen-year period (2002-2016). Results obtained showed an upward trend in the domestic production of biosimilars, which has helped secure the first place for the country in the Middle East. In addition, Iran has laid down strict regulatory guidelines for the approval of locally produced biosimilar. The findings also highlight the significant savings generated for the healthcare system thanks to the manufacturing of non-innovator products. These results suggested that observing global regulatory guidelines and providing safe and cost-effective biosimilars are imperative for health care systems in all countries interested in this promising market.

4 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

043463   ALHARBI A (Orthodontic and pediatric dentistry Dep, Qassim Univ, Al-Mulida, Qassim, KSA, Email: Dr.Adel.alharbi@qudent.org) : Stress among dental students at qassim university. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(1), 17-21.

The goals of this study were to identify sources of stress in dental education and to explore the role of year of study and gender on perceived stressors. A modified Dental Environment Stress (DES) Questionnaire was administered to 95 dental students. The main sources of stress were found to be fearing of inability to complete graduation requirements, exams and grades, failing in a course , patient being late to their appointments, lack of time for relaxation and PBL system.

5 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

041641   ARIF R, AHMED S, MUSTAFA G (Biochemistry Dep, Government CollUniv, Faisalabad - 38060, Pakistan, Email: gmustafa_uaf@yahoo.com) : In silico study to reveal annotation and significant interactions of human defensin with its isoforms and their phylogeny. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(3), 465-71.

In this study, a detailed annotation of human defensin was performed and also found out the best interactors of defensin peptide from human using STRING database. The selected peptide showed best associations with its various isoforms such as neutrophil defensins, α-defensins and β-defensins. A phylogenetic tree was also reconstructed to analyse the evolutionary relationships of human defensin with its selected isoforms. The human neutrophil defensin including all neutrophil defensins appeared in a separate clade. But a great divergence has been observed in case of β-defensins because they all did not fall in a single clade and showing more distantly relationships with α-defensins and with each other as well. In future, this study will provide scientists an ease to explore novel associations of human defensins with its various isoforms and other homologs

3 illus, 3 tables, 39 ref

041639   HIEU H V, TATIPAMULA V B, KILLARI K N, KONERU S T, SRILAKSHMI N, RANAJITH S K (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, AU Coll of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Visakhapatnam - 530 003, Email: kishorenaidu.killari@gmail.com) : HPTLC analysis, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of ethanol extract of moss Fissidens grandiflora. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(3), 449-55.

The phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antidiabetic profile of ethanol extract of Fissidens grandiflora was investigated for the first time. The phytochemical analysis of Fissidens grandiflora confirmed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, steroids and tannins. Additionally, Fissidens grandiflora contained a high amount of total flavonoids of 101.40±0.38 mg Q/g. The high-performance thin-layer chromatography analysis of Fissidens grandiflora identified 3 unknown components with different Rf values and area percentage. Fissidens grandiflora showed better inhibition of superoxide free radicals, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate free radicals and ferric ions with IC₅₀ values of 81.0, 85.0 and 92.6 µg/ml, respectively. Additionally, Fissidens grandiflora depicted a prominent inhibitory profile against α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase with IC₅₀ values of 150.0 and 200.0 µg/ml, respectively. To conclude, the proposed mechanism of action of moss Fissidens grandiflora could be by inhibiting free radicals and particularly digestive enzymes.

4 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

045268   MURUGAN S, SARAVANAN P, MISTRY D, MODI J, NOORANI J, VIRANI P (Veer Narmad South Gujarat Univ, Surat- 395 003, Gujarat, Email: saravananmurugan77@gmail.com ) : Prevalence of self-reported musculoskeletal pain, perceived risk factors and quality of life among school going students. J Ecophysiol Occup Health 2020, 20(3&4), 196-202.

Reports from WHO states low back pain and neck pain as top musculoskeletal disorders that has brought enormous global burden among school children. This study aimed to determine and understand prevalence, pattern of musculoskeletal pain and quality of life in population sample under the age of 18 years. This study was conducted on 500 school students in age group of 10-17 years. Self-reported musculoskeletal symptoms of students and region of body involved were obtained. Common factors which students perceived as responsible for musculoskeletal pain were included as part of the questionnaire along with hours of physical activity at and after school. Most commonly performed recreational activities at home was included to obtain details on sedentary lifestyle behavior of students. Health related Quality of Life (HRQoL) was assessed by 23 item-four multidimensional scale, the Pediatrics Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) 4.0 Generic Core scales for students and teens. It included four dimensions-Physical functioning, Emotional functioning, Social functioning and School functioning. Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was found to be 23.4 %. Shoulder was commonly involved followed by neck and lower back. 46.2 % students felt inappropriate bag weight followed by prolonged sitting to be the common factors for pain. Watching television and playing mobile games as sedentary activities, occupied most of the time after school. Weak associations were observed between gender and presence of symptoms. Analysis of PedsQL showed better quality of life among students in total scores and sub scores. Higher prevalence of musculoskeletal pain symptoms observed in school students and adolescents and risk factors analysis, as observed in this study highlights the importance to device appropriate measures to prevent these symptoms.

2 illus, 8 tables, 19 ref

043462   ANDRUCH K, MALECKI M (Dental Prosthetic Dep, Medical Univ of Lodz, Poland, Email: andruchk@wp.pl) : Surface registration accuracy of clinically obtained intraoral optical scans with manually threshold segmented CBCT data. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(1), 7-16.

Combining CBCT imaging and intraoral scans with an intention to prepare comprehensive treatment plans is common in clinical practice. Segmentation and superimposition of models is indispensable when planning complicated prosthetic reconstructions. The authors of this publication evaluated registration discrepancies of virtual dental arch models obtained by means of CBCT imaging at different segmentation thresholds with intraoral dental scans. For comparisons, intraoral digital scans and volumetric CBCT scans of the upper and lower jaw were used in randomly selected patients. The mean distance, Gaussian mean and standard deviation from the Gaussian mean as registration inconsistencies between the combined models were measured and subjected to a statistical analysis. The results showed that the registration of superimposed models may be affected by errors of up to 300 microns in the case of full dental arches. The statistical analysis proved that there was no correlation between the segmentation threshold and the quantitative variables studied (e.g. mean distance, Gaussian mean and standard deviation from the Gaussian mean). The results of this study indicate that CBCT data and full arch optical scans can be superimposed and successfully applied under clinical conditions within the accepted error.

10 illus, 5 tables, 26 ref

046668   CAHYANTIA F D, NIMAH L, PRADANIEA R (Airlangga Univ, Kota SBY, Jawa Timur) : The effect of buzz group modification method on exclusive breastfeeding against self efficacy in pregnant women: A quasi experiment. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194345.

Exclusive breastfeeding for six months is an effort to increase the breastfeeding benefits and reduce infant mortality rate. Self efficacy is one of the factors that can influence the level of confidence exclusive in breastfeeding. This study aimed to identify the level of self efficacy before and after given modified buzz group method and to the influence of modified buzz group method about exclusive breastfeeding against self efficacy in pregnant mother. : This study was designed using quasi-experimental design. The study was conducted in the working area of the health center. The total population used in this study was 42 pregnant women. A total sample of 38 respondents was taken according to purposive sampling. BSES-SF (Breastfeeding Self Efficacy Scale Short Form) questionnaire was administered at pre-test and post-test. Data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and the Mann Whitney test. The results showed that the Wilcoxon Signed Rank statistical test obtained p value of 0,000 in the treatment group and p value of 0.355 in the control group. The Mann Whitney statistical test obtained a significant value of p = 0,000 at the post-test. The modification of the buzz group method took effect to increased self efficacy about exclusive breastfeeding for pregnant mother because this method was organized by four sources of self efficacy that was direct experience, indirect experience, verbal persuasion, and emotional condition. With the modification of the buzz group method and self efficacy for pregnant mother can increase of value for breastfeeding exclusive coverage.

3 tables, 13 ref

043461   AL-MONES S S A, ALHEZAIMI K , SHAFIK S (Periodontology Dep, Riyadh Elm Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email: al_sultan_2022@hotmail.com) : Prescription of prophylactic antibiotic in dental implant among saudi population. Int J Dent Sci and Res 2020, 8(1), 1-6.

This study was designed to find out the awareness among the dental practitioners using American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for dental implants and for prescribing the dosage of Antibiotic Prophylaxis (AP) as per the AHA guidelines. A cross-sectional questionnaire projected across the Saudi Arabia among practicing dentists (general and specialists) and dental students (final year undergraduate and postgraduate). The questionnaire was distributed to 1000 dental practitioners, who willingly consented to participate in the study. The questionnaire consists of 11 (either multiple choice or dichotomous) questions regarding the awareness and practice of AHA guidelines for dental implants and prescribing AP pre- or post-dental implants. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 21. A chi-square test was performed with both descriptive and inferential statistics. The level of significance was P ≤0.05. Total responses from 893 (89.3 %) participants were received and were considered for statistical analysis. Male and female participants were 485 (54.3 %) and 408 (45.7 %), respectively. The majority of the participants responded wrongly for prescribing AP for dental implants as a routine practice, immediate implant, and immediate implant with systemic disease. However, the majority of the practitioners responded correctly in prescribing amoxicillin as the first line of AP to be used during implants but with the wrong dosage of the drug. Moreover, more than half of the practitioners answered correctly for prescribing AP to post-operation. The primary factors in prescribing AP for dental implants were selected wrong by a significant number of practitioners. To increase the success of the dental implants, an overwhelming number of the practitioners answered correctly by opting for pre operation use of AP. The present study outlines and indicates the lack of awareness of AHA recommendations and guidelines among dental practitioners in KSA. Besides, it recorded a high number of AP prescriptions during dental implant placement as a routine practice without any supporting evidence.

3 tables, 30 ref

041636   WANG T S, CHEN Y C, TSAI F M, CHANG Y Y, CHEN Y H, KUO C Y, CHEN M L (Research Dep, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan, Email: cater0656@hotmail.com) : MicroRNA expression profiles in C6 glioblastoma cell line treated with antipsychotics. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(3), 409-19.

In the present investigation antipsychotic drug-induced microRNA modulations in glial cells were analysed through microRNA expression in antipsychotic drugs-treated C6 cells using a microRNA microarray. Seventeen miRNAs were upregulated by haloperidol and 10 miRNAs were upregulated by risperidone in C6 cells. Thirty-six microRNAs were downregulated by clozapine in C6 cells. Six microRNAs (rno-let-7a-5p, rno-miR-221-3p, rno-miR-152-3p, rno-miR-345-5p, rno-miR-3473 and rno-miR-551b-5p) were selected for validation by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the results of which showed almost the same expression trends as the microarray results. MicroRNA and protein expression of potential targets for some validated microRNAs was examined using reverse transcriptionquantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. Reduction of microRNA (rno-let-7a-5p, rno-miR-152-3p and rno-miR-221-3p) caused by clozapine treatment could further induce expressions of predicted target genes/proteins (atg12, cdkn1b, c-myc and K-ras) in C6 cells. MicroRNAs regulation induced by haloperidol or risperidone were not closely related to predicted target genes/proteins expressions. It was concluded that the regulatory trends between antipsychotic druginduced microRNA and the mRNA/protein expression of potential targets of the examined microRNAs were not quite the same. Clozapine, but not haloperidol or risperidone, could modulate microRNA expression to further regulate protein expression in C6 cells.

3 illus, 5 tables, 34 ref

045266   GURUDUT P, MENEZES K, SEMBI M K (Orthopedic Physiotherapy Dep, KAHER Institute of Physiotherapy, Belagavi- 590 010, Karnataka, Email: peeoo123@yahoo.com) : Musculoskeletal health and physical fitness assessment among hairdressers in Belagavi city, India: A cross-sectional study. J Ecophysiol Occup Health 2020, 20(3&4), 177-84.

Hairdressers are a group of workers whose working ability and health condition may be affected by specific work related activities. They are also at risk of developing Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSDs) and lack of physical fitness due to working condition and work related exposures. Prevalence of WRMSDs and level of physical fitness in hairdressers is lacking in Indian population. Hence, present study aimed to find prevalence of musculoskeletal problems and levels of physical fitness among hairdressers. It was a cross-sectional observational study. A total of 161 hairdressers were recruited by cluster sampling with samples representing south and north regions of Belagavi city, India. The participants were assessed for WRMSDs using Nordic questionnaire while physical fitness levels were assessed for strength and flexibility of upper and lower limbs along with cardio-vascular endurance. Out of 161 hairdressers, prevalence of WRMSDs was among 101 (62.11 %). Lower back was the most affected body region with 56.5 % followed by neck 11.8 %. 101 hairdressers had first experience of musculoskeletal discomfort after becoming a hairdresser. When assessed for physical fitness, it was noted that the strength of upper limb was affected in 129 (80 %) hairdressers while flexibility of lower limb was affected in 130 (80.7 %) hairdressers. There is a high prevalence of WRMSDs in hairdressers of Belagavi city, India with lower back and neck being the most affected body regions. In terms of physical fitness, strength of upper limb and flexibility of lower limb were the most affected.

5 illus, 8 tables, 12 ref

043460   SHARAD D S, MESHRAMKAR R, APOORVA N, GAIKWAD S (General Dentistry Dep, Shiv Cancer Institute, Miraj, Maharashtra, Email: shivani.desai007@gmail.com) : Comparison between basal disk implants and basal screw implants using finite element analysis method. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2020, 6, 1-6.

In recent years, implant dentistry has flourished and has become the most viable treatment for rehabilitation of edentulous jaw. Most of these implants result in post-operative discomfort along with an unpredictable success rate. To overcome these issues, basal implants emerge as a reliable option for the restoration of the edentulous maxilla or mandible. The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical properties between basal disk and basal screw type implants. This research deals with a comparison of disk and screw types of basal implants on the basis of medical and mechanical aspects. We carried out finite element analysis of two types of implants. We applied a force of 100N and observed the maximum stress and deformation developed on the basal disk and screw type of implants. Stress in disk type implant was 360 MPa, while it was observed to be 136 MPa in the screw type. The total deformation of the disk implant was 1.56, while the total deformation in the screw implant was 1.28. Hence, we find that screw types of basal implants comparatively have lesser stress values and deformation; hence, they have greater structural integrity and have lesser chances of failure. Basal screw implants are significantly more efficient in clinical use than basal disk implants.

5 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

043459   TAHA R T M, BASHIR M H, ASSALY M S A (Histopathology Dep, MTI Univ, Egypt, Email: reham.taha@dentistrty.cu.edu.eg) : Clove bud oil effect on reactive oxygen species released due to mobile phones electromagnetic radiations on the parotid gland of albino rats. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2020, 6, 1-5.

Mobile phones have become widespread around the globe. These devices emit electromagnetic radiations (EMR) which induce oxidative stresses and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body tissues. Nowadays, natural antioxidants are widely used to counteract the ROS including the clove bud essential oil. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of clove bud oil in protecting the parotid glands against the harmful effect of mobile phones EMR. Twelve adult male albino rats were randomly distributed into two groups, six as positive control group (A) exposed to the mobile phone EMR and six as experimental group (B) exposed to EMR followed by administration of clove bud oil as a treatment for 30 successive days. The parotid glands were dissected for histological examination, immunohistochemical localization of myeloperoxidase (MPO), biochemical examination for the measurement of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB), and histomorphometric analysis of diameter and number of serous acini and area percentage of MPO. The histological examination of the parotid gland of Group (A) revealed loss of the normal architecture of the gland, while Group (B), the architecture was closer to the normal. Statistically, significant decrease in the mean values of MPO and NF-κB in Group (B) as compared to Group (A). Histomorphometric analysis revealed significant decrease in the diameter and number of serous acini in Group (A) as compared to Group (B). Clove bud oil had a positive role against the ROS produced by the mobile phones EMR as it did a noticeable improvement in the structure of the parotid gland due to its antioxidant activity. The clove bud essential oil could be introduced as a natural food preservative and as food additive due to its powerful antioxidant capacity.

4 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

046666   DAOOD I I, IBRAHIM R H (Clinical Nursing Sciences Dep, Mosul Univ, Mosul, Iraq, Email: prof.dr.radhwan@uomosul.edu.iq.) : Seroprevalence of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) in Mosul City. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194343.

Globally, there are about 1.5 million cases showing symptoms each year, with tens of millions likely to become infected. It is more common in areas of the world with poor sanitation and inadequate drinking water. The aim of the study is to identify percentage of the prevalence and distribution of hepatitis A (HAV) among the gender, age group. : Prospective study was applied in Mosul City for the period between July 2017 to June 2019. A seroepidemiologic survey about hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection was carried out in a group comprising 312 patients, ranging in age from 1 year to 60 years, from in the Mosul city. Three ml of blood were taken from the patients and Serum was separated and stored at -200C for the test. The results of the present study indicate that the total prevalence of type A virus in Mosul was (21.7 %) and was distributed between males and females (14.4 %) (7.3 %), respectively. The infection rate was the highest in the age group (16-21 years). According to the results of this study, the city of Mosul may be considered a settlement area for the hepatitis virus infection. So people responsible for health in the city must monitor programs to prevent transmission of the virus, which can be carried out in several ways.

3 tables, 23 ref

043458   ELSHERBINI A N , ABDELKADER A (Prosthodontics Dep, Modern Sciences and Arts Univ, Giza, Egypt, Email: ahmed_elsherbini@live.com) : Correlative analysis of occlusal schemes on chewing efficiency and muscles kinetics in complete dentures wearers. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2020, 6, 1-5.

Chewing efficiency is a problem with complete dentures in completely edentulous patients’ wearers. This study aims to correlate between chewing efficiency and muscle kinetics using balanced occlusion and group function occlusion. Twenty edentulous patients were selected and given a complete denture with balanced occlusion (Group A) for 1 month, and then, they were recalled the first denture collected and a new denture using group function (Group B) was given for 1 month. Chewing efficiency was measured using the standardized chewing test units and muscle kinetics was measured using electromyography. After both followup periods, patients were asked about their satisfaction with both groups using the visual analog system (VAS). In balanced occlusion, there was a negative correlation of −0.594 between chewing efficiency and muscle kinetics, which means they are directly proportion to each other. However, in group function occlusion, there was a positive correlation of 0.463, which means they are inversely proportion. On the VAS scale, the patient satisfaction recorded 9 (highly satisfied) with Group A and 5 (Neutral) with Group B. It can be concluded from this study that the balanced occlusion scheme allowed better chewing efficiency, with lower muscle kinetics, and higher patients’ satisfaction. Fabricating complete dentures with balanced occlusion will improve patient quality of life by improving their chewing efficiency.

2 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

045265   SANTOSHI K, KIRAN U V (Human Development and Family Studies Dep, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Univ, Lucknow– 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, Email: tosibhu@gmail.com) : Musculoskeletal disorders among rag pickers at Lucknow City. J Ecophysiol Occup Health 2020, 20(3&4), 170-6.

The Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) among rag pickers are mostly non-fatal injuries such as injuries, pain or discomfort in the anatomical area, muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments, nerves and in bones. The nature of their occupation requires the rag pickers constant bending, which raised the risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders in many body parts. Musculoskeletal Disorders were significantly higher for the lower back, upper back, knees, shoulder, neck and ankles among the rag pickers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders in different body parts among rag pickers. This study was carried out on sixty rag pickers comprising of male and female. Multistage random sampling technique was adopted in the study. The data has been collected from the rag pickers engaged in rag picking at Lucknow city. A self-structured and standardized interview schedule including modified version of Body Discomfort Scale (BDS) devised by Kuorinka et al., (1987) was used for the purpose of gathering information and measurement of pain in different body parts of the respondents. The study adopted survey research design and the respondents were interviewed personally. The data was coded and analyzed using IBM SPSS 20.0 Version. The level of musculoskeletal pain in different body segments were analysed in the form of frequencies, mean, standard deviation and the significance was tested using ANOVA. The study clearly revealed that rag pickers felt maximum pain in back, followed by knee pain, shoulder pain and hand pain. The study strongly recommends preventive and curative measures to minimize the burden of MSDs. A training program needs to be organized to detect the early signs and symptoms of MSDs so that rag pickers may adopt the curative measures.

1 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

043457   REDA B , MORO L , DAHBOUL F , CONTARDO L (Medical Dep, Trieste Univ, Trieste, Italy, Email: bachar.reda@libero.it) : Temporomandibular disorders: A simplified treatment approach for different entities. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2020, 6, 1-5.

Temporomandibular disorders are defined as a group of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions that involve temporomandibular joints, the masticatory muscles, and all associated tissues. Many management modalities have been proposed to treat such disorders; however, there is still wide controversy on most effective therapy. Our report aims to demonstrate a simplified approach valid for several temporomandibular disorders, we report two cases of different etiologies, muscular and joint disease. Clinical presentation of jaw function, limitations, and associated signs and symptoms are described, in addition to repeated psychosocial evaluation (axis II) and more than a year follow-up. Stability of clinical and psychosocial aspects of the temporomandibular disorder seems to increase chances of good response in long term. Further studies need to confirm the efficacy of this treatment modality. Nevertheless, correct diagnosis of the present disorder represents the core of any adequate therapy. Our approach is practical and simple to apply and was effective in both cases with relative follow-up.

6 illus, 9 ref

043456   RODRIGUEZ-ARCHILLA A, CALDERER-ORTIZ M (Stomatology Dep, Granada Univ, Granada 18071, Spain, Email: alberodr@ugr.es) : Influence of diet on oropharyngeal cancer: A meta-analysis. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2020, 6, 1-5.

The main risk factors related to oropharyngeal cancer (OFC) are tobacco and/or alcohol consumption, infectious agents, especially human papillomavirus, and others like dietary factors. The high intake of fruits, especially citrus fruit, and vegetables protects against OFC, while the consumption of processed meat and animal fats increases this risk. This study aims to assess the possible influence of the diet on the OFC risk. A search for articles on OFC and diet was performed in the following electronic databases: PubMed (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library), Web of Science (WoS), and Spanish Medical Index (IME). From 125 potentially eligible articles, 111 were excluded for several reasons: Articles without full-text availability (45), studies with a sample size fewer than 100 subjects (16), studies in tumors with a location other than oral cavity and pharynx (11), studies carried out on patients with potentially malignant disorders (4), and studies without usable data (35). Finally, 14 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The data were analyzed using statistical software RevMan 5.3 (The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK). For dichotomous outcomes, the estimates of effects of an intervention were expressed as odds ratio (OR) using the Mantel-Haenszel (M-H) method with 95 % confidence intervals. High consumption of the following foods reduced the probability of OFC: Vegetables (49 %, P < 0.001), fruits (47 %, P < 0.001), carrots (34 %, P < 0.01), and pulses (13 %, P = 0.02), but not significantly for fish (11 %, P = 0.39) and dairy products (8 %, P = 0.62). On the contrary, there was an increased risk of OFC with the consumption of bread (OR: 1.42, P < 0.01) or meat (OR: 1.36, P < 0.01), but not significantly for eggs (OR: 1.50, P = 0.10), pasta (OR: 1.24, P = 0.44), potatoes (OR: 1.12, P = 0.44), and cheese (OR: 1.12, P=0.61). The consumption of vegetables, fruits, and pulses was foods with a protective effect against OFC. Dietary changes toward a healthier diet are an effective measure to prevent OFC.

1 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

043455   AAL M A H A (Beni-Suef Univ, Beni Suef, Egypt, Email: azzafarahatmetwaly@gmail.com) : Stresses induced on straight and angulated implants using nylon caps and retention sil material in implant-retained mandibular overdentures (strain gauges analysis). Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2020, 6, 1-5.

The effect of the applied forces on a dental implant depends on several factors which are related to each other from which are the duration, direction, and magnitude of the applied forces. Load transfer to the bone-implant interface relies on load type, geometry of the implant surface structure, as well as properties of the implant and denture material, reaching a beneficial stress level has been the target in different loading scenarios. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of implant’s angulation on the strains induced around implants in mandibular overdentures retained by two implants with ball attachments using nylon caps or retention sil 600 material. Clear acrylic resin model of a mandibular edentulous arch was made. Two implant beds were prepared at the canine regions using consecutive drills, the left side was held perpendicular to the occlusal plane and parallel to the midline while the right implant was drilled with a 15o distal inclination. Two dental implants were inserted at the canine region bilaterally. A layer of resilient silicone soft lining material about 1.5 mm thickness was applied. The ball attachments were screwed into the corresponding implants with the nylon cap. Two linear strain gauges were attached using adhesive resin at the mesial and distal surfaces of the acrylic resin around each implant. The strain gauges were positioned on the crest of the ridge in a mesiodistal direction perpendicular to the long axis of each implant. A vertical static load of 100 N was applied on the metallic bar. Strains around implants were recorded on the mesial and distal sides after load application. The primer was left to dry and then the retention sil 600 paste was applied into the metal housings. Stresses induced around the implants were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS. The vertically aligned implants had much less stresses than the distally inclined implants with statistically significant difference. Retention sil 600 may induce less stresses than nylon caps around angled implants in mandibular implant-retained mandibular overdentures. Retention sil 600 should be considered over nylon caps around angled implants in mandibular implant-retained mandibular overdentures.

4 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

043454   SALAH A M , ELSAYED M E , ELMASRY S M , ELMAHDY M M B (Prosthodontics Dep, Sinai Univ, Cairo, Egypt, Email: dentsalah15@gmail.com) : Effect of metal and acetal removable partial denture frameworks on the stresses around implant-supported removable partial dentures. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2020, 6, 1–5.

The problem with the connection of implant to natural teeth-supported prosthesis develops from the reality that the tooth and the osseointegrated implants have dissimilar mobility patterns and this may expose the implant to excessive load. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of metal and acetal removable partial denture (RPD) framework materials on the stresses around implant-supported RPDs. The study was carried out on mandibular epoxy Class I partially edentulous models with two parallel implants placed at lower first molar area and according to framework materials, two groups were created: Group I: Acetal partial denture framework, Group II: Metallic partial denture framework, for both groups, acrylic record block was made and adjusted to apply occlusal force on the center of the metal plates, regarding the models from the right and left side, stress analysis images were recorded for both groups and for both sides at stresses from 20 to 100 newton, using photoelastic machine and mean stress values were recorded for both groups, tabulated, and statistically analyzed. There was a difference in significance between acetal and metallic partial denture frameworks where metallic partial denture framework showed higher stress fringes order around implant compared to acetal denture base. Within the calibrations of this in vitro photoelastic analysis, it was concluded that acetal partial denture frameworks are preferred to use with implantsupported RPD when compared with metal partial denture frameworks, for the preservation of bone around implant. Acetal denture bases are the treatment of choice.

4 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

046664   ASNANI H A (Surabaya Health Ministry Polytechnic, East Java, Indonesia, Email: hasyim@poltekkesdepkes-sby.ac.id) : The effectiveness of Garcinia mangostana L. rind extract in reducing total cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic male white mice. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194341.

Hypercholesterolemia contributes to the incidence of coronary heart disease which is the leading cause of death in the world. Diet modification and hypolipidemic drugs, including herba, one of which is Garcinia mangostana L. will effectively reduce total cholesterol. A research a posttest control group design, type of research was a laboratory experimental research. The population was male white mice aged 3 - 4 weeks weighing 100-200 grams. Hypercholesterolemia in male white rats was with MDLT induction ( high - fat diet food ). Data collection of total cholesterol levels measurement used enzymatic spectrophotometer method, data analysis used Variant Analysis statistical test ( ANOVA ) with significance level α < 0.05. The effect of Garcinia mangostana L. rind extract on total cholesterol reduction in white rats was grouped into a negative control group, positive control group and four dose treatment groups. Identification of hypercholesterolaemia in white rats was examined for total cholesterol on day 8. The effect of Garcinia Mangostana L rind extract on reducing total cholesterol was examined on day 22. The results of the examination showed the administration of Garcinia mangostana L. rind extract in all dosage groups effectively reduced total cholesterol levels with a significance level of p < 0.05.

5 tables, 20 ref

045262   NIKAM P P, VARADHARAJULU G (Sports Physiotherapy Dep, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad– 415 539, Maharashtra, Email: prasannastaarc@gmail.com) : Effect of twist and raise walking technique on ICU-acquired weakness in covid-19 patients: A pre-post experimental study. J Ecophysiol Occup Health 2020, 20(3&4), 155-8.

Recent studies presenting first recommendations on respiratory rehabilitation management have failed to advocate a specific protocol as there is still missing data about the current specific needs due to COVID-19. This necessitates the extensive research to be carried out for investigating the efficacy of various physiotherapeutic interventional methods on these associated symptoms which often go unnoticed. In the same interest, an attempt was made to address the complications of prolonged immobilization by facilitating early ambulation along with incorporation of upper limb, lower limb as well as trunk movements. The aim was to facilitate chest expansion along with initiation of early ambulation in order to reduce the possible complications of ICU acquired weakness. 32 COVID-19 positive subjects were given the twist and raise walking technique as a rehabilitative intervention for a period of 7 days. Post intervention data for various outcome measures like inspiratory hold capacity and forced expiration were recorded. Clinically significant results were seen in post-test scores of all the subjects in terms of Inspiratory Hold Capacity (p<0.0001) as well as Forced Expiration Volume (p<0.0001). Twist and Raise Walking Technique was proven significant in reducing the intensity of ICU-acquired weakness by improving both the inspiratory hold capacity as well as the forced expiration. This technique can be advocated as a effective rehabilitation intervention especially in COVID-19 patients to minimize the possible complications of ICU-acquired weakness.

2 tables, 8 ref

046663   ALNAMEL H A, THEDAN A S (Basrah Univ, Basrah, Iraq) : Evaluation of titanium di oxide nano-fillers incorporation on mechanical properties of heat cured acrylic resin. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194340.

The persistence of this revision was to assess the outcome of adding of surface cured titanium dioxide Nano stuffing (TiO₂) on Impact strength, Transvers strength and tensile strength.Titanium oxide Nano fillers were merged into (PMMA) denture base by allowed essential majority. The nanoparticles were coated by a film of trimethoxysilypropylmethacrylate (TMSPM). A controlled group and three different percentages 3 %, 5 % and 7 %, of TiO₂ dust was added to PMMA powder by weigh up and mixed by probe sonication appliance. 120 samples were built and distributed into 3 clustersrendering to the test (40 specimens for each group) and each cluster was split into 4 sub-groups conferring to the ratio of auxiliary TiO₂ (10 specimens for each subgroup). The tests piloted were impact strength (charpy tester), transverse strength test and tensile strength test. Extremely significant rise in charpy tester and transverse strength was detected associated with the increase of the addition of TiO₂ powder to (PMMA) at the ratio of 3 % and 5 %; despite the fact a significant drophappened in both tests at the ratio of 7 %. Alternatively, there were non-significant progresses in the tensile strength throw the enforcement of (TiO₂). The result of this revisionpresented that treated TiO₂ Nano-fillers is nominal inaltering impact strength and Transvers strength while it was non nominal in successful altering the tensile strength, the extremerise in impact strength and Transvers strength pragmatic in denture base containing 5 % wt. of treated TiO₂ Nano-particles.

2 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

046662   MAJEED H M (Microbiology Dep, Tikrit Univ, Tikrit, Iraq, Email: m.hala17@yahoo.com) : Detection of parvovirus B19 infection in thalasemic patients in Tikrit City, serological study. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194339.

ParvovirusB19, a member of the genus Erythrovirus virus of the Parvoviridae family, causes several clinical diseases including infectious erythematosus, joints, fetalis hydrops or chronic hemolytic anemia like thalassemia syndrome, transient aplastic crises. B19 can be transmitted through respiratory secretions, blood products, and blood transfusions. To identify the seroprevalence of Human Parvovirus B19 virus in Patients with thalassemia major in Tikrit city. This lessons is a cross-sectional case control study that included 130 Patients infection with beta thalassemia attendance the Tikrit Military Hospital Department of Blood Diseases Unit as of 1/7 /2018 to 1/12/2018 major age ranging from 1-60 years and 50 healthy patients as control grouping. Blood sample were obtain for determination of specific antibodies IgG and IgM for HPV-B19 by enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA). - HPV B19 IgM antibodies were detected in 15 of 130 thalassemic patient (11.5 %),and not detected in any patient of control group, P value ( 0.02).While anti-HPV B19 IgG antibodies were detected in 50 of 130 of thalassemic patient (38.5 %) and 2 (4 %) of 50 in control group (5 %), P value (0.003). The range age of the thalassemia patient was (2 –58 years) and B19 infection was highest in the 20-to-40 year range. And the result show the highest percentage to infected to virus during the blood transfusions once a month per month was 30 (100 %) anti-B19IgG and 8 (26.7 %) anti-B19IgM. In this study, acute B19 infections were detect in patients with beta thalassemia major. showing of such high-risk groups can significantly reduce the incidence and prevalence of B19 infection; thus, screening is required for epidemiologic surveillance and disease-prevention measures.

3 tables, 17 ref

041627   GATTA A K, CHANDRASHEKHAR R, UDUPA N, REDDY M S, MUTALIK S, JOSYULA V R (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Dep, Manipal Coll of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karnataka - 576 104, Email: rao.josyula@gmail.com) : Strategic design of dicer substrate siRNA to mitigate the resistance mediated by ABCC1 in doxorubicinresistant breast cancer. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(2), 329-40.

The current study involved designing of a small interfering ribonucleic acid-loaded folate functionalized chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles to evaluate tumor targeting potential in drug-resistant breast cancer cells. The synthesized conjugate was utilized to develop small interfering ribonucleic acid encapsulated nanoparticles. The developed siRNA nanoparticles were with a particle size of <250 nm and could offer protection against serum nucleases. A significant uptake of the folic acid conjugated formulation was noticed, affirming that the nanoparticles selectively targeted the drug-resistant cancer cells. Through the polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, it was evident that ABCC1 expression was significantly reduced (<95 %). The efficiency of small interfering ribonucleic acid with doxorubicin could be evaluated by cytotoxicity assay and it was found that the ABCC1 targeted small interfering ribonucleic acid minimized the resistance of doxorubicin-resistant MCF- 7 cell line to doxorubicin. The main objective in developing this folate conjugated nanoformulation was to enhance the targetability to the cancer cells and to increase the sensitivity of drug-resistant tumors to doxorubicin.

12 illus, 29 ref

043452   KOLOMDOU K, MANUEL S D T M, BORIS K, RAMATA B-L (Pediatric Dentistry Dep, CocodyAbidjan Felix Houphouet-Boigny Univ, Cote D’Ivoire, Email: akonea@yahoo.fr) : Odontometry of deciduous anterior teeth of the melano-Ivorian subjects. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2020, 6, 1–7.

The permanent or deciduous anterior teeth is a factor of integration in society and is considered as a discriminating character in the identification of the individual. The aim of the study was to determine the coronal diameters of the deciduous incisivo-canine group of the Melano-African children from Côte D’Ivoire. The study involved 1790 deciduous anterior teeth of 366 arches casts of 183 Melano-African children from Côte d’Ivoire, aged from 2 ½ years to 8 ½ years, in stable deciduous and mixed teeth. The coronal diameters were measured at the axial and cervical surfaces by an operator and using a drytip compass, transferred to a graduated ruler followed by statistical analysis. A comparative analysis based on the reduced gap test formula compared the coronal diameters of the incisivo-canine group of the right and left hemispheres, also those of the two sexes. The significance test was equal to “t” >1.96 at the 0.05 threshold. The coronal diameters of the teeth of the incisivo-canine group do not show any statistical difference between the right and left sides. The diameters of the central incisors are statistically identical to those of the lateral incisors in both arches. In the maxilla, the canines are wider than the lateral incisors but identical to the central incisors. On the other hand, at the mandible, the canine has larger diameters than those of the central and lateral incisors. There is no statistical difference between the coronal diameters of the incisive-canine group of boys and girls at both the maxilla and mandible. The deciduous canine is the widest tooth in the mandible and competes with the deciduous central incisor in the maxilla. The incisivo-canine group does not have any sexual differences. The use of dental materials of leucoderma subjects has led to many therapeutic failures in our clinical practices, due to their unsuitability and inapplicability in Melano-African children. This work will make it possible to establish real, precise, and specific standards for the African subject, which will be used to design dental materials that can be adapted for the Melano-African children in Côte d’Ivoire.

4 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

046661   ISMAEEL F T, DAWOOD W F, IBRAHEEM N M, MAWLOOD A F, MAHMOOD R J (Orthopedics Dep, Tikrit Univ, Salah Aldin, Iraq, Email: Aymen.Altae@tu.edu.iq) : Evaluation the relation between school bag weight and backache among primary school pupils in Tikrit city. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194337.

The weight of Schoolbag in childrens school is an important issue within education and general health . Schoolbag overweight can cause back pain in children, which may lead to chronic back problems in adulthood. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relation between the weight of school bag and backache among primary school pupils in Tikrit city. A cross sectional study is conducted inTikrit primary schools from the first of November 2018 to the end of March 2019 among primary school pupils. Sample size included 252 pupils, 130 were females and 122 were males. Two school chosen by cluster sampling , the pupils were chosen by stratified then simple random sampling methods ,the data collected by using a questionnaire which was administered by the interviewers the students were examined to exclude any present congenital anomalies. From the total sample of 252 pupils 74 (29.4 %) pupils report backache from those 43 ( 58 %) were females and 31 ( 42 %) were males . The sequence of the location of back pain was upper as (59.4 %) backache then middle ( 33.6 %) and very few pupils have lower backache (7 %) . The relation between bag weight/pupil weight percentage and positive backache in primary school pupils from the total 74 pupils suffering from backache 41 (55.4 %) has the percentage of bag weight / pupil weight more than 15 % , 26 ( 35.1 %) pupils had it between 10 %-15 % and only 7 pupils (9.5 %) had it below 10 %.The back pain is most commonly reported among those who come walking to the school. The study concluded that 74 (29.4 %) of primary school pupils complained from backache among those 43 (58 %) were females and 31 (42 %) were males.

3 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

043451   AJAYAKUMAR L P , CHOWDHARY N , REDDY V R , CHOWDHARY R (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Sri Siddhartha Dental Coll and Hospital, Tumakuru, Karnataka, Email: priya. ajithc@gmail.com) : Use of restorative full crowns made with zirconia in children: A systematic review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 551-8.

The purpose of this systematic review is to analyze the suitability of the zirconia crowns for restoration of damaged primary teeth in children. This systematic review has been conducted in line with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews (which is also called as PRISMA) guidelines. A search for the relevant articles of zirconia crowns in deciduous teeth has been made in electronic database of PubMed and a study design (meta-analysis), i.e., PICOS framework. The words used in the search are “zirconia crowns” and “primary molars,” “zirconia crowns” and “primary incisors,” “zirconia crowns” and “children,” “zirconia crowns” and “primary teeth.” The database search showed 44 studies of which 20 articles were excluded as they were irrelevant, duplicates, and data were not available. In the present systematic review, the remaining 24 articles were included. Zirconia crowns have been proved with better results than other crowns in terms of gingival and periodontal health, esthetics, and crown fractures. However, the quantity of tooth preparation and the wear of antagonist tooth are reported to be more in case of zirconia crowns. Future randomized control studies should be carried out in primary teeth due to less number of randomized studies on this topic. Zirconia crowns are now widely used in dentistry and there is an increase in the number of studies, so a systematic review evaluating and comparing results is warranted.

2 tables, 42 ref

046660   ABDULKAREEM G K, ABDUL-SADA W N, ABDULKAREEM H K (Technique of Pharmacy Dep, Southern Technical Univ, Basra, Iraq) : Helicobacter pylori can cause vitamin B12 deficiency. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194338.

Several studies have indicated that H. pylori treatment causes an impact on the status or absorption of B12 vitamin. When talking aboutmal absorption of B12 vitamin, H. pylori is a big risk, especially for adults and older people who have suffered bacteria related diseases for a long time. A literature review of more than 25 papers have found inconclusive results due to the methodological differences in them. This paper assesses the relationship among the deficiency of vitamin B12 and H. pylori. This study involved hundred patients in total, having deficient B12 serum vitamin. The study conducted Upper G I Endoscopy and obtained gastric biopsies for histological evidence and histopathological examination of H. pylori infection. The results of the tissue biopsy pointed out chronic antral gastritis in thirty patients and chronic atrophic gastritis in sixty-two patients. It was found that the H. pylori infection by histology is positive in eight-six patients. A significant relation was found among H. pylori and atrophic gastritis and also between B12 deficiency and H. pylori. This study concluded that, the deficiency of B12 Vitamin is predominant in the Helicobacter pylori infection.

3 tables, 5 ref

043450   GANDHI H A , SRILATHA KT , DESHMUKH S , VENKATESH MP , DAS T , SHARIEF I (Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry Dep, JSS Dental Coll and Hospital, Mysuru, Karnataka, Email: doc.henal@gmail.com) : Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of cinnamon bark oil incorporated and probiotic blend incorporated mucoadhesive patch against salivary Streptococcus mutans in caries active 7–10-year-old children: An in vivo study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 543-50.

Among the various plants studied, cinnamon has emerged as a potential herbal antimicrobial agent. Besides the medicinal plants, recently probiotics have also been recognized to affect cinnamon bark oil Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and other harmful oral and gut microflora. This placebo-controlled study aims to compare the antimicrobial potential of cinnamon bark oil incorporated and probiotic blend [Lactobacillus plantarum (TSP-Lp1), and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (TSP-Lrh1)] incorporated mucoadhesive patch against salivary S. mutans in caries active 7–10-year-old children. It was a double-blinded placebo-controlled study with n = 60. They were randomly allotted into three groups—Group I: Cinnamon patch, group II: probiotic patch, and group III: control patch (placebo) with n = 20 in each group. The study was carried out in three phases. In the first phase, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cinnamon bark oil was determined against S. mutans followed by the formulation of cinnamon and probiotic patches. After a washout period of 2 weeks and a collection of baseline saliva samples, these patches were tested on the subjects from respective groups for 14 days with twice a day placement protocol. On the 15th day, saliva samples were collected and cultured, CFU/mL of the saliva of S. mutans for each subject was recorded and compared with baseline samples. Feedback in the form of a questionnaire was obtained from the patients. Descriptive statistics, paired t-test for intragroup comparison, unpaired t-test for intergroup comparison, analysis of variance (ANOVA) for intergroup comparison, and post hoc Scheffe’s. The results showed that both cinnamon patch and probiotic patch were comparable to each other in terms of their anti-S. mutans activity. The intragroup comparison of the CFU/mL count showed a highly significant reduction from baseline to post-intervention for both the groups (p = 0.001). Both cinnamon and probiotic blend have a strong antimicrobial property owing to their ability to cause significant reduction in salivary S. mutans and both the patches showed good patient acceptance.

5 illus, 6 tables, 54 ref

043449   GAUTAM N , AHMED R , SHARMA S , MADINENI P K , HASAN S (Prosthodontics Dep, Indira Gandhi Government Dental Coll and Hospital, Jammu and Kashmir, Email: nitingautam212@gmail.com) : A comparative study to evaluate the accuracy of various spacer thickness for polyvinyl siloxane putty-wash impression techniques: An in vitro study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 536-42.

An accurate impression is one of the prime factors for success of any restoration, more so in field of fixed prosthodontics. The critical aspect is to reproduce fine surface details along with ease of use. Knowledge of impression materials and the techniques to which each is best suited is essential in achieving consistent results. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of various putty-wash techniques in a laboratory model that simulated the clinical practice. A metal master model, containing three full crowns fixed partial denture (FPD) abutment preparations, was fabricated. A perforated custom tray was fabricated that can be placed in the same position on the master model for each impression. For each technique, 10 impressions of the master model were made and poured using a die stone. The measurements were made of the models using a measuroscope and the accuracy of the impressions was recorded. The statistical comparison between groups I, II, III, and IV casts measurements by using the Mann–Whitney test showed highly significant statistical difference between the various groups from each other (p < 0.001). The accuracy of the working casts obtained from group III impression (two-step using 1 mm coping) was the best, whereas it was least with group II impression (two-step using polyethylene spacer).

11 illus, 3 tables, 41 ref

043448   JOSHI A B , SHANKARANARAYAN U R , HEGDE A , MANJU R (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangaluru, Karnataka, Email: aumjoshi@gmail.com) : To compare the efficacy of two intravenous combinations of drugs ketamine–propofol vs ketamine–dexmedetomidine for sedation in children undergoing dental treatment. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 529-35.

To compare the efficacy of two intravenous combinations of drugs ketamine–propofol (KP) vs ketamine–dexmedetomidine (KD) for sedation in children undergoing dental treatment. Thirty patients were selected, evaluated according to the predetermined criteria and divided in equal numbers of 15 amongst 2 groups KP and KD. Informed consent was taken, nil per oral (NPO) guidelines were followed and the study drug was administered. Dental procedure was performed. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and oxygen saturation (SPO₂) were monitored continuously throughout the procedure. The modified Ramsay sedation (MRS) score was recorded along with Houpt sedation score. Recovery status was accessed by modified Aldrete's recovery scale. Student t test was used for comparing HR, BP and SPO₂. Chi-square test was used to compare MRS, Houpt sedation score and modified Aldrete's recovery scale amongst the two groups KP and KD. The sedation achieved with both the groups was adequate. Both the drugs produce adequate hemodynamic stability. Ketamine–dexmedetomidine has a better efficacy over the other group, ketamine–propofol.

6 illus, 7 tables, 23 ref

043447   SAHNI A , KAPOOR R , GANDHI K , KUMAR D , DATTA G, MALHOTRA R (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Inderprastha Dental Coll and Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drkapilgandhi@gmail.com) : A comparative evaluation of efficacy of electronic apex locator, digital radiography, and conventional radiographic method for root canal working length determination in primary teeth: An in vitro study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(5), 523-8.

Pulpectomy in the primary tooth has unique challenges due to morphological variations in root pattern and physiological root resorption. The electronic apex locator (EAL) is one of the recent methods to determine the estimation of working length without much radiation exposure to the patient as well as the operator. The present study was undertaken for evaluating and comparing the efficacy of EAL, conventional radiography, digital radiography, and actual visual method for the estimation of in the root canal working length (RCL) in extracted primary teeth. Ninety extracted, single-rooted primary teeth were selected. Working length estimation was done with an EAL, conventional, and digital radiographic method, and compared it with an actual visual method. Accuracy of EAL was observed to be 99.7 % followed by digital radiograph (98.1 %) and conventional radiograph (96.1 %). Both EAL and digital radiographic methods showed a high correlation as compared to conventional. The comparative efficacy of an EAL with a visual method was found to be statistically non-significant (p > 0.005). Root canal working length determined through the electronic method was found to be an accurate and effective tool in singlerooted primary teeth and can be indicated for clinical implementation in endodontic treatment of primary teeth.

7 illus, 6 tables, 25 ref

045258   YADAV S, AGARWAL S, SHARMILA K (Human Development and Family Studies Dep, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Univ, Lucknow– 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drshaluagarwal@gmail.com) : Assess the health hazards of the chiffoniers in Lucknow City. J Ecophysiol Occup Health 2020, 20(3&4), 128-33.

Chiffoniers are casual specialists who gather recyclable materials to win a little compensation on regular schedule. Their life and working conditions are amazingly troublesome. This paper inspected the wellbeing perils of the chiffonier working in dumping ground of slum areas. This purpose of this study was to assess the health problems of the chiffonier. This study collected data by interviewing 120 chiffoniers in Lucknow city. The health hazards were assessed using a self-made interview schedule. Snowball sampling was used to choose the data. The study shows waste pickers suffer from physical health hazards. The purpose behind occupied with such sort of work is expected not having some other abilities and simple or day by day earnings. They faced problem redness of eyes; headache, back pain, skin infections, allergy cut and accidental injuries are very common among chiffoniers. The finding of the study, it can be concluded that chiffoniers face many working health hazards. Majority of the waste pickers frequently report physical health problems during the work. The chiffoniers suffer from several of health harms which seem related to their employment. Chiffoniers faced general problem identity crises, police and public abuses, poor health condition and no job security. Mostly chiffoniers faced different type’s health problems at the workplace in daily life.

2 illus, 5 tables, 10 ref