046630   LENIN EZHILARASU J, PARASURAMAN P, SATHIYA PRIYA V (Chettinad Coll of Nursing, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu) : Quality of life among patients with hypertension at selected tertiary hospital in Kelambakkam, Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu, India. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194308.

A descriptive study to assess the quality of life among patients with hypertension in a selected tertiary hospital at kelambakkam, kanchipuram District, Tamilnadu. The objectives were to assess the quality of life among patients with hypertension and to associate the quality of life of patients with hypertension and the selected demographic variables. 75 samples were participated in the study by using purposive sampling technique.WHO QOL - BREF tool was used to assess the quality of life among patients with hypertension. The study findings revealed that (52) 69.33 % of the samples had low quality of life, (22) 29.33 % of them had moderate quality of life and (1) 1.33 % only had good quality of life. The results revealed that there is a statistical significance found between the Quality of life and selected demographic variables respecctively age (x² =10.69), weight (x²=4.34),duration of hypertension (x²=3.79) co-morbid condition (x² =0). There is no statistical significant association found quality of life among patients with hypertension.

2 tables, 11 ref

043392   MIGLANI S (Conservative Dentistry Dep, Faculty of Dentistry, New Delhi, Email: smiglani@jmi.ac.in) : Burden of dental caries in India: Current scenario and future strategies. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(2), 155-9.

Dental caries, commonly known as tooth decay or cavity, is among the most widespread oral diseases globally. It is one of the prime causative agents of oral discomfort and reason for patients to visit dental clinics or hospitals. If detected timely, the tooth can be restored and if left untreated it can eventually lead to tooth loss or other serious sequelae. This article draws attention to why dental caries is a global oral health concern and problems faced in India in managing this pandemic disease. It also attempts to suggest a few preventive strategies and future research directions needed to control this national oral health concern. A narrative overview of the current literature is presented and a few suggestions on preventive and research strategies are highlighted. Oral health that is an essential component of overall well-being is often neglected in India. Basic region-wise data in the form of well-controlled surveys regarding the prevalence of dental caries across India are also not available. This is needed to frame robust preventive strategies, policies, and manpower allocation, suitable for different subgroups of the population. State-level data should be collected to know the prevalence of this disease, identify the high-risk areas and customize region-wise preventive and treatment strategies. India has the maximum number of dental schools, efforts at individual levels are needed since everything cannot be left for the government to work upon.

36 ref

041575   RAPHAEL V P, SHANMUGHAN S K (Chemistry Dep, Government Engineering Coll, Thrissur - 680 009, Kerala, Email: vinodpraphael@gmail.com) : In silico evaluation on the inhibition efficacy of five antivirals on SARS-CoV-2 protease (COVID-19). Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 1031-8.

All over the world rigorous research attempts are going on to find a remedy for the spreading and prevention of the dreadful pandemic of 21^st century, the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). To discover an effective drug for curing and a preventive vaccine against this disease it will take more than one year. According to some medical practitioners certain antivirals which are used for other diseases can cure COVID-19. In the present investigation, five antivirals claiming to be effective therapeutic agents to mitigate the symptoms of COVID-19 were screened using computational docking studies on the main protease of coronavirus. Five antivirals considered are Favipiravir (FVR), Remdesivir (RMR), Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), Lopinavir (LVR) and Ritonavir (RVR). The first three agents FVR, RMR and HCQ are used for the treatment of influenza, ebola and malaria respectively. Lopinavir and Ritonavir are the anti-HIV drugs. Favipiravir and Remdesivir are prod rugs and the active nucleotide metabolites (FVR-RTP and RMR-NTP) were taken for in silico docking investigations. AutoDockvina, EduPyMoL and Discovery Studio software’s were used for the computational evaluation. Among the studied molecules HCQ displayed lowest score for the binding energy (-6.1 kcal/mol) and LPR showed the highest value (-8.1 kcal/mol) on SARS-CoV-2 protease. The binding energy of the antivirals on the protease follows the order HCQ Poor inhibition was noted for HCQ in the protease binding pocket and hence the therapy using this drug for COVID-19 may not be effective. LPR displayed maximum value of binding capacity on the receptor. FPR-RTP interacted well on the protease with seven H-bonds. RVR and RMR molecules also bound the receptor using strong favourable binding forces.

6 illus, 1 table, 38 ref

043391   DOGRA S , GOYAL V , GUPTA A , JOSHI S , KATARIA V , SAINI J , NAGPAL M , NARULA P (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, SGT Univ, Gurugram, Haryana, Email: shikha.dogra87@gmail.com) : Spectrophotometric evaluation of color change in tooth enamel defects using resin infiltrate: An In vivo study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(2), 150-4.

To analyze the comparative change in pretreatment and posttreatment La*b* values of color in initial nonpitted white spot lesions of fluorosed teeth after resin infiltration with DMG-Icon spectrophotometrically with VITA easy shade. A total of 30 maxillary and mandibular permanent anterior teeth with mild, nonpitted white spot lesions (atleast one) of fluorosis [till grade IV of Thylstrup and Fejerskov (TF) index] in patients between 6 years and 14 years of age were included in the present study. Shade of selected tooth and its white spot lesion area was recorded using VITA 3D shade guide, both pre and postoperatively, i.e., after application of DMG Icon. This was followed by recording the change in corresponding La*b* values of tooth shade and white spot lesion spectrophotometrically using VITA Easy Shade. Results obtained were analyzed statistically. ΔE value of color change was found to be less than 3.7 in most of samples after resin infiltration and esthetically color change to naked eye was statistically significant (p value < 0.00001) postoperatively. Resin infiltration with DMG Icon can improve the color of non-cavitated white spot lesions. The esthetic effect of this treatment was evident immediately after treatment. Moreover, no cavitation occurred after etching, even when the surface layer had been eroded completely. Achievement of esthetic results without loss of tooth structure and postoperative sensitivity.

4 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

046629   KACHHADIA J P, BHATT S B, PATIL V R (Govt. Medical Coll, Baroda, Gujarat, Email: drbhatt_fm@yahoo.com) : Study of suspicious deaths in middle aged married females. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194307.

Female deaths, especially young married females always arouse suspicions, but later age females who have crossed 30 years of age are not the cases which draws our attention. So, we conducted an observational study for a period of 1 year in autopsy of SSG Hospital, Baroda. Of all cases coming for the postmortem examination, cases in which the victim is married female and above 30 years of age were taken for the study when there was suspicion regarding the cause of death. Victims having Illiterates (16.66 %), primary (45.83 %), secondary (33.33 %) school education were total 95.82 % of cases. It was observed that 72.91 % of deaths were suicidal in nature followed by accidental (22.91 %) and homicidal deaths (4.16 %). The data collected was analyzed using MS Excel worksheets for averages and percentage. Education holds a very pivotal role in the prevention of unnatural deaths in females.

5 tables, 22 ref

043390   BACCAGLIONE G , ROTA E , FERRARI M , MADDALONE M ( Medicine and Surgery Dep, Milano Bicocca Univ, Monza, Italy, Email: giulia.baccaglione@gmail.com) : Second class functional treatment: Andreasen activator vs twin block. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(2), 144-9.

The purpose of this research is to analyze and compare the dental and skeletal changes induced by two functional devices, Andreasen Activator and Clark’s twin block, on the sagittal and vertical plane, by means of cephalometric analysis, of the lateral cephalograms prescribed at the beginning and at the end of the treatment for a second skeletal class, first division with normal or deep bite. Twenty patients, 8 females and 12 males, fulfilling criteria for inclusion, were divided randomly into two groups: group I was treated with Andreasen activator, the second group with Clark’s twin block. The duration of the therapy was about 18 months plus less 2 months. Pretreatment and posttreatment cephalometric radiographs were analyzed using angular (SNA, SNB, ANB, SnaSnp–GoGn angles), linear (Sna–Snp, Co–Gn, Co–Go, Go–Gn) skeletal parameters and dental one (U1–SnaSnp angle, L1–GoGn angle, Overjet and Overbite). To evaluate the posttreatment changes in the single groups and between them, paired and unpaired t-test was used. In both of the two groups analyzed, all the sagittal and vertical, angular and linear, skeletal measurements appear to be increased in a statistically significant way, except SNA angle and the distance Sna–Snp. Regarding the dental parameters, in the group treated with Andreasen activator, only Overjet and Overbite showed statistically significant differences. On the other hand, twin block induced statistical changes about Overjet, Overbite and also U1/SnaSnp, but not about L1/GoGn. The advancement of the mandible determines a greater prominence of the chin and lower lip, an increment of the labial mental angle and a reduction of the convexity of the profile. Also, the decrease of the overjet and, consequently, of the dental exposure improve the esthetic appearance of the patient’s face. Both functional treatments showed a lower jaw advanced on the sagittal plane and increased in size. In the upper jaw no significant changes were observed. It was also evident a dental compensation both on sagittal and vertical planes. The functional devices studied, Andreasen activator and twin block, seem to obtain more skeletal than dental results when the patients were treated at the peak of pubertal growth.

3 tables, 28 ref

041571   ASIF A H, NANJUNDAN P K, BASAVARAJAPPA G M, SREEHARSHA N, CHANDUR U, ROOPASHREE T S (Pharmacy Practice Dep, King Faisal Univ, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, Email: ahasif@kfu.edu.sa) : Insulin resistance modulation with lifestyle modification- proof-of-concept study in rats. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 999-1006.

Fatigue, a physical and/or mental exhaustion is a common symptom of diabetes. Easy fatigability is not limited to uncontrolled diabetes however is comorbid with psychological, medical, metabolic, and chronic complications like insulin-resistance, glucose intolerance, and obesity. We analyzed the effect of lifestyle modification involving physical exercise and intake of omega 3 fatty acid-rich fish oil on insulin resistance and diabetic fatigue. For the same, diabetes was induced using single dose streptozocin injection in rats fed with a high-fat diet and were treated with fish oil alone and in combination with exercise training. Blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance, lipid profile, insulin levels, oxidative stress and glycogen content were monitored in rats exposed to swimming exercise and fatigue test. Alone fish oil could improve symptoms of diabetic complications; however, the combination intervention of exercise and oral administration of fish oil significantly lowered the fasting blood glucose level and fatty acid profile in diabetic rats. Improvement in antioxidant profile was observed from the decreased levels of lipid peroxidation products and increased levels of antioxidants like superoxide dismutase and glutathione. Effective glucose disposal correlated with better insulin tolerance and improvement in lipid profile as indicated by a significant reduction in LDL, VLDL, free fatty acids, and leptin with an increase in HDL levels. Exercise-induced changes in the liver and skeletal tissue, enabling diabetic rats to restore their glycogen stores thus building the endurance required for prolonged exercise. Lifestyle modification with moderate exercise and consumption of antioxidant-rich fish oil is a novel and easy therapeutic intervention in the treatment of multifactorial syndrome of fatigue observed as a diabetic complication.

4 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

043389   SUBRAMANYAM D , SOMASUNDARAM S (Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Asan Memorial Dental Coll and Hospital, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, Email: smiley.divya24@gmail.com) : Clinical and radiographic evaluation of aloe vera vs formocresol as a pulpotomy medicament in primary molars: A double blinded randomized controlled trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(2), 138–43.

The aim of this clinical trial is to compare the clinical and radiographic success of Aloe vera and formocresol (FC) as a pulpotomy medicament in primary molars. A total of 72 asymptomatic or symptomatic vital primary molars were selected and were assigned to two groups: group II: Buckley’s FC, group II: Aloe vera gel. The clinical and radiographic success were evaluated using Zurn and Seale criteria. The data were statistically analyzed using the Chi-square test. At three and 6 months follow-up, the clinical success rate of Aloe vera and FC was equally effective. Aloe vera showed a higher radiographic success rate compared to FC (p > 0.05). At 6 months follow-up, FC showed a higher radiographic success rate compared to Aloe vera (p > 0.05). The clinical and radiographic success of both groups were equally effective at the end of 6 months follow-up. Aloe vera can be considered as an alternative pulpotomy medicament to FC. But, further long-term follow-up studies and histological studies are required.

3 tables, 54 ref

041570   VERMA H, PANDEY R K, SHUKLA S S, GIDWANI B, VYAS A (Pharmacognosy Dep, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy Tekari, Raipur - 493 111, Chhattisgarh, Email: ravindraiop@gmail. com) : Investigation of effect of phytoconstituents aloe emodin and quercetin on bioavailability of albendazole. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 991-8.

Albendazole is a drug with benzimidazole nucleus and is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract due to its low aqueous solubility. The objective of present work was to study the effect of two phytoconstituents aloe emodin and quercetin on the bioavailability of albendazole. Estimation was done through UV spectroscopy and HPLC analysis using different concentration of both the phytoconstituents. In-vivo study was conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic parameters. Results revealed no change in T_max of albendazole and significant changes were observed in C_max values. The C_max was maximum i.e. 0.138 µg/ml when 20mg/kg of quercetin was added as compared to aloe-emodin. The increase in bioavailability of Albendazole was due to the presence of flavonoids in quercetin. The retention time of albendazole as estimated through HPLC chromatogram was found to be 3.2 minutes with acetonitrile and phosphate buffer as the mobile phase. However; albendazole was not detectable in 24 hr plasma sample and values of AUC were found to be zero in all the concentration of aloe emodin and quercetin. Thus, the phytoconstituents rich in flavonoids could be used to increase the bioavailability of poor soluble drugs.

5 illus, 7 tables, 14 ref

043388   ANU V , PAVANI B , PAVANI D, LIANA B JX , LUBNA F A , SAIKRISHNA Y V (Public Health Dentistry Dep, Sathyabama Univ Dental Coll and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: pcnanu@gmail.com) : Distribution of school children based on the type of terminal plane in primary dentition: A study among 3- to 5-year-old children in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(2), 136-7.

This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of primary malocclusion among school children under 5 years of age in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. A total of 814 school children under 5 years were selected from 5 government and 5 private schools in Chennai city, Tamil Nadu, India, and their occlusion was recorded based on the terminal planes. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software. Frequency distribution and Chi-square test were carried out. The most common occlusion seen in the present study was flush terminal plane (54.05 %). Of them, 43.73 % had mesial step and 2.08 % had distal step. There was no significant difference between males and females. The signs of future malocclusion are found to be high. Hence, early preventive and interceptive measures are necessary to reduce the prevalence of future developing malocclusion and further adverse effects.

1 table, 10 ref

046628   BARWA J, SINGH R (Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Dep, SRHU, Uttarakhand- 248 140) : Nasal height as a parameter for stature estimation & sex differentiation in Dehradun region. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194306.

Stature is one of the most important parameters in the identification of an individual, living or dead. In intact bodies, stature estimation does not pose any problem but when dismembered human body parts are involved, it is of a challenge for the forensic pathologist as these parameters are highly sex, race and age dependent. The study was conducted in Shridev Suman Subharti Medical College, Dehradun among a total of 158 healthy subjects (17-25 years), comprising 79 males and 79 females. Those with cranio-facial defects were excluded from the study. Mean stature and nasal height were obtained by direct measurement; co-relation co-efficient were obtained and regression equation formulated for estimating stature. The study showed that in males mean values are significantly higher than females for both stature as well as nasal height; stature (males, 172.3435 ± 6.48442; females, 158.9430 ± 5.64269), nasal height (males, 5.0341 ± .37075; females, 4.6770 ± 30431). Nasal height in total subjects and individually in males is significantly (p<0.05) and positively correlated with stature. However, in females it is found to be statistically insignificant. These values can be employed in estimation of stature using the linear regression equation Y = 155.251 + 3.395 (nasal height of Males), Y = 151.170 + 1.662 (nasal height of females). Also, accuracy in predicting sex when mean nasal height is taken as independent variable is more in females as compared to males (F=77.2 %,M= 68.4 %). Nasal height can be used as a reliable tool in estimating stature, particularly in the males and in females it can be used for determination of sex with accuracy. 

3 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

043387   BEHL M , PATNANA A K , KHANNA V, CHAUDHRY K (Dentistry Dep, India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, Email: chaudhry_kirti@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of three different bleaching agents in permanent and primary teeth: An in vitro study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(2), 130-5.

To evaluate the effectiveness of three different bleaching agents in permanent and primary teeth. The study was done on 60 freshly extracted single-rooted teeth (30 permanent and 30 primary incisors) with intact coronal portion. The teeth were artificially stained with whole blood as the staining medium in a high-speed centrifuge. The discolorations were determined by the use of 3D Master Vita shade guide. The conventional endodontic treatment procedures were completed in all the test samples. The test samples were divided into group I (permanent teeth) and group II (primary teeth). The test samples were further divided into three subgroups according to the experimental materials used for bleaching [group IA—10 % carbamide peroxide (CP), group IIB—9.5 % hydrogen peroxide (HP), and group IIIC—10 % sodium perborate (SP)]. The samples were evaluated at 7 days and 14 days after the completion of intracoronal bleaching procedure. The CP group showed lowest shade values, and SP group showed the highest shade values after 14 days in both permanent and primary teeth. The CP showed the significant difference in the shade at 7 days and 14 days in permanent teeth. No statistically significant difference was observed between the three experimental at the 7 days and 14 days in the primary teeth. The CP is effective in permanent teeth after 7 days and 14 days of intracoronal bleaching. The three experimental materials are equally effective in the primary teeth bleaching after 7 days and 14 days.

2 illus, 6 tables, 26 ref

043386   CHAHAR P , MOHANTY V , BALAPPANAVAR A Y, YADAV V , KAPOOR S (Public Health Dentistry Dep, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, Email: Puneetchahar@rocketmail.com) : Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of hindi version of child oral impacts on daily performance index. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(2), 124-9.

Oral diseases may have an impact on quality of life (QoL) and the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). As compared to clinical measures which are unable to provide a complete picture, OHRQoL indices quantify the oral health impact on overall health. Worldwide indices have been developed to measure the OHRQoL in children but none can be applicable in Indian context. The aim of the study was cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric analysis of Hindi version of child oral impacts on daily performance (C-OIDP) index. Translation and back translation were done for index using prescribed guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation. A pilot study was conducted in 32 children and required modifications were done. The final Hindi version was tested for reliability and validity on a convenience sample of 64 children aged 11–14 years selected from public schools in Delhi. The psychometric properties of the Hindi version were tested for face, content, construct validity along with internal consistency, and test–retest reliability. The mean age of the final sample (n= 64) was 13.02 ± 0.93 years with boys (51.6 %) and girls (48.4 %). The mean C-OIDP score was 8.8 ± 7.8. Significant association was obtained when C-OIDP was compared with self-perceived oral health. Interitem correlation ranged from −0.008 to 0.45. Kappa for categories of child OIDP ranged from 0.711 to 1.00 and intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.91. The Hindi version of C-OIDP is a valid and reliable tool to measure OHRQoL in Hindi-speaking children in India.

6 tables, 38 ref

041567   PATEL A P, PATEL J K (Pharmaceutics Dep, Nootan Pharmacy Coll, Visnagar - 384 315, Gujarat, Email: patelanita21@gmail.com) : Mucoadhesive in-situ gel formulation for vaginal delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 963-70.

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is an anti-retroviral medicine which belongs to microbicides class being formulated for a woman instigated technique of prevention of the human immunodeficiency virus infection. The objective of the present investigation is to prepare thermosensitive mucoadhesive in-situ vaginal gel of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate that can present pre-exposure prophylaxis against human immunodeficiency virus in addition to providing excellent spreading as well as coating of the vagina, forming the therapy more effectual and bring about extended effect. The vaginal in-situ gel of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was prepared using thermosensitive polymer poloxamer 407 and mucoadhesive polymer carbopol 934 by a cold method. It was characterized for drug-excipient compatibility, viscosity, gelation study, gelling capacity, in-vitro drug release study, stability study and Hen’s Egg Test-Chorioallantoic Membrane assay. Drug excipient compatibility study displayed that there is no interaction between drug and excipients. Formulation F2 was found as the most appropriate formulation on the basis of the evaluation parameters, as it displayed the preferred properties. The work of adhesion values was used as parameters for comparison of mucoadhesive performance and it was found as 0.324±0.036N. Hen’s Egg Test-Chorioallantoic Membrane test showed that the formulation is nonirritant to the vaginal mucosa. Formulation F2 was subjected to accelerated stability studies at 40°C ± 2°C /75 % RH ± 5 % RH for 6 months. The results showed that it stayed steady for 6 months. It can be concluded that the development of a tenofovir in-situ vaginal gel which may offer effective and sustained protection against human immunodeficiency virus infection.

4 illus, 4 tables, 29 ref

046627   UMA P K, RAMANI P, SHERLIN H J, GHEENA S, JAYARAJ G, DON K R, SANTHANAM A (Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Dep, Saveetha Univ, Velapanchavadi, Chennai, Email: umacherry@gmail.com ) : Knowledge about legal aspects of medical negligence in India among dentists– A questionnaire survey. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194305.

Medical negligence is the breach of legal duty to care which includes the damages, and establishing causation .Awareness towards medical negligence is increasing day by day among patients. Recent court  rulings have also been in favour of the complainants where there is proven case of negligence which has encouraged others to take up their grievances There is no special subject where dentists learn about legal aspects of medical negligence. Hence this study was done to assess their knowledge on legal aspects of medical negligence. An online questionnaire with 15 questions regarding legal aspects of medical negligence was sent to 100 dentists of a well reputed dental college. The completed forms were evaluated. The results were calculated as percentage and tabulated as graphs. The awareness was less among dentists for most of the questions. Majority of them knew the term medical negligence but terms least known were res ispa loquitor, bolam’s test and Bolitho case. The other questions had less than an average response. The survey results showed that the knowledge of dentists regarding the legal aspects of medical negligence was poor. This survey assessed the knowledge of the dentists and also enlightened the respondents with answers pertaining to the questions. More awareness must be created so that doctors are more careful and hence patients benefitted.

3 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

043385   SINGH S , SRIVASTAVA B , GUPTA K , GUPTA N , SINGH R , SINGH S (Pedodontics Dep, Medeor Hospital, New Delhi, Email: sameep_5662@yahoo.com) : Comparative evaluation of antifungal efficacy of five root canal sealers against clinical isolates of candida albicans: A microbiological study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(2), 119-23.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the antifungal efficacy of MTA Fillapex, Metapex, zinc oxide eugenol cement, Endomethasone, and Endoflas against Candida albicans. Root canal exudates of 30 patients were tested against MTA Fillapex (Angelus), Metapex (BioMed), zinc oxide eugenol (Deepak Enterprise), Endomethasone (Septodont), Endoflas FS (Sanlor Laboratories), MTA (Angelus) (positive control), and glycerine (negative control). Children with failed endodontic cases were included in the study. Tube dilution and agar diffusion methods were used to check the antifungal efficacy of the root canal sealers. In tube dilution method, 24-well culture plates containing freshly mixed material along with Candida albicans were used. Wells containing MTA (Angelus) along with Sabouraud dextrose agar and Candida albicans served as positive control while glycerine along with Sabouraud dextrose agar and Candida albicans served as negative control. All plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. Growth of the fungi was monitored after 24 hours by the presence of the turbidity. The samples were recultured to test the experimental material using agar well diffusion method, and the Petri plates were incubated for 24 hours and 72 hours. Zone of inhibition was measured after respective time period. Paired t test was used for the data analysis. It was seen in tube dilution method Endomethasone showed least turbidity while maximum was shown by Metapex; similar results were seen in case of agar well diffusion method in which largest zone of inhibition was shown by Endomethasone while smallest was by Metapex. It was concluded that Endomethasone showed maximum efficacy against Candida albicans as compared to Metapex.

4 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

041565   POPOVSKA O, SIMONOVSKA J, KAVRAKOVSKI Z, RAFAJLOVSKA V (Mother Teresa Univ-Skopje, Skopje, Republic Of North Macedonia, Email: olga_popovska@yahoo.com) : Preparation of ketoconazole liposomes with an ultrasonic and an injection method using vegetable oils. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 946-53.

Ketoconazole as antimycotic drug have a great impact in the treatment of many skin diseases. The toxicity of available ketoconazole in form of tablets, cream and shampoo is overcome by encapsulation in liposome structures which show potential benefits in aspect of biodegradability, increased stability and prolonged drug releasing. The main objective of this study was to develop new formulations of ketoconazole liposomes characterized with satisfactory encapsulation efficiency and stability. Liposomes were prepared by an ultrasound and an injection method. In the liposome preparation, sunflower and olive were introduced instead of harmful organic solvents. The obtained liposomes were characterized according to the encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential, electrical conductivity, morphological appearance, particle size and stability. The highest encapsulation efficiency of 70.33 % and 87.06 % was obtained using ketoconazole:cholesterol:L-α-phosphatidylcholine in the ratio of 1:2:1.67 w/w/w and 3.33:1:3.33 w/w/w, respectively, at the ultrasound and the injection method, using water at hydration medium, oil as solvent and centrifugation at 5000 rpm. During one month storage, the stability of obtained liposomes was higher at 4ºC compared to 25ºC. By application of the ultrasound method small unilamellar ketoconazole liposomes were formed, while large unilamellar and multilamellar by injection method. Introducing the sunflower and the olive oil, eco friendly preparation method was established, as well as new formulations of ketoconazole liposomes were developed.

5 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

041564   GANGANE P, KAWTIKWAR P (Sudhakarrao Naik Institute of Pharmacy, Yavatmal - 445 402, Maharashtra, Email: p.gangane@gmail.com) : Development of donepezil hydrochloride loaded gellan gum based nasal mucoadhesive microspheres by spray drying method. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 935-45.

The aim of present study was the formulation of donepezil hydrochloride loaded polymeric mucoadhesive microspheres for delivery via nasal route to increase the residence time and absorption of drug from the nasal mucosa. The microspheres were formulated by conventional spray drying technique by using gellan gum as a mucoadhesive polymer. A 3² full factorial design was utilized with polymer concentration (X₁) and liquid feed flow rate (X₂) as independent variables in formulation of the microspheres and their effect was studied on entrapment efficiency, particle size and drug loading. The results specified that the X₁-X₂ interaction had significant effect on drug loading while X₂ alone effect on entrapment efficiency and particle size. The optimized microspheres were further evaluated for drug release kinetic study, histological examination, ex vivo permeation study and stability study. It was concluded that the gellan gum containing microspheres of donepezil hydrochloride with mucoadhesive property are suitable for nasal delivery.

11 illus, 5 tables, 29 ref

041563   SINGH G, SHILPA, ALI W, SARWAL A (Panjab Univ, Chandigarh - 160 014, Email: sarwalamita@gmail.com) : In-situ gelling system for mucoadhesive sitespecific drug delivery for treatment of recurrent vaginal candidiasis. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 921-34.

The purpose of this work was to design and evaluate bio adhesive films for effective treatment against vaginal candidiasis. Fluconazole, a bis tri-azole agent inhibits ergosterol synthesis leading to the disruption of fungal membrane for use as an antifungal agent. The pharmacokinetic profile of fluconazole reveals minimal metabolization, low protein binding and is largely excreted in the urine. Bioadhesive films were prepared by the solvent evaporation technique. The excipients including chitosan as a mucoadhesive polymer and plasticizer along with polyvinyl alcohol and glycerine were dissolved at a total combined concentration to form optimized formulation. Variables such as swelling index, mucoadhesive strength, percentage drug release, permeation, retention and irritation studies were assessed. The prepared films were generally smooth, pliable and transparent/semi-transparent in appearance having an average thickness range from 0.08±0.005 to 0.15±0.006. In vitro release experiments demonstrated that film formulations exhibited higher drug release in comparison to marketed gel, FLUCOS^® with maximum percentage cumulative drug release after 8 hr release of 42.563 ± 0.743 %. Skin retention studies were carried out to find the amount of drug retained by the skin layers. Percentage drug retention in porcine vaginal tissue for F13 has been found to be 1.15 and 1.09 times higher than F12 and FLUCOS^® . The selected formulation showed an appropriate anti-candida activity through appearance of zone of inhibition during anti-fungal activity studies, with promising results to meet the unmet medical need for vaginal delivery that swells and forms a viscous gel upon insertion into the vaginal cavity. Conclusively, the selected formulation of Intravaginal film creates a mucoadhesive gel that spreads rapidly and widely over the vaginal mucosa and is retained for a sufficiently long time to provide therapeutic efficacy via topical action.

7 illus, 8 tables, 26 ref

043384   VERMA L , PASSI S , SHARMA U , GUPTA J (Pedodontics Dep, Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences, Chandigarh, Email: drleenaverma32@rediffmail.com) : Oral health knowledge, attitude, and practices among postgraduate students of Punjab University, Chandigarh: A cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(2), 113-8.

Dental caries and periodontal diseases are the most commonly occurring dental problems. Proper knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAPs) of oral health of young adults will help in prevention of these diseases. To comparatively evaluate the oral health KAPs related to oral health of postgraduate students of Panjab University, Chandigarh, with respect to gender and different departments. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted using a questionnaire that assessed KAPs of postgraduate students, aged 17–25 years. This survey was undertaken on 600 postgraduate students of Panjab University, Chandigarh. The sample was divided into 3 groups: group I—arts students (n = 200), group II—science students (n = 200), and group III—commerce students (n = 200). Data were collected and subjected to statistical analysis. Chi-squared test was used for comparison between different groups. ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis compared the data between different departments, and Mann–Whitney U test between males and females. The students of arts had significantly lesser knowledge of oral health compared with other departments. About 65 % arts students believed that sweets/soft drinks/chips were causing tooth decay compared with 83 % science and 80 % commerce students (p value < 0.001). About 52.5 % arts students had knowledge that blood on the toothbrush was indicative of gum disease followed by 67 % science and 76 % commerce students (p value < 0.001). In our study, there was no significant difference in gender with respect to KAPs of oral health but a significant difference was observed among different departments with arts students showing significantly lesser knowledge.

5 tables, 20 ref

043383   AUSTIN D , JAYAKUMAR H L , CHANDRA K M , KEMPARAJ V , PRAHLADKA P (Public Health Dentistry Dep, AECS Maaruti Coll of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: roseiven@gmail.com) : Cross-sectional study on white spot lesions and its association with dental caries experience among school children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(2), 107-12.

To evaluate the association of white spot lesions (WSLs) with existing dental caries experience and other clinical parameters among children aged 7–12 years. A cross-sectional comparative study on 407 children using Nyvad’s caries diagnostic criteria was performed on the permanent first incisors and molars. Accordingly, they were grouped as cases (presence of caries) and controls (sound). The data pertaining to sociodemographic variables and clinical variables of oral hygiene index (OHI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (DMFS-dmfs), eruption degree of first permanent molars, and number of WSLs were subjected to bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression to identify the predictor variables for the caries lesion activity. Relatively higher DMFS-dmfs scores, the number of WSLs, GBI, and OHI were recorded among the cases. In multiple logistic regression analysis, WSL ≥ 1 (OR = 18.78; CI 9.74–36.21, p = 0.0001), DMFS-dmfs + WSL ≥ 20 (OR = 30.75; CI 1.8–525.28, p = 0.0001), GBI > 0.5 (OR = 8.46; CI 4.05–17.66, p = 0.0001); OHI > 1.2 (OR = 2.83; CI 1.11–7.23, p = 0.03) were found to be significant predictors for the cases. It is important to be cognizant of the initiation of caries in children through the initial stages so that efforts can be pooled in towards prevention rather than extensive curative measures. In routine clinical examinations, WSLs are seldom detected. An insight into these lesions can help the dentists’ to strategize the preventive measures enabling a reduction in total dental caries experience, burden of disease, and improved quality of life.

4 tables, 30 ref

043382   BOMMANGOUDAR J S , CHANDRASHEKHAR S , SHETTY S , SIDRAL S (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, SMBT Dental Coll and Hospital, Sangamner, Maharashtra, Email: joepedo121@gmail.com) : Pedodontist’s role in managing speech impairments due to structural imperfections and oral habits: A literature review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(1), 85-90.

Speech is one of the oldest media of communication of thoughts. It has affected human behavior and progress so greatly that it has been one of the important determinants of psychosocial health of the human beings. The dental profession, as a guardian of oral health, is engaged to a great extent in altering and restoring structures within the oral cavity, to alleviate the ravages of disease and developmental abnormalities. A major portion of speech articulation takes place within the oral cavity, and any alteration or restorations of structures therein will adversely affect speech proportionate to the location and magnitude of alteration. This article provides an updated literature review on the role of pedodontists in early diagnosis and intervention of speech impairments.

3 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

043381   SANUSI S Y, JAMALUDIN S A , AL-BATAYNEH O B , SINOR M Z , KHAMIS M F (Sains Malaysia Univ, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia, Email: sarliza@usm.my) : Fate of pulpotomized teeth in pediatric patients: a 3-year case series in a Malaysian dental teaching hospital. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(1), 79-84.

This 3-year retrospective case series evaluated the clinical and radiographic outcome of ferric sulfate and formocresol pulpotomy in primary molar teeth in a dental teaching hospital in Malaysia. Clinical and radiographic records of all pediatric patients who had pulpotomy of primary molar teeth between July 2005 and October 2008 were evaluated. A total of 55 pulpotomized primary molars were observed. Clinical assessments were carried out during the second visit to assess the presence of sinus tract, gingival swelling, excessive tooth mobility, tenderness to percussion, and abnormal exfoliation of the treated teeth. Periapical radiographs were reviewed for evidence of pathologic root resorption, radicular and/or periapical radiolucency, and abnormal pulp canal calcification. Treatments were regarded as failure in the presence of one or more of the above clinical and/or radiographic signs and symptoms. Of 55 pulpotomized teeth, 26 (47.3 %) remained free from any clinical signs and symptoms and 48 (87.3 %) showed no pathological radiographic findings. The clinical success rates of ferric sulfate and formocresol pulpotomy were 44.4 % and 60.0 %, respectively, whereas the radiographic success rates of ferric sulfate and formocresol pulpotomy were 86.7 % and 90.0 %, respectively. Although teeth treated with formocresol had higher both clinical and radiographic success rates compared with those treated with ferric sulfate, it was not statistically significant. The clinical success rates of pulpotomy were lower compared with radiographic success rates. Ferric sulfate is an alternative to formocresol; however, the use of both agents in the dental undergraduate teaching at Universiti Sains Malaysia can still be recommended. Formocresol and ferric sulfate are advocated as pulpotomy agents in primary molar teeth since both agents showed comparable clinical and radiographic success rates.

4 tables, 41 ref

046625   RAJAN J K (Nursing Dep, Majmaah Univ, Al Majma'ah- 15341, Saudi Arabia) : Assessment of knowledge and attitude of adolescents regarding blood and organ donation in selected rural areas of Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 0.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194303.

The life force in all human beings, regardless of colour, race or belief, flows through their arteries and veins; it is red liquid which –depends on whether they are well or ill – bears good and bad tidings. Its various components form a highly developed defence and transport system which gives and saves life. The present study was aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude regarding blood and organ donation among adolescents in selected rural areas of Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, with a view to prepare a self instructional module. The research design used for this study was Non experimental descriptive design. Non probability purposive Sampling was used to select 100 samples for the study. The tool used for the study was structured interview schedule. The findings of the study includes 33 % of adolescents had inadequate knowledge and 77 % of adolescents had favourable attitude regarding blood and organ donation. The study revealed that there was positive correlation (r=0. 268) between the knowledge and attitude scores of blood and organ donation. Distributing SIM regarding blood and organ donation helps the adolescents to have adequate knowledge, awareness and positive attitude regarding blood and organ donation.

4 tables, 9 ref

043380   KUMAR D , GANDHI K , MAYWAD S , MALHOTRA R , AHUJA S , KAPOOR R (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Inderprastha Dental Coll and Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drdipanshu.kumar@gmail.com) : Prevalence and correlation of dental caries with its specific risk factors in 5–15-year-old school-going children in urban population of Ghaziabad. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(1), 72-8.

Dental caries is a rapidly emerging oral health problem amid the children with differing prevalence rate in different states of India. The data available from Ghaziabad city regarding dental caries are scarce; therefore, the study was conducted in 5–15-year school-going children in urban population of Ghaziabad. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of dental caries in school-going children of 5–15-year age groups in urban population of Ghaziabad and to assess and intercorrelate its relationship with the form, frequency and total sugar exposure, socioeconomic status (SES) of family, and fluoride in drinking water. The study was conducted in 3,000 school-going children aged 5–15 years (divided into three age groups of 5–6, 7–12, and 13–15 years) studying in the government and private schools in the urban area of Ghaziabad city. A specifically designed pro forma was used for recording the personal data; sociodemographic profile; World Health Organization oral health assessment form for dental caries; 24-hour dietary recall to record the form, frequency, and total number of sugar exposure; and SES of the family (Kuppuswamy scale) of children. The concentration of fluoride in collected samples of drinking water was measured by the visual spectrophotometric method test. The results were tabulated and statistically analyzed. The overall caries prevalence in 5–15-year age group was found to be 54.6 %. There was a statistical significant difference found when the age-group comparison (p = 0.001), gender-wise comparison (p = 0.001), SES comparison (p = 0.002), the physical form of sugar intake (p= 0.038), frequency of sugar consumption at/between meals (p= 0.001), and total number of sugar exposure during last 24 hours (p= 0.001) were evaluated with caries prevalence. The mean water fluoride level in the surveyed area was found to be 0.48 ppm and was found to be nonsignificantly (p = 0.248) associated with caries prevalence. The risk factors, such as age, gender, physical form of sugar, frequency of sugar consumption at and between meal and total number of sugar exposure during the last 24 hours, and SES of parents, were found to be associated with the prevalence of dental caries in school-going children of 5–15-year age group.

4 tables, 59 ref

043379   KANNAN S PK , ALFAHAID S F , ALHARBI A S , ALMUTAIRI B S , ALANAZI A H , ALSAAB F A , ALATALLAH S S , ALDHUWAYHI S D (Dental Education Dep, Majmaah Univ, Al Majmaah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: drkkomr@gmail.com) : Oral hygiene behavior of school children in Saudi Arabia: A descriptive cross-sectional survey. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(1), 66-71.

Oral health is an integral part of general health, and good knowledge and oral hygiene practices are the key to achieving oral health. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and oral hygiene practices of school children in Saudi Arabia and the need for dental health education and intervention. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among male school children (n = 451), aged 6–12 years, in the Al-Zulfi region of Saudi Arabia. Participants were included in this study using one-stage cluster sampling. The subjects completed a questionnaire, and the oral hygiene index-simplified was recorded. The collected data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 21. Only 41.9 % of the children had good oral hygiene. Of the sampled children, 72.7 % used a toothbrush and toothpaste, but only 2.2 % were aware of dental floss; 62.7 % children brushed for 1–2 minutes and had good oral hygiene, but 55.9 % of children had no knowledge about periodontal health. Only 30.1 % parents observed their children during tooth brushing. Use of a toothbrush and toothpaste is the most commonly used and most effective oral hygiene aid. Brushing twice a day for 1–2 minutes seems to be effective. Oral health care education should be included in the school curriculum, and a parental awareness program is needed to emphasize their role in the dental health of their children.

5 illus, 6 tables, 22 ref

046624   JANARTHANAN R, MUTHAMIZH SELVAN P (Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Dep, Mahathma Gandhi Medical Coll and Research Institute, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, Email: muthamizh1989@gmail.com) : Estimation of stature from footprint length. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194302.

The human foot is studied for various reasons in forensic departments, by anthropologists, anatomists etc. Footprints are of immense value in a crime scene in establishing the personal identity and in a potential link between the perpetrator and the scene of crime. Identification of a person is of prime and foremost importance in both civil and criminal cases. Time is a critical factor in crime scene investigation, so rapid identification of suspect is very important. Here, in our study, the aim is to estimate the stature of individuals based on their footprint lengths among the students (Both male and female students between the age group 18 to 22 years) 50 male and 50 female students, studying in Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru.that the footprint length help us in estimating the stature of an unknown individual which will be helpful in investigation of various crimes. Also not much difference is statistically noted in the stature estimated by right and left footprint length in both the sexes.

3 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

041559   YAN H, ZHOU H, LI S, YE K, JIANG Y, SUN P (Jinan Univ, Guangzhou, China, Email: 347109811@qq.com) : Drug development chain and professional curriculum chain integrated pharmacy courses. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 888-95Pharmacy, Education, Double-chain integration, Drug development chain, Professional curriculum.

The disjointed problem of pharmacy education training and research in the pharmaceutical industry has become increasingly prominent, restricting the "professional idea or competency transfusion" ability from pharmacy colleges and universities to the pharmaceutical industry in China. This study we proposed an integrated double-chain consisting of the "professional curriculum chain" and the "drug development chain" for successful solving this problem. To develop the combination of pharmacy training and scientific research. Taking the feature of one student, one new lead compound as the key point, a "drug development chain" and a "professional curriculum chain" were integrated into a double-chain by a series of course and experiment redesign. Evaluation was conducted and feedback was obtained to refine the course design. According to the results of a survey of recent graduates, the five years of the doublechain integration operation significantly not only promoted the professional knowledge and skills and the enthusiasm of undergraduates to participate in scientific research and innovation activities, but also optimized the teaching management mechanism in our college. The double-chain integration approach to pharmacy curriculum development shows convincing evidence of enhancement to the curriculum and students’ research ability. Such an approach should be considered when implementing or revising pharmacy curricula.

6 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

043378   VINOD D , GOPALAKRISHNAN A , SUBRAMANI S M , BALACHANDRAN M , MANOHARAN V , JOY A (Pediatric Dentistry Dep, Royal Dental Coll, Palakkad, Kerala, Email: dr.v.darshana@gmail.com) : A comparative evaluation of remineralizing potential of three commercially available remineralizing agents: An in vitro study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(1), 61-5.

An in vitro study to evaluate and compare the remineralization potential of commercially available remineralizing agents containing silver diamine fluoride (SDF), casein sucrose phosphate (CSP), casein phospho peptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) using DIAGNOdent. Thirty freshly extracted premolars for orthodontic treatment were collected. Specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 each: group I: SDF, group II: CSP, group III: CPP-ACP. The samples were subjected to DIAGNOdent analysis for recording the baseline values. Specimens were placed in demineralizing solution incubated at 37 °C for 72 hours. DIAGNOdent values were recorded after demineralization. Following this, remineralization procedure was carried out using 3 different remineralizing agents: group I samples with SDF, group II with CSP, and group III with CPP-ACP. The remineralization procedure was performed to group I once and repeated for 14 days for group II and group III and storage solution was changed every 24 hours. The samples were subjected to DIAGNOdent analysis after 72 hours, 7 days, and 14 days and values were recorded. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc test. Intragroup comparison of DIAGNOdent readings showed a highly significant difference between baseline, postdemineralization, and postremineralization values. Among intergroup comparison, SDF showed maximum remineralization values followed by CSP and CPP-ACP, respectively. Silver diamine fluoride, CSP, and CPP -ACP are proven to possess remineralization potential. A comparative evaluation of these three remineralizing agents will aid in identifying most potent and effective agent in treating initial caries lesions in an effective noninvasive and child-friendly manner.

1 illus, 2 tables, 51 ref

046623   KURVETI P, VERMA D S, YADAV J, DUBEY B P (Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Dep, Gandhi Medical Coll, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Email: rayan.priya@gmail.com) : Study of various osteometric parameters of human mandible in adult and elderly age groups. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194301.

The cardinal points of identity establishment can be met out with the help of mandibular anthropometry, when the bone is available for examination. A number of metric and non- metric parameters help in estimating the age from the mandible; which accurately differentiates various stages of life cycle The main aim of this study is to study the various osteometric parameters of human mandible in adult and elderly age groups; and to determine their significance and utility for the purpose of identification in forensic sample. For the purpose, 200 mandibles were measured anthropometrically. The data was collected in master chart and statistically analysed. Height of the mandibular body, thickness of the mandibular body and maximum ramus height were found to be statistically significant parameters. Hence, these parameters could be used for allocation of a mandible to adult or elderly age group. It is also recommended to include other morphometric parameters of mandibles in the study to increase the accuracy and precision.

1 illus, 6 tables, 8 ref

041558   JOSE Z M, MARIA-ISABEL V-M, MARIA F-R, NOELIA A-F, FERNANDO M-M (Granada Univ, Granada, Spain, Email: misabelvalverdemerino@gmail.com) : Training in professional pharmacy services through educational videos. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 881-7.

Pharmaceutical Care is a subject within the Pharmacy degree that can not only be taught using theoretical frameworks but also requires new teaching tools, like a simulated educational video. The objective of this study is to produce simulated patientbased videos as a supplementary teaching tool to deepen the understanding and knowledge of Professional Pharmacy Services. Several videos based on simulated patient cases of the most prevalent Professional Pharmacy Services (medication adherence, medication review with follow-up, dispensing and minor ailment service) were produced and used as a teaching tool within a theoretical lesson in undergraduate and professional training. A prospective study was performed in two groups: undergraduate students and professional pharmacist. Their opinion about these Educational Videos was evaluated through a questionnaire on a 1-10 scale. Frequencies mean ± standard deviation, median and internal consistency of the survey were analyzed. Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. Undergraduate students (n=90) and professional pharmacists from Master classes (n=59) completed the questionnaire (Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.8). Statistically significant differences were found in some relevant items between both groups of students, related to the content’s clarity (9.12±1.11 vs 9.72±0.57; p=0.003), simulation of reality (6.60±2.26 vs 8.47±1.23; p<0.001) and correspondence with theory (9.23±1.07 vs 9.64±0.68; p=0.037). General score and most items were rated higher by professional pharmacists than undergraduate students (8.19±0.96 vs 8.84±1.10; p=0.001). Educational videos are an adequate tool for teaching Pharmaceutical Care, adding new layers of learning to Professional Pharmacy Services.

3 tables, 33 ref

043377   VIGNESH KC , KANDASWAMY E , MUTHU MS (Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be Univ), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: drkcvignesh@gmail.com) : A comparative evaluation of fracture toughness of composite resin vs protemp 4 for use in strip crowns: An in vitro study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(1), 57-60.

The aim of this study was to compare the fracture toughness of pedo shade packable composite resin (Z100, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, USA) vs Protemp 4 (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) when used inside a strip crown to restore primary incisors. Thirty-six exfoliated noncarious human primary central and lateral incisors were randomly divided into two equal groups. The teeth were prepared to standardized dimensions to receive a strip crown. All the teeth were etched, rinsed, and dried following which bonding agent was applied and light cured. In group I, pedo shade packable composite resin (Z100, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, USA) was packed into strip crowns, placed on the prepared tooth, and light cured. In group II, the strip crowns were filled with Protemp 4 (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany), placed on the prepared tooth, and left to autopolymerize for 10 minutes. The strip crowns were removed, and the teeth were tested using the universal testing machine until fracture. Fracture toughness of the two groups was recorded and analyzed statistically using Student’s “t” test. The mean force required to fracture strip crowns restored with Protemp 4 (416.89 ± 124.58 N) was higher when compared with pedo shade packable composite resin (338.27 ± 130.99 N). However, statistical analysis did not show a significant difference in the fracture toughness between the two groups (p = 0.074), based on Student’s “t” test results. The fracture toughness of teeth restored with Protemp 4 was comparable with pedo shade packable composite resin when used inside a strip crown. The use of Protemp 4 is a possible alternative to pedo shade packable composite resin in restoring the primary anterior teeth, when used inside the strip crowns. The data also showed that the fracture toughness of Protemp 4 was comparable with pedo shade packable composite resin.

1 table, 45 ref

041557   CERBIN-KOCZOROWSKA M, PRZYMUSZA?A P, WASZYK-NOWACZYK M, PLEWKA B, MARCINIAK R (Medical Education Dep, Poznan Univ of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland, Email: pprzymuszala@ump.edu.pl) : The Need for Simulated Patient Method Implementation in Pharmaceutical Education in Poland. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 875-80.

Changing societal expectations towards pharmacy graduates and increased focus on communication skills, interprofessional collaboration and pharmaceutical care in their curricula, point out necessity of using new educational techniques to introduce pharmacy students to more practical elements of their future profession. The aim of presented study was to introduce and discuss the simulated patient method (SP-method) and indicate potential areas of its implementation into pharmacy curriculum, in terms of qualifications of graduates, on the example of Polish legislation. : PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify full text English language articles on application of the SP-method in educational scenarios, with particular emphasis on pharmaceutical education. Additionally, the new Ordinance of the Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education, defining educational standards for undergraduate pharmaceutical education, was analysed in search of learning outcomes that could be achieved and verified using the SP-method. Given that the Bloom’s cognitive domain can be supported with cheaper educational methods, presented study focused mainly on practical skills. The key findings suggest that the SP-method allows to accomplish many skill-based learning outcomes defined in the undergraduate pharmaceutical curriculum. Potential areas of its implementation include: enhancing communication skills, patient counselling skills, patient education and pharmaceutical care, teamwork and interprofessional collaboration. Pharmacy students, similarly to their colleagues studying medicine or nursing, should be given opportunities to learn using the SP-method.

1 table, 39 ref

046622   KACHHADIA J P, TANNA J A, PATIL V R (Forensic Medicine Dep, GMERS Medical Coll, Junagadh, Gujarat, Email: jitu_tanna1@yahoo.com ) : A post-mortem observational study of suspicious deaths in married females aged 30 years or less. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194300.

Suspicious death in married female is always a sensitive case and needs our full attention. So, current study was undertaken at S.S.G. Hospital, Vadodara for a period of 1 year. Of all cases coming for the postmortem examination, cases in which the victim is female and below 30 years of age were taken for the study when there was suspicion regarding the cause of death. Out of all the medico-legal autopsies 5.7 % autopsies were Unnatural deaths of married females less than 30 years old. Maximum number (40 %) of deaths were observed in the age group of 21-25 years. (86.65 %) of female deaths occurred within 0-7 years of marriage. 75.55 % of deaths were suicidal in nature followed by accidental (18.88 %). The data collected was analyzed using MS Excel worksheets for averages and percentage. Many of the findings of current study were correlated with earlier studies, while others were found contradictory. Further detailed study with larger sample size is required.

5 tables, 12 ref

043376   WINNIER J , SURESH R (Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Dr DY Patil Dental Coll and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, Email: drjaswinnie@yahoo.com) : A comparative evaluation of a labial approach with a conventional palatal approach for endodontic access in primary maxillary incisors: A pilot study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(1), 53-6.

A straight-line access provides an uninterrupted path for a successful endodontic procedure and traditionally a palatal approach was used to achieve the same. A labial access opening may provide a straight-line access to the root canal more consistently than the conventional palatal access opening in primary maxillary incisors; its advantages being improved visibility and direct access to the root canal. This study was designed to compare and evaluate the time taken for pulpectomy in primary maxillary incisors with conventional palatal access and labial access as well as time taken for the postendodontic restoration. A cohort study was conducted wherein pulpectomy was performed on primary maxillary anterior teeth with labial endodontic access (group I—40 teeth) and palatal endodontic access (group II—40 teeth). Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups of 20 teeth each, requiring postendodontic composite restoration and requiring postendodontic strip crown restoration. Time taken for pulpectomy with both methods and for postendodontic restoration was evaluated. The mean time (in seconds) taken for pulpectomy and postendodontic composite restoration was significantly less with a labial access than a palatal access (p = 0.000). Although the time required for postendodontic strip crown restoration was less with a labial access compared with a palatal access, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.907). From the results of this study, it can be suggested that labial endodontic access may be routinely used for pulp therapy of primary anterior teeth. A labial endodontic access for primary anterior teeth provides a straight-line access and improves operator convenience and patient compliance when compared with a palatal access.

5 tables, 15 ref

041556   BATISTA R (Organic Chemistry Dep, Federal Univ of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil, Email: ronbatis@ufba.br) : Using chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19: Does it make sense?. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 865-74.

ABSTRACT The severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the new coronavirus SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19) has quickly turned into a pandemic, infecting more than 10 million people and causing more than 500,000 deaths worldwide. The absence of an effective treatment against this disease has led several researchers to investigate the possibility of redirecting drugs already known to be effective against other diseases in the treatment of COVID-19, among them the antimalarial drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. This review aims at showing how chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine came to be considered as possible drugs in the treatment of COVID-19 and how the recent in vivo experiments described so far shed light on the adequacy of this use.

3 illus, 2 tables, 53 ref

043375   NIRANJAN M M , SRIVASTAVA N , RANA V , CHANDNA P (Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Swami Vivekanand Subharti Univ, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, Email: madanniranjan639@gmail.com) : Assessment of intraoral findings of neonates, born in and around Meerut City. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(1), 48-52.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the occlusal relationships between the gum pads of neonates and to record intraoral findings in neonates and compare with the existing findings. The oral cavities of 1,000 healthy neonates from birth to 1 month of age were examined to evaluate the occlusal relationships between the gum pads and to record other intraoral findings in neonates and compare with the existing findings. Oral findings recorded were oral mucosal cysts, Fordyce’s spot, Epstein’s pearls, Bohn’s nodules, ankyloglossia, natal or neonatal teeth and attachment of the upper midline frenum. Relationship between the alveolar ridges was also recorded. Obtained data were evaluated and statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 and Epi-info version 3.0. The maxillo-mandibular relationship of gum pads in approximately 97 % cases, the mandible was found distal and lingual to maxilla. The presence of anterior open bite was observed in 9.1 % cases. The most common intraoral finding in examined neonates was an oral mucosal cyst, 61.2 %. The presence of Epstein’s pearls was the next most common finding 38.3 %. Fordyce’s spots were found only in 1.2 % of cases, while the presence of natal/neonatal teeth was only in 0.6 % of cases. Ankyloglossia was present in only 0.5 % neonates. Maxillary frenum was present in 79.1 % of cases and it was attached on the alveolar crest. The results of the present study were in accordance with the pre-existing data. However, anterior open-bite was seen in significantly less percentage of the population.

5 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

041554   SAJAD M, AHMED M, THAKUR S C (Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi - 110 025, Email: sthakur@jmi.ac.in) : An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome-2019 (COVID-19): A major health concern. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 847-57.

In Wuhan City, the province of Hubei, China, there appeared an unusual epidemic of pneumonia of uncertain ethology in December 2019. A novel coronavirus was identified by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as the triggering agent and subsequently named COVID-19. Considered a relative of SARS, which infected the lower respiratory tract and manifested in people as pneumonia, COVID-19 is the product of a beta-Corona virus called SARS-COV-2. The frequency of COVID-19 infection continue to increase, with more than 278,467 deaths worldwide till May 9, 2020. To stop their further spread scientists and researchers are racing to investigate the nature of this virus and their effects. We summarize the current state of knowledge around COVID-19and the role of some dietary vitamins and immune enhancers that may help the immune system in fight against COVID-19. Moreover, it also highlights the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on pollution particularly in India, in response to this global outbreak.

5 illus, 1 table, 54 ref

041553   SETHURAMAN N (Pharmaceutics Dep, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai - 600 116, Tamil Nadu, Email: nagalakshmimpharm@gmail.com) : Artificial intelligence: A new paradigm for pharmaceutical applications in formulations development. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 843-6.

Artificial Intelligence is a branch of engineering that specializes in developing intelligent machines. The utilization of artificial intelligence in pharmaceutical technology has elevated over the years. Over the beyond few years, the sector of artificial intelligence has moved from largely theoretical research to real-international applications. Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence that gives systems the capacity to automated learn and enhance from experience without being especially programmed. Machine learning (MI) ought to protect medicine around $100 billion yearly due to more efficiencies in clinical trials, higher insights for decision-making and innovative tools that could assist consumers, physicians, regulators and insurers to make informed decisions. Neural networks, fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms are unexpectedly developing technologies that would be applied to the formulation and manufacturing of pharmaceutical products. The present article, in brief describes the significance of AI within the manner of drug development after which seems on the numerous AI tools that are available at the disposal of a present-day pharmacist to aid in more efficient functioning.

19 ref

043374   KHATIB M S , DEVARASANAHALLI S V, ASWATHANARAYANA R M , VENKATESWARA A H , NADIG R R (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, Dayananda Sagar Coll of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: sibbghatullahh@gmail.com) : Microtensile bond strength of composite resin following the use of bromelain and papain as deproteinizing agents on etched dentin: An in vitro study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(1), 43-7.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the deproteinizing effect of sodium hypochlorite, bromelain, and papain on microtensile bond strength of composite resin to etched dentin. Eighty freshly extracted permanent molars were wet grounded into a flat surface using a diamond disk to expose the superficial dentinal surface. Teeth were etched with 37 % phosphoric acid for 15 seconds and rinsed with water and blot dried. Teeth were divided into four groups (n = 20) based on the method of dentin deproteinization. Group I: only etching; group II: deproteinized with 5.25 % sodium hypochlorite for 1 minute; group III: deproteinized with 8 % bromelain enzyme for 1 minute; and group IV: deproteinized with 8 % papain enzyme for 1 minute. All the samples were washed off with distilled water to remove deproteinizing agents. Sample surfaces were blot dried and bonding of the dentin surface was performed and restored with light cure bulk fill composite. Samples were stored in distilled water (37 °C/24 hours) and thermocycled. Then, the teeth were longitudinally sectioned and individually fixed to a sectioning block using acrylic resin. The block was mounted on hard tissue microtome and sectioned to get one to three slabs of 1 mm thick sections. The beam was then attached to a custom-made jig using screws subjected to the Instron universal testing machine. A tensile load was applied at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute until the beam fractured. Higher mean bond strength was recorded in group IV followed by group III, group II, and group I, respectively. Group III presented a statistically significant highest mean score compared to other study groups with group I and group II (p < 0.001), followed by group IV having significantly higher mean score compared to group I and group II (p < 0.001) and finally a significant difference was observed between group II and group I (p < 0.001). However, the mean microtensile bond strength score did not differ significantly between group III and group IV (p = 0.20). Within the limitations of this present in vitro study, the following conclusions were drawn. The microtensile bond strength of dentine tested in various deproteinizing agents is as follows: 8 % bromelain > 8 % papain > 5.25 % NaOCl > control group. Naturally occurring deproteinizing agents, such as bromelain and papain, used in this study have resulted in greater bond strength values when compared to that of traditionally used chemical agent such as NaOCl.

4 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

046621   ARULMATHIKANNAN M, JAGDISH KAMAL CHANDER U, PRADHAN P, SNEHA S, KUMAR P S (Forensic Medicine Dep, Sri Ramachandra Medical Coll, Chennai – 600 116, Email: bcoolbikul@gmail.com) : A study on pattern of intracranial injuries in cases of fatal head injury. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194299.

Head injuries are the most common cause of death in trauma patients throughout the world. These injuries occur due to many causes most common of them being road traffic accidents, followed by fall, assault, etc. The dissection technique of scalp, skull and dura was in accordance with the procedures suggested by Gresham GA and Turner AF and the brain dissection as suggested by Ludwig J.Among the 42 cases, highest number of cases was between the age of 51-60 years with 12 cases (28.6 %) and the lowest < 20 years with 4 cases (9.5 %). The highest number of cases were seen among the upper middle class with 19(45.2 %). There were 30 (71.4 %) cases of road traffic accidents and the remaining 12 (28.6 %) were case of fall (fall from height, fall of objects etc). Among the cases with skull fracture 23.8 % (10) had linear fractures, 11.9 % (5) had comminuted fracture, 2.4 % (1) had diastatic fracture and others (61.9 %) had no fractures. Among the cases with skull fracture 23.8 % (10) had linear fractures, 11.9 % (5) had comminuted fracture, 2.4 % (1) had diastatic fracture and others (61.9 %) had no fractures. Subdural hemorrhage was the commonest (n=34) intracranial injury observed. Highest number of fractures were present in the middle cranial fossa (n=16) among them 11 was linear fractures and 5 were comminuted fractures.

3 tables, 11 ref

041552   VYAS N, JOSHI A, MALVIYA S, KHARIA A (Modern Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indore - 453 111, Madhya Pradesh, Email: vyasji85@gmail.com) : Reduced pharma supply chain in COVID-19: Measures to reduce india’s reliance for active pharmaceutical ingredients on china and other countries. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54(4), 835-42.

India, which is called the “world of pharmacy” for being a top supplier of medicines in several countries, can depend on other countries for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) and other raw materials. Although India is one of the major suppliers of high-quality medicines in several countries, the Indian pharmaceutical industry is highly dependent on China and other countries in terms of raw materials (including the production of essential medicines such as Crocin). These raw materials are called Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API), also known as loose drugs. Indian pharmaceutical manufacturers import medicines from China and other countries/regions to account for about 70% of total medicine demand. This article sheds light on the important question of how India depends on other countries to obtain API and other raw materials. Also, the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the supply chain of bulk drugs, which indirectly affects the pharmaceutical manufacturers. The article concludes that this is the right time for India to remove the dependencies for bulk drugs on china and other countries and start producing their own API in the country itself. COVID-19 situation provides India an opportunity to become a preferred alternate hub for manufacturing APIs and intermediates.

4 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

043373   BUTAIL A , DUA P , MANGLA R , SAINI S, CHAUHAN A, RANA S (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences, Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, Email: butail. apra@gmail.com) : Evaluation of marginal microleakage and depth of penetration of different materials used as pit and fissure sealants: An in vitro study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(1), 38-42.

Fissure sealants hold a great significance in the preclusion of inception of caries process. The present in vitro study assesses the marginal sealing ability and penetration depth of various dental products used as pit and fissure sealants. Sixty freshly extracted human non-carious premolars were arbitrarily categorized into four groups of 15 samples. Prophylaxis of occlusal surfaces of sample teeth was done with pumice slurry and sealant was applied. Later, the teeth underwent thermocycling and immersion in 5 % methylene blue for 24 hours. Sectioning of teeth samples was done buccolingually and they were analyzed under stereomicroscope. Nonparametric tests Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney were applied to carry out microleakage comparison. The percentage penetration depth was compared using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Tukey’s post hoc test was applied for multiple analogies. Highest microleakage was seen in glass ionomer-based sealant followed by flowable composite and least for classical sealant. Flowable nanocomposite gave comparable results with that of the classical sealant. No statistical difference was found with respect to depth of penetration between different tested materials. Flowable nanocomposite can be considered as a promising substitute for sealing fissures and thus can be endorsed to cariessusceptible pediatric patients. 

5 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

043372   TYAGI S , CHOUDHARY E , CHOUDHARY A , CHAUHAN R (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, Sharda Univ, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drsakshi5tyagi@gmail.com) : A comparative evaluation of two commonly used gp solvents on different epoxy resin-based sealers: An in vitro study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(1), 35-7.

This study evaluates epoxy resin-based sealers after their final set, immersed in Endosolve-R or xylene for 1–2 minutes, for its easy removal mechanically after softening. Sixty Teflon molds were grouped with 20 samples in each of the three commercially available sealers, i.e., AH 26, AH Plus, and Adseal. The sealers were put in the specific molds after their manipulation as per the instructions given in the literature by the manufacturer. They were allowed to harden for 2 weeks at 37 °C in 100 % humidity. Two subgroups, A-Xylene and B-Endosolv-R, of 10 samples each, were formed from 20 set specimens based on solvents to which they were immersed for 1 and 2 minutes, respectively. The data obtained was subjected to the Mauchly’s test one-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA for analysis. It was proved that for all the sealers immersed in solvents, there was a significant reduction in the mean Vickers hardness as the time increases. There was a significant difference in the initial hardness between the mentioned sealers with AH plus showing the highest followed by AH 26 and Adseal showing the lowest. AH Plus and Adseal sealers were softened by xylene after 2 minutes of their initial microhardness (p < 0.001); least effect was seen on AH 26. After 2 minutes, Endosolv-R softened initial microhardness of all the three sealers (p < 0.001). It was concluded that Endosolv-R was more effective in softening the epoxy-based resin sealer than xylene, after 2 minutes of exposure.

2 tables, 24 ref

043371   DURAISAMY V , PRAGASAM A X , VASAVAIH S K, JOHN J B (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Vinayaka Mission’s Sankarachariyar Dental Coll, Salem, Tamil Nadu, Email: drvinola@vmsdc.edu.in) : Maternal knowledge regarding feeding practices and its effect on occlusion of primary dentition in children: A cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(1), 31-4.

Infant feeding practices are an important factor influencing malocclusion in deciduous dentition, which can have long-lasting negative outcomes on oral health-related quality of life. Hence, knowledge, attitudes and cultural practices of mothers are vital in prevention of this. The present study was carried out to assess the mother’s knowledge about feeding practices and its influence on primary dentition. The current study was a cross-sectional study of 187 mothers of 3- to 5-year-old children identified with malocclusion, conducted in the pedodontics department of tertiary care teaching dental hospital in South India. Majority of the mothers were graduates (31.6 %) or undergraduates or postgraduates (42.8 %). The duration of breastfeeding was 0–3 months in 9.1 %, 3–6 months in 23 %, 6–12 months in 30.5 %, and >12 months in 37.5 %. Bottle-feeding was reported by 21.4 %. Only 52.4 % of the mothers were aware about caries, and 66.2 % were aware of malocclusion. The prevalence of malocclusion was 63.6 % in study population, and the prevalence of caries was 30.5 %. The most common type of malocclusion was overjet seen in 20.9 % of study subjects. The proportion of children with crowding, open bite, and crossbite was 17.1, 15, and 10.7 %, respectively. There was a gradually increasing trend in malocclusion awareness with increasing educational status of the mother which was statistically not significant (p value = 0.119). The proportion of malocclusion was highest in children who received breastfeeding between 3 months and 6 months and was highest (69.8 %) in children who received bottlefeeding for more than 12 months. None of the factors had shown a statistically significant association with malocclusion in study population. The prevalence of malocclusion is high in children, and mothers’ awareness regarding malocclusion is poor. There is a need to educate mothers about proper feeding practices to prevent dental malocclusion.

6 tables, 25 ref

043370   SUOHU T, SHARMA S , MARWAH N , MISHRA P (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Dental Institute, Ranchi, Jharkhand, Email: drswati.sharma8@gmail.com) : A comparative evaluation of pain perception and comfort of a patient using conventional syringe and buzzy system. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(1), 27-30.

To evaluate the pain perception and comfort of patient during local anesthesia (LA) delivery using Buzzy system and conventional syringe. Fifty children aged 5 to 10 years were randomly divided into two groups, the main inclusion criteria being administration of LA for dental treatment. Parameters include Wong Baker face pain reading scale (WBFPRS) for subjective evaluation and pulse oximeter and face leg activity crying consolability (FLACC) scale for objective evaluation. The values obtained were statistically analyzed. FLACC score was higher in conventional group as compared to the Buzzy group, which was statistically significant. External cold and vibration via Buzzy can reduce pain and anxiety during LA delivery.

5 illus, 27 ref

043369   JEEVANANDAN G , RAVINDRAN V , SUBRAMANIAN E MG , KUMAR S (Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Saveetha Dental Coll and Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: drvigneshpedo@gmail.com) : Postoperative pain with hand, reciprocating, and rotary instrumentation techniques after root canal preparation in primary molars: A randomized clinical trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(1), 21-6.

The purpose of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the intensity and duration of postoperative pain after pulpectomy of primary teeth using three preparation techniques. A total of 60 patients were randomly allocated to three groups of 20 patients each, according to the root canal instrumentation techniques used. In group I, the teeth were prepared using manual NiTi K flex files till size 35. In group II, the teeth were prepared using NiTi K flex files till size 35 in reciprocating motion. In group III, the teeth were prepared using Kedo-S pediatric rotary files. After root canal preparation, the canals were obturated with endoflas paste and were restored permanently with composite filling material. The intensity and duration of postoperative pain were evaluated after 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours, using a four-point pain-intensity scale. There was a statistically significant difference among the groups, wherein the postoperative pain was more in NiTi K flex files used in reciprocating motion followed by manual NiTi K flex files and Kedo-S pediatric rotary files. Postoperative pain was more with NiTi K flex files in reciprocating motion and was less with Kedo-S rotary files after root canal preparation in primary maxillary molars. 

2 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

043368   CHAUDHRY K , TALWAR M , VANGA N RV , LEHL G K , CHOUDHARY A , PATNANA A K (Dentistry Dep, India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, Email: arun0550@gmail.com) : A comparative evaluation of three different dental age estimation methods in India: A test of ethnic variability. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(1), 16-20.

The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the applicability of Demirjian, Willems, and Haavikko methods of dental age estimation in southeastern (Dravidian ethnicity) and northwestern regions (Aryan ethnicity) of the Indian population. The study includes the orthopantomographs (OPGs) of 303 individuals (173 males and 130 females) of age ranging from 5 to 14 years. The participants in the present research were evaluated under two study groups: group I: participants of the southeastern region and group II: participants of the northwestern region. Dental age was calculated using Demirjian, Willems, and Haavikko methods and compared with the chronologic age of each participant. The accuracy of dental age estimation methods was evaluated by mean absolute error. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student’s t tests were used to test the significant difference between the chronologic age and estimated dental ages. The Demirjian method showed overestimation, while Willems and Haavikko methods showed underestimation for boys and girls in both the ethnic groups of Indian population. The Willems method of dental age estimation showed comparatively more accurate and reliable results in both the ethnic groups of the Indian population. The dental age estimation by Demirjian, Willems, and Haavikko methods showed no significant variation between the different ethnicities of the Indian population. The present research will be helpful in pedodontic, orthodontic, and forensic investigations for accurate and reliable dental age estimation in different parts of Indian population.

5 tables, 19 ref

043367   SINGHAL R , PATIL P , SIDDIBHAVI M , ANKOLA A V , SANKESHWARI R , KUMAR V (Public Health Dentistry Dep, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, Email: drricha.s8@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of cranberry extract on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus: An in vitro study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(1), 11-15.

Nature has been a source of medicinal treatments since millennia and plant-based systems continue to play an essential role. To study the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of cranberry on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The ethanolic extract of cranberry was tested against standard MTCC strains of S. mutans (MTCC 25175) and L. acidophilus (MTCC 8129) for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The time kill assay was performed to check the time-dependent bactericidal effect of the cranberry extract on microorganisms. Percentage of cell adhesion and biofilm inhibition of the dental microorganism at various doses of cranberry extract was measured by a spectrophotometer and biofilm morphology characteristics were observed under scanning electron microscopy. All the tests were carried out in triplicates. Data were computed in the SPSS software and mean/SD was determined. The results are presented in a descriptive manner; Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Friedman’s test were applied for comparative evaluation of the groups. p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results showed that MICs of cranberry extract against S. mutans and L. acidophilus are 12.5 mg/dL and 6.125 mg/dL, respectively, and MBCs are 25 mg/dL and 12.5 mg/dL, respectively. A significant decrease in the biofilm formation and cell adhesion of microorganisms at MIC (50 %) and MBC (70 %) was observed as compared to control as observed under a spectrophotometer and a scanning electron microscope. This study has identified bactericidal, bacteriostatic, and antibiofilm effects of cranberry extract against S. mutans and L. acidophilus in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner

3 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

043366   MADHUSUDHAN K S , KHARGEKAR N (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Krishnadevaraya Coll of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: sudhannks@gmail.com) : Nutritional status and its relationship with dental caries among 3–6-year-old anganwadi children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020, 13(1), 6-10.

The purpose of this study is to determine dental caries status in 3–6-year-old malnourished children. A total of 500 children aged 3–6 years enrolled in anganwadi were selected for this study. The nutritional status was evaluated by anthropometric measurements such as body weight and height [body mass index (BMI)-for-age]. Dental caries status was recorded according to WHO criteria. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis. The prevalence of underweight was 41 % and prevalence of dental caries was 61 %. Low BMI-for-age is a risk factor for dental caries. Inclusion of BMI-for-age calculation in routine case history pro forma helps in timely diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of children suffering from malnutrition.

9 tables, 26 ref