043419   RIZK H M , AL-DEEN M S S , EMAM A A (Pediatric Dentistry Dep, Suez Canal Univ, Ismailia, Egypt, Email: hazimrizk@hotmail.com) : Pulp revascularization/revitalization of bilateral upper necrotic immature permanent central incisors with blood clot vs platelet-rich fibrin scaffolds—A split-mouth doubleblind randomized controlled trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(4), 337-43.

Clinical and radiographic evaluation of the regeneration of bilateral necrotic upper permanent central incisors with open apex using blood clot (BC) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) scaffolds. Split-mouth double-blind parallel arm randomized controlled clinical trial. Randomization and blinding: The study started with 15 patients with bilateral necrotic upper permanent central incisors with open apex. Computer-generated tables were used to allocate treatments. The two maxillary central incisors were randomly assigned to either the control (BC scaffold) or the examined (PRF scaffold) groups. Thirteen patients aged 8–14 years fulfilled the study requirements. Follow-up was performed for 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Standardized radiographs were collected each 3 months, and difference in measurements was calculated using Image J software. Primary outcomes measured were sinus/fistula formation, pain complaint, mobility grade, and swelling presence/absence. Radiographic: Root length elongation and increase in root thickness. Secondary outcomes were sensibility test and crown color change. Radiographic: Change in bone density and apical diameter. Radiographs that were standardized used during the follow-up time, and occurred changes were calculated using Image J software. One patient was lost during follow-up; therefore, 24 treated teeth were analyzed, they showed 100 % success rate. Platelet-rich fibrin teeth displayed a statistically significant growth in radiographic root length and width, increased periapical bone density, and a reduction in apical diameter when compared with BC. At the end of the follow-up period, all treated teeth were negative to sensibility test. Blood clot displayed greater crown discoloration in comparison to PRF group. For teeth with open apex and necrotic pulp, revascularization using PRF is an appropriate substitute to BC.

2 illus, 5 tables, 46 ref

043418   SEEMA T, AHAMMED H , PARUL S , CHERANJEEVI J (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, HP Government Dental Coll and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, Email: cima2009@hotmail.com) : Comparative evaluation of dentin removal and taper of root canal preparation of hand k file, protaper rotary file, and kedo s rotary file in primary molars using cone-beam computed tomography. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(4), 332-6.

Various rotary endodontic instruments were used and studied for the root canal preparation of the primary teeth. Recently, a new venture evolved in the field of pediatric endodontic, which was Kedo S rotary files. These are the files designed exclusively for root canal preparation of the primary teeth. The study aimed to comparatively evaluate the dentin removal and taper of root canal preparation of Hand K files, Rotary Prosper files, and Rotary Kedo S files using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and instrumentation time using stopwatch in primary molars. Sixty-three root canals of maxillary and mandibular primary molars were included in the study. The root canals were randomly assigned to Hand K file (group I), Rotary ProTaper file (group II), and Rotary Kedo S file (group III). Dentin removal and taper of the root canal preparations were evaluated by using CBCT. All the three file systems do not show any statistical significant differences at middle third and apical third but at coronal third, Kedo S removed significantly less amount of dentin as compared to the Hand K file. Taper of the preparations did not show significant differences, even though the rotary files showed good taper in maximum number of root canals. Although not much statistical significant differences were observed in our study, the rotary file system performed slightly better in root canal preparations in primary molars.

4 illus, 1table, 14 ref

043417   DAHAS Z AH , KHORMI H AJ , VISHWANATHAIAH S , MAGANUR P , OWIS A AA , KHANAGAR S B, ALOWI W AM (Preventive Dental Sciences Dep, Jazan Univ, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: drvsatish@rediffmail.com) : Correlation of feeding practices and dental caries among preschool children of jazan, KSA: A cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(4), 327-31.

Breastfeeding is integral for the healthy development of infants during the first year of life. The objective of this study was to investigate the feeding practices and their effect on dental health among Saudi children in rural Jazan, the southern region of Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 330 participants from two villages namely Baish and Abu-Areesh of Jazan Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Mothers whose children were above 2 years of age agreed for a face-to-face interview to discuss about feeding practices followed for their children. Later, these children underwent a complete dental examination. In this study, it was found that a majority of mothers, 203 (61.15 %) of them breastfed their children for less than a year, 105 (31.8 %) of them breastfed for 2 to 4 years, and the remaining 22 (6.6 %) of them breastfed for more than 4 years. Two hundred and forty-nine (75.15 %) moms reported that they added sugar to milk while feeding and 259 (78.4 %) mothers reported using sugar with pacifiers. Increased incidence of caries was seen with a statistically significant difference in children who were fed during sleep (p = 0.038), when the infant’s teeth were not brushed after feeding (p = 0.004), and when sugar was added while feeding (p = 0.001).  Prevalence of dental caries was high in children who were fed during sleep and also in those kids using pacifiers containing sugar. Oral hygiene practices were also inadequate and positively associated with dental caries. These findings are suggestive of developing general and oral health interventions for children and also educating mothers on appropriate feeding practices.

3 tables, 31 ref

043416   SHETH K , KAPOOR S , DAVESHWAR S (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, Manubhai Patel Dental Coll and Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, Email: docsonali@yahoo.com) : Comparison of cone-beam computed tomography and periapical radiography to determine the proximity of periapical lesions to anatomical structures in premaxillary area prior to surgical endodontics: A clinical study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(4), 322-6.

In the anterior maxillary region when periapical (PA) surgery is contemplated, knowledge of relation between root apices and lesion, spatial relationship of tooth root to adjacent anatomical structures is essential. The aim of this study was to compare cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and PA radiography to determine the proximity of PA lesions to anatomical structures in the premaxillary area for decisionmaking before apical surgery. Twenty subjects were selected. Three endodontists viewed PA radiographs and CBCT images. These observers (1) determined proximity of lesion to anatomical structures and (2) made decisions on treatment based on each imaging modality. Chi-square test was used to check the relationship between the treatment plans given by PA radiographs and CBCT images. Reliability of the observations was evaluated using intraclass correlation (ICC). Significant difference was noted in the treatment plan selected by the observers using the two modalities (p < 0.05). After the lesions were observed with CBCT, there was an increase in the number of teeth involved with the lesion. A change in the observer’s treatment plan was recorded after viewing the CBCT scans.

3 illus, 4 tables, 30 ref

041591   MOORKOTH S, HALDAR T (Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Dep, Manipal Univ, Manipal - 576 104, Email: moorkoth.s@manipal.edu) : Post-approval change submission: ICH Q12 impact analysis on India and Japan. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(1), 2-10.

The present research provides a discussion on post approval change management of pharmaceuticals, biologics and drug device combinations, which is an important part of life cycle management. The present study focuses on understanding the existing post approval change management system in India and Japan. Comparison is then made with the elements and principles provided in draft ICH Q12 guideline. In November 2017 the draft guidance ICH Q12 entitled “Technical and Regulatory Considerations for Pharmaceutical Product Lifecycle Management” has been published for comment. The discussion of this study would bring to light the key requirements, challenges and impact of future implementation of ICH Q12 in India and Japan. The initiative taken by ICH Q12 with this guideline focuses mainly on harmonizing the post approval system throughout the world which has the potential to reduce costs and time burdens for the regulators and industry.

1 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

046648   SIDIK A P P, AGUSTINA R S, IZZIYANA W V (Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa Univ, Banten, Indonesia, Email: aguspps1@gmail.com) : Legal protection of medical records for hospital patients. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194325.

Providing Medical Records in a health service facility is one indicator of service quality at the institution. Based on the data in the Medical Record, it can be assessed whether the services provided are good enough or not, and whether they are in accordance with standards or not. Therefore in medical partners is a picture of the process of health care for every patient who goes to the hospital. Based on Article 1 of the Republic of Indonesia’s Minister of Health Regulation No. 269 / MENKES / PER / III / 2008, that medical record is a file containing records and documents about patient identity, examination, treatment, actions and other services provided to patients. This means that the medical record is a systematic procedure given to the patient and the hospital patient’s right to know.

12 ref

043415   KONDE S , SUMAIYYA S , AGARWAL M , PEETHAMBAR P (Pedodontics Dep, AECS Maaruti Coll of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: sapnaharish@hotmail.com) : “Thaumaturgy”— A novel behavior-shaping technique. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(4), 318-21.

To compare and evaluate the effectiveness of thaumaturgy in alleviation of anxiety in children aged 2–13 years. Two hundred and forty children aged 2–13 years, identified as manifesting strong-willed behavior were selected for this study. The children were randomly assigned to be managed by one of the three thaumaturgic distraction techniques. Anxiety was assessed before and after the local anesthetic procedure using the anxiety facial scale. There was a significant decrease in anxiety with the use of thaumaturgic techniques. Thumb and light trick significantly reduced anxiety in children aged 2–7 years, book trick reduced anxiety in children aged 7–11 years, and item tricks in children aged 11–13 years. The use of thaumaturgy plays an important role in shaping the behavior of a child in pediatric dentistry. The age and cognitive development of child dictates the technique to be used. Thaumaturgy helps to render effective dental treatment in uncooperative children and instill a positive attitude. 

6 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

046645   NOMANI M Z M, LONE A A, RAHMAN F, ALHALBOOSI A K K, RAJ A A (Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi- 110 025, Email: zafarnomani@rediffmail.com) : Medico-legal profiling of Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences Srinagar under consumer protection laws of union territories of Jammu and Kashmir. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/195250.

The Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) Consumer Protection Act, 1987 needs a closer scrutiny from the standpoint of medico-legal services in the wake of J&K Union Territories’ (UTs) uneven health profiling and developmental progress. The doctor-patient’s relationship needs an analysis in terms of access to health care and medical and para medical services. The consumer rights under Consumer Protection Act, 1986, Jammu and Kashmir Consumer Protection Act, 1987 and Consumer Protection Act, 2019 represents a trajectory of deficiency of medical service and lack of medical professionalism and capacity building among health personnel. The paper is a medico-legal profiling of Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar in regard to diligence and negligence of doctors and para legal medical inspectorate in auguring health care and medical services to patients.

5 tables, 18 ref

046643   NANDA H, DAS A (Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Univ, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, Email: hiranmayananda@soa..ac.in) : Medical malpractice in India: A critical analysis of liability and defense framework. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194321.

Expectation of a reasonable degree of care is the foundation for alleging a breach of duty. In the wake of recognition of ‘right to health’ as a fundamental right declared universally. Moreover, the era of consumerism has dug deep into the medical profession making consumers aware of their lawful demands and rights making it a weapon in their hands for civil proceeding for tortuous or criminal prosecution for disregard and for lack in service in the consumer courts. The doctor-patient relationship stands on trust and faith. With the life expectancy being increased for technological and advancement in the medical science, no disease seems to be untreatable and challenged. However, concerns are their professional competence, compliance to therapeutic and laboratory standards of MCI on equipments and facilities, Wrong prescriptions, overdoses and non expertise, improperly equipped hospitals and on specific still continue raise agitations amongst the patients and relatives. Given all the justified reasons, often it becomes very difficult to sustain a claim for all the economic and non economic damages.

7 ref

043414   RADHA S , KAYALVIZHI G , ADIMOULAME S , PRATHIMA G S , MUTHUSAMY K, EZHUMALAI G , JAGADESAAN N (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, JKK Nattraja Dental Coll and Hospital, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, Email: thaaruradha@gmail.com) : Comparative evaluation of the remineralizing efficacy of fluoride varnish and its combination varnishes on white spot lesions in children with ECC: A randomized clinical trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(4), 311–7.

The aim of the study was to assess the remineralizing efficacy of fluoride and its combination varnishes on white spot lesion (WSL) in children with early childhood caries (ECC). Sixty children with active WSL on primary maxillary anterior teeth were randomly selected. At baseline, the WSL activity was evaluated using ICDAS II [lesion activity assessment (LAA)] and its dimensions through photographic method. They were allocated to group I (GI) (5 % NaF), group II (GII) [5 % NaF with amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)], and group III (GIII) [5 % NaF with casein phosphopeptides – amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP –ACP)]. First, oral hygiene instructions and diet counseling were given followed by application of fluoride varnishes in their respective groups. The same parameters were recorded at follow-up of 2, 4, 12, and 24 weeks intervals. Data were collected and subjected to statistical analysis using Friedman Chi-square and Mann–Whitney tests. Overall, the active WSL changed to inactive over a period of 24 weeks in GI was 90 %, GII was 95 %, and 100 % in GIII. There was a significant reduction in dimension of WSL in GI from 4.119 to 2.525 (p = 0.0001). Likewise, there was a significant reduction in dimension of WSL in GII and GIII from 4.586 to 3.258 and 4.696 to 1.2155, respectively (p = 0.0001, p = 0.0001). Comparatively, group III (MI varnish) showed statistically significant reduction in the dimension of WSL from baseline to 24 weeks (p = 0.002). But the results were statistically insignificant with change of active lesions to its inactivity (p = 0.349). Fluoride varnish with CPP–ACP was found to be an effective preventive strategy in reversing WSL in children with ECC. These combination varnishes could prove to be a promising preventive measure for pediatric dentists in reversing white spot lesions of ECC.

3 illus, 7 tables, 25 ref

043413   ALMESLET A S (Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences Dep, Riyadh Elm Univ, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: asma.almeslet@riyadh.edu.sa) : Pleomorphic adenoma: A systematic review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(3), 284-7.

Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is a commonly occurring benign tumor originating in the salivary glands. The aim was to carry out a systematic literature of reports on pleomorphic adenoma from 2000 to 2018 to determine patient’s age spread, gender, anatomical location, capsular invasion, histopathology, treatment and patient outcome. A PubMed search was conducted with the following key words: adenoma, pleomorphic adenoma, and mixed salivary tumor. Twenty-two articles in English were read in full after fulfilling the eligibility criteria. The mean age of PA occurrence was 44.14 years with a definite female predilection (M:F ratio = 13:8). It most commonly occurred in the facial region (42.85 %), and surgical approach is the preferred intervention. Pleomorphic adenomas are benign salivary gland neoplasms that can grow into extensive sizes if left untreated and hence need to be diagnosed early. Complete excision of the tumor is the definitive treatment, as enucleation can result in recurrence. Facial nerve has to be preserved if PA occurs in the parotid gland.

1 illus, 43 ref

043412   AYYED A B (Orthodontics Dep, Al-Azhar Univ, Cairo, Egypt, Email: AhmedAyyed.209@azhar.edu.eg) : Dental practice infection control measurements: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreaks. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(3), 279-83.

A new coronavirus disease called COVID-19 has been considered to be a public health emergency of international apprehension by the WHO. This new disease includes multiple symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, and rhinorrhea. The disease is mild in most people; however, in some patients, it may develop to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multiple dysfunctions in the organs which may lead to death. There are two routes of transmission for this virus, the first route is the direct transmission, through cough or droplet inhalation, while the second route is through contact, for example, contact with oral and nasal mucous membranes; consequently, extensive and intensive measures should be taken to decrease the transmission of COVID-19 from person to person. Due to the nature of dental work and its procedures, the dental professionals are in a high risk of transmission. Hence, in this article, we wanted to highlight the clinical features, trajectories of spread, and infection control considerations to prevent and control the spread of this fatal disease.

24 ref

043411   GOSWAMI M, SHARMA S , KUMAR G , GOGIA M , GREWAL M , GARG A , BHARDWAJ S , VIGNESH R P , VASHI NARULA V , BIDHAN R (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Delhi Univ, New Delhi, Email: ssadhna265@gmail.com) : Dealing with “coronavirus pandemic”: A dental outlook. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(3), 269-78.

An emergent pneumonia outbreak, denoted as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO) originated in Wuhan City, in late December 2019 and spread at an alarming rate to become a pandemic affecting more than 200 countries. The COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which is highly contagious and is associated with a high mortality rate. The current COVID-19 outbreak has created a major havoc among every strata of the society with a detrimental impact on healthcare professionals, including dentists limiting their capabilities at large. The transmission of virus through aerosols produced by high- and low-speed handpieces, ultrasonic scalers, air/water syringes, or an infected patient coughing, and even when taking intraoral radiographs has made it difficult for dental personnel to provide even the most basic services to the needful. The virus survives on environmental surfaces for extended periods of time, including metal and plastic surfaces commonly found in dental offices making it utmost necessary to follow the precautions and recommendations issued by various organizations in order to contain its spread. This article aims to provide the latest knowledge encompassing the various aspects of COVID-19 to pediatric dentists in India.

2 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

046642   USMANI A, BHATI C, KAUSHIK M, AHMAD A (Periodontology Dep, Subharti Dental Coll and Hospital, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh) : Iatrogenic factors and oral health. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194320.

The periodontium must be in a state of health for the effective functioning of normal dentition. Etiology of diseases related to periodontium may be iatrogenic i.e. those diseases that result from careless procedure done by a physician or a dentist. This article discusses iatrogenic factors affecting oral health.

33 ref

046641   MOODE P K, KUMAR L A, MITTAPELLY R (Forensic Medicine Govt Medical Coll, Kadapa- 516 002, Email: drlak9@gmail.com.) : Accuracy of demerjian age estimation method in South India Kadapa [A.P] population-A cross sectional study. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194319.

Demirjian’s technique of age assessment based on tooth development stages has been extensively investigated in different populations of the world. Aim: The present study is to assess the applicability of Demirjian’s modified 8-teeth technique in age estimation of population of south India (kadapa). Two hundred pre-treatment orthodontic radiographs of patients in an age group of 10-20 years with representation from both genders were assessed for eight left mandibular teeth and scored as per the Demirjian’s criteria. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the estimated and actual age. The results revealed that the mean value in age estimation of the entire sample was 1.39 years. The Mean value in males and females (10–20 years) was 1.33and 1.46 respectively. Significant positive co relationwith estimating dental age in which chronological age is higher compared to dental age. 

6 tables, 16 ref

046640   JUNAIDI K A, PUJAR S S, HONNUNGAR R S, JIRLI P S, KOULAPUR V V, ALI K, PUSHPA M G (Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Dep, KAHER’S J.N Medical Coll, Belagavi- 590 010) : Profile of medicolegal autopsy cases at tertiary care centre in Belagavi, Karnataka. A one year retrospective study. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194318.

The profile of medico legal autopsy cases is important in order to know the death statistics in a region due to unnatural causes and also help to address the demographic needs according to the mortality statistics specific to that region. The present study is a retrospective study of autopsies performed at KAHER’S tertiary care centre K.L.E Hospital, Belagavi, Karnataka India in the year 2017. During this period a total of 159 autopsy cases were conducted. Relevant information and subjective data like age, sex, marital status & manner of death have been collected from medicolegal autopsy register from January 2017 to December 2017.  Out of 159 cases analyzed, maximum number of autopsies were in the age group of 21-30 years with 55 cases (34.6 %). Majority of victims were males 118 (74.2 %). Hindus were majority in number with 147 cases (92.6 %), married were 122 (76.7 %) & unmarried were 37 cases (23.3 %). In our study 67.9 % were rural residents & only 32.1 % were urban. Accident, Suicide and Homicide deaths were 110 (69.2 %), 37 (23.3 %) & 1 (0.6 %) cases respectively.Natural deaths were seen in 6.9 % cases. Maximum number of deaths were due to road traffic accidents with 92 cases (57.9 %) followed by poisoning with 27 cases (17 %). Out of total 159 cases maximum number of autopsy cases 60 (37.7 %) were conducted in the month of April to June. In our present study it is observed that maximum cases were in 3rd decade of life, Males outnumbered females, rural residents were more in number. Hindus being majority formed bulk of cases. RTA, Poisoning & burns were seen as leading cause of death &maximum deaths were in the second quarter of the year (April, May & June). 

5 tables, 15 ref

043410   SOMANI R, SOM N K , JAIDKA S, HUSSAIN S (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, DJ Coll of Dental Sciences and Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: somanirani@gmail.com) : Comparative evaluation of microleakage in various placement techniques of composite restoration: An in vitro study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(3), 264-8.

The study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effect of various placement techniques of composite restoration on microleakage. Forty extracted premolars were selected and a rectangular-shaped cavity was prepared on the buccal surface of cervical third of each tooth. Thereafter, teeth were randomly divided into four groups equally and were restored with the composite restorative material with different placement techniques, i.e., bulk placement technique, horizontal incremental technique, split incremental technique, and newly introduced Mat incremental technique. Samples were thermocycled and immersed in methylene blue dye for 24 hours. The samples were then sectioned and evaluated under a stereomicroscope for microleakage. Microleakage was present least in the Mat incremental group and maximum in the bulk placement group while intercomparison revealed statistically significant difference between all the groups except for split incremental and Mat incremental groups. The recently introduced Mat incremental placement technique showed least microleakage when compared to conventional techniques. 

5 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

043409   ANU V, BRINDHA J R , CAROL P T , DIANA P CR , ELSY J D , GARIMA S (Public Health Dentistry Dep, Sathyabama Univ Dental Coll and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: pcnanu@ gmail.com) : Does body mass index affect tooth eruption sequence? A study among 6–7 years old schoolchildren in Chennai, India. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(3), 261-3.

Changes in eruption pattern cause malocclusion and crowding, which lead to poor oral hygiene as well as periodontal disorders. Hence, it is important for the dentist to know the exact tooth eruption sequence to educate the parents. Tooth eruption sequence we follow is based on the Western population. As Indian population differs from the Western population in ethnicity, racially, and dietary habits, etc., an attempt was undertaken to compare eruption sequence of Indian children in accordance with the Western population and also to correlate whether body mass index (BMI) affects tooth eruption. Body mass index and eruption status of permanent mandibular central incisors and first molars were recorded among 529 schoolchildren in Chennai. Eruption status was examined with the help of mouth mirrors and illumination under natural light. The recorded data were entered into Microsoft Excel 2007 and were analyzed using Chi-square test, z test, and Spearman’s correlation test. Level of significance was set as 0.05. Eruption values attained from our study were not consistent with the eruption values reported by Logan and Kronfeld. The present study showed that girls have early tooth eruption than boys. Our findings showed negative correlation with respect to BMI and eruption sequence of 31 (r = −0.133), 41 (r = −0.140), 36 (r = −0.08), and 46 (r = −0.076). Eruption values reported by Logan and Kronfeld are inappropriate for Indian population. It is also found that obese children had delayed tooth eruption when compared with underweight children who had early tooth eruption.

1 table, 13 ref

043408   SHAHAMFAR M , ATASHI M H A , AZIMA N (Orthodontics Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Tabriz, Iran, Email: mohamadreza_shr@yahoo.com) : Soft tissue esthetic changes following a modified twin block appliance therapy: A prospective study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(3), 255-60.

Achieving a satisfactory facial esthetics is of utmost importance in the practice of orthodontics. Cl II div 1 patients often suffer from numerous adverse facial characteristics which may impair their social well-being. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the esthetic changes in such patients by using a modified twin block appliance. Seventy adolescent patients with mandibular deficiency consecutively underwent treatment with a modified twin block appliance for a mean period of 13 months. Soft tissue analyzes of Burstone and Mcnamara were applied to evaluate the changes before and after the treatment. The esthetic changes before and after the therapy were compared using parametric paired t tests analysis. p values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Facial convexity, lip incompetence, upper lip protrusion, and columellar inclination significantly decreased (p < 0.05) while Merrifield’s Z-angle nasolabial angle, lower lip length, and mentolabial angle significantly increased (p< 0.05). Vertical facial height ratio, lower lip protrusion, upper lip length as well as nasal projection and inclination, did not change significantly (p > 0.05) Conclusion: Our findings indicated that a modified form of the twin block appliance can be substantially effective in the improvement of several aspects of patients’ facial balance with minimum untoward effects. Adolescents suffering from mandibular deficiency can gain substantial facial balance with the twin block appliance. The whole face attractiveness, however, is another subject and should not be conflicted with the facial balance.

5 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

043407   REDDY E R , RAJU S S , MERUM K , SANDIPAMU T , PALICARP S M, KUMAR A (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Nalgonda, Telangana, Email: srikanth1090@gmail.com) : Postgraduates’ perspective of pediatric dental chair: A questionnaire study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(3), 251-4.

The posture and positioning of pediatric dentist will greatly depend upon the type of dental chair they chose while treating children. Pediatric dentists working on a traditional adult chair for treating children frequently lean forward for close proximity to oral cavity; as a result of this poor posture, they are more prone to suffer from musculoskeletal disorders. Proper positioning of dentist during treatment will improve not only their comfort but also their career longevity. The aim of the study was to assess the comfort and need of pediatric dental chair compared with traditional adult dental chair for treatment and better management of children. This is a questionnaire survey for postgraduate students consisting of 14 multiple-choice questions in English format. The questionnaire was structured to know whether the pediatric dental chair is beneficial compared to traditional adult dental chair while treating children. Out of 92 responded members, 99 % had an opinion that a pediatric dental chair is needed for treating children. They concluded that pediatric dental chair had many advantages over traditional adult dental chair while treating children and acceptance of pediatric dental chair among postgraduates is overwhelming.

5 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

043407   REDDY E R , RAJU S S , MERUM K , SANDIPAMU T , PALICARP S M, KUMAR A (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Nalgonda, Telangana, Email: srikanth1090@gmail.com) : Postgraduates’ perspective of pediatric dental chair: A questionnaire study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(3), 251-4.

The posture and positioning of pediatric dentist will greatly depend upon the type of dental chair they chose while treating children. Pediatric dentists working on a traditional adult chair for treating children frequently lean forward for close proximity to oral cavity; as a result of this poor posture, they are more prone to suffer from musculoskeletal disorders. Proper positioning of dentist during treatment will improve not only their comfort but also their career longevity. The aim of the study was to assess the comfort and need of pediatric dental chair compared with traditional adult dental chair for treatment and better management of children. This is a questionnaire survey for postgraduate students consisting of 14 multiple-choice questions in English format. The questionnaire was structured to know whether the pediatric dental chair is beneficial compared to traditional adult dental chair while treating children. Out of 92 responded members, 99 % had an opinion that a pediatric dental chair is needed for treating children. They concluded that pediatric dental chair had many advantages over traditional adult dental chair while treating children and acceptance of pediatric dental chair among postgraduates is overwhelming.

5 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

043406   REDDY N V , VENGALA D , SNEHIKA G , ACHANTA A , MAREDDY A R (Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Mamata Dental Coll and Hospital, Khammam, Telangana, Email: dgayathri446@gmail.com) : Evaluation of external surface structure, roughness, and absolute depth profile of fluorotic enamel compared to healthy enamel using atomic force microscope: An in vitro study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(3), 246-50.

Flouride has been previously shown to alter the morphology of hydroxyapatite crystals at various levels leading to altered enamel surface. To characterize the external surface, roughness, and abs.

3 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

043405   HUGAR S M , SONETA S P , GOKHALE N , BADAKAR C , JOSHI R S, DAVALBHAKTA R (Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, KAHER’s KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, Email: dr.hugarsm@gmail.com) : Assessment of dentist’s perception of the oral health care toward child with special healthcare needs: A cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(3), 240-5.

The study aimed to explore dentist's perception of the oral health care toward child with special healthcare needs (CSHCN). A total sample size of 250 was calculated. A 13-item validated questionnaire containing four domains were distributed among the participants. Descriptive analysis was used followed by one-way analysis of variance for comparison. The results showed 51.54 % confidence, 71.33 % knowledge, and 66.90 % perception among the participants. A statistically significant results were found between three domains (p value < 0.0001). The study concludes that there is a need to raise the level of knowledge and awareness about the oral health care of CSHCN among the dental students and professionals.

5 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

046639   PRATHIBHA J, LOBO D J , NAYAK S G, KE V (Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka- 576 104, Email: daisy.j@manipal.edu) : Practice and perceived barriers among health care workers to control infection in dialysis unit. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194317.

Study investigated the practices and perceived barriers towards infection control measures among healthcare workers in the dialysis unit. Descriptive survey design was adopted. Data was collected by administering checklist on barriers towards infection control measures in dialysis unit among 50 healthcare workers and 602 events on infection control measures in dialysis unit was observed using observation checklist. The study findings revealed that majority of healthcare workers perceived that wash basin for hand washing is away from patient area, lack of appropriate staffing, high work load, washing agents cause irritation to my hands, nobody checks, too busy, not following infection control measures in dialysis unit as the barrier and healthcare workers were not following all the infection control measures in dialysis unit. This study indicates that majority healthcare workers did not follow infection control measures in dialysis unit. It is alarming and mandates the need for reinforcing the healthcare workers to follow the infection control measures which can prevented healthcare associated infections in the unit. Healthcare associated infection are the most common cause preventable infections in patients undergoing dialysis. 

2 tables, 5 ref

043404   RATHORE K, TANDON S , SHARMA M , KALIA G , SHEKHAWAT T , CHUNDAWAT Y (Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Government Dental Coll, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: dr.mesharma@ gmail.com) : Comparison of accuracy of apex locator with tactile and conventional radiographic method for working length determination in primary and permanent teeth. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(3), 235-9.

Correct working length determination is one of the main factors leading to success in root canal treatment. The digital tactile sense technique and conventional radiography (CR) are common techniques for working length determination but both techniques have some limitations. A newer method of working length estimation involves use of the apex locator. The current study was carried out to compare the accuracy of the apex locator with a tactile and conventional radiographic method for working length determination in primary and permanent teeth. The study was conducted on 60 children selected randomly from the outpatient department of the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry. The patients were divided into two groups: primary and permanent. An informed consent was obtained. After radiographic confirmation of the presence of more than two-third root length access, opening was done in all the teeth. The pulp was extirpated completely from the chamber and canals. Canals were dried completely using paper points. Working length was determined by all the three methods, i.e., digital tactile method, apex locator, and conventional intraoral periapical radiographic method in both primary and permanent teeth. The data were coded and entered into the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The analysis was done using the SPSS version 20 (IBM SPSS Statistics Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) Windows software program. The variables were assessed for normality using the one-way ANOVA test. Within the limitations of this study, working lengths obtained by the tactile method, the apex locator, and the radiographic method were comparable. There was no statistically significant difference among the three methods except in mesiolingual and distobuccal canals of permanent teeth. The apex locator can serve as a useful guide to determine the working length in permanent as well as primary teeth.

5 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

043403   THAKUR H , KAUR A , SINGH N , SINGH R , KUMAR S (Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Bhojia Dental Coll and Hospital, Nalagarh, Himachal Pradesh, Email: avninder21@yahoo.com) : Prevalence and clinical characteristics of molar–incisor hypomineralization in 8–16-year-old children in industrial town of solan district of Himachal Pradesh. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(3), 230-4.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and etiology of molar–incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in 8- to 16-year-old children from town (Baddi) of Himachal Pradesh. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 2000 children from various schools of Baddi. Molar–incisor hypomineralization was diagnosed on the basis of EAPD 2003 criteria revised in 2009. Prevalence of MIH found was to be 2.9 %. Demarcated opacities were predominant among all the defects. Postnatal illnesses were highly associated with MIH. The prevalence of dental caries reported in MIH patients was 82.7 %.Postnatal illnesses are significantly associated with MIH. Molar–incisor hypomineralization predisposes the tooth to dental caries.

4 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

043402   MISHRA A , KOUL M , UPADHYAY V K , ABDULLAH A (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Career Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: monikakoul25@gmail.com) : A comparative evaluation of shear bond strength of seventh- and eighth-generation self-etch dentin bonding agents in primary teeth: An in vitro study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(3), 225-9.

To compare the shear bond strength of seventh- and eight-generation self-etch dentin bonding agents in primary teeth using universal testing machine. Forty extracted sound human primary molars were collected and randomly divided into two groups of 20 sample each. Shear bond strength of seventh-generation bonding agent [ADPER Single Bond Universal, (group II)] and eighth-generation bonding agent [Futurabond DC, VOCO Germany, (group I)] were calculated by using Universal Testing Machine (PTC/O83/ME, INSTRON, USA) and expressed in megapascals (MPa). Recorded data were compiled and subjected to statistical analysis using Student’s t test. The mean shear bond strength of group I (eighth-generation dentin bonding agent) and group II (seventh-generation dentin bonding agent) ranged from 22.10 to 37.10 MPa and 19.80 to 30.30 MPa, respectively Student’s t test showed significantly different and higher (8.7 %) shear bond strength in group I when compared to group II (p value = 0.017). Shear bond strength of eighth-generation dentin bonding agent (Futurabond DC) was better than seventh-generation dentin bonding agent (Adper Single Bond Universal). An effective bond to tooth would reduce marginal microleakage, bacterial penetration, postoperative sensitivity, possibility of pulpal inflammation, and preserve tooth structure by allowing minimal cavity preparation.

6 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

046638   TJANDRA V, UTOMO A, PURWANTI U, FAUZIAH D, BASUKI H (Radiology Dep, Airlangga Univ, Jawa Timur- 60115, Indonesia, Email: sriandreaniutomo48@yahoo.com) : Intracranial meningioma aggressivity image and level of malignancy in head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194316.

Meningioma is the second most common central nervous system neoplasm in adults, usually benign that originally from arachnoid cap cells. Meningioma is categorized by WHO classification as benign (grade I), atypical (grade II), and anaplastic (grade III). This study to know strong correlation between the image of intracranial meningioma aggressiveness and malignancy. Restrivectively, forty-intracranial meningiomas of new cases who had undergone surgery from January 2014 to June 2015, preoperative MRI head examination and Anatomy Pathology at Dr. Soetomo Surabaya, observed signs of aggressiveness of meningioma and malignancy rate that analyzed by contingency coefficient and Spearman correlation coefficient. Based on age 30-65 years; 82.5 % of women and 17.5 % of men was got a strong correlation between bone destruction (C = 0.533); weak association of intratumoral cystic changes (C = 0.230), hyperostosis (C = 0.327), vascular encasement (C = 0.327); a very weak correlation of extracranial tumor extension (C = 0.139), cerebral peritoneal edema (C = 0.104); with a malignant degree in meningioma. There was a strong correlation between bone destruction and malignancy rates in meningioma.

5 tables, 17 ref

043401   SINGH T S , SRIDEVI E , SANKAR A J S , KAKARLA P , VALLABANENI S S K , SRIDHAR M (Pedodontics Dep, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, Email: saisamata@gmail.com) : Cephalometric assessment of dentoskeletal characteristics in children with digit-sucking habit. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(3), 221-4.

Nonnutritive sucking can turn into a continuous behavior practiced unconsciously, leading to a deleterious oral habit. Digit-sucking habits are an important etiological factor for malocclusion. To investigate the effect of the digit-sucking habit on dentofacial structures by employing a cephalometric analysis. Selected 120 children were grouped as 60 with the digit-sucking habit and 60 without the digit-sucking habit in the age ranging between 6 and 12 years without gender discrimination. All were subjected to the standardized cephalometric technique, radiographs were traced by a single operator on a standard matte acetate tracing paper in a darkened room, and a total of 8 linear and 11 angular variables were measured for each patient in both the groups. The unpaired Student’s t-test was used to compare the mean difference between the two groups. The digit-sucking group showed significant difference in linear skeletal measurements such as value from anterior nasal spine (ANS) to posterior nasal spine (PNS), condylon to gnathion, nasion to ANS, sella to basion, and angular measurements such as angle between maxillary incisor to cranial plane, mandibular incisors to mandibular plane, sella nasion to point A, sella nasion to point B, and mandibular plane to cranial plane, when compared to the control group. Within the confined parameters, digit sucking has led to significant variations in certain dental and skeletal cephalometric measurements.

3 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

046637   DEVI M, MEMCHOUBI, DEVI H R (Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Dep, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, Email: mem010177@gmail.com) : A three year study of skull fracture patterns in fatal road traffic accidents in a tertiary care hospital mortuary in Imphal from 2015-2018. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194315.

Fatal road traffic accident cases with skull fractures were studied for three years from July 2015 to June 2018 from the medicolegal autopsy cases coming to the Mortuary of the Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal. The patterns of skull fractures in various types of victims involved in accidents with different types of vehicles were analyzed in detail. It was observed that skull fractures were encountered most commonly in pedestrian victims.Of the various types of skull fractures, comminuted fracture was observed in maximum number of cases (31.5 %). Preventive and interventional measures in the form of wearing helmets by two wheeler riders ,strict implementation of traffic rules and prompt emergency services especially neurosurgery facilities which can help in reducing the incidence of road traffic accident fatalities are suggested.

6 tables, 17 ref

041589   AGARWAL B, GANDHI S (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s Coll of Pharmacy, Pune, Maharashtra, Email: babita_a_agarwal@yahoo.co.in) : Development of validated stability-indicating RP-HPLC Method for determination of novel directly acting antiviral agent and characterization of its degradants by LC–ESI–MS. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 1159-68.

The current study was performed to develop and validate stability indicating high performance liquid chromatography method (RP-HPLC) for determination of ledipasvir (LPR); to identify and characterize its major degradants by liquid chromatographic– tandem mass spectrometric method (LC-ESI-MS). The method was developed using reverse phase gradient elution and validated for standard ICH parameters. The optimized mobile phase comprised of acetonitrile:water with 0.2 % formic acid (70:30 % v/v) at 1 ml/min flow rate with satisfactory retention time (tR), theoretical plates and good resolution of LPR and its degradants. Further, forced degradation under acid, base, thermal, photolytic and oxidative stress conditions was studied as per ICH guidelines. LC-ESI-MS with time of flight analyser was used to characterize the degradants. The degradation pathways for major degradants were proposed. The developed method had retention time of 6 mins. The RSD for system was found to be less than 2 % whereas mean recovery was obtained 97.2 – 102.5 %. Linearity range of 5-30 µg/ml with 0.998 regression coefficient (R2) was observed. Detection and quantification limits were obtained as 0.010 µg/mL and 0.032 µg/mL, respectively. LPR was stable in photolytic and thermal environments whereas degraded in acid, base and oxidative states. LC–ESI–MS was used effectively for characterization and structural elucidation of degradants. The results indicated that validated RP-HPLC technique can be employed for routine analysis of LPR in bulk and dosage formulas and also would be capable of separating degradants from analyte peak.

7 illus, 5 tables, 34 ref

046636   YAAZHINI T, VISHWANATHAN K, SHAKTHIVEL N S, YAGAJEYANTHI M (Chettinad Coll of Nursing, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, Email: yaazhiniarasu465@gmail.com) : A descriptive study to assess the knowledge on fast food eating among adults in selected urban community Kanchipuram District Tamil Nadu. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194314.

The fast food industry had its beginning around the mid-twentieth centuries and it grew tremendously during the last three decades of the twentieth century. The fast-food eating cause heart disease high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus and high risk of health problem such as obesity. The objectives of the study is to assess the knowledge level on fast food eating among adults and to find out the association between the knowledge and demographic variables of adults. A purposive sampling technique is used to collect data from the sample. The samples size was 50 adults at selected urban community. The knowledge level was assisted by self structured questionnaire. The result shows 1(2 %) of sample had inadequate knowledge, 18(36 %) of sample had moderately adequate knowledge 31(62 %) of sample had adequate knowledge regarding fast food eating. There was a significant association between the knowledge and age of adult and there is no significant association between the other demographic variables like gender, income, education, resident and number of times eating fast food per week.

1 illus, 7 ref

041587   DIYYA K (Pharmacy Coll, Vaddeswaram - 522 502, Andhra Pradesh, Email: keerthanadiyya@kluniversity.in) : Novel stability indicating RP-HPLC method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of alfuzosin and dutasteride in pharmaceutical dosage form. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 1144-52.

The present study was to develop a simple, accurate and stable reverse phase liquid chromatographic method and validate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form for the simultaneous determination of Alfuzosin Hydrochloride (ALF) and Dutasteride (DUT). Chromatographic separation has been accomplished using an XTerra C₁₈ Column (150×4.6mm, 5µm particle size) as the stationary phase, with an isocratic system of mobile phase Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) and methanol (25:75 proportions) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, detection was executed at 246 nm using an UV detector. The optimized method was validated in accordance to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The method developed was found to be linear as regression analysis showed good correlation (R² = 0.999) with a linear curve at concentration range of 25-150 µg/mL for ALF and 1.25-7.5 µg/mL for DUT. The approach was unique as it was free of degradants in spite of subjecting the drugs to forced degradation. The percentage recovery was in the range of 99.55 and 99.23 % for ALF and DUT respectively from the pharmaceutical dosage form. The developed method showed accurate, precise, robust results with an LOD and LOQ of 0.41 and 0.71 µg/mL and 4.27 and 2.14 µg/mL respectively. Due to the flexibility, accuracy and high precision, the developed method can be employed in routine analysis of bulk and dosage forms.

7 illus, 7 tables, 24 ref

041585   SHETTY C R, BHAT K I, KUMAR A, KUMAR P, KRISHNAMURTHY P T, MERUGUMOLU V K (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Paneer, Mangalore - 575 018, Karnataka, Email: bhatishwark@nitte.edu.in) : Synthesis, in-silico studies and evaluation of anticancer activity of some novel benzothiazole substituted 4-thiazolidinones. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 1121-32.

Cancer is one of the leading diseases associated with the high degree of mortality. In current scenario chemotherapy is the major treatment for cancer and it still has few limitations. The continuous seek for highly effective and safe anticancer agents is the one of the major goal for medicinal chemists. In the present work, the hybrid molecule i.e benzothiazole substituted 4-thiazolidinone has been synthesized and evaluated for anticancer activity. A series of novel benzothiazole substituted 4-thiazolidinone derivatives were synthesized by reacting 2-amino-6-methyl benzothiazole with aromatic aldehydes in alcoholic media, resulting schiff bases are made to react with thioglycolic acid in dioxane. Characterization of synthesized compounds were done by IR, ¹H NMR, Mass spectroscopy. In silico studies with molecular docking was performed for the synthesized derivatives by taking proteins from PDB i.e VEGFR-2 kinase and Human thymidylate synthase (PDB ID:2QU5 and 5HS3) as the targets. Based on the docking score, best four compounds were selected and screened for in-vitro anticancer activity. From the in-vitro data, finally one potential molecule was selected and evaluated for in-vivo cytotoxic activity. All 4 screened derivatives were found to show good cytotoxic activity, out of which P14 can be considered as promising molecule.

7 illus, 7 tables, 29 ref

041584   MARISETTI A L, BONTHU M G, BATTU G R (Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Research Div, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam - 530 003, Andhra Pradesh, Email: maryalakshmi@gmail.com) : Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity screening of Lasia spinosa rhizome and its validation using a computational simulation approach. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 1109-20.

The present work assesses the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of Lasia spinosa rhizome extracts on in-vitro and in-vivo models compiled through molecular docking study of plant-steemed phytocompounds with specific targets. In this study, Lasia spinosa rhizome was subjected to extraction using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol and the extracts were analyzed by GC-MS. Antioxidant was assessed using in-vitro methods such as DPPH scavenging activity and H2O2 scavenging activity; anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using both in-vitro and in-vivo and molecular docking utilizing Auto dock 4.0 was done. Tests showed that methanolic extract (MELS) has the most important dose-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy at various levels. Of all compounds, Morin reported the most successful docking ranking of -8.2 to -9.8, maintaining a good binding fondness between protein and ligand. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of Lasia spinosa may be inferred from the examinations. The in-vitro, in-vivo and in silico assays of L. spinosa. Morin is confirmed by the information as a beneficial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that can aid future clinical assessments.

10 illus, 12 tables, 33 ref

041581   AMARI N O, DJEBLI N, HUONG L M, HA T T H, LUYEN N D, BICH V T (Mostaganem Univ, Mostaganem, Algeria, Email: noureddine.djebli27@gmail.com) : Neuroprotective effect of 1, 3-β-glucan-curcumin mixing (Bioglucur) on alzheimer disease induced in mice by aluminium toxicity. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 1089-97.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of oral administration of acomplex of curcumin with 1,3-β-glucan extracted from Vietnamese mushrooms named Bioglucur to increase drug delivery efficiency and biological effectin Alzheimer’s model mice. Alzheimer’s disease was induced in mice and treated in parallel by Bioglucur. Results obtained show that the Bioglucur improves impart mental concentration and memory and decrease anxiety thus the storage capacity is improved during the Morris test and even neurons improvement in the histological study in treated mice. The mixture preparation of curcumin and 1,3-β-glucans from Vietnamese medicinal mushrooms increase the bioavibility of curcumin and helps recover neurons in mice Alzheimer’s model.

10 illus, 1 table, 46 ref

041580   GIRI A E, RAO V, SINGHAL S, GOURISHETTI K, BISWAS S, NANDAKUMAR K, CHAMLLAMUDI M R, DAVE J, DAVE R, KUMAR N ET AL (Pharmacology Dep, Manipal Coll of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka - 576 104, Email: niteshkumar43@gmail.com) : Evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of a polyherbal megakutki against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 1080-8.

Megakutki^® (MK) is a polyherbal preparation of 11 standardized extracts that are individually proven for hepatoprotection scientifically. Study evaluated MK’s hepatoprotective potential against paracetamol (PCM) in in-vitro on Hep G2 cells using cell viability, cell cycle analysis and apoptotic studies and in in-vivo in Wistar rats using liver function tests, histological and DNA fragmentation study. In in-vitro studies, IC₅₀ (50 % inhibition in viability) values of silymarin, MK and PCM were found out by MTT assay. In-vitro hepatoprotection was found out by pretreating the cells with below-IC₅₀ concentrations of MK and silymarin for 24h followed by PCM (at IC₅₀ concentration) challenge for next 24h and % viability was evaluated using MTT assay. Same treatment protocol was followed for cell cycle analysis and apoptotic studies (100 and 200 µg/ml for MK and 50 µg/ml for silymarin and 40µM for PCM). In in-vivo study, animals were grouped in six, namely, vehicle, PCM control, silymarin (50 mg/kg, standard), MK (100 and 300 mg/kg) groups. Animals were dosed for 8 days while they were challenged on day 6 (except vehicle group) with PCM (2.75 g/kg p.o). On day 8, blood and livers were collected under anaesthesia and analyzed. In-vitro results showed hepatoprotection by MK and silymarin by inhibition of PCM-induced cell death apoptotic cells percentage. In in-vivo study, MK and silymarin reversed the altered liver function and elevated oxidative stress markers (catalase, SOD, GSH, total thiols and lipid peroxidation) compared to paracetamol alone group. Both MK and silymarin decreased the percentage of DNA fragmentation and histopathological changes in liver tissue compared to the PCM group. The in-vitro and in-vivo studies showed the hepatoprotective effect of MK by the prevention of PCM-induced induction of oxidative stress by its antioxidant potential thereby preventing PCM-induced DNA damage.

4 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

043400   KAUL B , GUPTA S, VAID V, KAUL S (Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Indira Gandhi Government Dental Coll, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Email: drbhavnakaul@yahoo.com) : Emulating odontolegal practice: A paradigm shift in the dental practice laying more emphasis on dental records—a perspective and contemporary study with a reality check. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(3), 217-20.

This study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge and the awareness on odontolegal practice with more emphasis on significance of maintaining dental records by the oral health professionals. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 120 dental practitioners of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Punjab, Gujarat, and Odisha. A questionnaire was designed to assess their practice and knowledge regarding the importance of maintenance of dental records and the knowledge about dental jurisprudence. Total 120 questionnaire samples were distributed among dental health professionals, and the data obtained were studied and formulated for significance of dental records. Feedback obtained was then analyzed. Seventy percentage of the dentists are not maintaining clinical records of their patients and 20 % of the dentists acknowledged that they are not keeping or maintaining dental records like X-rays and cast models of their patients. Eighty percentage of dentists were not known to the ethical importance of dental record, i.e., for how long they have to maintain records of their patients and other details. This study concludes that the oral health professionals lacked the knowledge and awareness about odontolegal aspects and the significance of maintaining dental records. It was observed that there was insufficient knowledge about medicolegal systems and there is a need to bring awareness and knowledge of the same in the dental fraternity. With the increasing use of medical insurance and subsequently mediclaims, negligence suits, scientific evaluation, and research purposes, and health planning, etc., the “dental records itself have evolved as a separate science and therefore needs to be considered in the curriculum for dental students as this would introduce the concept for application in their future practice, thus avoiding legal complications in the future.”

1 table, 7 ref

043399   SRIDHARA A , KONDE S , NOOJADI S R, KUMAR N C , BELLUDI A C (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Sri Siddhartha Dental Coll, Tumakuru, Karnataka, Email: email2aru88@gmail. com) : Comparative evaluation of intraoral and extraoral periapical radiographic techniques in determination of working length: An in vivo study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(3), 211-6.

This study was designed to determine the endodontic working length (WL) of root canals using digital extraoral periapical radiography (EOPAR) technique and comparing its accuracy with the standard digital intraoral periapical radiography (IOPAR). Sixty single-rooted mandibular first premolars indicated for orthodontic extraction were radiographed preoperatively to ensure closed apices. After gaining endodontic access, WL was determined by IOPAR using paralleling technique, followed by EOPAR, by placing a cone at +35 ° from the contralateral side. Accessed tooth was then extracted to obtain the actual root canal length and was compared with the radiographic lengths. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using paired t test. The actual length and the extraoral radiographic length showed no statistical significant difference (p= 0.326). The difference between the mean WL obtained by IOPA and EOPA was also not statistically significant (p = 0.096). The accuracy of IOPA technique was 97.87 ± 0.91 % and that of EOPA technique was 94.65 ± 2.57 %. The EOPA technique with an angulation of +35 ° can be used as an alternative to IOPA for mandibular premolars in apprehensive children, dental phobic patients with low pain threshold, neurological difficulties, and exaggerated gag reflex.

6 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

041578   TSAI P-W, LIN P-C, YANG L-L, LIAO A-H, WANG B-C, WU M-S (Chemistry Dep, Tamkang Univ, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan, Email: bcw@mail.tku. edu.tw) : Xanthine oxidase and lipid peroxidation inhibition of Taiwan folkloric medicine factors affecting Rhus semialata var. Roxburghiana activities against xanthine oxidase and ferrous iron-induced lipid peroxidation on mice liver mitochondria. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 1062-71.

Gout, a disease characterized by recurrent inflammatory for urate deposit from overactive xanthine oxidase, is common among Taiwanese. Rhus semialata var. roxburghiana (RSR) grows wildly in Central Mountain of Taiwan and used by aboriginal Taiwanese as traditional medicine for gout and hepatitis. In this study, the factors such as variations in RSR extracts in terms of geographical sources, aerial parts and extraction solvents were investigated for antioxidant capabilities, phytochemical analysis and inhibitory effects against xanthine oxidase and lipid peroxidation using ferrous ion as ROS inducer on mice liver mitochondria. The results showed that ML-n-hexane and NS-acetone gave the maximum XO inhibitions (IC₅₀=16.74±0.74 µg/mL) and LPO inhibitions (IC₅₀=8.40±0.35 µg/mL) in the liver mitochondria of mice, respectively. And ML-n-hexane and NS-acetone contained phenolic and flavonoids compounds for its potential target components against XO and LPO in this study. Overall, RSR could lead to a medicinal potential as a suitable candidate for the development of a natural anti-gout and liver damage protective agent that have yet to be conducted.

1 illus, 5 tables, 30 ref

043398   SUBRAMANYAM D, GURUNATHAN D (Pedodontics Dep, Asan Memorial Dental Coll and Hospital, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, Email: smiley.divya24@gmail.com) : Knowledge, attitude, and practice amongst general dentists regarding dental pain perception in children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(2), 207-10.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice among general dentists regarding perception of dental pain in children. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 208 general dentists in a dental hospital in Chennai. A self-constructed questionnaire was distributed to the dental practitioners, which comprised 23 closed-ended questions. The data were entered and analyzed for frequency and percentages by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21. Results showed that most of the dentists (46 %) treated less than five children per week and were having less than 2 years of experience (47 %). Seventy one percent of the dentists felt that they did not feel prepared to identify a child with dental pain, and 57 % of the dentists had less than two years of experience Most of the dentists did not feel prepared to identify the children with dental pain. Measures should be introduced to train the general dental practitioners in identifying pain perception in children so as to achieve effective behavior management of children.

32 ref

046633   RATHNAKUMAR M, SHRUTHI P, LAKSHMI L (Chettinad Academy of Research & Education, Kanchipuram, Tamilnadu) : The effectiveness of video assisted teaching on fire safety among school children at selected school, Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194311.

A Quasi Experimental study to assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching on fire safety among school children at selected school”. The objectives of the study were to determine the effectiveness of video assisted teaching on fire safety among school children at selected school and to find out the association between post-test knowledge score and selected demographic variables like Gender of students, Educational qualification of family, occupation, monthly income of family. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling technique with the samples of 100 school children. A validated questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of the samples before and after administration of video assisted teaching programme on fire safety. An extensive review of literature with the guidance of experts formed the foundation to the development of questionnaires. The investigators used demographic variable Performa. The data collection tool was validated and reliability was established, the collected data was tabulated and analyzed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The posttest mean value is 16.43 and the standard deviation 3.1 showed that the school children with adequate knowledge were 33 %, with moderate knowledge 58 % and with inadequate knowledge 9 %. Hence health education for the school children was implemented to improve the children’s knowledge.

1 illus, 17 ref

043397   KHANAGAR S B , AL-EHAIDEB A , NAIK S , VISHWANANTHAIAH S , MAGANUR P , MARWAH N (Preventive Dental Science Dep, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz Univ for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: khanagars@ksau-hs.edu.sa) : Primordial-level preventive measures for dental care providers against life-threatening corona virus disease (COVID-19). Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(2), 176-9.

The outbreak of this corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19) was first reported in Wuhan city in China and now it has become a global issue. The total number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 recorded globally has surpassed 100,000. The mode of transmission of COVID-19 is usually from person to person and it could also be through direct transmission such as cough, sneeze, and inhalation of droplets. Dental care providers are at higher risk since they are more prone to cross contamination with the patient’s saliva and aerosols that are released during the dental procedures. They can also be transmitted through other routes such as direct contact with blood, oral fluids, and from contaminated instruments. This paper intends to provide primordial-level preventive measures for dental care providers against this life-threatening COVID-19. 

1 illus, 17 ref

043396   DHINGRA S , GUPTA A , TANDON S , MARYA C M (Public Health Dentistry Dep, National Dental Coll and Hospital, Derabassi, Punjab, Email: sonal.673@gmail.com) : Sugar clock: A primordial approach to prevent dental caries. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(2), 174-5.

 “Prevention is better than cure”; this statement is equally important when it concerns dental caries. Diet is directly linked to causing dental caries. Hence, it becomes of utmost importance that the amount, frequency, and time of sugar intake shall be known so that we can prevent dental caries. 

1 illus, 8 ref

046632   RAJ N W, BHUVANESHWARI R, SHENBAGAPRABA N (Community Health Nursing Dep, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kanchipuram, Tamilnadu) : A study “to assess the level of knowledge on swine flu among adults in selected area at Poonchery, Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194310.

The swine flu is a viral disease that is transmitted to humans, the swine flu is also known as pork flu virus belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae which is endemic in population of pigs. A study to assess the knowledge on swine flu among adults in Poonchery, Kanchipuram District,Tamilnadu, India. The study was conducted with the aim to assess the knowledge on swine flu among the adults and to associate knowledge on swine flu with selected demographic variables between the age group of (18 years to 60 years). A study was conducted and the sample was consisted of a total of 50 adults. The tool used for this study was structured questionnaire.It results that 52 % of them having Inadequate knowledge,30 % of them having moderate knowledge and 18 % of them having Inadequate knowledge. The chi square value is 20.9862 (P>0.05) S*,There is significant association between demographic variables. we have found that there is inadequate knowledge of adult population.

5 ref

043395   AHUJA S , SURABHI K , GANDHI K , KAPOOR R, MALHOTRA R , KUMAR D (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Inderprastha Dental Coll and Hospital,, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drkapilgandhi@gmail.com) : Comparative evaluation of success of biodentine and mineral trioxide aggregate with formocresol as pulpotomy medicaments in primary molars: An in vivo study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(2), 167-73.

The study was designed to evaluate and compare the success of Biodentine and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in comparison to formocresol as pulpotomy medicaments over 9 months of the follow-up period. The sample of 60 deciduous molars of patients aged 4–7 years were incorporated in the study. The molars were randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups. Following coronal pulp removal and achieving hemostasis, the radicular pulp was covered with either Biodentine or MTA (experimental groups). In the control group, a cotton pellet soaked with diluted formocresol (one-fifth dilution of Buckley’s formocresol) was placed over the radicular pulp for 1 minute. All pulpotomized molars were later restored with stainless steel crowns (SSCs). The achieved clinical success over 9 months of the follow-up period was 100, 95, and 70 % with Biodentine, MTA, and formocresol, respectively. The achieved radiographic success over 9 months of the follow-up period was 95, 60, and 25 % with Biodentine, MTA, and formocresol, respectively. Favorable biological, physical, mechanical, and good manipulation properties of Biodentine show that this material can be used efficiently as a pulpotomy medicament in the clinical practice. 

2 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

041576   DAS B K, GADAD P C (Pharmacology Dep, KLE Coll of Pharmacy, Hubballi - 580 031, Karnataka, Email: gadadpramod@gmail.com) : Asarone and metformin modulates the oxidantantioxidant imbalance on experimentally induced hepatocellular carcinoma during diabetic condition. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 1039-45.

The aim of the present study was planned to investigate the efficacy of asarone and metformin HCl as an antioxidant on experimentally induced diabetic-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) condition in male Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced in experimental rats by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 55 mg/kg b.w.). Following two weeks of STZ injection, the diabetic-HCC condition was simulated in the rats with a single intraperitoneal dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN; 200 mg/ kg b.w.). The α-and β-asarone combination in the ratio of 1:1 (50 µg/kg b.w.) and metformin HCl (250 mg/kg b.w.) treatment were orally given to the diabetic-HCC rats up to 18-weeks. At the end of the experimental period, rats were sacrificed after the withdrawal of blood for biochemical and liver samples were isolated for the antioxidant and histopathological analysis. The elevated levels of liver function test such as alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and decreased levels of total protein, albumin and globulin indicated the hepatic damage in the diabetic-HCC rats. Further, the STZ+DEN-induced oxidative stress was confirmed by the elevated levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH) and Vitamin-C. Treatment with asarone and metformin significantly ameliorated the STZ+DEN-induced hepatic damage and oxidative stress. Histopathological evidence also showed recovery of the hepatic architecture in diabeticHCC rats treated with asarone and metformin. Asarone and metformin exhibit good hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential against STZ+DEN-induced HCC in rats.

1 illus, 3 tables, 41 ref

043394   RAVINTHAR K , GURUNATHAN D (Pedodontics Dep, Saveetha Dental Coll and Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: drgdeepa28@gmail.com) : Applicability of different mixed dentition analyses among children aged 11–13 years in chennai population. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(2), 163-6.

Mixed dentition is the stage where both primary and permanent teeth are present and hence is the time for developing occlusion. Mixed dentition analysis forms an essential part of an orthodontic assessment. Moyer’s method which is commonly used for this analysis is based on data derived from a Caucasian population. Tanaka–Johnston developed prediction tables comparable with that of Moyer’s from teeth measurement study models. To test the reliability of Moyer’s and Tanaka–Johnston’s mixed dentition space analyses among children in Chennai. The mesiodistal measurements of the mandibular incisors, maxillary canines, and premolars were taken by measuring the greatest distance between the contact points on the proximal surfaces using a dental digital caliper set on dental casts of 1,000 children. Predicted values were obtained using Moyer’s probability analysis at the 75th percentile and Tanaka–Johnston method. The statistical analysis for both sexes was done using Student’s t test and unpaired t test. On application of the statistical analysis after the collection of data, it was found that the mean value in males was higher than the actual values in maxillary right and left sides when compared with the mandibular right and left sides while employing Moyer’s method. The standard deviation (SD) was higher in the actual values when compared with the predicted values. Statistically significant values were obtained for the maxillary left side and the mandibular left side, but there was no statistical difference in the maxillary and mandibular right sides. Among females, it was found that the actual values had a higher mean value in the maxillary arch when compared with the mandibular arch than the values obtained when Moyer’s formula was applied. Both Moyer’s and Tanaka–Johnson’s mixed analyses when applied to children in Chennai tended to show that predicted values were higher than actual values with no significant differences observed among the regression equations.

4 tables, 31 ref

046631   DEVI S, NEMATI R, NATAH P, RAJAN R, RANE S (Symbiosis International Deemed Univ, Pune, Maharashtra) : Effectiveness of information booklet on knowledge, practices and willingness regarding recycling of solid household waste management among residents. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194309.

Pune is the 8th largest city in India and the 2nd largest in the state of Maharashtra. Population is about 4 million and the households are nearly 1 million. To assess the effectiveness of information booklet on knowledge, practice and willingness of residents regarding recycling of household waste management. : The research design was quasi experimental: pre-test post-test research design with the sample size 100 and used systematic random sampling technique. The structured questionnaire was administered. In order to establish the reliability of the tool inter rater method was used. The scores were calculated and reliability was established by Kappa method which was 0.80. The phases of data collection were informed consent was taken followed by the pretest and distribution of information booklet on recycling of solid household waste management to the residents and posttest was administered after 15 to 20 days of pretest and processed the data for analysis. T-test was used to check the effectiveness of the informational booklet on knowledge regarding recycling of solid household waste management among residents. t-value for this test was 27.4 with 99 degrees of freedom, corresponding p-value was of the order of 0.000, which is small (less than 0.05), the null hypothesis is rejected. It was concluded that, the intervention which was provided to the residents was very effective in improving their knowledge, attitude and willingness towards the good practices of waste management at home. 

3 tables, 6 ref

043393   ASSIRY A A , KHAN S D , AL-SHUBRMI H R , AL-SHAMMARY D H, AL-FAHHAD H M, AL-SHAMMARY A F , AL-SHAMMARI T N , AL-SHAMMARI A F (Preventive Dental Science Dep, Najran Univ, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: drsirajpedo@gmail.com) : Head and neck congenital anomalies in neonate hospitals in hail, Saudi Arabia. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(2), 160-2.

There is secrecy in the literature published about congenital anomalies of head and neck. Dentists may encounter with many head and neck anomalies during their practice. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of head and neck anomalies among all congenital anomalies and to identify risk factors associated with head and neck anomalies. A cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted on neonate data available in the records of neonate hospitals in Hail; records from 1432 to 1438 in Hijri Islamic calendar (equivalent to 2010–2016) were employed. All neonates from birth to 28 days after, who were born or admitted to these hospitals, were included in this study. The prevalence of head and neck anomalies among all congenital anomalies was 5.5 %. The highest incidence rate was found in year 1435 (Islamic Hijri Year), in which the incidence rate was 7.1 %. Cross tabulation between demographic characteristics and head and neck anomalies revealed that sex of the neonates was significantly associated with head and neck anomalies. The birth weight of the surveyed neonates and consanguinity marriage of the parents had no significant association with head and neck anomalies. The occurrence of head and neck anomalies showed a wide variation in different years, and the prevalence among other anomalies is associated significantly with sex of newborn.

3 tables, 12 ref