041729   SUMAN P, MANJU R, SHETTY V A, HEGDE A M, MUTHTAMIL, RAO S (Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Dep, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, Email: gopsmanju@yahoo.co.in) : Sex determination from the pulp tissue of deciduous teeth exposed to natural soil and wet clay - a PCR study. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(4), 562-8.

Dental tissue remains are the toughest, and chemically, the most stable tissue in the body. Its high resilience in the events of fire and bacterial decomposition makes them vital for DNA analysis by PCR method. Determination of sex of children through molecular analysis of pulp tissue of exfoliated deciduous teeth stored in different media and analyzed after a different time period. Sixty samples of deciduous teeth were divided into three groups. Group IA and Group IIA were stored in natural soil and wet clay for 1 month, respectively. Group IB and Group IIB were stored in natural soil and wet clay for 6 months, respectively. Group III was analyzed immediately after extraction. Sex determination was carried out in five steps: Pulp tissue removal, DNA isolation, DNA quantification, PCR amplification, Sex determination. X and Y specific chromosomes from each sample were amplified and compared. Kruskal‑Wallis test, Dunn’s test, and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Group III revealed the highest amount of DNA quantified. Amount of DNA quantified after 6 months of storage in natural soil and wet clay decreased in both the groups with the samples stored in wet clay showing a maximum decrease. Results of the PCR analysis also showed 100 % accuracy rate in the samples of Group III. Sex determination from pulp tissue depends a lot on the quality and quantity of DNA extracted. Sex could be effectively determined among the samples evaluated immediately after extraction. This ability decreases as the storage condition changes and the time period increases. Samples stored in wet clay were found to show the least sex identification ability than dry soil.

8 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

041727   KAUR G, REDDY T V K, VENKATESH K V, MAHALAKSHMI K (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, SRM Kattankulathur Dental Coll and Hospital, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu - 603203, Email: drgurveen93@gmail.com) : Effects of chitosan oligosaccharide and calcium hypochlorite on E. faecalis dentinal biofilm and smear layer removal sem analysis. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(4), 550-6.

The complex structure and irregularities of root canal walls are liable for infection by several bacterial species. Thus, the use of irrigants and auxiliary chemical solutions associated with instrumentation is necessary for effective eradication of the biofilm as well as complete removal of the smear layer. To evaluate the effects of calcium hypochlorite and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) in disinfecting Enterococcus faecalis root canal biofilm and smear layer removal with minimal erosion. A total of 70 mandibular premolars were decoronated at the cementoenamel junction. The samples were biomechanically prepared, sterilized in an autoclave, and incubated with E. faecalis (ATCC‑29212) bacteria for 21 days. Cleaning and shaping were done till maximum apical file size of #45 K. Specimens were randomly divided into 4 groups: GROUP I: Control Group, GROUP II: 5 % Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution followed by 17 % EDTA solution, GROUP III: 5 % Calcium Hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)₂] solution followed by 17 % EDTA solution and GROUP IV: 5 % Ca(OCl)₂ solution followed by 1 % COS. The samples were subjected to microbial count followed by smear layer removal under scanning electron microscope (SEM) at coronal, middle and apical third. Statistical Analysis Used: Kruskal–Wallis Test and post‑hoc Scheffe’s test. It was observed that Group IV showed the lowest amount of CFU count/mL and the highest amount of smear layer removal with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) when compared with the other three Groups. 5 % Ca(OCl)₂ solution with 1 % COS solution effectively removed the Enterococcus faecalis biofilm and smear layer from the root canals with minimal erosion.

3 illus, 6 tables, 28 ref

041726   NATH B, GUPTA S D, KUMARI R (Community and Family Medicine Dep, AIIMS, Rishikesh, Uttarakhan, Email: rkaiims2012@gmail.com) : Dental problems among diabetics: A case control study from an Indian State. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(4), 546-9.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder, which affects almost all parts of body. Dental problems remain neglected among diabetics which could have negative impact on health and if untreated could lead to financial loss in treatment of diseases. To compare the risk, quality of life (QOL), and direct cost of dental problems between cases and controls. A hospital‑based case control study in a tertiary care hospital of Uttarakhand, India. The risk of comorbidities of dental problem was 1.8 times higher as compared with controls. Twenty‑six percent of cases were found to be suffering from one or the other type of dental problems as compared with 16.4% among controls. The direct cost expenditure among cases was significantly higher as compared with controls. The QOL scores and the cost of treatment obtained could be an overestimate as some of the participants with dental problems also had comorbidities related to other systems of the body. The risk of dental problems and the direct cost was reported to be significantly higher among cases as compared with controls.

3 tables, 17 ref

041725   KUMAR N A, SAMPATHKUMAR J, RAMAKRISHNAN H, MAHADEVAN V (Prosthodontics and Implantology Dep, Ragas Dental Coll and Hospital, Uthandi, Chennai – 600 119, Email: abcv2005@yahoo.com) : Comparative evaluation of wear resistance of CAD-CAM zirconia and cast cobalt chromium alloy for indirect restorations against human enamel - an in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(4), 537-45.

To comparatively evaluate the wear resistance of two different posterior indirect restorative materials against human enamel. Two different posterior indirect restorative materials of ten in each Group‑I (Monolithic zirconia) (n = 10) and Group‑II (Cast cobalt chromium) (n = 10) were formed into disc and used as a substrate for the wear test. Freshly extracted mandibular first premolars were used as a pin (antagonist) (n = 20). Pin‑on‑disc wear testing machine was used to simulate the masticatory parameters and evaluation of the wear parameters was done after 1,20,000 cycles, with load of 40N for specific duration. Data related to wear testing procedure were tabulated and evaluated. Results were statistically analyzed using Mann–Whitney test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: Mean surface roughness value (Ra value) obtained for Group‑I disc test samples showed no statistical significance (P value < 0.05). Mean wear rate value of test disc samples was statistically significant between Group‑I and Group‑II (P value < 0.05). Mean surface roughness value was statistically significant between Groups–I and II before and after wear test (P value < 0.05). Conclusion: From the results obtained, it was found that the Group‑I (Monolithic zirconia) exhibited higher wear resistance than Group‑II (cast cobalt chromium) and causes less wear to the opposing enamel antagonist.

14 illus, 9 tables, 43 ref

041724   PRABHAKAR M, BOTTU K, SIVAPATHASUNDHARAM B (Oral Pathology Dep, Meenakshi Ammal Dental Coll, Maduravoyal - 600 095, Chennai, Email: manojprabhakarmds@gmail.com) : Estimation and comparison of serum cotinine level among individuals with smoking and tobacco chewing habit. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(4), 531-6.

The present study was aimed to estimate and compare tobacco exposure in smokers and chewers. The levels of cotinine, one of the constituents of tobacco were considered as indicative of tobacco exposure. Serum Cotinine levels in individuals with the habit of smoking and tobacco chewing were estimated and compared. Base line values of cotinine levels in normal subjects were established. The study groups comprised about 30 individuals with the habit of smoking (Group A); these 30 individuals with the habit of tobacco chewing (Group B), and 20 individuals who were never exposed to any form of tobacco as control group (Group C). Serum cotinine levels were estimated using a commercially available enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay in both test and control groups and the difference in the levels were compared. In individuals with the habit of smoking, cotinine levels ranged between 11 ng/ml and 215 ng/ml with a mean concentration of 87.56. In tobacco chewers, the levels ranged between 11 ng/ml and 128 ng/ml with a mean concentration of 73.66. In control group, the levels ranged between 0.34 ng/ml to 2.5 ng/ ml with a mean concentration of 0.93. Cotinine levels between smokers and tobacco chewers were compared and there was no statistically significant difference. Difference in serum cotinine levels between smokers and tobacco chewers is not significant. The fact that cotinine level is influenced by age of the individual, frequency and duration of the habit seems to be irrelevant from the results obtained from this study. Prospective studies considering all the factors and variables, with a preferable larger sample size can probably eradicate the chaos on the reliability of cotinine as a predictive biomarker for the amount of tobacco exposure.

2 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

041723   MANIGANDAN K, RAVISHANKAR P, SRIDEVI K, KEERTHI V, PRASHANTH P, KUMAR A R P (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, Thai Moogambigai Dental Coll & Hospital, Chennai - 600 095, Tamil Nadu, Email: arpradeependo@gmail.com) : Impact of dental operating microscope, selective dentin removal and cone beam computed tomography on detection of second mesiobuccal canal in maxillary molars: A clinical study. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(4), 526-30.

Maxillary molars may frequently require root canal therapy and can have complex anatomy. It is important to locate and treat the second mesiobuccal canal to significantly improve prognosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate direct vision, dental operating microscope (DOM), selective dentin removal under DOM, and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in clinical detection of second mesiobuccal root canal (MB2) in maxillary molars. A total of 122 maxillary first and second molars indicated for root canal treatment were included in our study. Following access cavity preparation, the presence of MB2 canal orifice was assessed in four stages. Stage I: with direct vision. Stage II: under DOM, Stage III: after selective dentin removal under DOM and Stage IV: teeth in which MB2 canal was not identified by Stage III were further investigated with CBCT. The number of canals identified during each stage was analyzed statistically. Clinical detection of MB2 canal in our study was 90 %, with 93 % in maxillary first molar and 86 % in maxillary second molar. 64 % MB2 canals were located at Stage I (direct vision) which improved to 84 % at Stage II (under DOM) and 90 % at Stage III (selective dentin removal under DOM). CBCT investigation (Stage IV) further improved the identification of MB2 canal leading to overall prevalence of 93 %. The results of our study demonstrated that MB2 canal can be clinically detected in up to 90 % of maxillary molars by the use of DOM and selective dentin removal. CBCT investigation is indicated when MB2 canals are not clinically detected.

1 illus, 36 ref

041722   BAGWE S, GOPALAKRISHNAN D, MEHTA V, MATHUR A, KAPARE K, DESHPANDE A (Public Health Dentistry Dep, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental Coll and Hospital, Pune - 411 018, Maharashtra, Email: vinip.mehta@gmail.com) : GCF and serum levels of omentin in periodontal health and disease of diabetic and non-diabetic individuals: A comparative study. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(4), 520-5.

Omentin is an adipocytokine secreted by visceral adipose tissue cells associated with the action of insulin‑increasing, insulin‑facilitated glucose uptake. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the levels of omentin in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum of periodontally healthy individuals and chronic periodontitis (CP) patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A hospital‑based comparative study was conducted amongst 40 subjects of age group 30–50 years. Subjects were divided into four groups, group I (10 healthy individuals), group II (10 T2DM), group III (10 CP only) and group IV (10 patients with CP and T2DM). Clinical and systemic parameters assessed were gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), periodontal attachment level (PAL) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Serum and GCF samples were collected and analysed for omentin levels using the enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Although the mean GCF omentin levels were highest in group I and lowest in group IV, it was not statistically significant. However, the serum omentin levels were statistically significant, showing the highest mean level in group I and lowest in group IV and serum levels were statistically significant. Also, the serum omentin levels had a negative correlation with HbA1c. The levels of omentin reflect the diabetic status of an individual, which suggests that omentin can be a potential anti‑inflammatory marker and a therapeutic agent for conditions like CP and T2DM.

3 illus, 3 tables, 43 ref

041721   SINDHU R, RAJARAM S, BHARATHWAJ V V, MOHAN R, MANIPAL S, PRABU D (Public Health Dentistry Dep, SRM Dental Coll, Chennai - 600 089, Tamil Nadu, Email: sindhudoc1908@gmail.com) : Is individual deprivation measures associated with dental anxiety and socioeconomic status of patients visiting dentists. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(4), 515-9.

To assess the association between Individual deprivation measure with dental anxiety and socioeconomic status among patients visiting dentists in Chennai city, Tamil Nadu. A cross‑sectional study was conducted among 50 patients aged 18‑70 years who visited a private dental institution. Data on socio‑demographics and detailed history about dental visits were obtained. Dental anxiety was measured using Corah Dental Anxiety Scale along with Individual deprivation measure questionnaire. Data were analysed using SPSS package 20. Descriptive statistics and one‑way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. A total of 50 patients were enrolled in the study, 38 % belonged to 31‑40 years of age, 56 % were male, 16 % postponed dental visit due to dental anxiety, 54 % belonged to upper middle class and 64 % of the subjects had moderate anxiety. In all, 71.9 % of the subjects with moderate anxiety were not deprived and 88.9 % of upper middle class subjects were not deprived. Significant association was found between socioeconomic status and dental anxiety with Individual deprivation measure with a P < 0.05. Increasing socioeconomic status was associated with more deprivation and dental anxiety was higher among less deprived patients. Individual deprivation measure was associated with dental anxiety. Less deprived and higher socioeconomic class population had a significant higher dental anxiety.

2 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

041720   CHOUFANI A, FOLLIGUET M, EL-OSTA N, RAMMAL S, DOUMIT M (Pediatric and Public Health Dentistry Dep, Lebanese Univ, Beirut, Lebanon, Email: choufaniantoine43@gmail.com) : Oral health status and care of institutionalized elderly individuals in Lebanon. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(4), 507-14.

Oral health of the elderly is a major public health challenge. Data on oral health and dental care of the institutionalized elderly is lacking in Lebanon. (1) Assess the oral health of Lebanese people aged 65 years and over living in residential facilities; and (2) identify factors associated with poor oral status. A sample of 526 nursing home residents aged 65 years and older was randomly selected from 46 residential facilities. Information collected were sociodemographic characteristics, degree of autonomy regarding toilet use and nutrition, presence of chronic diseases and medications, dry mouth sensation, dental brushing, access to oral health and reasons of dental visits. A structured oral examination was conducted to gather data on DMFT index, oral hygiene indices modified gingival index, and the unmet need for prosthesis. Statistical methods included bivariate and multivariate analyses. 55.9 % of the participants were edentates, 41.4 % used partial and/or complete dentures, and the minority used dentures with good hygiene. 15 % of the dentate sample reported regular tooth brushing, 7 % reported to have visited the dental office in the past 12 months, and 57 % presented an unmet need for prosthesis. Oral health status was significantly related to age, smoking, daily tooth brushing, and autonomy (P < 0.05). Subjects with chronic diseases and consuming medications were more likely to have xerostomia. Oral health status is poor in the elderly institutionalized Lebanese population, which should promote a multidisciplinary team sharing responsibility for daily oral hygiene and access to dental treatment.

4 tables, 50 ref

041719   HIREMATH A M, ANBU V, KUDURUTHULLAH S, KHALIL E, ELSAHN N A, SAMUEL S R (Saveetha Dental Coll and Hospital, Chennai - 600 077, Tamil Nadu, Email: samuelrajsrinivasan@gmail.com) : Acceptability of silver diamine fluoride as interim measure towards untreated dental caries and its impact on OHRQOL among children with HIV: Pilot study. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(4), 502-6.

Children with HIV are a special group with limited access to care and high prevalence of dental caries. Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) is approved universally for the management of asymptomatic carious lesions but research on the psychological impact of black staining is scarce. Effect of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) application as an interim caries management on the child’s oral health‑related quality of life of children with HIV over a period of 4 months until definitive care was provided. A pilot study conducted among children with HIV in a care home. It was a pilot trial to check the acceptability of SDF among these children. Forty‑two children (12.3 ± 3.5 years) participated in this pilot study. Prevalence of caries (DMFT), candidiasis, gingival inflammation, and cervical lymphadenitis was evaluated. OHRQoL inventory (COHIP‑SF) was completed by the students at baseline, immediately, 4 months after SDF application. One‑way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey HSD test. Poor oral hygiene was universal and mean DMFT was 3.2 ± 2.5. OHRQoL was not significantly affected at baseline (26.2 ± 6.4), but immediately following SDF application, OHRQoL was significantly poor (48.7 ± 8.2), remained poor even after 4 months (42.6 ± 6.1). Emotional wellbeing was significantly impacted negatively following SDF application (p < 0.001); whereas oral health, functional wellbeing dimensions were not impacted. SDF should be used with caution among special children as the black discoloration of the teeth can cause emotional trauma and negatively impacting their OHRQoL while trying to improve the same.

2 tables, 18 ref

045317   BHAKTA P, BARTHUNIA B (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, Daswani Dental Coll and Research Centre, Kota- 324005, Rajasthan, Email: poulomibhakta@gmail.com) : Fullerene and its applications: A Review. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2020, 32(2), 159-63.

Fullerene molecules are composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. Fullerenes in the cylindrical form are called carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or buckytubes and fullerenes in the spherical form are referred to as buckyballs. The CNT represents one of the unique inventions in nanotechnology. CNTs have been studied closely over the last two decades by many researchers around the world for their great potential in different fields. Fullerenes have attracted considerable attention in different fields of science since their discovery in 1985. Their unique carbon cage structure coupled with immense scope for derivatization makes them a potential therapeutic agent. The fullerenes can be utilized in organic photovoltaic (OPV), portable power, medical purpose, antioxidants, and biopharmaceuticals and dentistry.

5 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

045316   MEHTA H, BHUVANESHWARI S, SINGH M P, NAHAR P, MEHTA K, SHARMA T (ENT and HNS Dep, GBH American Hopsital, Udaipur- 313 004, Rajasthan, Email: dr.kanishkm@gmail.com) : Gender determination using mandibular ramus and gonial angle on OPG. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2020, 32(2), 154-8.

The forensic osteologist is usually asked to provide information that may confirm, or assist in determining, the identity of an individual from their skeletal remain. Mandibular ramus can differentiate between the two genders as the stages of mandibular development, growth rates, and duration are distinctly different in both sexes.  To measure and evaluate the various dimensions of the mandibular ramus and the angle of the mandible as observed on orthopantomogram (OPG) and compare it with both sexes. It is a retrospective study where OPG of 900 mandibles were studied on each side and analyzed to evaluate gender variations. KODAK 8000C Digital Panoramic and Cephalometric System and Masterview 4.5.4 software was used for data tabulation. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the results.  Mandibular ramus breadth and gonial angle have been found to be the most reliable parameters in gender determination.

3 tables, 25 ref

045318   ANUP KUMAR G, MOHAN R, HIREMUTT D R P, VIKHRAM K B (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental Coll and Hospital, Pune- 411 043, Maharashtra, Email: dhiremutt@rediffmail.com) : COVID-19 pandemic and safe dental practice: Need of the hour. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2020, 32(2), 164-71.

The COVID‑19 pandemic has spread across the globe and is the greatest challenge faced by world nations today. The first outbreak of this disease occurred in a seafood market of Wuhan City, China. The community pattern of spread was alarming and has gripped the entire international society. The dentists and other health care professionals should take stringent measures to prevent the spread of infection while providing care. In this article, we discuss the etiology, clinical manifestations, route of transmission, general and specific infection control protocols to protect the dental health care professionals as well as patients from COVID 19 disease while providing emergency dental care.

2 illus, 5 tables, 40 ref

045315   KOOTHATI R K, RAMA RAJU D, PRASAD C L K, SUJANAMULK B, SRIVASTAVA A, MALOTH K N (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, Govt Dental Coll, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, Email: ramesh99inbox@gmail.com) : Prevalence of tobacco associated oral mucosal lesions in the population of Mahabubnagar district of Telangana state: A cross-sectional study. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2020, 32(2), 149-53.

We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of tobacco‑associated oral mucosal lesions in Mahabubnagar district of Telangana state in South India. A cross‑sectional study was conducted in Mahabubnagar district for 6 months on 3200 subjects of both rural and urban people and the study was carried out by conducting camps at the Government Hospitals to assess the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions. People aged from 16 to 75 years, both men and women in same proportions, were included in the study. 750 subjects had the habit of tobacco usage among a total of 3200 subjects. Among the 750 subjects, 225 (30.0 %) subjects were being diagnosed with oral mucosal lesions. Of 225 subjects, 6 (2.67 %) subjects had erythroplakia, 22 (9.78 %) subjects had leukoplakia, 58 (25.78 %) subjects had lichenoid reaction, 62 (27.56 %) subjects had oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), 45 (20.0 %) subjects had palatal hyperkeratosis, and 32 (14.22 %) subjects had tobacco pouch keratosis. From this study, we can conclude that prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was seen in tobacco‑related oral habits where palatal hyperkeratosis was found among smokers; similarly OSMF was more among tobacco chewers and potentially malignant disorders were more prevalent in tobacco chewers than smokers.

4 tables, 16 ref

045314   RAMESH D N S V, THRIVENI R, RACHEL B B, MANSHI P, BYATNAL A, KEMPWADE P ( Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, AME’S Dental Coll and Hospital, Raichur- 584 102, Karnataka, Email: dr.bbharathirachel90@gmail.com) : Comparative study to analyse the correlation between dermatoglyphics and impacted teeth. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2020, 32(2), 145-8.

Dental impaction is a serious challenge to the dental practitioners. Treatment for impaction is a complex procedure. During embryogenesis, the ridged skin and teeth develop from the same layer,. hence, suggesting that the genetic information in the genome is dissipated during this period, and any disturbance affecting tooth development and structure will be simultaneously reflected through change in dermatoglyphic patterns. This study aims to analyse the correlation between dermatoglyphics pattern variations and impacted teeth. 100 patients, 50 impacted and 50 healthy patients, were selected who are attending to the department of oral medicine and radiology between the age group of 18-40 years. The fingerprints of both the hands were obtained using the duplicating ink pad. The fingertip patterns were analysed according to the classical method, and configurational types were classified according to the topological method. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 20.0 and the test of proportion and Chi-square test was used for the analysis. Whorl type of fingerprints were observed more in impacted teeth patients whereas loop type of fingerprints was observed more in healthy patients. There is a significant correlation between impacted teeth and Dermatoglyphics and it can be used as a predilection marker.

5 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

045313   RAMESH S S K, SADAKSHARAM J (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, Tamil Nadu Government Dental Coll and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: krshilpashree@gmail.com) : CBCT-based active contour segmentation of bone invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma - A preliminary retrospective study. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2020, 32(2), 140-4.

Bone invasion by oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSSC) alone forms a predictor of overall prognosis, survival rate. Volume of actual bone osteolysis might give valuable information for treatment planning rather than planar measurements.  To compare the manual and semiautomatic active contour segmentation in the volumetric analysis of mandibular bone invasion by OSCC through Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Settings and Design: Hospital-based, preliminary, retrospective study. Ten CBCT DICOM images of histologically confirmed cases of OSCC with frank bone invasion in the mandible were selected from the archive after satisfying our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Volumetrical analysis of tumor eroded area in the mandibular alveolus were done through ITK SNAP software (version 3.2) both by manual and semiautomatic segmentation and compared with each other. R statistical computing software v3.6.3 (R core foundation, Vienna) was used. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland and Altman method, Passing Bablok analysis with Pearson’s Correlation, Dice Similarity coefficient (DSC) were done for single examiner reliability, comparison of volumes and segmentation accuracy respectively. The third metric, that is, time needed for each segmentation method was also compared and statistically analysed. Since Pearson’s correlation coefficient of r = 1 and P value was 0.233 (>0.005), semiautomatic method of volumetric segmentation proved to be as accurate and reproducible as manual method without any significant volume difference. In addition to that, semiautomatic method was 10 times more rapid than manual method. This is the first kind of study in the literature showing the feasibility of active contour semiautomatic segmentation in the volumetric analysis of bone invasion caused by the OSCC which might be helpful in efficient oncological treatment planning.

6 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

045312   BHATIA P V, DUDHIA B B, PATEL T S, JANI R K, SHAH E M, PATEL R A (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, Ahmedabad Dental Coll and Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Email: pateltwinkal11@gmail.com) : Don’t rush, first brush: A comparative study between modified brush biopsy (MBB) and liquid-based cytology (LBC). J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2020, 32(2), 134-9.

Oral cancer accounts for 2–4 % of all malignant tumors worldwide with the percentage going much higher in the Indian subcontinent. Many of these lesions are in the advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. Research is always on for newer techniques to improve early detection and diagnosis of oral malignancy. Oral brush biopsy is one such technique. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the clinical usefulness of two modified oral brush biopsy techniques in the early detection of oral cancer.  Two modified oral brush biopsy techniques, one performed with a baby brush spreading the cells directly on slide and then fixed and another with a specially prepared brush submerged in a liquid fixer, were performed in 24 patients having oral submucous fibrosis clinically. These were followed by punch biopsy (as a gold standard). All specimens were analyzed for cytology and histopathology manually. Modified brush biopsy (MBB) and liquid-based cytology (LBC) both can be potential methods for early detection of oral cancer in different conditions.

5 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

045311   DHOKAR A A, ATRE S Y, BHATNAGAR S, BHANUSHALI N V (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, T.P.C.T’s Terna Dental Coll, Navi Mumbai- 400 706, Maharashtra, Email: amol.dhokar@gmail.com) : Knowledge and practices of 3D printing in dental practitioners of Maharashtra: A cross-sectional study. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2020, 32(2), 127-33.

3D printing has revolutionized dentistry. Along with 3D imaging, its use ranges from surgical planning, dental implants, and aligners to prosthodontic appliances and even study models.  To assess the knowledge and practices of dental practitioners regarding the use of 3D printing in dentistry. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the form of a self-administered online questionnaire consisting of 19 questions which was circulated among the dental practitioners of Maharashtra. The survey’s Google link was generated and sent to the willing participants via various social media platforms and e-mails. SPSS version 17 software was utilized and Chi-square test was applied.  85.2 % of the respondents were aware about dental 3D printing. 47.6 % knew its working principle. 52.5 % knew the pre-requisites, while 58.7 % were unaware of the best material for dental 3D printing. Only 55.5 % were aware of all of its indications. Just 38.7 % had an experience of either observing or working with this technology of which 78.7 % thought that it had enhanced their ability to execute the surgical procedure. 61.3 % had no experience of this technology, the reason mostly being unavailability in their area of practice and the technology being expensive. A statistical difference was found in the knowledge and practices based on age, sex, education, and experience with P value <= 0.05. Knowledge of 3D printing in the dental fraternity is necessary due to its wide applications in multitude of dental specialities. Its introduction at an institutional level with optional hands-on trainings shall ensure its use efficiently.

4 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

045310   SUMAN B, REDHU A ( Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, Government Dental Coll and Research Institute, Rohtak- 124 001, Haryana, Email: anjuredhu121@gmail.com) : Relationship of bone mineral density with panoramic radiomorphometric indices in tobacco users in India. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2020, 32(2), 119-26.

Osteoporosis is a crippling disease that can eventually culminate in fracture. Smoking and smokeless tobacco (SLT) use are important contributors to this disease. Decreased bone mineral density (BMD) which marks osteoporotic bone changes are assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Panoramic radiomorphometric indices (RI) which are inexpensive and widely used in dentistry also provide architectural details of jawbones. Hence the study was attempted to find the relationship between BMD and panoramic RI in tobacco users in the Indian Population. The hundred subjects were divided into study groups comprising 25 smokers, 25 SLT users, 25 subjects with a combination of habits, and 25 healthy controls were subjected to BMD assessment using DXA scan and digital panoramic radiographs for calculation of mandibular cortical index (MCI), mental index (MI), and panoramic mandibular index (PMI). SLT users had the least values of BMD (P <0.05). Both MI and PMI were markedly reduced in SLT users and had a strong positive correlation to BMD (r=0.600, P- value -0.002 for MI and r= 0.428, P value -0.033 for PMI). A strong negative correlation of MCI to BMD (rs= -0.510, P- value 0.009), MI (rs= -0.632, P- value-0.001),and PMI (rs= -0.432, P- value 0.031) was noted in SLT users with a maximum number of C3 found among them. However, no significant correlation of BMD with RI was obtained in smokers. The practise of both smoking and SLT showed a significant positive correlation of BMD to MI and PMI. Tobacco was found to have detrimental effects on BMD, well reflected in RI of MCI, MI, and PMI, thus, oral physicians must screen and educate tobacco users, particularly, SLT users for impaired bone health and refer them promptly for suitable treatment.

4 illus, 6 tables, 30 ref

045309   RAMASAMY S, MOGESHVAAR N G, DIVYAPRIYA G K (Oral Medicine and Radiology Div, Annamalai Univ, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, Email: vgnsrs71@gmail.com) : Critical thinking skills among the oral medicine postgraduate students of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry - A pilot study. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2020, 32(2), 115-8.

Critical thinking is the mental process of active and skillful perception, analysis, synthesis and evaluation of collected information through observation, experience, and communication that leads to a decision for action. Critical thinking applies to dentists in the process of solving the clinical conditions of patients and making crucial decisions for diagnosis and intervention. To assess the critical thinking skills (CTS) among oral medicine postgraduate students of dental colleges in Tamilnadu and Puducherry.  A convenience sampling method was used. The clinical scenario‑based validated self‑designed structured questionnaire was administered. The questionnaire was prepared using Google forms and the link was sent through WhatsApp among Oral Medicine postgraduate students. Descriptive statistics and Chi‑square test were used for statistical analysis. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered to be significant.  A total of 49 responses were obtained. The participants who obtained the score >5 were considered to be high‑level critical thinkers and those who obtained a score ≤5 were considered to be low‑level critical thinkers. High‑level critical thinkers among first, second, and third year postgraduates are 2 (12.5), 7 (43.8), and 7 (43.8). Similarly, low‑level critical thinkers are 12 (36.4), 10 (30.3), and 11 (33.3) respectively. The association between the years of course and critical thinking skills were not statistically significant. The subjects with higher critical thinking score were less among oral medicine postgraduate students. Therefore, it is essential to pay more attention to improving critical thinking in clinical practice.

3 tables, 15 ref

045308   KISHORE M, ALOK A, SINGH S, KISHORE A, PANAT S R, SAH V K (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, Yashoda Hospital and Research Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drabhijeetalok786@gmail.com) : Efficacy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of swellings of orofacial region: An original research. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2020, 32(2), 107-14.

Accurate diagnosis of a head and neck swelling is of paramount importance. Various disease processes may affect head and neck regions which present clinically as swellings. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasonography (USG) in the diagnosis of swellings of the head and neck regions. The objectives of this study were to assess the reliability of USG in differentiating various swellings of head and neck region and to correlate between diagnosis of swellings by clinical, histopathological, and by USG. A total of 70 patients with an age range of 15–70 years and clinically obvious swellings in the head and neck region were included. After clinical examination, all the seventy patients were subjected to ultrasonographic investigation. Features like shape, boundary, echo intensity, presence of necrosis and calcifications, and posterior echoes were considered in describing the ultrasonographic images of swellings. Following clinical and ultrasonographic diagnosis, surgical intervention was carried out. The obtained biopsy specimens were submitted for histopathological examination and a final diagnosis was made. The collected data were subsequently processed and analyzed using the SPSS statistical package version 17.  The diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound was found to be 98 % in the diagnosis of cystic lesions, 98.47 % in benign tumors, 98.57 % in malignant tumors, 100 % in lymphadenopathies, and in muscle origin and 94.29 % in space infections and abscesses. It can be concluded that, together with clinical and histopathological examinations, USG works out as a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of orofacial swellings.

2 illus, 7 tables, 17 ref

045307   THRIVENI R, MANSHI P, RAMESH D N S V, RACHEL B, BYATNAL A, KEMPWADE P (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, AME’s Dental Coll and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, Email: manshubhanushali@gmail.com) : Effects of smoking on hemoglobin and erythrocytes sedimentation rate and its association with abo blood groups. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2020, 32(2), 103-6.

Smoking causes variation in different parameters of blood like hemoglobin (Hb) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).” Continuous exposure to carbon monoxide leads to the formation of carboxyhemoglobin, an inactive form of Hb with no oxygen‑carrying capacity; carboxyhemoglobin also leads to shifting in the Hb dissociation curve on the left side, causing a reduction in the ability of Hb to deliver oxygen to the tissue. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of cigarette smoking on Hb and ESR between smokers and nonsmokers and its association with ABO blood groups.  A total of 100 subjects which included 50 smokers and 50 age‑matched nonsmoker controls were included in this study.  5 ml of venous blood was collected by venipuncture method and Hb was measured by cyanmethhemoglobin method, ESR by Westergren’s method, and ABO blood grouping by slide method. Statistical software SPSS version 20 (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois) was used. Student’s t test was performed for parametric numerical data and Chi‑square test was performed for nonparametric categorical data. Avalue of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean Hb was 16.83 g/dL in smokers and 14.42 g/dL in nonsmokers. The mean ESR was 5.36 mm in smokers and 3.96 mm in nonsmokers. A significant increase was seen in Hb and ESR in smokers when compared to nonsmokers. No significant association was seen between the ABO blood groups among smokers and nonsmokers.

3 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

045306   RAI S, MISRA D, KHATRI M, VYAS T, BHAKTA P, MALLICK P (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Modinagar- 201 201, UP, Email: drshalurai@gmail.com) : Maxillary anterior cortical bone thickness: an imperative parameter for implant solidity - 3-dimensional cone beam CT study. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2020, 32(2), 96-102.

This study aims to evaluate alveolar height, buccal, and palatal cortical bone thickness using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) useful for radiological pre‑assessment for various surgical procedures of maxillary anterior region. Maxillary central and lateral incisors and canines were bilaterally evaluated in 200 selected patients. Images were obtained with New Tom CBCT and traced with New Net Technologies software. Alveolar height and cortical bone thickness at 3 mm, 6 mm, and 9 mm above the cemetoenamel junction were measured and statistically analyzed. Significant differences in alveolar height were found genderwise and agewise and were found to be highest in age groups of 51–60 years and lowest in 11–20 years. Buccal thickness at 3 mm, 6 mm, 9 mm was highest in right central incisor, right central incisor and left central incisor and lowest in right canine, left canine and left canine, respectively. Palatal thickness at 3 mm, 6 mm, 9 mm was highest in right central incisor, left central incisor and left central incisor and lowest in left canine, left canine, and left canine, respectively. Bucco‑palatal thickness at 3 mm, 6 mm, 9 mm was highest in left canine, right central incisor and left central incisor and lowest in right lateral incisor, respectively. Agewise and genderwise significant differences in buccal and palatal bone were found at different levels. Buccal bone is thinner than palatal bone; thus, require careful radiological appraisal in orthodontic tooth movement and any surgical procedure in this region.

2 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

041718   SIMON D, KUMAR K A, SIVADASAN S B, VARMA H, BALAN A (Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Dep, Government Dental Coll, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, Email: simondeepti@yahoo.co.in) : Hydroxyapatite carriers as drug eluting agents—an in vitro analysis. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 481-5.

Hydroxyapatite based drug carriers offer a customized alternative to the delivery of pharmacologic agents in the osseous skeleton. They have an added advantage of being biocompatible and osteoconductive. This in vitro study aims to quantify the drug eluting properties of HA granules by spectrophotometry. HA and HASi beads were loaded with gentamicin/ amoxycillin- clavulanate/ vancomycin and grouped into 5. Drug elution was evaluated by means of UV spectrophotometry. Drug eluent levels were well above bactericidal levels in all 5 groups. HA and HASi are viable options for clinicians for targeted drug delivery.

5 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

041717   VASCONCELOS C C S, LOUREIRO M A Z, ELIAS M R A, BOTELHO T L, MAGALHAES A P R, DECURCIO D A (Federal de Goias Univ, Goiania, GO, Brazil, Email: daniel@endoscience.com.br) : Effect of different intraradicular posts in the dimensions of root canal computed tomography images. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 475-80.

To evaluate the effect of different intraradicular posts on the dimensions of computed tomography (CT) images in cone‑beam and fan‑beam equipment. A total of 15 root canals of bovine teeth were instrumented up to a file #50 and root‑filled by the active lateral condensation technique. The teeth were randomly divided into three groups, according to the type of intraradicular post: 1) tight fiberglass post; 2) anatomical fiberglass post; and 3) metal post. The root canals were desobturated in 10 mm and tomographic images were acquired in two devices, a cone‑beam and fan‑beam equipment. Then, the intraradicular posts were cemented using an automix self‑conditioning and self‑adhesive resin cement, and the final acquisitions of the CT images were performed for analysis. The diameter of the canal was compared before and after cementation of the intraradicular posts. The t‑test was used between the initial and final measurements of each tomograph and also between the cone‑beam and fan‑beam tomographs (α = 0.05). The anatomical fiberglass post presented the smallest dimensional change among the initial and final measurements, followed by the tight fiberglass post, with the metal post being the material that showed the most considerable dimensional difference in the cone‑beam. All of the intraradicular posts used promoted a change in the size of the CT image. The fan‑beam scanner promoted greater dimensional change in the images.

5 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

041716   MAVISHNA M V, VENKATESH K V, SIHIVAHANAN D (Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Dep, SRM Univ, Trivandrum, Kerala, Email: mavishna11@gmail.com) : The effect of leachable components of resin cements and its resultant bond strength with lithium disilicate ceramics. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 470-4.

To evaluate the leachable components of resin cements in oral simulating fluids using high performance liquid chromatography and its resultant shear bond strength with ceramics. Forty extracted permanent human mandibular molar teeth were sectioned horizontally with a disc beneath the dentino‑enamel junction to expose the coronal dentin surface and later finished with 600‑grit silicon carbide paper to create a uniform flat surface. Forty Lithium Di‑silicate Ceramic block cylinders were sliced in a saw cutting machine at 250 rpm under water‑cooling to obtain the discs. The teeth and the ceramic discs were then randomly assigned to two groups on the basis of material used for luting the ceramic disk. Group I: Ceramic disc luted with tooth surface using Variolink II Dual cure Resin Cement, Group II: Ceramic disc luted with tooth surface using multilink speed self‑adhesive self‑curing resin cement. All ceramic discs were etched with 5 % HF acid (IPS Ceramic Etching Gel, Ivoclar, Schaan, Liechtenstein) for 20 seconds, then rinsed thoroughly for 20 seconds and dried for 20 seconds. Ceramic specimens were luted on dentin surfaces with the application of 5 kg load. The samples were stored in 75 % ethanol solution for 2 weeks at 37 degree Celsius for chemical aging. HPLC Analysis were performed to analyze the eluted monomer. After HPLC Analysis, Samples were then loaded using universal testing machine for the evaluation of shear bond strength between ceramic discs and the resin cements before and after the elution of monomers. Under HPLC analysis, results showed that the peak release of monomer is Bis‑GMA in both the groups. The shear force required to break the bond between the ceramic luted to tooth surface with the resin cements were more for Group I. Statistical results: The statistical analysis was done using ANOVA and paired t‑test and it shows P value ≥0.05, hence the null hypothesis is rejected. The monomer eluded from all the groups are identified as Bis‑GMA, The eluded monomer decreases the bond strength between the resin cement and the ceramic due to water sorption, The Variolink II (dual cure) resin cement shows improved bond strength than the Multilink (self‑cure self‑adhesive) resin cement.

1 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

041714   MUNHOZ L, CHOI I G G, MIURA D K, WATANABE P C A, ARITA E S (Stomatology Dep, Sao Paulo Univ, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil, Email: dra.lucimunhoz@usp.br) : Bone mineral density and mandibular osteoporotic alterations in panoramic radiographs: Correlation by peripheral bone densitometry in men. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 457-64.

Mandibular cortical index has proven to be inversely correlated to bone densitometry; however, trabecular bone pattern has not been widely studied. Thus, the main objectives of this study were: (1) to analyze the correlations between three different sites of peripheral dual‑energy X‑ray absorptiometry with the mandibular cortical index and the trabecular bone pattern classification; (2) to assess the correlation between the mandibular cortical index and the trabecular bone pattern; (3) to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the mandibular cortical index and the trabecular bone pattern using panoramic radiographs in a sample of Brazilian men. Additionally, peripheral dual‑energy X‑ray absorptiometry findings in men were described. There are about 44 men who had previously undergone panoramic radiography and bone densitometry were evaluated. Mandibular cortical index and trabecular bone pattern classifications were performed. The median T‑scores of the men were analyzed. Spearman’s test was performed to assess correlations. An inverse correlation was found between mandibular cortical index and proximal bone densitometry site. No correlation was found between mandibular cortical index and trabecular bone pattern or between peripheral densitometry and trabecular bone pattern. Greater accuracy was observed in mandibular cortical index when compared to trabecular bone pattern. Mandibular cortical index evaluations by panoramic radiographs are a useful screening tool for low bone mineral density, but trabecular bone pattern cannot be applied to screen patients for osteoporosis risk. Mandibular cortical index has an inverse correlation with proximal sites of forearm densitometry.

4 illus, 4 tables, 48 ref

041713   KHANDELWAL P, DHUPAR V, AKKARA F, HAJIRA N (Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Dep, Rural Dental Coll, Loni, Maharashtra, Email: khandelwal.pulkit22@gmail.com) : Direct maxillary sinus floor augmentation and simultaneous implant placement for rehabilitation of the severely resorbed posterior maxilla: A prospective clinical study. 390 2020, 31(3), 449-56.

The aim of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the success of one‑stage direct (lateral) sinus lift procedure in severely atrophic posterior maxilla. One‑stage direct (lateral) sinus lift procedure was carried out at 15 sites in 13 patients. All patients included in the study presented with partially edentulous posterior maxilla with one or more missing teeth and residual bone height less than 5 mm. Three months after surgery, patients were evaluated to access increase in residual bone height, density of new bone formed and implant stability. Patients were also evaluated after 3 months of prosthetic placement for the success of implant‑supported prosthesis. At 3 months post‑operatively, increase in residual bone height was 8.31 ± 1.63 mm and the mean density of the newly formed bone around the implants was 417 ± 66.61 HU. All implants were stable and successfully osseointegrated, except one implant that was lost. The success rate of implant stability was 96.3 % during the study period. Single‑stage direct (lateral) maxillary sinus floor augmentation is a good treatment option with predictable outcome for patients with deficient alveolar bone in posterior maxilla.

6 illus, 4 tables, 39 ref

041712   SALONI, VERMA P, MAHAJAN P, PURI A, KAUR S, MEHTA S (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, Surendera Dental Coll and Research Institute, Sriganganagar - 335 001, Rajasthan, Email: pradhuman_verma@rediffmail.com) : Gender determination by morphometric analysis of mandibular ramus in Sriganganagar population: A digital panoramic study. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 444-8.

Mandible is a dimorphic, dense compact bone that makes it very durable and well preserved in mass disasters for personnel identification. Mandibular ramus morphometric measurements can be used for gender determination using orthopantomogram (OPG) or on dry mandibles. To determine gender from morphometric analysis of mandibular ramus of 200 digital OPG of patients from Sriganganagar population. The study was conducted on randomly selected digital OPG of 200 patients of both genders between the ages of 21 and 70 years taken using CS8000C machine from daily OPD. Morphometric analysis of mandibular ramus (maximum ramus breadth, minimum ramus breadth, condylar height, projective height of ramus, and coronoid height) was done twice by single maxillofacial radiologist independently at an interval of 1 day and mean of both the values were considered. The collected data was tabulated and analyzed using SPSS Software version 20 using independent ṯ‑test and discriminant function analysis. Out of total 200 subjects, 37 % were male and 63 % were female. Mean of minimum ramus breadth, maximum ramus height, and projected ramus height was noted significantly more among males while maximum ramus breadth was noted slightly higher in females. The overall accuracy for determining sex from mandibular ramus was found to be 77.6 %, whereas for determining male and female, the accuracy was 78.4 % and 76.8 %, respectively. Mandibular ramus can be used for sexual dimorphism by morphometric analysis done on OPG among Sriganganagar population.

2 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

041711   PRATHIMA G S, KAVITHA M, KAYALVIZHI G, SANGUIDA A, SUGANYA M, ARUMUGAM S (Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry - 607 402, Email: drkavimds@gmail.com) : Awareness, attitude, and practice of pediatricians regarding early childhood caries and infant oral healthcare of children in Puducherry- a cross-sectional survey. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 439-43.

Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is the most virulent form of caries, which requires early intervention. Pediatricians are health professionals who first examine the child, and must be able to educate parents about basic preventive dental care, early diagnosis of pathological changes in the oral cavity and appropriate referrals for the children. Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is the most virulent form of caries, which requires early intervention. Pediatricians are health professionals who first examine the child, and must be able to educate parents about basic preventive dental care, early diagnosis of pathological changes in the oral cavity and appropriate referrals for the children. To assess the awareness, attitude, and practice among pediatricians regarding ECC and Infant Oral Healthcare (IOHC) in Puducherry. Setting: Study was conducted among pediatricians of Puducherry. Design: Observational Cross‑sectional study. After obtaining consent from Pediatricians, a prevalidated questionnaire was distributed and collected from them regarding their awareness, attitude, and practices toward ECC and IOHC. Percentage. Out of 85 % Pediatricians who responded, 57 % of them were aware of initial white spot lesions, and 39 % of them were aware of maternally‑derived Streptococcus mutans disease. 100 % of them were willing to avail information, training on IOHC. It is clear from the study that Pediatricians in Puducherry had limited awareness regarding the prevention of oral diseases. It is essential to provide sufficient knowledge to them by incorporating a module on ECC and infant oral health care in their curriculum.

2 tables, 30 ref

041710   NATH S, PRAKASH J, PRAJAPATI V K, SHARMA N, PULIKKOTIL S J (Dentistry Dep, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi - 834 009, Jharkhand, Email: sonianath_12@yahoo. co.in) : Effect of bidi cigarette smoking on interleukin 1β and 8 levels in chronic periodontitis patient. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 433-8.

Bidi, a leaf rolled cigarette, is the most popular form of smoking in India. Bidi cigarette contains higher tar, ammonia, and nicotine content than a conventional cigarette and is more hazardous. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of bidi smoking on periodontitis by assessing the interleukin (IL)‑1β and IL‑8 from a gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). A total of 60 patients were selected, which included 40 patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis (20 bidi smokers and 20 non‑bidi smokers) and 20 periodontal healthy controls. Diseased and healthy sites were selected from each of the chronic periodontitis subjects. Clinical parameters assessed were plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), periodontal probing depth (PPD), recession (RC), and clinical attachment level (CAL). Pooled GCF samples were taken from the same site and analyzed for IL‑1β and IL‑8 using enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay. Bidi smokers displayed decreased levels of IL‑1β and IL‑8 than non‑bidi smokers for both healthy and diseased sites and significantly reduced IL‑8 levels among bidi smokers when compared to controls. Among bidi smokers, the diseased site had significantly higher levels of IL‑8 than the healthy site. Non‑smoker subjects with chronic periodontitis especially diseased sites contained significantly higher amounts of IL‑1β and IL‑8 than smokers and controls. The PI scores were highest among bidi smokers with reduced BOP and GI scores. Bidi smoking influenced the cytokine profile among periodontitis patients exhibiting decreased levels of IL‑1β and IL‑8.

4 tables, 34 ref

041709   MANNAVA Y, NAYAK S U, UPPOOR A, NAIK D, MADDI A (Periodontology Dep, Manipal Coll of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka - 576 104, Email: ashita.uppoor@manipal.edu) : Knowledge, attitude and oral care practices for preventing ventilator associated pneumonia among critical care nurses – a questionnaire study. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 426-32.

A cross‑sectional study was conducted among intensive care unit (ICU) nurses in private hospitals in India to identify knowledge and practice of ICU nurses in the prevention of ventilator‑associated pneumonia (VAP). Knowledge of 135 nurses working in ICU was tested using a questionnaire consisting of 18 questions. Fourteen forms were excluded from the statistical analysis due to incomplete data entry by the participants. The data of 121 filled questionnaires were analyzed. The information letters, consent forms, and questionnaires were handed to ICU nurses by Research assistant. Data were coded and entered into SPSS version for descriptive and inferential statistics. A majority of the participants perceived oral care as a necessity in all critically ill patients. Nurses were generally aware of the most likely mechanism of acquiring pneumonia. The type and frequency of oral care varied widely. Many of them stated that they had adequate supplies to provide oral care. Although a majority of nurses had some formal training in oral care, they would appreciate an opportunity to enhance and improve their knowledge and skills. The methods of oral care provided vary widely. In summary, randomized controlled trial to date has demonstrated that tooth brushing is associated with a trend toward lower rates of VAP in intubated mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. But it is also to be noted that there was no clear difference between electric and manual tooth brushing. In‑house training and workshop can provide required skills needed for the betterment of the treatment provided.

20 ref

041708   BANSAL K, CHAUDHARY R, MATHUR V P, TEWARI N (Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi - 110 029, Email: drkalpanabansal@gmail.com) : Comparison of oral micro-flora in caries active and caries free Indian children using culture techniques and PCR analysis. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 420-5.

Although Streptococcus mutans has been implicated as the major etiologic agent in the development of dental caries, however, this organism has not been found to be present in all children with caries. Thus it remains to be elucidated whether a single or specific consortium of bacteria is responsible for the caries process. The aim of this study is to evaluate the oral microflora of Indian children suffering from dental caries and to compare the same in children with no caries. The study was carried out on 67 out‑patient 2‑14 years old children who reported to the department of Paediatric Dentistry. Dental plaque samples from superficial and deep carious lesions and caries free surfaces in caries active children (n = 35) were collected using a sterile excavator in storage vials and subjected to various conventional and molecular microbial techniques. Caries free children (n = 32), who did not have any carious lesion served as controls. The data obtained was subjected to Pearson’s Chi Square/Fischer’s Exact tests to determine the statistical difference between the microflora of groups. Main organisms isolated were: Streptococcal species mainly S anginosus, S salivarius, S gordonii: Lactobacilli spp; Coagulase negative Staphylococci, Staph epidermidis, Staph aureus. Other organisms such as Klebsiella spp, Acinetobacter, Enterococcus, E coli could also be found. There was a statistical difference in the frequency of isolation of non‑mutans Streptococcal species (P = 0.008) and Lactobacilli species (P = 0.0001) in the two groups. The study suggests that caries activity in this population of children is associated with a diverse microbial flora without detectable S mutans. Main organisms associated with dental caries in this population are: Gram‑positive cocci and bacilli mainly the non‑mutans Streptococcus and Lactobacilli. Frequent consumption of sugar containing food promotes the presence and growth of cariogenic organisms.

3 tables, 28 ref

041707   HEGAZY S A, MEKAWY N E, EMERA R M K (Prosthodontics Dep, Mansoura Univ, Mansoura, Egypt, Email: nesreenelmekawy@mans.edu.eg) : Impact of implants number and attachment type on the peri-implant stresses and retention of palateless implant-retained overdenture. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 414-9.

To evaluate the impact of implants number and attachments type on the peri‑implant stresses and retention of maxillary palateless implant‑supported overdenture. Four edentulous maxillary educational acrylic resin models were used. According to the implants number and type of attachment used, four groups were compared: Group I, 2‑locator attachments in the canine area; Group II, 2‑ OT equator attachments in the canine area; Group III, 4‑locator attachments in the canine, second premolar area and Group IV, 4‑OT equator attachments in the canine, second premolar area. Implants retained palateless overdenture was constructed on each model. Four self‑protected linear strain gauges were cemented on each implant. A digital loading device was used to apply compressive loads to measure the resulting peri‑implant stresses. Forcemeter and Universal testing machines were used to test the retention of palateless overdenture. A significant difference between the same implant number and distribution with different attachments was found (P = 0.003, P = 0.020), respectively. Least stresses amount was found around the 4‑implant locator palateless overdenture, while the highest was found around the 2‑implant OT equator palateless overdenture. Nevertheless; the result was that 2‑implant locator palateless overdenture recorded insignificant higher retentive forces than the 4‑implant OT equator one. It can be concluded that the implant-retained palateless overdenture with four locator attachments is considered a promising treatment option regarding stress distribution. Using locator attachments, for implant-retained palateless overdenture with either two or four implants considering their superior retentive properties, is advantageous when compared to OT equator attachments.

5 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

041706   MOHAMMAD R J (Pedodontics Dep, Mosul Univ, Mosul, Iraq, Email: rubajassim@gmail.com) : Correlation between skeletal development and maxillary canine eruption. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 408-13.

The aim of this study was to find a correlation between the permanent maxillary canine eruption and the cervical vertebral maturation index (CVMI). 145 subjects (73 male and 72 female) in the age of 7–14 years were examined radiographically with lateral cephalographs and orthopantomographs. The CVM patterns were evaluated on the lateral cephalograph using the classification of Hassel and Farman. The stage of the permanent maxillary canine eruption has been investigated on the orthopantomographs depending on its vertical height in relation to the adjacent incisor. Descriptive statistics were obtained for both CVMI stages and canine eruption grading. Spearman rank correlation test was used to determine the correlation between both methods. The minimum level of significance was considered less than 0.05 (P < 0.05). Results showed a strong correlation between CVMI and the grading of the maxillary canine eruption in both female and male and the (r) value estimated was 0.862 and 0.758, respectively. Over 90 % of deceleration stage of CVMI in both genders show canine eruption (pubertal growth spurt) about 91.66 % for female and 95.65 % for male and a small percentage of delay eruption 8.33 % and 4.35 % in female and male gender, respectively, with a predilection to the female gender. A significant correlation between the permanent maxillary canine eruption stages and skeletal maturity was found. The eruption of maxillary canine occurs before the end of pubertal growth. Any delay in the eruption of maxillary canine after the deceleration stage of CVMI, suggesting a chance of impaction.

3 illus, 3 tables, 48 ref

041705   RAMKUMAR K, SRIPRIYA S, MEENAKSHI A, SABARIGIRINATHAN C, THULASINGAM C (Dental surgery Dep, Kilpauk Medical Coll, Chennai, Tamil Nadu - 600 010, Email: ram.kamala@gmail.com) : Comparison of primary stability in craniofacial implant with v-shape and buttress thread design in goat skull using resonance frequency analysis. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 403-7.

To find out the primary stability in maxillofacial implant with two different thread designs. Two group of implants were selected for the study – Group I maxillofacial implant with V‑shape thread, and Group II implant with buttress thread. The drills for placing the implant were made indigenously. Goat skull was selected for placing the implant. Group I, II implant was placed in the goat skull at five different sites to find the primary stability. The primary stability was measured using Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA) device. The transducer was screwed to the implant and made to vibrate by magnetic pulse. The vibration was recorded as Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ). The ISQ values of Group I range from 32‑46 and Group II range from 57‑67. The results were subjected to statistical test and found to be significant at 95 % level. The ISQ values for the buttress (Group II) is more than (Group I) which is observed in this study. Hence this study supports the buttress thread as the favourable thread pattern for the craniofacial implant.

6 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

041704   PAVITHRAN V K, MURALI R, KRISHNA M, SHAMALA A, YALAMALLI M, KUMAR A V, RAINA R (Public Health Dentistry Div, Annamalai Univ, Chidambaram - 608 002, Tamil Nadu, Email: varsha.k.pavi@gmail.com) : Impact of oral diseases on daily activities among 12 to 15 year old institutionalized orphan and non orphan children in Bengaluru City: A cross-sectional analytical study. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 396-402.

As parents are the primary decision-makers of child's health, a study was conducted to assess and compare the oral health status and impact of oral diseases on daily activities among 12‑ to 15‑year‑old institutionalized orphan and non‑orphan children in Bengaluru city. This cross‑sectional analytical study was conducted among 210 orphans and 210 government school children living with parents. Data with regard to the impact of oral diseases on daily activities were collected by means of Child Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (C‑OIDP) index, and oral health status was determined using WHO Oral Health Assessment Form 1997. Descriptive statistics of the key variables were reported and data were analyzed using Pearson’s Chi‑square test, Mann–Whitney U‑test, One‑way analysis of variance and Step‑wise multiple linear regression analysis. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 for this study. Common oral health problems perceived by orphans and non‑orphans were bleeding gums (16.8 % and 12.4 %) and toothache (12.7 % and 13.7 %), respectively. The daily performances most affected were cleaning mouth (33.3 %; orphans 5.35 ± 4.22; non‑orphans 7.05 ± 7.55; P = 0.000) and eating (33.1 %; orphans 6.91 ± 6.09; non‑orphans 7.07 ± 6.78; P = 0.003). Oral mucosal condition, dental fluorosis, dentofacial anomalies, and calculus showed significant difference among orphans and non‑orphans (P = 0.000). C‑OIDP score was high in orphans. Age, dental fluorosis, and decayed teeth were the significant factors for determining C‑OIDP score. More than half of the study subjects were suffering from oral diseases which required treatment to improve their quality of life.

4 tables, 32 ref

041703   BALAJI S M, BALAJI P (Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Dep, Balaji Dental and Craniofacial Hospital, Chennai - 600 018, Tamil Nadu, Email: smbalaji@gmail.com) : Comparative evaluation of direct sinus lift with bone graft and zygoma implant for atrophic maxilla. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 389-95.

Implant rehabilitation of atrophic maxilla is challenging. The aim of this manuscript is to compare the clinical outcome of rehabilitation of atrophic maxilla (long span) by zygomatic implants (ZI) versus conventional sinus lift with augmentation procedures dental implants (SLAPDI). A retrospective record analysis of a cohort of 25 patients fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria, over a period of 6 years were performed. The patients had been either treated with ZI or SLAP-DI. The outcome measures were: prosthesis, implant and augmentation failures, any complications, patients’ number of days with total or partial impaired activity, time to function and number of dental visits, assessed by independent assessors from records. The data was analyzed using SPSS with P ≤ 0.05. There were 16 (64 %) men and 11 (44 %) had ZI while 14 (56 %) underwent SLAP-DI. There were no prosthesis or implant failures in this cohort. Between ZI and SLAP-DI, there was no gender difference (P = 0.648), border line significance in minor complication (P = 0.075), with less complication encountered in SLAP-DI than the ZI. None of the cases had major complications that required hospitalization or severe medical therapy. Of the 14 cases that underwent SLAP, 11 (78.6 %) had no augmentation failure (resorption <10 %). ZI had older age (P = 0.000), with greater number of teeth missing (P = 0.002), with lesser time for functional loading (P = 0.000), required less number of visit to dentist (P = 0.000), and lesser bone loss at insertion site (P = 0.005). The results are discussed in light of previous pertinent literature. This short term (~ 1 year follow-up) suggest that SLAPDI and ZI have certain similar features. There is no statistical difference in outcome barring the time needed to functional loading (1.3 days vs. 444.3 days). Relatively more complications were reported for ZI, but had no statistical significance. Long-term and multi-center data are needed to confirm the results.

5 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

041702   DAWAL R, RAVI M S, MURALI P S, SOANS C R, KAUSHIK S (Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Dep, Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka - 575 018, Email: drmsravi@gmail.com) : Assessment of dentofacial widths in adults with anterior open bite. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 382-8.

Anterior open bite is a complex condition involving a combination of various dental and skeletal components in three dimensions. The data on the differences and changes in the transverse relation in individuals with anterior open bite are limited. To assess the dental arch widths in individuals with anterior open bite using study casts and facial widths using frontal cephalogram and to compare these widths with that of individuals without anterior open bite. Eighty adults [40 with and 40 without anterior open bite, mean (standard deviation) age = 20.68 years] were selected. The study group was divided into skeletal (n = 19) and dental (n = 21) open bite groups according to Jarabak's ratio. Posteroanterior cephalograms and study casts were analyzed. The mean width of zygomatic arch (112.18 mm) and condylar region (100.55 mm) in the control group was significantly higher (P < 0.05). The mean gonial width in the skeletal open bite group (81.143 mm) was significantly (P < 0.05) lesser than the dental open bite group (84.842). The maxillary intercanine width for the skeletal open bite group (36.48 mm) was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than that of the dental open bite group (34.26 mm). A transverse deficiency was seen in in the zygomatic and condylar regions in adults with anterior open bite. Individuals with a skeletal open bite showed a narrow gonial and wider maxillary intercanine width compared with individuals with dental open bite.

3 illus, 5 tables, 29 ref

041701   SAILAJA P M, AHMED S, DEVI K S, SHIVA S (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, Meghna Institute of Dental Sciences, Nizamabad, Telangana, Email: pmsailaja32@gmail.com) : Comparative evaluation of various herbal and synthetic solutions on disinfection of guttapercha: An in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 376-81.

Although gutta-percha cones are usually supplied in aseptic packages, once opened and used, they may be contaminated. Chair side disinfection of these cones is important and critical for success of endodontic therapy. Gutta-percha being heat labile, chemical disinfection is the only viable alternative for the sterilization of these cones. The aim of the study was to evaluate an effective method of disinfection of gutta-percha cones using various herbal and chemical solutions after intentional contamination with Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. 150 gutta-percha cones were selected for the study. Based on the contaminants used, 140 gutta-percha cones were divided into 2 groups: Group A and Group B with 70 cones in each group and the remaining 10 cones (Group VIII) which were uncontaminated served as negative control. The cones from Group A were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Group B were contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). The contaminated cones from both groups were subdivided into 7 groups with 10 cones in each group. Group I cones were disinfected with Q Mix 2 in 1, Group II with 3 % sodium hypochlorite, Group III with chitosan, Group IV with aloe vera juice, Group V with amla juice, and Group VI with pancha tulsi. Group VII consisted of gutta-percha cones without any disinfection in both Group A and Group B which served as positive control. The disinfection time was 1 min. All the cones were then incubated in thioglycollate media for 7 days. The thioglycollate media was subcultured and colony forming units were counted. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey tests using SPSS 17.0 software. There was a statistically significant difference present in the mean colony forming units among all the groups (P < 0.05). Pancha Tulsi and Q Mix 2 in 1 possessed superior antibacterial activity when compared to other experimental solutions.

2 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

043531   MIRZA U , FAROOQ U B , ANJUM S (Veterinary Surgery and Radiology Div, SKUAST - Kashmir Shuhama, Jammu & Kashmir) : Wildlife and environment. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(3), 135-9.

Environmental change is a pervasive and growing global threat to biodiversity and ecosystems. It has negatively affected most biological systems on our planet and is evolving into a distressing concern for the well-being and survival of many species. At an organism level, effects include decreased reproductive parameters and immuno-suppression that can directly lead to disease or increase the risk of acquiring disease. Living organisms strive to resist the environmental changes to maximum of their abilities. However, rigorous environmental changes may pose additional pressure on immuno-competence, which may seriously impact population viability and persistence. The importance of immune system for healthy survival is outlined and the effects of exposure to a rapidly changing environment are examined that primarily affect the immuno-competence. The potential deficits in reproductive parameters that might arise owing to new immune challenges in the context of a rapidly changing environment are highlighted. The future perspectives and research possibilities are also brought to light.

63 ref

041700   SHAW H, KONIDENA A, MALHOTRA A, YUMNAM N, FAROOQ F, BANSAL V (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, Swami Devi Dyal Hospital and Dental Coll, Golpura, Haryana - 134 118, Email: karavinda1@gmail.com) : psychological status and uric acid levels in oral lichen planus patients – a case- control study. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 368-75.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) has varied etiology and clinical expression may be influenced simultaneously by different mechanisms. Psychological disturbances and oxidative stress are some such factors proposed in the etiopathogenesis of OLP. The aim was to assess the possible association of psychological traits like stress, anxiety, depression, serum and salivary uric acid levels with disease expression in OLP patients. A case‑control study was conducted in OLP subjects (n = 43) with a clinical and histopathological diagnosis, age and gender matched healthy controls (n = 42) to evaluate psychometric properties through DASS – 42 scale and uric acid (serum and salivary levels) evaluation through “Modified Trinder Method, End point” method. The mean depression, anxiety, stress scores in OLP group were 16.51 ± 7.21, 15.58 ± 6.78 and 15.05 ± 6.11 and the scores in control group were 6.31 ± 3.48, 5.02 ± 2.70 and 5.69 ± 3.39 respectively. The mean value of serum UA level and salivary UA level in OLP group were 4.70 ± 1.33 mg/dl and 5.25 ± 1.61 mg/dl respectively, while the corresponding scores in control group were 5.86 ± 1.12 mg/dl and 6.18 ± 1.28 mg/dl. OLP group had significantly higher depression, anxiety, stress and total scores. Mean serum and salivary uric acid levels were significantly lower in OLP subjects when compared with controls. Correction of psychological traits in oral lichen planus patients may significantly improve the clinical picture, while uric acid levels can be employed for biochemical evaluation in lichen planus patients to analyse oxidative stress.

1 illus, 6 tables, 35 ref

041699   SHEMONAEV V I, MASHKOV A V, PATRUSHEV A S (Orthopedic Dentistry Dep, Volgograd State Medical Univ, Volgograd 400066, Russia, Email: tony.patruschev@yandex.ru) : Circadian dynamics in the functional interaction of the lateral teeth occlusal surfaces’ relief. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 363-7.

This study describes the relationship of the chronophysiological organization of the lateral teeth occlusion and the parameters of the chewing unit of the human dentofacial system (bioelectric potentials, the force of the masticatory muscles, masticatory efficiency) which should be considered in modeling of prosthesis occlusal surfaces. Examination of 200 respondents with a “day” chronotype, with Angle class I bilateral occlusion at the age of 18–35 years was conducted daily for 3 days. From 8.00 to 20.00, every 4 hours, the amplitude of the electromyography, the jaw muscles’ force, the masticatory efficiency, the area of the occlusal contacts, and the near‑contact zones were determined. The activity of the masticatory muscles increased during the period from 12.00 to 16.00, which coincided with the escalation of the masticatory efficiency and of the occlusal contacts area. The relationship between the occlusal surfaces’ relief and masticatory efficiency is described by two types of occlusal surfaces’ topography – smoothed and pronounced, differing by the ratio of the areas of the occlusal contacts and the near‑contact zones in 0.25‑ and 1‑mm wide. The modeling of the occlusal surface of the permanent prosthetic restorations for patients with the “day” chronotype should be carried out with the area values of occlusal contacts and near‑contact zones corresponding to the period of masticatory muscles activity from 12.00 to 16.00 and in accordance with the characteristic type of the occlusal surfaces’ relief.

7 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

041698   NIRUPAMA Y S, BOPPANA N K, VINNAKOTA N R, THETAKALA R K, KALLAKURI P, KARTHIK B K (Public Health Dentistry Dep, Lenora Institute of Dental Sciences, Rajahmundry - 533 294, Andhra Pradesh, Email: docnirupama@gmail.com) : indian women dentists perspectives towards balancing professional, personal and social responsibilities. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 358-62.

The literature on women in dentistry clearly shows the evolution and elevation of women in academic as well as clinical dentistry. Female dentists in India continue to face the need to balance their careers with the competing social and personal responsibilities of marriage, homemaking, and child rearing. To assess Indian Women Dentists perspectives towards balancing professional, personal, and social responsibilities. This cross‑sectional study was conducted for 1 month among 159 female dental professionals comprising all the female dental practitioners in Rajahmundry city and all the female interns, postgraduates, and academicians from 2 dental institutions in Rajahmundry city. A 23‑item pretested questionnaire was distributed to the participants on the first day and collected after 1 day. The results were analyzed using SPSS software (V.22). The categorical data were analyzed using the χ² test and P ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Among the study participants, 79.2 % of study participants agreed that family commitments were not obstacles for their career (P = 0.02), 86.2% responded that women should be successful in both home‑making and career and 89.9 % of participants reported as not regretting being women and this finding was found to be statistically significant. Majority of the women perceived that women ought to balance professional, personal, and social responsibilities equally.

4 tables, 17 ref

041697   SHEKHAWAT K S, CHAUHAN A, SAKTHIDEVI S, NIMBENI B, GOLAI S, STEPHEN L (Oral Biology Dep, Melaka Manipal Medical Coll (Manipal Campus), Manipal, Karnataka, Email: drarunima@rediffmail.com) : work related musculoskeletal pain and its self reported impact among practicing dentists in Puducherry,  India. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 354-7.

Work‑related musculoskeletal pain (MSPs) is not uncommon among dentist and often limits their work efficiency impacting their quality of life. The present research was conducted to identify site‑specific pain resulting from musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among practicing dentists and determine its impact on their quality of life. A cross‑sectional questionnaire study conducted among practicing dentists of Puducherry Taluk, Puducherry, India. A closed‑ended, self‑administered questionnaire was distributed to 95 practicing dentists to identify site‑specific MSP from the study subjects. Data on pain due to MSDs, frequency of pain, its impact on quality of life, relieving factors, patients attended per day, working hours per day, and awareness on ergonomics were also recorded. The data were analyzed for descriptive statistics, and Chi‑square tests was used for proportions. Almost all respondents experienced pain due to MSDs. Approximately, 11.1 % “always” experienced elbow pain; 5.6 % “always” experienced pain in neck and back. Approximately, 83 % “sometimes” experienced pain in the back. Pain in elbow was significantly associated with gender (P = 0.036), qualification (P = 0.029), and years of practice (P = 0.032). Approximately, 36 % reported having an impact on their life. The magnitude of the problem is slowly shifting from “sometimes” to “always.” Although small in proportion, pain due to MSDs has an impact on dental practitioners’ quality of life, and elbow pain was reportedly higher in the study setting. Measures need to be implemented before MSD becomes a career limiting occupational hazard.

5 tables, 23 ref

041696   CHUGH A, MISHRA K, SAHU K K, MITTAL Y, CHUGH V K (Dentistry Dep, AIIMS, Jodhpur – 342 005, Rajasthan, Email: ankitamody@gmail.com) : Role of structured rehabilitation protocol in post surgical cases of restricted mouth opening. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 350-3.

Long term effectiveness of surgical management of chronically restricted mouth opening in OSMF or TMJ ankylosis depends largely on postoperative physiotherapy. This in turn is dependent on patient’s compliance. Use of adjunctive aids besides pharmacotherapy that reduces patients pain and improves compliance with exercise is warranted. To evaluate the role of TENS and structured rehabilitation programme in postoperative physiotherapy in OSMF and TMJ ankylosis patients. A pilot study was conducted in which 6 patients of restricted mouth opening were put on a structured rehabilitation protocol in which TENS, heat and cold therapy with structured mouth opening exercise regimes. Interincisal opening, VAS score and a subjective assessment of post surgical discomfort was evaluated. Results revealed an improved compliance and cooperation by patients. Pain on VAS scale also reduced from mean of 7.8 on day 1 to 3.6 on day 5 in this group. The mean discomfort on day 3 was reported as mild to moderate. An early attainment of passive mouth opening closest to intraoperative mouth opening was also reported on day 5 which is usually not achievable without any physiotherapy intervention.

2 tables, 9 ref

041695   PATANAPU S K, DOSHI D, KULKARNI S, REDDY B S, SRILATHA A, NARAYANA D S (Public Health Dentistry Dep, Government Dental Coll and Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, Email: doshidolar@yahoo.com) : Correlation of oral health related quality of life with dentition status and treatment need among 12 year old school children of Dilsukhnagar, Hyderabad. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 343-9.

To determine the relationship between Oral Health‑related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) with Dentition Status and Treatment need among 12 year old school children of Dilsukhnagar, Hyderabad. A cross sectional study was carried out among 990 private school children aged 12 years old in Dilsukhnagar, Hyderabad city. OHRQoL was assessed by 16‑item Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ_11‑14), and Oral hygiene was evaluated using Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI‑S), and Dentition status and Treatment need. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Study population proportions and mean scores were compared using Chi‑square test, Student t‑ test, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Spearman’s analysis was done to determine correlation between CPQ_11‑14 and its domain scores with OHI‑S and Dentition status and Treatment Need based on gender. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. In the present study, all domains of CPQ_11‑14 i.e., Oral Symptoms (OS) (3.27 ± 2.5; P = 0.0001), Functional Limitation (FL) (1.48 ± 2.1; P = 0.02), Emotional Wellbeing (EW) (1.83 ± 2.5; P = 0.02) and Social Wellbeing (SW) (1.25 ± 2.02; P = 0.0002) showed significant gender difference, with males having higher mean score compared to females. The majority of the study population was caries free 789 (79.7%). In addition, the dental caries experience among males and females was around 20% (p = 0.92). When total mean DMFT and DT scores were compared based on gender, no statistically significant difference was noted though females showed higher mean score. The study results indicate that, there is a correlation between oral hygiene status and dentition status with quality of life.

5 tables, 35 ref

041694   CHOUDHARI S, GURUNATHAN D, KANTHASWAMY A C (Pedodontics Dep, Saveetha Univ, Chennai - 600 077, Tamil Nadu, Email: drgdeepa@yahoo.co.in) : Children’s perspective on color, smell and flavor of toothpaste. Indian J Dent Res 2020, 31(3), 338-42.

The foundation for healthy permanent teeth in children and teenagers is laid during the first years of life. Poor diet, poor habits of food intake, and inadequate toothbrushing habits during the first 2 years of life have been shown in several studies to be related to tooth decay in children. The development of caries in primary teeth further increases the risk of developing caries in permanent teeth. A survey was conducted with 787 school children aged between 5 years and 12 years in Chennai city on their perspective of toothpaste color, smell, and flavor. Of 787 children, 222 chose red as the color they want in their toothpaste whereas only 61 children preferred white as their toothpaste color. The survey showed that 50 % of the children wanted their toothpaste to taste sweet, followed by minty (20 %), sour (14 %), and spicy (11 %). When asked about what they would like their toothpaste to smell like, majority (41 %) of children opted for fruity, followed by sweet (23 %), minty (18 %), and fragrant (16 %). Based on the responses made by 787 children aged between 5 and 12 years, it can be concluded that children prefer red color, fruity smell, and sweet flavor.

11 tables, 25 ref

045294   KATHIRVELU C, MALINE A S, SIVASANKARI S (Entomology Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalainagar- 608 002, Tamil Nadu, Email: ckathirveluau@gmail.com) : Effect of essential oils as repellent against coleopteran pests of stored produce. J Ent Res 2020, 44(3), 371-6.

An attempt was made to test the repellent action of oils of Lantana camara (Lantana), Citronella nardus (Citronella), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Cinnamon) and Trachyspermmum copicum (Ajwain) against four major coleopteran stored product pests viz., pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L., rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L., lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica F. and red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum H. The oils of Lantana and Citronella were extracted from leaves, Cinnamon from barks and Ajwain from seeds. The results of the repellency test revealed that, essential oil of C. nardus found to have high repellency when compared to other three oils against C. chinensis and T. castaneum, whereas S. oryzae and R. dominica were repelled greatly by L. camara essential oil at both 2 and 4 h after treatment. The repellency effect increases with increase in concentration and also increase in Hours After Treatment (HAT).

2 tables, 20 ref

041693   LUO Z G, YING X R, SHEN C, REN Y, WANG S B, WU G F (Urology Dep, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Zhejiang 312000, China, Email: gaffwu@sina.com) : Characteristics and drug resistance of pathogens in urinary tract infection patients complicated with urinary calculi. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020, 82(5), 922-7.

Main objective is to explore the characteristics, drug resistance, and risk factors of pathogens in urinary tract infection patients complicated with urinary calculi. A total of 417 patients with urinary calculi who were treated in our hospital from January 2017 to December 2019 were enrolled in this study, including 234 patients with urinary tract infection and 183 patients without urinary tract infection. The midstream urine of 234 patients with urinary tract infection were cultured and used in the drug sensitivity test. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of postoperative urinary tract infection in patients with urinary calculi. A total of 624 strains of pathogens were isolated from the urine samples of 234 patients with postoperative urinary tract infection, of which 386 strains were gram-negative bacteria (61.86 %), 169 strains were gram-positive bacteria (27.08 %), and 69 strains were fungus (11.06 %). In the drug resistance test, the resistance rates of Staphylococcus aureus to tetracycline, rifampicin, and levofloxacin, and the resistance rate of Enterococcus faecium to levofloxacin was low. Enterococcus faecalis had the lowest resistance rate to levofloxacin, followed by azithromycin and gentamicin. The resistance rates of Staphylococcus epidermidis to levofloxacin and vancomycin were low and the resistance rate to erythromycin was 100.00 %. The resistance rate of Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis to meropenem and amikacin, and the resistance rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis to etilmicin and ceftriaxone were low. Univariate analysis showed that the postoperative urinary tract infection in patients with urinary calculi was related to the age, operation time, postoperative indwelling catheter time, stone size, and preoperative prophylactic use of antibiotics. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the age (≥65 y old), operation time (≥60 min), postoperative indwelling catheter time (≥7 d), and no preoperative prophylactic use of antibiotics were the risk factors of postoperative urinary tract infection in patients with urinary calculi. Patients with urinary calculi were prone to urinary tract infection after the operation. The main pathogens of infection were gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria, and they were resistant to some antibiotics. Antibiotics should be treated reasonably according to the risk factors of urinary tract infection and the results of the drug sensitivity tests to avoid further aggravation of bacterial drug resistances.

5 tables, 18 ref