041692   NAUTIYAL V, DUBEY R C (Botany and Microbiology Dep, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar - 249 404 Uttarakhand, Email: nautiyalvipi1992@gmail.com) : Immunomodulatory and anti-diabetic properties in urine of badri cow. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(5), 917-22.

The current study was aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory and anti hyperglycemic activity of cow urine using Wistar albino rats as experimental animal model. Three doses of cow urine (2, 4 and 6 ml/kg body weight) were administered to rats and selected on the basis of random sampling method. Neutrophil adhesion and delayed hypersensitivity tests were done to assess the cellular immunity, whereas humoral immunity was investigated by indirect haemagglutination titer assay. Diabetes was induced in rats by the administration of alloxan (150 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). The effect of different doses of cow urine and Glibenclamide (standard drug) was observed for consecutive 3 w. At dose 4 and 6 ml/kg, a significant increase in neutrophil adhesion and delayed type hypersensitivity responses were observed. The circulating antibody titer was significantly increased in animals treated with 6 ml/kg. Surprisingly, cow urine resulted in the significant decline in blood sugar level of diabetic animals as compared to diabetic control group. This shows that Badri cow urine has potential to modulate immune system via cellular and humoral immune responses. The results also indicate the dose-dependent antidiabetic activity of Badri cow urine. Hence, it may be used as alternative medicine in the treatment of diabetes and other related manifestations.

2 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

041689   YU Y F, XU Y, YAO Q Q, WANG L M (Orthopaedic Surgery Dep, Nanjing Medical Univ, Huaian-223300, China, Email: shen1700477336369@163.com) : Application of a personalized 3d-printed guide plate for implantation of thoracolumbar pedicle screws for patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(5), 902-8.

To investigate the application of a “personalized” guide plate for pedicle screw insertion in the thoracolumbar spine of patients with ankylosing spondylitis using three-dimensional printing. Twenty ankylosing spondylitis patients with a thoracolumbar vertebral fracture were examined using computed tomography. Anatomic digital imaging and communications in medicine data was reconstructed to stereolithography data through M3D software. Three-dimensional printing was done using fused deposition modeling. The length and diameter of pedicle screw, angle between the pedicle screws and the horizontal plane, angle between the PS and the sagittal plane, and distance between the entry position and midline were measured based on three-dimensional printing. Time of operation, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage volume, time of nailing, time of radiation exposure and Japanese orthopedic association scores were also recorded. No significant difference between the preoperative predicted value and actual values of the pedicle screw was found in the three-dimensional printing group for length and diameter of pedicle screw, angle between the pedicle screw and the horizontal plane, angle between the pedicle screw and the sagittal plane and distance between the entry position and midline. The Time of operation, intraoperative blood loss and postoperative drainage volume of the three-dimensional printing group were significantly better than those of the non- three-dimensional printing group. Moreover, the time of nailing and time of radiation exposure of patients in the three-dimensional printing group were significantly shorter than those of the non-three-dimensional printing group. Japanese orthopedic association scores at 1, 2 and 4 w after surgery in the three-dimensional printing group were significantly higher than those in the non-threedimensional printing group, but there was no significant difference between groups at 6 mo. A personalized guide plate constructed by three-dimensional printing could assist thoracolumbar pedicle screw insertion in ankylosing spondylitis patients.

6 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

041688   LAKSHMI M A, PRIYA G V, RAO B G (Adikavi Nannaya Univ Campus, Rajamahendravaram - 533 296, Email: maryalakshmi@gmail.com) : Morpho-anatomical feature and phytochemical assessments of lasia spinosa (l)thwaites. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(5), 891-901.

Standardization of a crude medication is necessary to determine the authenticity, consistency, and effectiveness of herbal medicines. Lasia spinosa (L) Thwaites belongs to Araceae. Ethanomedicinally, the entire plant used in folklore medicine for many medical uses such as cancer, constipation and rheumatism. The critical issue with herbal drug standardization is lack of adequate plant source recognition. Therefore, quality assurance criteria must be defined using pharmacognostic and phytochemical assessment. The present research investigated pharmacognostic, physicochemical, fluorescence and phytochemical parameters of the different plant parts. Such approaches are valuable tools to help complement the knowledge with its standardization and recognition and further work in the Ayurveda medicine system.

4 illus, 10 tables, 12 ref

041687   KUMAR S, GUPTA A, MISHRA C K, SINGH S (Goel Institute of Pharmacy and Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh - 226 028, Email: visit2skumar@gmail.com) : Synthesis, characterization and performance evaluation of aceclofenac-urea cocrystals. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(5), 881-90.

Aceclofenac is one of the commonly used Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs representing the variety of therapeutic applications including management of pain, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis, etc. But very low solubility and dissolution rate of aceclofenac compromise its therapeutic effectiveness. So, current work focuses on the improvement of solubility and dissolution of aceclofenac by the cocrystal approach. Aceclofenac was screened with various coformers selected from Generally Recognized as Safe and Everything Added to Foods in the United States list using Molecular orbital package 2016 software to find out novel cocrystals of aceclofenac with improved biopharmaceutical properties. Novel cocrystals of aceclofenac with urea were synthesized by mechanochemical grinding method. The synthesized cocrystals (Aceclofenac-Urea neat grinding and Aceclofenac-Urea liquid assisted grinding) were characterized carefully by Differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction to verify the formation of the cocrystals. Pharmaceutically significant properties such as powder dissolution rate, solubility, and stability of the synthesized cocrystals were evaluated. Compared to aceclofenac, the synthesized cocrystals showed improved solubility and dissolution rate. The synthesized cocrystals were found to be non-hygroscopic and stable under ambient conditions.

10 illus, 5 tables, 65 ref

041683   KUMAR G V S, KILLARI K N, REDDY P M (Pharmacology Dep, Andhra Univ Vishakhapatnam, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh - 530 003, Email: sampath.venu9@gmail.com) : Anti-diabetic agents from natural origin like dipeptidyl peptidase iv inhibitors: Phamacophore based virtual and docking studies. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(5), 836-42.

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV is a serine protease that rapidly cleaves glucagon-likepeptide-1 and glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Inhibition of Dipeptidyl peptidase IV would prolong the half-life of incretins which stimulates insulin secretion. Omarigliptin which is in phase 3 clinical trial has added benefits over currently available Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors in terms of Specificity towards Dipeptidyl peptidase IV and due to its pharmacokinetic profile. Hence, our present study aims at identifying potential Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors which are having similar structural features with that of omarigliptin. First, we have identified 3 D structural features of omarigliptin to build a pharmacophore model. The built pharmacophore model was used to screen 55 250 drug like molecules with diverse structures from natural origin. The 78 molecules with a good Qfit values were filtered for further docking study against Dipeptidyl peptidase IV receptor to validate the screening protocol. The docking scores were found to be in congruent with the virtual screening protocol. The candidate molecules which needs further attention was found to be the ZINC38549932, ZINC72325326, ZINC98363871, ZINC201111835 and ZINC39999688.The illustration regarding the virtual screening protocol followed for identifying the Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors is reported here.

7 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

041682   SHI X, LI N, LI J, YANG Q, KAN M, QU X (Changchun Univ of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Province, China, Email: xiaobo@163.com) : Effect of qiwei baizhu powder on the intestinal flora of the splenoasthenic diarrhea mice. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(5), 828-35.

To explore the effect of Qiwei Baizhu Powder on the intestinal flora of splenoasthenic diarrhea mice and its mechanism. The splenoasthenic diarrhea mouse model established by different modeling methods (antibiotics and traditional Chinese medicine compound prescription) was used as the experimental group, and a blank control group was set up at the same time. Qiwei Baizhu Powder was used to treat the splenoasthenic diarrhea model mice. The splenoasthenic diarrhea mouse model established by taking Dachenqi Tang (Traditional Chinese medicine Group) had the most severe splenoasthenic diarrhea and poor mental state, while without significant effect on intestinal flora (p>0.05). The splenoasthenic diarrhea mouse model constructed by gentamicin sulfate and cefradine (Antibiotic combination group) had the best effect. The results of the antimicrobial spectrum showed that the gentamicin sulfate and cefradine could form the maximum complementary effect and the effect was long-lasting. After the intragastric administration of Qiwei Baizhu Powder, the mice in the Traditional Chinese medicine Group were quickly cured and the syndrome of splenoasthenic diarrhea disappeared. The number of intestinal lactic acid bacteria and fungi in the antibiotic combination group was significantly higher than that in the normal group (p<0.01). In Qiwei Baizhu Powder, there are probiotics that promote the growth of lactic acid bacteria and fungi, which can cure the imbalance of intestinal flora.

4 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

041679   SARFARAZ M D, DHRUV R K, DODDAYYA H, KHAN K A A (Pharmaceutics Dep, NET Pharmacy Coll, Raichur - 584 103, Karnataka, Email: sarfindia@gmail.com) : Factorial design based optimization of hydroxyzine hydrochloride fast dissolving tablets. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(5), 797-808.

Hydroxyzine hydrochloride is a histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment for chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Hydroxyzine hydrochloride has a bitter taste. The bitter taste of drug was masked by using a combination of flavor and complexing with β-cyclodextrines adopting solid dispersion technique. The taste masking ability of solid dispersions was evaluated by in vivo taste evaluation in healthy human volunteers. The Optimized taste masked solid dispersion of drug was developed as fast dissolving tablets by direct compression method using superdisintegrants like sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium and crospovidone in different concentration as per 2³ factorial design model. Tablets were evaluated for their physico-chemical properties, in vitro release studies. The hardness (3.8-4.2 kg/cm²), friability (0.22 %-0.43 %), drug content (91.7 %-99.5 %) and disintegration time (3.24-4.22 min) of fast dissolving tablets were found uniform and within the specified limits. Analysis of variance was used to identify significant effect on disintegration time, Coefficient of determination R² =0.995. Obtained value of F was larger than critical F-value, and the result was found to be significant at that level of probability (p<0.05). Similar R² =0.9023 value was obtained in case of dissolution rate for F value and the result was found to be significant at that level of probability (p<0.05). From the statistical results, optimized formula F9 was developed which gave disintegration time of 3.58±0.87 min and in vitro drug release of 95.89 %. The formulations followed first order mechanism of release (r² =0.953-0.991). Hence taste masked Hydroxyzine hydrochloride fast dissolving tablets could be successfully developed using factorial design modele.

9 illus, 10 tables, 19 ref

041677   JOSHI P S, PATIL Y B, PAUL T S, APTE K G (Symbiosis International (Deemed Univ), Pune, Maharashtra - 412 115, Email: pramodjoshi02@yahoo.com) : Phytotherapeutic interventions using rodent models of hair loss: Current research and future strategy. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(5), 781-90.

Hair follicles are special additions to mammalian skin with intricate differentiation and growth characteristics. They constantly undergo cycles of regression and regeneration throughout the lifespan of animal. Several rodent models have been studied for androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata in humans with only handful of products approved by United States Food and Drug Administration; topical minoxidil (men and women) and oral finasteride (only men) for hair loss indication. This review summarizes rodent models of human hair loss to emphasize their role in testing traditional medicinal plants as hair growth promoters. Review also discusses the mechanisms of action of various herbs. Currently, both natural and synthetic products are in use to remedy alopecia. Although, use of natural products has shown measurable efficacy, the option is open to test chemically synthesized active fractions of plants as monotherapy or polytherapy to facilitate approval by regulatory agencies. Overall, purpose of this review is to discuss the rodent models of efficacy and how modifications in herbal preparations may bring more alternatives and a better value to the products in future.

3 tables, 109 ref

046682   ISMAIL M B, AL-TIMIMI H F H, ALWAN H H (Baghdad Univ, Baghdad, Iraq) : Flexible ureterorenoscopy versus extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for treatment of lower pole renal stones. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194358.

Urolithiasis affects 5-15 % of the world population, with high recurrence, (2) which at 5 years can be up to 50 %, with high frequency in the labor force population, which produces a high individual and hospital cost, so it constitutes a health problem of high socio-sanitary interes. To compare the treatment outcomes of Flexible ureterorenoscopy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for patients with lower pole stones. Patients and method: Data base review for the patients in the period from first of Jan 2018 to the end of June 2019, in which 131 patients underwent interventions for the management of small lower pole stone. Sixty-seven patients were treated by ESWL and the rest (64) treated by F-URS. The most common complication was UTI 9/19 Results: 86/131 were male and 45/131 were female with mean age for F-URS group (52 ± 9.7 years) and (49.6 ± 12.3 years) for ESWL group, with highly significant differences regarding the stone size between the studied groups. The treatment rate, operative time and procedure per patient were highly significantly decrease in F-URS group than in ESWL (p<0.001). Moreover, significant association were notice between the studied groups among SFR at 3 months and secondary procedures. Conclusion: lower pole renal stone in size between 10-20 mm treated successfully and more efficiently by F-URS in comparison with ESWL.

1 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

046681   NAJM M A, RAZAAK H A A, FAHAD H M (Al-Rafidain Univ, Baghdad, Iraq) : Detect the infection with rubella virus and toxoplasmosis in pregnancy causes suffering from early abortion by using real time PCR. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194357.

Congenital infections may cause fetal death or newborns with brain malformations, little information is available about the but the impact of these diseases on the outcome of pregnancy. In this study we tested the IgG and IgM antibodies for both Toxoplasma gondii and Rubella. among 58 pregnant women with abortion. and in order to differentiate between the serological and molecular detection methods the samples were alsotested for both Toxoplasma gondii and Rubella by RT-PCR. The results showed that there is a positive relation between the infection with rubella and the infection with toxoplasma ( p=0.022, Odd= 4.9) and this co-infection attribute to abortion in women. and these results of RT-PCR were significantly different than those with ELISA test.

1 illus, 4 tables, 34 ref

046680   ALSUWAIDI M A A A, ALMEHIRI A M O, ALMARRI M T R, RASHID J M A, SHARMA B K (Dubai Univ, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Email: bsharma@amityuniversity.ae) : Significance of fingerprints in a brutal travel bag murder- A case report. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194356.

Forensic Science can be defined as the application of science to law. On the crime scene, sometimes the odour of the evidence plays a vital role in the location and identification of the evidences. The present case is one of the best examples of this. Dubai police were informed about a bad smell emanating from an apartment in one locality. After an investigation, the investigators and the forensic expert discovered that the smell was from a decomposing human body. Immediately the fingerprints experts were called to the crime scene to collect, identify, and analyze all the fingerprints encountered. This case reflects the precision, accuracy, and reliability of the fingerprint expert and the technology used by them, including chemical methods like ninhydrin and cyanoacrylate along with the high efficacy of the Automated Fingerprint Identification System. The case was uniquely solved with the aid of fingerprint analysis.

2 illus, 12 ref

041674   GAUTAM R K, ROY K, THAPA G, ARORA D, PARASHAR S, GURUNG B, DEB L (Pharmacology Dep, Maharishi Markandeshwar Univ, Ambala, Haryana - 134 007, Email: lokeshdeb@gmail.com) : Perspective of plant medicine in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(5), 741-65.

Rheumatoid Arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic, inflammatory condition. The adverse effects of long-term use of presently available anti-arthritic or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are gastrointestinal symptoms, cardiovascular complications, renal impairment, myelosuppression etc. and this requires continuous monitoring and eventually increasing the cost of treatment. Thus complementary and alternative medicines may fulfill the demand for patients suffering from this disease. Moreover, herbal therapy has been safe and effective enough to treat rheumatoid arthritis. With these backgrounds, the present review includes different 37 plants reported for anti-arthritic or anti-inflammatory effect. Also enlisted 37 bioactive principals reported for anti-arthritic effect with their source, mechanism of action and commercial herbal products available in the market for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The compiled information regarding plants and their role in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis will help to justify the use of plant-derived medicine in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis in future.

2 tables, 126 ref

043491   ALRETHIA R A (Prosthodontics Dep, Qassim Univ, Qassim, KSA, Email: Ra.Alrethia@qu.edu.sa) : Prosthodontic Management of Bruxer Patients: A Review. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(6), 159-62.

Based on published studies of the relationship between prosthodontics and bruxism, an attempt was made to draw conclusions about the existence of a possible relationship between the two, with a focus on the potential cause-and-effect implications and on the strategies for planning prosthetic treatments in patients with bruxism. PubMed searches were conducted using the terms ‘bruxism’ and ‘prosthetic treatment’, as well as combinations of these and related terms. The few studies judged to be relevant were critically reviewed, in addition to papers found during an additional manual search of reference lists within selected articles. No clinical trials of the reviewed topics were found, and a comprehensive review relying on the best available evidence was provided. Bruxism is a common parafunctional habit, occurring both during sleep and wakefulness. Usually, it causes few serious effects but can do so in some patients. The etiology is multifactorial. No evidence-based guidelines were available for the best strategy for managing prosthetic needs in patients with TMDs and/or bruxism. This review revealed an absence of RCTs on the various topics concerning the relationship between bruxism and prosthodontics. Based on the best available evidence, bruxism may be included among the risk factors and is associated with increased mechanical and/or technical complications in prosthodontic rehabilitation, although it seems not to affect implant survival. Prosthetic changes in dental occlusion are not yet accepted as strategies for solving or helping individual stop bruxism. When prosthetic intervention is indicated in a patient with bruxism, efforts should be made to reduce the effects of likely heavy occlusal loading on all the components that contribute to prosthetic structural integrity.

41 ref

041673   VENNU V, SAINI P P (Rehabilitation Sciences Dep, King Saud Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email: vvennu@ksu.edu.sa) : India’s clinical trial regulatory changes, Indian researcher’s awareness of recently changed regulations, and the impact of the new drugs and clinical trial rules: A review. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(5), 726-40.

Medical companies consider India is above other countries worldwide as an alternative nation for clinical trials due to easily available sources and infrastructure. However, the developing Indian clinical trial industry has been negatively affected by noncompliance with regulations and by reports of unethical trials. Several studies on Indian clinical trial regulations have been conducted and various articles have been published, but only a few researchers evaluated awareness of investigators and members of the ethics committee about previously amended regulations. No study evaluated the knowledge of researchers on the new drugs and clinical trial rules issued in 2019 and also its impacts. Understanding the knowledge of Indian researchers on new drugs and clinical trial rules, including its effect is crucial to determine whether the trials are being conducted in compliance with the new rules and regulations. Thus, this review aimed to evaluate India’s clinical trial regulatory changes based on the existing literature, Indian researcher’s knowledge of the recent changes, and assessment of the impact of the new 2019 regulations, elaborating upon clinical trials in both the global and the Indian context.

2 illus, 2 tables, 119 ref

043490   ALMUTAIRI F J (Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences Dep, Qassim Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: f.almutari@qu.edu,sa) : Dental anxiety among patients attending king saud hospital in Unizah: Pilot study. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(6), 155-8.

The aim of this study is to be small version of under preparing study that will determine the prevalence of dental anxiety among Qassim population, comparing between age group, educational level and gender predilection. This pilot study was conducted to determine the prevalence of dental anxiety among patients attending King Saud Hospital (KSH), comparing between different educational levels and gender as factors, structured questionnaire was distributed to 40 patients in dental center of KSH, 31 questionnaires were returned and analyzed.

10 tables, 11 ref

043489   ALAZMI S O (Periodontics and Oral Medicine Dep, Qassim Univ, KSA, Email: Vip.dr.26@gmail.com) : Three dimensional digitally designed surgical guides in periodontal and implant surgeries: A review. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(6), 150-4.

The development of technology in all fields resulted in replacing old and conventional strategies with a more comfortable and efficient strategy. The three-dimensional digital surgical guide is a more recent technology used for diagnosis and treatment planning for a complex implant-supported prosthesis. An electronic research process was used from 2010-2019 using PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar" to obtain the articles. A three-dimensional digital guide in surgical implant placement, esthetic crown lengthening, bone regeneration, and titanium mesh showed promising results.

67 ref

043488   ALRESHEEDI B A (Prosthodontics Dep, Qassim Univ, Qassim, KSA, Email: Dr.bandar.qudent.org) : All-ceramic resin-bonded fixed denture prostheses survival and complication rates: A review. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(6), 143-9.

This review identified research related to the survival and complication rates of all-ceramic resin-bonded fixed dental prostheses (RBFDPs) and ranked them according to their quality of research. An electronic search in PubMed, MEDLINE, Science Direct, complemented by a manual search was done. Only clinical (in vivo) studies on all-ceramic RBFDPs with a mean follow-up period of at least two years or more were included. The critical appraisal skills program (CASP) was used to evaluate the papers and to put emphasis on their results. Among 140 screened articles, 1 randomized controlled trial (RCT), 4 prospective and 3 retrospective cohort studies were included in this review. The CASP evaluation showed high-quality for four studies with calculated quality scores, ranging from 90-102.5. The other four studies showed a low-level of calculated scores, ranging from 57.5-70. The overall survival rate for all-ceramic RBFDPs was calculated as 94.2 %. The calculated annual failure rate was estimated at 1.12 %. De-bonding and framework fracture were the most common complications. Additionally, all included studies reported all-ceramic RBFDPs in the anterior area and were more frequently designed with a cantilever design bonded to one abutment tooth and the polycrystalline ceramic (zirconia) framework material shows good clinical outcomes. To conclude, all-ceramic RBFDPs seem to work best and last longest in the anterior area, the framework material of choice is zirconia which works better with a cantilever design.

1 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

046679   ALABDALY M A (Family and Community Medicine Dep, Nineveh Univ, Mosul, Iraq) : Colorectal cancer in Nineveh: Five years survival rate. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194657.

Overall, colorectal cancer ranks third in terms of incidence but second in terms of mortality, according to the latest GLOBOCAN worldwide estimation in 2018. The aim of this study is to show the survival rates of colorectal cancer patients in Nineveh province for the period 2010 – 2014, a retrospective cohort study, conducted among patients at the Mosul Cancer Registry center. Survival analysis was carried out using the actuarial method to construct the needed life tables. Chi-square test, was used to study the relationship between cancer occurrence and sex, age and stage. The result of this study indicates that the 5 year survival rate (50.1 %) with 95 % confidence intervals (0.4985-0.5035) in Mosul was between developed and developing countries. The survival of colorectal cancer in men (50.0 %) was significantly better than women (43.0 %), older patients ≥ 70 years, had a poorer survival rate (25.9 %) compared to younger patients <50 years (70.5 %) and the survival rate by tumor stage was better in the localized stage (75.4 %) than regional and distant stages of (63.6 % and 11.7 %) respectively.

3 tables, 43 ref

043488   KARA R (Prosthodontics Dep, Istanbul Ayd?n Univ, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: drecepkara@gmail.com) : Examination of streptococcus mutans adhesion in current hybrid ceramics and composites. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(5), 138-42.

This study evaluated the surface topography and bacterial adhesion of a different hybrid ceramics and resin composites after optimal surface finishes. A total of disk samples were prepared using two different CAD/CAM blocks [Vita Enamic (VE), Shofu HC (SHC)] and two different composites [Tetric N Ceram bulk-fill (TNC), Estelite Sigma Quick (ESQ)] with diameter 10 mm and thickness 4.0 ± 0.2mm. Fifteen disc samples were produced for each group (n=15). Surfaces of the sample disks were polished according to the manufacturer’s recommendations with the specially produced polish sets. The surface roughness of specimens was analyzed parameter (Ra), sterilized, and subjected to bacterial adhesion. Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α= 0.05). TNC and ESQ groups had lower surface roughness than VE and SHC groups (p<0.05). There was no difference in bacterial adhesion between hybrid CAD/CAM blocks and composite materials. The material type and surface finishing system did not significantly interfere with surface roughness parameters and bacterial adhesion. The surface polishing of nanocomposite resins performed is better than hybrid ceramic after polishing. An adequate finishing/polishing technique should always be applied after any adjustments made to indirect restorations with these materials tested. There is no difference between bacterial adhesions of the tested materials. If appropriate and sufficient, polishing is performed. 

1 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

041669   LIU J (Anesthesia Dep, Jinan Third People’s Hospital, Shandong 250132, PR China, Email: mxx238@aliyun.com) : Analysis of optimizing effects of dexmedetomidine and oxycodone on cytokine levels in patients with laparoscopic radical gastrectomy. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(4), 702-6.

This study was designed to analyze the effects of dexmedetomidine combined with oxycodone in patients underwent laparoscopic radical gastrectomy for stomach carcinomas. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) patients were recruited and divided into A, B and C groups, using a random number table method, 40 cases in each group. After surgery patients in group A received oxycodone alone, patients in group B received dexmedetomidine combined with oxycodone and patients in group C received dexmedetomidine alone respectively. The Visual Analog Scale score and Ramsay sedative score at 2h, 6h, 24h and 48h after surgery were observed and the effective compressions number of controlled intravenous analgesia was documented. The incidence of side effects was recorded. TNF-α, CRP and IL-6 were evaluated by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay on the day before surgery and in the morning of 1^st and 3^rd d after surgery. VAS scores in group B were lower than group A and C, the effective compressions number of CIA in group B was less than group A and C, the occurrence of adverse reactions in group B was lower than group A and group C. The postoperative levels of TNF-α, CRP and IL-6 at 72h in group B were lower than group A and C. Dexmedetomidine combined with oxycodone showed improve sedative and analgesic effects with fewer adverse reactions. It can lessen the release of inflammatory cytokines of TNF-α, CRP and IL-6 in the body and has certain clinical application value.

3 tables, 16 ref

043487   AL-SHAMRANI S S, ALDOSSARI H F , ALHAQBANI M M , ALOTAIBI M K , ALMUTAIRI M S (Restorative Dentistry Dep, Riyadh Elm Univ, Riyadh, KSA, Email: Dr.sultansh@gmail.com) : Dental fear and anxiety associated with patients seeking esthetic/restorative dental procedures in Riyadh, KSA. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(5), 133-7.

Anxiety towards dental procedures is common that may be experienced by dental patients. This study specifically focused on evaluating the esthetic/restorative procedures related to dental anxiety/fear frequency and its relationship with age, gender, and educational level among patients visiting clinics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The present cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2020 to May 2020. A convenience sampling was performed and the data was collected from the patients seeking esthetic/restorative treatment (aged 20 years or more). A questionnaire-based on questions related to general and esthetic/restorative procedures was presented to a patient before treatment. A Chi-square test was performed to compare the level of anxiety/fear among the patient concerning age, gender, and education level (P< 0.05). A total of 1500 filled-in questionnaires were collected. Most of the participating patients were aged between 20-30 years (38.3 %), and 66.2 % of participants were female. Additionally, anxiety/fear is not associated with age and education (P>0.05). However, females are more prone to anxiety/fear compared to males (P< 0.05). The findings of this survey strongly suggest that esthetic/restorative procedures might also be highly fearful to most of the patients.

1 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

041668   CHUA H M, ISLAHUDIN F, TAHIR N A M, AZMAN N J, ZEIN Z W (Kebangsaan Malaysia Univ, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: faridaislahudin@yahoo.com) : Factors influencing intravenous-to-oral antibiotic switch among private healthcare providers in Malaysia. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(4), 698-702.

Intravenous-to-oral switch strategy is part of an antimicrobial stewardship programme that can reduce the length of hospitalization and lower associated costs. However, intravenous-to-oral switch data in the private healthcare setting in Malaysia is limited. The aim of this study was to explore factors that affect intravenous-to-oral switch decisions in the Malaysian private healthcare. This was a cross-sectional survey among four private hospitals. A total of 225 consultants, pharmacists and nurses were included. Mean assessment was based on a 5-point Likert scale; 1-very unimportant to 5-very important. Microbiology aetiology (4.12±0.93) was the most important clinical factor for deciding suitability of IVOS. Primary consultant preference (3.83±0.98) was the most important non-clinical factor. Respondents agreed that all healthcare professionals needed to be given intravenous-to-oral switch awareness (4.41±0.77). Understanding factors influencing Intravenous-to-oral switch decision and addressing misconceptions in beliefs are important to develop intravenous-to-oral switch and antimicrobial stewardship strategies in private hospitals

3 tables, 23 ref

043486   MARTINHÃO C V M , DEVITA R L , BRUM I D S, GROSS A, CARVALHO J J D , GROSS J M (Implantology Dep, Faculty of Dentistry of the State Univ of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Email: igor_brum1@hotmail.com) : Radiographic evaluation of the adaptation of prosthetic components on different dental implant prosthetic interfaces: Cone morse, internal hexagon and external hexagon. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(5), 127-32.

Currently, the reliability of the dental implant system is not only reflected in its osseointegration success rate. The adaptation of prosthetic components is essential to accomplish the prosthetic rehabilitation. In the long run, a maladapted prosthetic component can lead to failure of the dental implant-prosthesis structure, as an example the creation of an ideal condition for the development of perimplantitis. The objective of this work was to demonstrate, by means of radiographic images, a comparison between the images of the interface between the dental implant and the prosthetic component, with one adapted and the other maladapted. For this purpose, interproximal incidence radiographs of the screwed prosthetic components on the dental implants were performed with simulation of maladaptation by interposing a 50 μm polyester matrix and without maladaptation. Three types of dental implant prosthetic interfaces were used: cone morse, internal hexagon and external hexagon. The prosthetic components used were three mini abutments, three CoCr UCLAS and three solid abutments. The dental implants with the screwed prosthetic components were positioned and stabilized with utility wax on the dummy and later radiographed with a phosphor plate system. Eighteen radiographs were taken, nine representing adapted joints and nine maladapted.Results showed that in the radiographs of the cone morse dental implants there were no differences between the images, whereas in the internal hexagon and external hexagon dental implants, in the maladapted images there were identified a radiolucent line between the dental implant and the prosthetic component. In conclusion, It was possible to demonstrate the differences between the images of the adapted and maladapted prosthetic components to the external hexagon and internal hexagon dental implants.

1 illus, 5 tables, 32 ref

043485   ABDULLAH B A , HAMED G Y (Dentistry Coll, Mosul, Iraq, Email: basserali30@yahoo.com) : Bruxism in mosul city part 1. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(5), 123-6.

This study consist of 450 patients with TMDs, 271 females and 179 males, 13-65 years were age range of the sample. Helkimo index was used to assess the TMDs by scores, grinding and clenching were recorded, the most relevant age group was 21-30 years, they signify (59.3 %) from the whole sample, female patients signify 60.4% from the total participtant.130 (28.8 %) patients were reported grinding where as 122 (24.8 %) were complained from clenching. Significant relations (p ≤ 0.001) of grinding and clenching with age, sex, symptoms and signs of TMDs were found in this study. In conclusion grinding and clenching implicated in etiology and severity of TMDs and their incidence decrease with age.

2 illus, 5 tables, 31 ref

041666   PATIL M P, MORE M K, CHHAJED S S, BHAMBERE D S, KSHIRSAGAR S J (Pharmaceutics Dep, MET’s Institute of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra - 422 003, Email: moreshwarppatil@gmail.com) : Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with repaglinide for dissolution enhancement. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(4), 686-91.

It was evident from the literature that mesoporous silica nanoparticles can be a suitable drug carrier system because of biocompatibility, drug loading capacity; targeting ability and tunable porosity. This investigation was aimed to synthesize mesoporous silica carriers by sol-gel method using tetraethyl orthosilicate as precursor and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and cetylpyrridinium chloride as a pore generating agent. Initially the effect of molar concentrations of cationic surfactants on the pore size of porous nanoparticles was studied followed by loading of repaglinide onto the surface as well as inside the pores of nanoparticles by solvent immersion method. The loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles were evaluated for % drug loading and in vitro release. Techniques including N2-adsorption-desorption isotherm, x-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy were used for characterization. The drug loading (90.3±0.25 %) was observed highest in case of nanoparticles prepared with and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide than that of cetylpyrridinium chloride. The drug release was found 96.5±1.15 % which was more than that of pure drug and marketed formulation. The results revealed drug loading with slight decrease in crystallinity of drug in mesoporous silica nanoparticles. The particles were spherical in shape with smooth surface. In conclusion the mesoporous silica nanoparticles had shown increased dissolution because of increased surface area.

8 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

043484   ABDULLAH B A , HAMED G Y (Dentistry Coll, Mosul, Iraq, Email: basserali30@yahoo.com) : Relationship of TMJ clicking with ear problems and headache. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(), 119-22.

This research involve 450 patients with TMDs, this study include 271 women and 179 men, concerning the age, the sample age was extended from 13years to 65 years. Data were assessed numerically by Helkimo index, the most dominant age group was 21-30 years, 314 patients were complained from clicking(69.7 %). Regarding the sex, female patients with clicking were most frequently represented, whom represent 191patients (60.8 %) from the total sample. Concerning ear problems, otalgia was the most prevalent symptom which represent (164) patients followed by tinnitus(124) patients, buzzing (77) patients and subjective hearing loss (42) patients .No significant differences were found between clicking and ear problems p ≥0.001. Regarding headache 104 patients were suffering from headache, no significant differences p ≥0.001 with headache in relation to sex and clicking were found in this study.

1 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

046677   HIDAYATI M C, SENSUSIATI A D, BASUKI H (Radiology Dep, Airlangga Univ, Surabaya- 60285, Indonesia, Email: anggrainidwifkunair@yahoo.com) : Precision of 3D MSCT scan diagnostcs on maxillofacial trauma compared to stabilization and instrumentation operation results. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194354.

Handling standardized radiological readings of patients with maxillofacial trauma, particularly in radiology are currently absent. Appropriate and accurate of radiological reading results could be as the guideline for surgeons in determining surgical procedures. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of maxillofacial fracture patients with head 3D CT scan compared to stabilization and instrumentation results as gold standard. Secondary data that derived from medical records were used as 29 patients with clinical maxillofacial trauma enrolled in this study at Radiology Section of Dr.Soetomo General Hospital from November 2012 to March 2013. The Mc Nemar test showed that there was no significant difference between the 3D CT scan results and the stabilization also instrumentation results with p = 1.000 (p> 0.05). While, the result was by calculating Kappa coefficient that a high suitability between head 3D CT scans and stabilization also instrumentation result with κ = 1.000, p = 0.000 (p <0.05). There were several complications in the form of Cranii Bone Fraktur (25 %), intracranial complication (15.24 %), Haematosinus (52.38 %) and Soft tissue haematoma (32.38 %) with most intracranial complications ICH (31.25 %), then, most soft tissue complications were in the Orbita region (26.47 %) and the most common Haematosinus complications regarding Sinus Ethmoid and Maksilaris (29.09 %). It concluded that the 3D CT scan results were in accordance with the results of stabilization and instrumentation operations.

7 tables, 15 ref

041663   SALMAN Z D, ALHAMDANY A T, YOUSIF N Z (Pharmaceutics Dep, Mustansiriyah Univ, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: arm.anas.alhamdany@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq) : An innovative mucoadhesive thermosensitive in situ gelling liquid suppository of metoclopramide hydrocloride for treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with diseases. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(4), 650-64.

The main purpose of presently study was to formulate and evaluate a controlled release thermogelling mucoadhesive system of Metoclopramide Hydrocloride given for emetic patients as an alternative for conventional oral dosage forms. Twelve formulations were prepared by the addition of mucoadhesive polymers (Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K15M and Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K100M, carbopol 934p, and sodium alginate) to the formulations of the thermosensitive gelling solutions containing poloxamer 407 and poloxamer P188. Each of the eleven formulations containing metoclopramide Hydrocloride as an active drug was evaluated for pH, clarity, drug content, gelation temperature, gel strength, mucoadhesive force and viscosity. While the succeeded in situ gelling liquid suppository, formulations were evaluated for spreadability, syringeability, the in vitro release profile of the drug and kinetic studies. Also, the optimum formulation was evaluated and identified for drug-excipients compatibility study using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. From the characterization of Metoclopramide Hydrocloride in situ gelling liquid suppositories, it was revealed that the optimized formulation (F4) displayed the best syringeability time (7.5±0.77 s) that is confirmed by viscosity measurement (335±0.15 cp at 25$°$ and 27 470±0.09 cp at 37$°$) with a suitable pH determination (7.01±0.90). While gelation temperature at (37±0.04$°$) was established with a spreadability measurement (17.5±0.02 g cm/s). Moreover, adhesiveness at the administration site was assured by both mucoadhesive and gel strength studies that were realized to be (20.90±0.83 dyne/cm².100) and (17.5±0.34 N/m²), respectively. Whereas the drug release method was affirmed through in vitro drug release profile that shows good control of the release, reaching 97.5 % after 3 h with an appropriate content uniformity at (98.19±0.0011). The kinetic test of the release data was founded to obey both diffusion and erosion mechanisms, as the correlation coefficient (R²) was best fitted with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model and release exponent (n) shown to be between 0.5-1 that was (0.5190). Put together, our results concluded that thermosensitive liquid in-situ gelling suppositories of Metoclopramide Hydrocloride were effective, potential, and more convenient alternative for a conventional oral dosage form that was given for emetic patients; thereby improving patient compliance and medication adherencet.

5 illus, 5 tables, 72 ref

043483   ALMUSTAFA N M , RICKETTS D NJ , CHADWICK G, SAUNDERS W (Dammam Specialist Dental Center, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: dr_almustafa@hotmail.com) : Force applied by dentists during cementation of all zirconia three unit bridges and its impact on seating. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(4), 112-8.

Dental luting cements are important materials in securing FPD to abutment teeth. During the cementation process of FPDs finger force is applied to fully seat the restoration in place. Normally the dentist maintains force on the restoration until the luting cement sets, however, little is known as to the consistency of force application over time. The aim of this study was to compare the force applied by dentists during cementation of allZirconia FPD manufactured by CAD CAM and to investigate the effect that this has on the seating and fit of the cemented FPD. Two plastic teeth mounted in Frasaco jaws (teeth 24 and 26 were prepared for a three unit all ceramic (zirconia) bridge to replace tooth 25. Each tooth was prepared in the laboratory with a high-speed hand piece and coolant to a pre-set standard. Ten practitioners were recruited for this study and allocated one SLA model and one all zirconia bridge each. RelyX™ Unicem 2 Clicker™ self-adhesive Universal Resin Cement was used as the luting cement. Each examiner performed the seating procedure six times over a two week period, the participants applied the force for two minutes in each time. To measure the cementation force (Newton), a universal testing machine (Instron) was used. Finally, the internal and marginal fit (µm) was determined using SEM. The results showed high initial force which reduced and plateaued after 30 seconds. Maximum force applied was 88.0 N and the minimum was 8.0 N with a mean value of 27.23 N. SPSS was used to perform statistical analysis. Two-way ANOVA with post hoc test were performed on the force results and showed significant difference between most examiners. One-way ANOVA was performed on the internal and marginal fit results and this showed no significant difference between all examiners. Dentists apply different forces when seating FPDs but this does not affect the internal and marginal fit of FPD.

3 illus, 1 table, 40 ref

041662   GAONKAR V M P, MANNUR V S, MASTIHOLIMATH V S, HULLATTI K K (Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Dep, KLE Coll of Pharmacy, Belagavi - 590 010, Karnataka, Email: drvsmannur@gmail.com) : Development and evaluation of herbal supplement: A quality by design approach. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(4), 640-9.

The present study aims to develop Herbal Antioxidant Supplement by using Quality by Design approach. Quality target product profile for Herbal Antioxidant Supplement was defined and critical quality attributes were identified. Initial Risk assessments of critical materials were done by employing Risk Priority Number. The effects of critical parameters (concentration of starch and croscarmellose sodium) were investigated by executing design of experimentation using Central Composite Design. The optimized formulation was evaluated for Antioxidant activity by in-vitro model like free radical scavenging by 2, 2-Diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl method. It was observed that formulation variables X₁ : Starch and X₂ : Croscarmellose sodium showed significant effect on the response Y₁ : Disintegration time (min) and response Y₂ : Friability (%). The Formulation comprising starch-30 mg/tab and Croscarmellose sodium-30mg/tab fulfils the criteria of quality target product profile and Certified Quality Auditor for Herbal Antioxidant Supplement. In-vitro antioxidant screening revealed that the developed Herbal Antioxidant Supplement has proved to show pronounced antioxidant activity. This study confirmed that quality by design is an effective approach for understanding the quality parameters for optimizing Herbal Supplement.

6 illus, 12 tables, 18 ref

043482   KARA R (Prosthodontics Dep, Istanbul Ayd?n Univ, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: drecepkara@gmail.com) : Comparison of marginal and internal fit of different CAD/CAM copings. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(4), 105-11.

This study compared the internal and marginal gap between CAD/CAM copings to determine the clinical acceptability. Hundred dental stone duplications of a metal major maxillary molar die were fabricated and separated into five. All copings were produced by milling and laser sintering method in the form of twenty groups. At x 180 magnification, marginal and internal gaps of each coping were measured at 75 points, and a total of 7500 measurements were performed for six regions on digital photographs taken with video microscope. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc test (Tukey and Bonferroni). The internal and marginal gaps of the milling group were significantly larger than the laser sintering group (P < 0.05). The results of this in vitro study show that CAD/CAM milled Co-Cr copings exhibit larger marginal and internal gap values than copings by laser sintering method. All copings were presented clinically acceptable marginal and internal accuracy. Milling and laser sintering systems are suitable for manufacturing of copings.

5 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

043481   KHAWAJA N A (Oral Pathology Dep, Nishtar Medical Coll, Multan-Pakistan, Email: nakhawaja@yahoo.com ) : Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor of jaw; A review (distinct pathognomic diagnostic (lrs) profile of pindborg tumor). Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(4), 102-4.

Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT) is a benign epithelial odontogenic tumor which is characterized by the presence of islands and sheets of epithelial cells, amyloid like material and calcifications. These calcifications have a concentric lamellar pattern known as “Liesegang Rings” (LRs). So far It is highlighted that LRs developed mostly in intraosseous lesions having amyloid like materials which later transformed to calcification. Many variants of histopathology discussed in this article to emphasize importance of calcification in CEOT. Although LRs are considered to be pathognomic to CEOT when it comes to odontogenic lesions, this term has sometimes been used for adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) where concentric lamellar calcifications have also been reported. However, here question arises, are LiesegangRings the misnomer in calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor? Yes, at some aspects on basis of the different etiology, the appearance, and staining patterns. To conclude in view of literatures that phenomena of “Liesegang ring pattern of calcification” is to be more appropriate found in odontogenic tumors.

1 illus, 28 ref

046676   WEDHO M M U, OEDJOE M R, PANDIE D B W (Nusa Cendana Univ, East Nusa Tenggara- 85001, Indonesia, Email: mariamargarethawedho@gmail.com) : Model of women participation in supporting government policies reducing neonatal mortality in Kupang District. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194353.

Women are the main actors in reducing infant mortality. To develop suitable models of woman’s participation to support government policy reducing infant mortality in Kupang District. Qualitative method was used and 14 informants and 3 triangulations were selected by purposive sampling technique, followed by snowball sampling. Intervewers consists of 5 midwives, 5 cadres, and 3 chiefs of the village. The degree of women’s participations in this study were low. Forms of participations showed that one Timorese has been given birth at home. Most of the East Timorese informants late reported their pregnancy, gave the porridge sun for babies after 6 months. TIHERO model of woman participation has been created in this study. It is expected that Government to open childbirth education class and model of women participacion must be conduct in terms of reducing neonatal and infant mortality rate.

23 ref

043480   ALOTAIBY F (Qassim Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: f.alotaiby@qu.edu.sa) : Youtube as an educational tool for oral surgery. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(4), 98-101.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the quality of videos related to oral surgery available at you tube website. 39 videos retrieved from www.youtube.com were evaluated by five evaluators according to eight mutually agreed criteria. Each criterion had a score ranging from 0 to 5. The videos were classified in four groups; simple extraction, surgical extraction, extraction of impacted teeth, and management of dental infections by incision and drainage. The mean scores assigned by five evaluators to videos in four groups were estimated. The quality of videos regarding their academic relevance, resource reliability, comprehensiveness and accuracy of information had a combined mean score of 3.37 (68 %). The display quality including the duration, quality of sound and picture exhibited a mean score of 3.5 (70 %). The reliability of the source of information had the least mean scores of 2.99 (59.8 %). The information material available on Youtube about topics related to oral surgery including simple extraction, surgical extraction, extraction of impacted teeth, and management of dental infections by incision and drainage is of moderate quality.

1 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

041659   NALLELLA P S, KUMAR N, MOORKOTH S (Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Dep, Manipal Coll of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal - 576 104, Email: manjula59@gmail.com) : An assessment of crosstalk between serotonin and dopamine systems after escitalopram treatment using LC-MS technique with ion-trap analyser. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(4), 612-21.

The present work was aimed at developing and validating a highly sensitive analytical method to estimate the levels of monoamines from mice brain and to apply the developed method to assess the effect of escitalopram treatment on the levels of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline in the mouse brain. Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy was optimized to achieve separation of selected neurotransmitters. Method validation was performed as per the ICH guidelines. Extraction of the neurotransmitters from mice brain tissue was optimized to achieve highest recovery. In vivo study involved behavioural profile assessment after 7 d pre-treatment with escitalopram and correlating the results with monoamines levels in their brain homogenate. Behavioural profiles showed a significant (p<0.05) change in all tested parameters. These values were in agreement with the significant rise in serotonin levels (p<0.05) seen on escitalopram treatment compared to vehicle control. Along with the elevation in serotonin levels, a significant increase in levels of dopamine and a mild increase in noradrenaline levels was observed due to the possible crosstalk between the neurotransmission pathways. Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy method was developed and validated for estimation of brain neurotransmitters which revealed a crosstalk resulting in the elevation in levels of various monoamines after escitalopram treatment.

4 illus, 3 tables, 43 ref

043479   DAKSHAYANI B , THAMILSELVI D, ROSALINE H, KANDASWAMY D (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, Sri Ramachandra Dental Coll, Chennai, Email: dhakshayani @sriramachandra.edu.in) : Evaluation of pH of gingival crevicular fluid as a local factor in etiology of cervical lesions. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(4), 95-7.

The term Erosion is not due to a single factor but multifactorial due to acids, mechanical wear and tear, trauma from axial and non-axial loads. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of local factor, the pH of gingival crevicular fluid on dental erosion. The 200 adult volunteers of both sexes 30-50 yrs of age were involved in the study. Saliva and GCF samples were collected in the morning from 2 to 3 hours after breakfast with the help of proximal strips. The criteria for gingivitis was evaluated by measuring the plaque index, the gingival index, probing depth and bleeding on probing (BOP). Participants were divided into two groups: Control group-Normal gingiva (n=100) and moderate and severe gingivitis (n-100) with cervical lesions. The collected data were analysed with IBM.SPSS statistics software 23.0 Version. The pH of GCF and Saliva were near neutral (6.5 and 6.4) in patients without gingivitis. In moderate and severe gingivitis, the pH was 5.4 and 6.1 of GCF and Saliva (P≤0.05). The pH of gingival crevicular fluid can be a contributing factor in the etiology of dental erosion in the process of lowering pH near enamel and dentin in the cervical areas.

2 tables, 18 ref

045276   BISWAL L, NEGI K, SRIVASTAVA R P (Entomology Dep, Govind Ballabh Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar- 263 145, Uttarakhand, Email: kiranng7@gmail.com) : Bioefficacy of some organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides against Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata Fabricius. J Ent Res 2020, 44(2), 195-202.

The contact toxicity of three OP insecticides was investigated against full grown grubs (average initial weight = 0.017 g/grub) of epilachna beetle by atomization and topical application (using microapplicator syringe) methods. In atomization method, quinalphos was 2.0 and 1.42 times more toxic (LC50 = 0.0001 and 0.00007 %) than the equitoxic profenofos and chlorpyriphos (0.0002 and 0.0001 %) at 24 and 72 HAE, respectively. In topical application method, the order of toxicity at 24 and 48 HAE was quinalphos = chlorpyriphos (LD50 = 0.02 and 0.02 µg/grub) > profenofos (0.05 and 0.04 µg/grub), respectively. In another experiment, the contact toxicity of five SP insecticides was determined against full grown grubs of epilachna beetle by atomization and topical application (using microapplicator syringe) methods. In atomization method, the order of toxicity at 24 HAE was cypermethrin = alphamethrin (LC50 = 0.00008 %) > deltamethrin = bifenthrin (0.0001 %) > lambda-cyhalothrin (0.0003 %), and at 48 HAE it was cypermethrin = alphamethrin (0.00007 %) > bifenthrin (0.0001 %) > lambda-cyhalothrin (0.0002 %). In topical application method, the order of toxicity at 24 HAE was lambda-cyhalothrin (LD50 = 0.004 µg/grub,) > alphamethrin (0.007 µg/grub) > deltamethrin (0.009 µg/grub) > bifenthrin (0.01 µg/grub) > cypermethrin (0.02 µg/grub); at 36 HAE it was lambda-cyhalothrin (0.004 µg/grub) > alphamethrin (0.006 µg/grub) > deltamethrin = bifenthrin (0.008 µg/grub) > cypermethrin (0.01 µg/grub).

1 illus, 4 tables, 41 ref

043478   ALDHAFEERI A, INGLE N , BASEER M A (Maxillofacial Surgery & Diagnostic Sciences Dep, Qassim Univ, KSA, Email: f.alotaiby@qu.edu.sa) : Dentine dysplasia type II: Report of a rare case with radiographic criteria of type I. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(4), 87-90.

Dentin dysplasia (DD) is a hereditary malformation of dental tissues affecting the dentin during the process of development. The teeth appear clinically normal; however, radigraphically the pulp morphology is abnormal and may be large or obliterated. The roots are diminutive, blunted, deformed or even absent. Periapical radiolucencies may be present without an apparent cause. The affected teeth may exhibit great mobility and exfoliate early even with minor trauma. In this article, we reported clinical and radiographic findings of a rare case of DD that have radiographic features of both DD- type II and DD type I in a 24 years old male patient visited the Out-Patient Dental Clinic of Qassim University, KSA.

4 illus, 18 ref

046675   AL-HAMAMI M M T, NAHI M, SAADOON A A, ABBAS S K (Internal Medicine Dep, Thi- Qar Univ, Thi- Qar, Iraq) : The determinants of the occupational diseases in Al-Nasiriyah province at 2018. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194352.

The occupational diseases are the major epidemic problem in the field of public health in developing countries (WHO(.It is do not arise haphazardly among the workers, but happens only when an appropriate accumulation of determinants or risk factors. The Aims of the study were to assess the general workers› health. and to explore the determinants) risk factors and causes(of the occupational disease within selected fields of work in Al-Nasiriyah province at 2018. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Al Nasiriyah thermal electrical plant, cable plant and oil refinery in the Al Nasiriyah -province at 2018. A multistage cluster sampling method was conducted to recruit )369(workers. The data gathered by survey questionnaire and processed by statistical analysis. The extent of occupational exposure was about 89.7 % with exposed to the non-exposed ratio) 8.7:1 (. About 31.8 % of the workers exposed to the respiratory hazards (thinner, PVF, PVC, Ammonia and acoustic agents). About exposed cases with RADS (41cases) had about ) 0.000 (P. value. The Noise exposure had 71.5 % )264(. of the workers The exposed cases with NIHL (23 cases) had about )0.015(. P. value. An odds ratio of the occupationally exposed to the non-exposed worker was equal to 19.1. Binary Logistic Regression was done to adjust the confounder factors for systematically classified occupational diseases which augments the significance of the association for occupational exposure, age and work duration. Introducing the speciality of the occupational physician in primary health care with preparing for the establishment of the Thi-Qar occupational medical centre to promote the optimal occupational medical care.

2 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

043477   ALDHAFEERI A, INGLE N , BASEER M A (Dental Public Health Dep, Riyadh Elm Univ, Riyadh, KSA, Email: ahmad.h.aldhafeeri@student.riyadh.edu.sa) : Knowledge and attitude towards atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) among general dental practitioners of Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(4), 91-4.

Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) is a treatment technique that emphasizes maximum healthy tooth structure preservation and enamel remineralization. It has been a widely accepted technique worldwide in the management of dental caries. However, there is limited evidence data available on familiarity with ART technique amongst general dental practitioners (GDPs) of Riyadh, KSA. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude toward ART amongst GDPs of this region. A cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted between March 2020 to May 2020 among GDPs of Riyadh, KSA using a self-administered validated questionnaire. The structure of the questionnaire was based on literary research. Two-hundred and seventy-four GDPs were approached to participate in this study. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. A Chi-square test was performed to analyze a correlation between the level of knowledge about ART and gender and time since graduation (years) with a significance level set at p ≤ 0.05. A total of 199 questionnaires were observed to be legible with an overall response rate of 72.6 %. More than 90 % of study participants were aware of ART and the majority of them (74.9 %) claimed that their knowledge regarding ART was achieved during graduation. The variables ART reduces dental anxiety, ART is not used in teeth with exposed pulp, and ART is a definitive restorative treatment that was observed as statistically different (p ≤ 0.05 ) concerning working experience. Whereas, Composite resins or temporary fillings can be used in ART was also found statistically different among gender (p ≤ 0.05). GDPs have sufficient knowledge and a positive attitude towards ART. However, GDPs lack knowledge of ART related to practicing this treatment approach in a clinical setting.

4 tables, 19 ref

046674   AKRAM W, ABDULLA T N, ABULLAH T M (Baghdad Univ, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: wegarakram123@yahoo.com) : Indications and adverse outcomes of emergency lower segment cesarean section at 1st and 2nd stages of labor at Al-Elwiya maternity teaching hospital. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194351.

Globally that about 6.2 million unnecessary cesarean sections were done yearly. Oldest surgical operation and it is considered as one of the most commonly performed surgical operations. To assess the indications and adverse outcomes of emergency lower segment caesarean section at 1st and 2nd stages emergency Caesarean at Al-Elwiya maternity teaching hospital. Patients and method: A prospective cross sectional study conducted for 1 year duration in Al-Elwyia Teaching hospital in the period from the first of Jan. 2018 to the end of Dec. 2018, when 1229 of the women were enrolled. Results: A total of 1229 cesarean sections operations were done in the period of the study, 836 (68 %) were 1st stage emergency Caesarean and 393 (32 %) were in 2nd stage. The most common indications of the caesarean section were the malposition (64.5 %). Meconium aspiration Syndrome is the most common perinatal outcome (n=34). The 2nd stage emergency Caesarean shows more maternal and neonatal complications in comparison with 1st stage.

2 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

041652   MATHEW A R, JOSEPH M, MEERA N K, REEMA A S (Pharmacy Practice Dep, Visveswarapura Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bangalore - 560 070, Email: minnujoseph8@gmail.com) : Prescribing trends and rationality of fixed dose combinations in a tertiary care hospital: An observational study. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(3), 542-7.

This investigation aimed to review the prescribing trends of fixed dose combinations, to assess their rationality and inclusion in essential medicines list and national list of essential medicines. Medication charts of 1000 in-patients from general medicine department were reviewed for 12 months excluding casualty and ICUs. The data on morbidities and drugs prescribed were documented and assessed for fixed dose combinations prescribed, their inclusion in WHO essential medicines list and national list of essential medicines and approval by regulatory bodies such as US FDA and DCGI. Rationality of the prescribed fixed dose combinations were determined based on WHO guidelines. The drug-drug interactions with fixed dose combinations were analysed. Descriptive statistics was used to express results in numbers and percentages. Out of 1000 case sheets studied a total of 435 fixed dose combinations were prescribed, all by their brand names during hospitalization. Fixed dose combinations given for infectious diseases were 29.57 % and for respiratory disorders 20.82 %. Those included in WHO essential medicines list 2017 were 11.72 %, while 10.57 % were in the national list of essential medicines 2015 and 17.7% were approved by the US FDA, 56.78 % by DCGI. Rational fixed dose combinations were 38.62 % and 61.37 % were irrational. In the discharge medication chart, miscellaneous agents (19.72 %) and drugs for infectious disorders (15.80 %) were the commonly prescribed fixed dose combinations. Among these 8.25 % were listed in WHO essential medicines list 2017, 6.78 % in the national list of essential medicines 2015 and 15.04 % fixed dose combinations were approved by the US FDA, 53.98 % by the DCGI. Rational combinations were 36.87 % and 63.12% were irrational. Rationality in combining drugs as fixed dose combinations and their appropriate use can reduce pill burden, cost and improve patient adherence.

2 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

041651   CHEN J, WU J, CAO J (Zhejiang Univ School of Medicine, Anhui Province, China, Email: caoj@zju.edu.cn) : A novel recombinant fusion protein with soluble pd-1 and tim-3 domains effectively binds to cancer cells. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(3), 537-42.

In this investigation, a DNA sequence was designed and synthesized by joining coding regions of soluble programmed cell death-1 and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-3 domains and cloned into the lentiviral expression vector pLVX-IRES-ZsGreen1. After infection of the recombinant lentivirus into HEK 293T cells, the recombinant fusion protein, designated as sP1T3, was successfully expressed as detected by Western blotting. Binding assay was performed by incubating the cell lysate with cancer cells, which have high expressional levels of PD-L1/2 and galectin 9 and subsequent fluorescent staining showed strong membranous signals compared to negative controls using cell lysate without sP1T3, suggesting specific binding of sP1T3 to these ligand-expressing cancer cells. The recombinant fusion protein sP1T3 provided a useful tool for studying the effect of dual-blockade of immune checkpoint and its potential in targeted immunotherapy of cancer, which needs further investigation.

3 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

043476   ABDULLAH B A , HAMED G Y (Dentistry Coll, Mosul, Iraq, Email: basserali30@yahoo.com) : Bruxism in mosul city part 2. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(3), 83-6.

Bruxism is defined as the grinding or clenching of the teeth. Pathological bruxism can cause damage to dental surfaces, joint pain and many other dentally related tissues. it is assumed that 8-20 % of the population suffer from bruxism. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of sleep bruxism and awake bruxism and their relation with age, gender, previous trauma, unilateral chewing, headache and ear problems. This research included 450 patients, two hundred seventy one females and one hundred seventy nine males, the age ranged between 13-65 years old, signs and symptoms of TMDs were recorded according to Helkimo index, grinding, clenching, history of previous trauma, unilateral chewing, and headache reported by the patients were recorded in a case sheet, ear problems complaints including (pain, ringing sound, buzzing sound and subjective hearing loss) were investigated and recorded. Statistical analysis was done by using Chi square and one way ANOVA tests. The result of this study reveal that the prevalence of grinding was 28.8 % whereas the prevalence of clenching was 24.8%, female to male ratio was 1.5:1, the group of age between 21-30 years represent the most prevalent cluster age, they represent 60.4% from the study sample. A highly significant relationships p ≤ 0.001 among sleep, awake bruxsim and pervious trauma, unilateral chewing and headache were found in this study. There were highly significant relations between grinding, clenching and ear problems p ≤ 0.001.

2 illus, 5 tables, 33 ref

043475   DUZYOL E , AYDOGDU S , DUZYOL M, AKGUL N (Istanbul Medeniyet Univ, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: mustfadzyl@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial activity of root canal sealers on facultative gram-positive cocci. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(3), 80-2.

Antibacterial effect of several root canal sealers were compared which have different chemical structures. Enterococcus faecalis (EF) incubated into brain-heart infusion agar at 37 C for 24 h. 20 mg of used root canal sealers were impregnated blank antimicrobial discs which were Endomethasone N, AH Plus, MTA Fillapex and Sealapex. Each plates were separated four quadrants and root canal sealers impregnated antimicrobial discs were inserted into their quadrants. Inhibition zones were measured with eyewitness on the plates by well-educated specialist after 48 h. Endomethasone N have made higher inhibiton zones than other root canal sealers. AH Plus has larger inhibition zone than MTA Fillapex and Sealapex. Sealapex has less antibacterial effect on E. Faecalis. The results demostrated that eugenol based root canal sealers have significant antibacterial effects.

1 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

043474   AL-JADWAA F T A , AL-SHAEKH ALI M GH S , TAQA A A (Dental Basic Sciences Dep, Mosul Univ, Mosul, Iraq, Email: amertaqa@hotmail.com) : Fluoride release from composite resin in different media. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(3), 75-9.

The present study aimed to measure the fluoride released from composite resins stored in different beverages. Three composite resins (Te-Econom, Tetric ceram, and VOCO) were used. Twenty specimens for each composite resin were prepared according to the manufacturer instructions, and were divided into four groups (The first group were stowed in deionized water, the second group were stowed in orange juice, the third group were stowed in Pepsi Cola while the last group were stowed in coffee without sugure). The storage solutions were replaced after 7, 15 and 30 days and fluoride release (FR) at the end of each storage period was measured by "fluoride ion selective electrode". One way analysis and Duncan test were used to statistically analyze the data. The amount of FR from the tested materials was significantly higher in orange juice (at day 15) than the amount of fluoride released in coffee and Pepsi Cola. The amount of fluoride released from the tested materials was significantly higher in Pepsi cola (at day 7) than the amount of fluoride released in orange and Pepsi cola. The ability of restorative dental materials to slowly release fluoride ions may provide a positive advantage in terms of recurrent caries inhibition.

4 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

043473   DUZYOL M , YAVUZ S A , OZDEMIR Z M , DUZYOL E (Restorative Dentistry Dep, Istanbul Medeniyet Univ, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: mustfadzyl@gmail.com) : Effect of hydrophilic amide monomers on dentin bonding strength. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(3), 72-4.

The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) to dentin of one-step bonding agent containing hydrophilic amide monomers (HMA) and 10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) with one-step bonding agent containing only MDP. 20 human third molar teeth randomly were divided into two groups. Teeth was abraded with a SiC disc (Carbimet, Bisco Inc., Schaumburg, USA) to be under 1 mm of enamel-dentin junction. The dentin surface of each teeth were etched with % 37 phosphoric acid for 15 s and then rinsed with water spray for 10 s and after that air dried. Cylinders of composite (Clearfil Majesty Posterior, Kuraray Noritake Inc, Okuyama, Japan) were bonded using 2 dental bonding agents. Group A used bonding agent containing HMA+MDP (Clearfil Universal Quick bond, Kuraray America, Inc. New York/NY, USA) and Group B used bonding agent containing only MDP (Clearfil S3 Bond plus, Kuraray America, Inc. New York/NY, USA) applied in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The speciemens were stored for 24 h in 37°C water and thermocycled between 5 and 55 C water with a 20 s dwell time for 5000 cycles. They were then submitted to a shear bond test with a universal testing machine (AGS-X, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) with a 100 N load cell at 1 mm/min. The values of SBS were analyzed with ANOVA/Tukey’s test. Group A was 35,96±5,47 MPa and B was 24,25±7,5 MPa There was a statistical difference between the two bonding agents (p<0.05). Group A was significantly higher than Group B. According to this study, bonding agents containing which type of monomers may be one of the important factors influencing dentin bond strength. When bonding agents with hydrophilic amide monomers are used, it has showed higher shear bond strength.

1 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

043472   ABDELFATTAH M Y , FAHMI M K , EL-DEEN D M (Tanta Univ, Egypt, Email: m.yousef@tudent.edu.sa) : An effective approach for prosthodontic rehabilitation for a trismus patient seeking removable partial denture: A clinical report. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(3), 68-71.

Prosthodontic Rehabilitation for trismuspatients with extremelyrestricted mouth openings by using traditional methods represent a big challenge for prosthodontists. Intra oral scanning and digitalized three dimensional CAD,CAM technology have affordeddifferenttechniquesused in the construction of highly accurate virtual dentition casts. to improve the accuracy of aRPD framework by incorporating the digitalization technology, computer-aided design (CAD), and 3D printing. Multiple intraoral scans were used to reconstruct the virtual cast on which the authors planned the virtual RPD framework. Thenusing a 3D printing process, the titanium alloy framework was constructed, and the final RPD was fitted on the patient mouth. Digitalization technology, computer-aided design (CAD), and 3D printing andIntraoral scanning provided an accurate and effective method in the construction of a removable prosthesis for a trismus patient with severly restricted mouth opening.

10 illus, 13 ref

043471   JAMEL R S (Conservative Dentistry Dep, Mosul Univ, Iraq, Email: raghadsabahaldabagh@gmail.com) : Evaluation of water sorption and solubility of different dental cements at different time interval. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(2), 62-7.

The clinical durability of dental cements is determined by dimensional stability. Water sorption and solubility of dental cements in distilled water have not been tested sufficiently. Aims: To evaluate and compare the water sorption and solubility of four different dental cements for permanent cementation at different time interval. Four different dental cements were selected: 1. Resin modified glass ionomer cement (Rely X luting2), 2. Poly acid modified composite resin cement (PermaCem Compomer), 3. Selfetching, self-adhesive dual cure composite resin cement (BeautiCem SA) and 4. Self-adhesive, dual cure composite resin cement (PermaCem 2.0). 120 discs were prepared, 30 discs for each group using Teflon molds (15± 0.1mm in diameter and 1± 0.1 mm in thickness). The discs were dried in a desiccator at 37c º and weighted daily until a stable weight (M1) was achieved using an electronic digital balance with accuracy of 0.0001g. The discs were immersed in distilled water for different time intervals (1, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days) and the weight (M2) was recorded. The discs were replaced in a desiccator and weighed daily until stable weight (M3) was achieved. Water sorption and solubility in µg/mm³ were calculated using the following equations: Wsp=(M2-M3)/V; Wsl=(M1-M3)/V. Data analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s Post hoc test. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the different dental cements and time intervals for both water sorption and solubility. RelyX luting2 exhibited the highest water sorption and solubility values at different time interval, whereas Permacem 2.0 showed the lowest values (P≤0.05). Four types of dental cements of different compositions showed different behavior on water sorption and solubility. Resin cements are recommended for the permanent cementation of indirect restorations. Dental cements exhibited a time dependent increase in both water solubility and sorption.

4 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

043470   ABDELHAFEEZ M M (October Univ for Modern Sciences and Arts, Egypt, Email: dr.manal.abdelhafeez@qudent.org) : Computed tomographic evaluation of shaping ability for fkg dentaire and protaper next files on preservation of canal width and degree of taper. Int J Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(2), 56-61.

This current study was performed to evaluate the ability of two rotary filing systems; namely, FKG Dentaire NiTi files (La Chaux-de-Fonds,Switzerland) and ProTaper Next NiTi files (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) in preservation of canal width and degree of taper after instrumentation in root canal system. A total of sixty-four freshly extracted single-rooted first mandibular permanent human premolar teeth with single canals were selected. The teeth were then decoronated and the canals were instrumented. Teeth were then divided into two main groups, consisting of thirty-two each. Root canals were prepared using the FKG Dentaire system in the first group and the PTN (ProTaper Next) system in the second group. Degree of canal width changes and change in canal taper were measured by using the Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) before and after root canal instrumentation. Finally, all data were collected and statistically analyzed by the aid of the paired Student's t and Chi-square test. At the minimal width changes measurements, 1mm from the apex, it was found that no significant difference exists between the mean and standard deviation of pre-instrumented and post-instrumented groups using FKG system, (P=0.0756). However, a significant difference exists between the mean and standard deviation of pre- and post-instrumented groups using the PTN system, (P=0.0117). On the other hand, at the maximum width changes measurements, 7mm from the apex, it was found that a significant difference exists between the mean and standard deviation of pre- and post-instrumented groups using FKG system, (P=0.0015). While a highly significant difference exists between the mean and standard deviation of pre- and post-instrumented groups using PTN system, (P=0.0005). Under certain conditions of this study, FKG system appears to remove lesser dentin with more tendency to preserve the canal taper and decrease any unneeded enlargement.

4 illus, 5 tables, 28 ref