018180   Pandey M C;Harilal P T;Manral M;Jayathilakan K;Srihari K A;Radhakrishna K;Bawa A S (Freeze-Drying and Animal Products Technology Dep, Defence Food Research Lab, Mysore-570 011, Email: dfrlmysore@sancharnet.in) : Freeze-dried rabri powder: product development and quality evaluation. J Fd Sci Technol 2009, 46(1), 46-9.

Formulation for rabri powder based on milk was standardized using response surface methodology. The milk was concentrated in a steam kettle till moisture content decreased up to 66%. Freeze-drying was carried out at 60°C and 0.1 mm of Hg pressure to achieve a final moisture content of 2.4%. Increased functional properties were achieved with the addition of almond and pistachio nuts. The product provides 494 kcal of energy/100 g. Quality evaluation with respect to chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics were carried out during storage of the product at ambient temperature (28±5°C). Total fatty acid profile of the product, initially and during storage was evaluated by gas chromatography and a significant decrease (p<0.05) was observed in the percentage of linoleic and linolenic acids during storage. Saturated fatty acids varied marginally. Even though the values of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and free fatty acids increased during storage, the product was sensorily acceptable up to 6 months storage at 28±5°C. Microbiologically the product did not show any increase in the standard plate count as well as yeast and mold counts. The pathogens Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus were absent throughout the storage period indicating the microbial safety of the product.

3 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

018179   Narula G;Devinder Kaur;Oberoi D P S;Sogi D S (Food Science and Technology Dep, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005) : Thermal degradation kinetics of lycopene in oleoresin extracted from tomato paste. J Fd Sci Technol 2009, 46(1), 75-6.

Oleoresin prepared from tomato paste was studied for lycopene degradation at 50, 75 and 100°C for 576, 192 and 21 h, respectively. Total lycopene content in oleoresin was reduced from initial 13.5 to 3.4 % after 576 h, 3.4 % after 192 h and 4.6 % after 21 h at 50, 75 and 100°C, respectively. First order kinetic model explained well the degradation behaviour of lycopene in oleoresin with correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.946-0.991 and standard error of 0.15-0.45. The dependence of degradation rate constant of lycopene content on temperature was adequately explained by Arrhenius equation and the activation energy obtained for lycopene was 58.8 kJ/mol.

2 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

018178   Muthukumar M;Chandrasekaran V (Chemistry Dep, Mahendra Arts and Science College, Kalaippatti, Namakkal-637 501, Email: mahendradramuthu@yahoo.com) : Ocimum sanctum as inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in phosphoric acid medium. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(1), 421-32.

The inhibition effect of Ocimum sanctum on corrosion of mild steel in phosphoric acid solutions has been studied. The mass loss and polarization techniques were employed at 302-333 K. The inhibition efficiency increased with increase in concentration of inhibitors and decreased with rise in temperature from 302 to 333 K and in acid concentration from 1 to 5 N. The adsorption of this compound on the mild steel surface from the acids has been found to obey Temkin's adsorption isotherm. The potentiostatic polarization results revealed that Ocimum sanctum is a mixed type inhibitor. The values of activation energy (E_a), free energy of adsorption (ΔG_ads), enthalpy of adsorption (ΔH) and entropy of adsorption (ΔS) were also calculated. The plots of W_f against time (d) at 302 K gives straight line, which suggested that it obeys first order kinetics and also calculate the rate constant (k) and half life period (t_1/2).

9 illus, 3 ables, 47 ref

018177   Manjula G;Magudeswaran P N (Chemistry Dep, VLB Janakiammal College of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore-641 042) : Treatment of wastewater from dairy industry by root zone method. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2008, 7(2), 337-9.

In India, the dairy industry contribute a significant percentage of the total quantity of waste generated. Since, milk processing consumes large amount of water, the volume of effluent discharged from the industry is very high. It increases level of BOD and depletes dissolved oxygen of the receiving waters. Various water quality characteristics such as pH, electrical conductivity, COD and TDS of the effluent are studied before and after the application of root zone treatment system (RZTS), and it is found that the treatment is very effective.

1 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

018176   Manikandan R;Prabhu H J;Sivashanmugam P (Chemical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-620 015) : Degradation of chlorobenzene by immobilized crude extract of Nocardia hydrocarbonoxydans. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2008, 7(1), 1-6.

Nocardia hydrocarbonoxydans has been identified as potential organism to decompose chlorobenzene by its crude extract through immobilization technique. Norardia hydrocarbonoxydans was grown on chlorobenzene as a sole source of carbon and energy. Chlorobenzene was used as an inducer to develop specific intracellular enzymes which will decompose chlorobenzene to nontoxic substance. Crude extracts of the cell contain intracellular enzyme, which were immobilized on sodium alginate beads. The beads were mixed with different concentrations (200, 250, 300 ppm) of chlorobenzene to study the kinetics of degradation of chlorobenzene. The rate of decomposition of chlorobenzene by immobilized crude extracts was measured at different time intervals and it was found that 86 to 96 percent of chlorobenzene can be decomposed in less than ten minutes. The immobilized crude extracts were reused for all other experiments and found that immobilization technique can be used for higher capacity conversion for scale up process.

6 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

018175   Liu X;Du L F;Huang X H;Zhu D Y;Li J;Wang J Z (NO, Institute of Nanobiomedical Technology and Membrane Biology, Sichuan U, Chengdu, P.R. China, Email: dulinfang@scu.edu.cn) : Purification of recombinent p19<. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(1), 279-86.

The protein alternate reading frame (ARF) known as P19^ARF in mice is unique in its capacity to facilitate cancer suppression. Here, reports that recombinent 10His-pl9^ARF expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) could be purified under native condition by nickel chelating affinity chroma-tography and have functional structure. 0.3 mg 10His-pl9^ARP per liter culture could be obtained after the purification process. This recombinant protein was recognized by western blot with anti-His antibody. Then GST pull-down assay revealed its interaction with TAp63y (a member of the p53 family) in vitro. By describing its temperature and pH dependent stabilities using fluorescence measurements, the surface environment of the C-terminal region of 10His-p19^ARF was especially found to be hydrophobic. The 1 OHis-p19^ARF unfolding with heat was a two-state mechanism. A significant change of tryptophan fluorescence of p19^ARF upon β-mercaptoethanpl suggested its disulfide bond-dependent conformation.

4 illus, 24 ref

018174   Kumcuoglu S;Tavman S (Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Dep, Ege University, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey, Email: sebnem.tavman@ege.edu.tr) : Thermal diffusivity measurement of meat products. J Fd Sci Technol 2009, 46(2), 99-103.

Thermal diffusivity is an important thermal property in modeling, simulation and control of various food processing operations. Thermal diffusivities of meat products were measured in the temperature range of -35 to +10°C, by using time-temperature history method. At temperatures below the initial freezing temperature, thermal diffusivity increased markedly as the temperature decreased and increased with increasing moisture content. Experimental data on thermal diffusivity were mathematically interpreted as a function of temperature and composition by application of regression analysis. Good agreement was found between thermal diffusivity values determined experimentally and literature values.

3 illus, 6 tables, 30 ref

018173   Koyuncu M (Textile Dep, Van Vocational School of Higher Education, Yuzuncu Yil Univ, 65100 Van, Turkey, Email: menderes@yyu.edu.tr) : Adsorption of maxilon blue GRL from an aqueous solution: equilibrium and kinetic studies. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(1), 121-7.

Removal of a basic dye, maxilon blue GRL by bentonite, from an aqueous solution was studied. The adsorption of the dye on to bentonite was investigated during batch adsorption experiments carried out to determine the effect of initial dye concentration and contact time. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were tested for their applicability. Kinetic studies were conducted in two different temperatures and five different reaction periods. Adsorption stability studies were done with five different dye solutions at 37 °C, pH 4.5-5.0 and in 10 h stability periods and adsorption capacities, adsorption stability constants and Langmuir and Freundlich constants were calculated. The experimental data were analysed using the pseudo-first-order adsorption kinetic model. According to this model, the rate constants were evaluated for two different temperatures. The experimental data fit the first-order kinetic model.

5 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

018172   Jooyandeh H;Minhas K S;Kaur A (Food Science and Technology Dep, Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University, Ahvaz, Iran, Email: hosjooy@yahoo.com) : Sensor quality and chemical composition of wheat breads supplemented with fermented whey protein concentrate and whey permeate. J Fd Sci Technol 2009, 46(2), 146-8.

Supplementation of fermented whey protein concentrate (FWPC) and whey permeate to wheat flour at 0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels were tested for sensory quality and chemical composition of bread. Sensory characteristics of bread samples supplemented with whey permeate were better but in other supplemented samples increase in FWPC higher than 50% caused significant decrease in sensory scores. Fat, protein, ash and moisture contents of bread increased with increasing levels of substitution and this effect was more in FWPC fortified breads. Bread supplemented with 100% FWPC had higher moisture, protein, fat and ash contents than control and other supplemented samples.

2 tables, 18 ref

018171   John J;George S;Magudeswaran P N (Chemistry Dep, VLB Janakiammal College of Engineering and Technology, Kovaipudur, Coimbatore-641 042) : Fly ash - a substitute of fine aggregate in concrete. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2008, 7(2), 327-9.

The sharp fall in underground water table in river basins is said to be the outcome of indiscriminate sand mining resulting in the deepening of river beds. The natural sand beds have voids of 45-50% in the soil where the rain water is retained by the river sand. This property of the river sand is mainly responsible for maintaining the ground water table in and around river basins. Deals with the partial replacement of river sand by fly ash in aggregate in concrete without compromising the strength.

2 tables, 5 ref

018170   Hosseini M;Ebadi A G (Biology Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Sari Branch, Sari 48164-194, Mazandaran, Iran, Email: dr_ebadi2000@yahoo.com) : Effect of temperature and electric field on demulsification of water-oil emulsion. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(1), 707-15.

Desalting and dehydrating of crud oil in water-in-oil emulsion type is investigated under non-uniform electrical field using direct current (DC) and the results are compared with the ones of available methods. The effect of time, temperature and voltage on separation efficiency is also considered. The results show that the inhomogeneous electrical field method can be the proper and suitable way to desalt and dehydrate the water-in-oil emulsions. In laboratory conditions of 8000 to 10000 volts of voltage at 50°C the separation efficiency of 96 % is achieved.

3 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

018169   Halder G N;Sarkar S C (Chemical Engineering Dep, Durgapur Institute of Advanced Technology and Management, G.T. Road, Rajbandh, Burdwan, Durgapur-713 212, Email: gopinath_haldar@yahoo.co.in) : Replacement of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by natural refrigerants. Indian Sci Cruiser 2008, 22(4), 23-8.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have been the subject of worldwide attention due to the stratospheric ozone issue leading to the historic Montreal Protocol, an international agreeªment on control measures for ozone protection. The ozone layer in the stratosphere, which protects life on earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation, is getting depleted due to use CFCs and other harmful substances in most of the conventional refrigeration systems. The problem threatens not only human beings, but also the plant and animal kingdom on earth's surface. In view of this alarming problem, replacements of CFCs by eco-friendly refrigerants becomes an urgent necessity. Carbon dioxide, the old refrigerant in its new form, appears to be a viable alternative refrigerant for the future in the context of CFC phase-out and waste gas utilization. Study reports the various possible alternative refrigªeration cycles based on carbon dioxide as a natural refrigerant and the current understanding of the role of this refrigerant in environmental protection.

1 table, 18 ref

018168   Gupta A;Sharma P C (Post-harvest Technology Dep, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173 230, Email: pcsharma2@yahoo.co.in) : Standardization of methods for apricot kernel oil extraction, packaging and storage. J Fd Sci Technol 2009, 46(2), 121-6.

Portable power ghani and table oil expeller were evaluated for extraction of oil from sweet and bitter apricot kernels and compared with the quality of oil extracted through solvent extraction. The storage stability of oils was evaluated up to 6 months at 20°C after packing in transparent glass bottles (TGB), amber coloured glass bottles (ACGB) and polyethylene (PE) pouches. Method of extraction did not exhibit any significant influence on the quality of extracted oil except the presence of hydrocyanic acid (HCN). The bitter kernel oil extracted through solvent extraction was completely free of HCN while oil extracted by other methods contained varying proportions of HCN. The oil extracted from apricot kernels showed a significant decrease in the iodine value (IV) (104.1-94.9 g I₂/ 100 g), while saponification value (SV) (192.8-195.5 mg KOH/g), peroxide value (PV) (6.2-10.0 meq/kg) and acid value (AV) (3.6-5.9 mg KOH/g) exhibited a significant increase from initial values of 192.8-195.5 mg KOH/g SV, 6.2-10.0 meq/kg PV and 3.6-5.9 mg KOH/ g AV, respectively during storage. However, the recorded values for all the attributes were within the specified standards of Prevention of Food Adulteration Act for almond oil. Oil packed in ACGB and PE pouches exhibited comparatively lower changes in quality characteristics after 6 months as compared to oil stored in TGB. The kernel oil packed in ACGB and PE pouches after exogenous addition of tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) @ 0.02% as an antioxidant remained shelf stable up to 6 months without exhibiting any adverse change in physico-chemical characteristics. Thus, the apricot kernel oil can successfully be stored at ambient temperature (20°C) after adding 0.02% TBHQ followed by its packing in ACGB and PE pouches.

7 tables, 22 ref

018167   Golcu A;Gitmisoglu D;Dolaz M;Serin S (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Sicence and Arts, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ, 46100 Kahramanmaras, Turkey, Email: ag518@ksu.edu.tr) : Isolation of colour components from Rubia tinctorum L.: chromatographic determination, spectrophotometric investigation, dyeing properties and antimicrobial activity. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(1), 321-36.

A sensitive quantification high performance liquid chromatographic method for analysis of alizarin in madder root (Rubia tinctorum L.) obtained from South of Anatolia,Turkey is reported. The alizarin is separated on Zorbax SB C₁₈ column with a water-acetonitrile gradient as eluent and measured with UV detection at 250 nm. With this method the aglycone alizarin can be analyzed. Regression equation that obtained from the calibration curve, revealed a linear relationship (r^{2 = 0.9981) between the mass of alizarin injected and the peak area. After, the colour components responsible for dyeing were determinated and its chemical constituents were established based on chemical and spectroscopic investigations. Afterwards, the wool fabrics have been dyed with combined mordanting and mordantless techniques. Fastness to light, washing and rubbing of the dyed fabrics were measured and discussed. Additionally, extracts (ethanolic and aqueous) of R. tinctorum L. root and dyed materials were investigated for their antimicrobial activities against eight pathogens (Aeromanas hydrophila, Bacillus megaterium, Corynebacterium xenosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus luteus, Enterococcus faecalis, Stapylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli). The extracts and dyed materials were not effective against the growth of Escherichia coli. The fabric dyed, however, showed less antimicrobial activity, as uptake of this dye in textile material is below minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).}

6 illus, 7 tables, 44 ref

018166   Ghufran Saeed S M;Arif S;Ahmed M;Ali R;Shih F (NO, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-752 70, Pakistan) : Influence of rice bran on rheological properties of dough and in the new product development. J Fd Sci Technol 2009, 46(1), 62-5.

Impact of adding 2-20% rice bran to wheat flour on the rheological behaviour of the dough was investigated using Farinograph, Consistograph and Alveograph. The changes in physico-chemical properties of dough were insignificant even after including 20% of the bran. The wheat flour and rice bran mixtures were used to prepare cookies and flat bread (chapati) and the sensory evaluation was carried out for the products. The sensory scores of the product, such as texture and taste, decreased with increased substitution with the rice bran. However, cookies and chapati, with up to 10% rice bran replacement were rated acceptable.

4 tables, 12 ref

018165   Gaytancioglu O;Tasan M;Gecgel U;Arslan D (Food Engineering Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Namik Kemal Univ, 59030 Tekirdag, Turkey, Email: ugecgel@nku.edu.tr) : Chemical composition and constituent value of selected soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cultivars grown in Turkey. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(1), 627-34.

The aim of study was to determine and to compare the seed chemical characteristics and constituent value of selected soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cultivars which were grown in the experimental areas of the Black-Sea Agricultural Research Institute, Samsun, Turkey. Moisture, crude protein, crude oil and ash contents and fatty acid compositions in the seeds of 20 soybean cultivars were determined. According to the findings of the research, the major fatty acids were linoleic (C_18:2) and oleic (Cv>18:1) acids, whose contents were in the ranges 51.76-56.76 % and 18.84-26.35 %, respectively. All of the cultivars contained linolenic (C_18:3) acid, with values ranging from 6.01 to 8.32 %. Palmitic (C_16:0) and stearic (C_18:0) acids were the main saturated fatty acids, 10.14-12.19 and 3.49-4.67 %, respectively. Small amounts of C_14:0, C_16:1, C_17:0, C_17:1, C_20:0, C_20:1, C_22:0, C_24:0 and C_24:1 were determined (< 1%). The crude oil contents of the soybean cultivars were varied from 17.28 to 20.71% of the weight of whole seed. The important chemical component of the cultivars was the crude protein, which ranged from 35.02 to 39.11 %, as whole seed basis. Moisture and total ash contents were in the ranges 6.05-8.62 and 3.62-5.46 %, respectively.

2 tables, 21 ref

018164   Farooq S M;Sathaye S;Rao N V (NO, University Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Anticonvulsant activity of milk extract of nuts of Sememcarpus anacardium, Linn. Adv Pharmac Toxic 2009, 10(1), 67-9.

Semecarpus anacardium, Linn. is reported with varied important activities in traditional system of medicine. In the work, the nuts of S. anacardium extracted with milk (MENSA) were studied for its anticonvulsant potential using Maximal electroshock (MES) model. The nut extract of S. anacardium was prepared by following Siddha method of extraction. Two dose levels of MENSA were used. Seizures were induced in rats by delivering electroshock of 150mA for 0.2 s by means of electroconvulsiometer. Time (seconds) in various phases of convulsions was noted. A decrease in duration of hind-leg extension indicates anticonvulsant activity. MENSA was found to posses anticonvulsant activity against MES-induced convulsions and hence can be used in both tonic and tonic-clonic type of seizures.

1 table, 5 ref

018163   Farizadeh K;Yazdanshenas M E;Montazer M; Rashidi A;Malek R M A (Textile Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran, Email: k_farizad2005@yahoo.com) : Thermodynamics of adsorption of iranian weld dye on wool fabric. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(1), 403-10.

The adsorption properties of the colouing matter from Weld have studied on wool fabric. The rate of dyeing at different temperature as well as the values of adsorption isotherm, affinity, entropy and enthalpy were estimated. The results show that with increasing of temperature the values of partition ratio and affinity decrease. The suitability of the adsorbent was tested by fitting the adsorption data with Langmuir isotherm. The effect of alum was also studied on adsorption isotherm and resulted that the adsorption isotherm is similar to without alum.

8 illus, 17 ref

018162   Fagbemi T N (Food Science and Technology Dep, The Federal University of Technology, P M B 704, Akure, Nigeria, Email: tnfagbemi55@yahoo.co.uk) : Effect of processing on chemical composition of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale). J Fd Sci Technol 2009, 46(1), 36-40.

Cashew nuts (Anacardium occidentale) were processed by drying, boiling, fermentation, germination and roasting. Whole and defatted cashew nut flours were analysed for proximate and amino acid composition. The extracted oils were analysed for fatty acids. Processing techniques significantly (p≤0.05) affected the proximate composition of the nuts. The major unsaturated fatty acids are oleic acid (57.9-66.8%) and linoleic acid (10.4-17.7%). The saturated fatty acids are palmitic acid, (8.9-11.7%) and stearic acid (6.9-8.4%). The most abundant amino acid is glutamic acid (183.5-214.0 mg/g crude protein). The limiting amino acids are tryptophan (3.9-9.2 mg/g crude protein) and leucine (34.8-38.2 mg/ g crude protein).

3 tables, 43 ref

018161   Dash S N;Satya Sagar P (Chemical Engineering Dep, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam-532 127) : Adsorption of zinc metal from paper mills wastewater by activated carbon prepared from Shorea robusta leaf litter. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2008, 7(1), 117-22.

A study of removal efficiency of zinc from a simulated Paper Mills Effluent by adsorption on a non-convectional material, activated carbon from Shorea robusta leaf litter, is presented. As the adsorption potential of activated carbon varies as a function of contact time, initial metal concentration in the aqueous solution, temperature of solution, particle size of the adsorbent used, pH of solution, flow rate and the chemical and physical characteristics of the activated carbon and the wastewater, the chemical and physical properties of the activated carbon have been carried out. The controlling efficiency of the adsorption of zinc is affected by aqueous solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and initial metal ion concentration, which are investigated for the batch process. Results of the investigation were used for the kinetic studies to understand the mechanism of the adsorption process. The adsorption equilibrium is well correlated by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. From the experimental results it was found that the optimum activated carbon dose is 2.8 g/L. At this optimum carbon dose, by varying the contact time, it was found that the equilibrium occurs at one hour of operation and maximum adsorption (83.23%) at high values of solution pH (9.0) and high initial metal ion concentration.

^ssc6 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

018160   Chhokar V;Katiyar S;Beniwal V;Anil Kumar;Rana J S (Bio and Nano Technology Dep, Guru Jambheshwar Univ of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana) : Immobilization of tannase for commercial use in food industries. Asian J Bio Sci 2009, 3(2), 275-8.

Immobilization of tannase from Aspergillus heteromorphus was studied on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, Chitin and Ca-alginate. Among the three methods studied, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 was observed the best support to immobilize A. heteromorphus tannase with 91.5% immobilization. On the other hand Ca-alginate and Chitin supported 79.3% and 34.5% immobilization, respectively. When the immobilized enzyme was studied for its repeated use, a constant decline in the enzyme activity was observed. However, at the end of seventh cycle, operational stability of the immobilized enzyme was 88 %, 61.7 % and 55.7 % for Chitin, Ca-alginate and DEAE-Cellulose, respectively.

1 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

018159   Borkar P A;Jadhao S D;Bakane P H;Borkar S L; Murumkar R P (Office of the Research Engineer, Post Harvest Technology Scheme, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapee, Akola, Maharashtra) : Effect of ethylene absorbent and different packaging materials on storage life of banana. Asian J Bio Sci 2009, 3(2), 233-6.

Experirnent was conducted to assess the shelf life of unripe banana with ethylene absorbent stored in different packaging materials viz., HDPE, polyethylene and polypropylene (non-perforated) bags of different gauges. Significantly minimum weight loss, spoilage, TSS and Pulp/peel ratio recorded by fruits stored in 250 gauged non-perforated HDPE bags followed by 175 gauges non -perforated HDPE bags with ethylene absorbent at all the sampling dates. However, highest acidity was recorded at all the storage period due to the same packaging materials. The spoilage was recorded on 15 days of storage to the tune of 2.15% and 1.054%, respectively by fruits stored in 175-gauged HDPE bags and 250-gauged HDPE bags. The control fruits were spoiled on 9th day.

3 tables, 10 ref

018158   Asha C;Pratima A (Foods and Nutrition Dep, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: ashchaudhary@rediffmail.com) : Quality evaluation of biscuits containing parboiled rice bran. J Fd Sci Technol 2009, 46(1), 83-4.

Biscuits were prepared by incorporating parboiled rice bran (PRB) at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35% levels. Sensory scores of 30% PRB incorporated biscuits were >7.0 for colour, flavour, texture and overall acceptability. Biscuits with 30% PRB contained protein 7.3%, fat 20.3%, crude fiber 3.2% and total dietary fiber 11.8%, which were higher than control biscuits. Fe, P, Zn and Mn contents of bran incorporated biscuits were also higher than control biscuits.

^ssc2 tables, 11 ref

018157   Arslanoolu F N;Kar F;Arslan N (Chemical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Fyrat University, 23279 Elazyo, Turkey, Email: narslan2@firat.edu.tr) : Rheology of peach pulp-powdered activated carbon mixtures. J Fd Sci Technol 2009, 46(2), 156-9.

Study examined the rheological behaviour of peach pulp-powdered activated carbon mixtures (PPPACM) and validated the power-law model. A rotational viscometer was used to determine the rheological properties of PPPACM. Operating parameters varied between 15 and 40°C for temperature, 0.5 and 5 kg/m³ for concentration, and 5 and 60 rpm for rotational speed. The apparent viscosity versus shear rate data for PPPACM exhibited shear-thinning characteristics and power-law model described well the apparent viscosity versus shear rate data of all samples. The addition of activated carbon in peach pulp, temperature and shear rate affected the rheological properties. The consistency coefficient and the flow behaviour index decreased with temperature. The consistency coefficient increased with activated carbon concentration but no harmonious variation observed at the flow behaviour index values with increase in activated carbon concentration. The apparent viscosity of PPPACM showed an increase with increasing activated carbon concentration. Empirical models to predict the apparent viscosity of PPPACM were developed.

1 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

018156   Arora S;Singh V P;Sharma V;Wadhwa B K;George V;Singh A K;Sharma G S (Dairy Chemistry Div, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Email: sumitak123@yahoo.com) : Analysis of sucralose and its storage stability in burfi. J Fd Sci Technol 2009, 46(2), 114-17.

Sucralose used at 0.025% level in burfi scored highest in sweetness perception and resembled control with sucrose. A simple method was developed for the isolation of sucralose from burfi for HPTLC analysis. Methods were also standardized for qualitative detection (semi-quantification) of sucralose over amino HPTLC plates and quantitative analysis over silica gel HPTLC plates. Sucralose sweetened burfi (SSB) possessed the same desirable sweetness, colour, body and texture even after 7 days of storage at 6-8°C. Titratable acidity was higher in sucralose sweetened burfi than in control sample. Hunter, colour lightness was lower in control with sucrose than in SSB. Total plate counts were higher in SSB than in control. Total plate counts increased linearly for both SSB and control during storage. Analysis over HPTLC plates established the stability of sucralose and hence, its sweetness on storage of burfi.

1 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

018155   Amit Kumar;Sharma V;Darshan Lal (Dairy Chemistry Div, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Email: dlghai123@yahoo.co.in) : Thin layer chromatographic method for the detection of rice bran oil in other vegetable oils. J Fd Sci Technol 2009, 46(1), 85-6.

Simple thin layer chromatographic method has been developed for the detection of rice bran oil added to soybean oil, sunflower oil, groundnut oil, coconut oil and palm oil. Developing a solvent system comprising of toluene/ethyl acetate/methanol (90:8:2, v/v) on thin layers of silica gel 60, resulted in efficient separation of χ-oryzanol (naturally present in rice bran oil) from tocopherols as well as other components present in the extract obtained from oils using an extracting solvent (methanol to water 9:1). By using the developed method, addition of rice bran oil to other vegetable oils at 5% level can be easily detected.

^ssc2 illus, 11 ref

018154   Adiguzel G;Atasever M;Karakaya Y;Aydemir M; Unsal C (Food Science and Technology Dep, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Ataturk Univ, Erzurum, Turkey, Email: atasever@atauni.edu.tr) : Chemical, microbiological and sensorial properties of tulum cheese. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(1), 572-80.

Study was carried out to determine the chemical, microbiological and sensorial properties of Tulum cheese, a raw milk cheese. 50 Randomly selected samples of Tulum cheese purchased from different retail markets in Erzurum and Konya regions, were analyzed. The production technique of Tulum cheese was investigated too. It was found that chemical, microbiological and sensorial properties of the samples varied in large range; especially microbiological quality was not very good. It is concluded that it is necessary to undertake hygienic measurements and use heat-treated milk in production and further investigations are required for standardizing the production technique of Tulum cheese.

4 tables, 32 ref

017216   Tiwari D C;Jain R;Sahu G (School of Studies in Chemistry, Jiwaji Univ, Gwalior-474 011, Email: rajeevjain54@yahoo.co.in) : Electrochemical behaviour of famotidine in pharmaceutical formulation at composite polymer membrane electrode. Indian J chem Technol 2008, 15(5), 472-5.

Electrochemical behaviour of famotidine has been studied at composite polymer membrane working electrode. Cyclic voltammetric method has been developed for the determination of drug in pharmaceutical formulation. A well-defined anodic peak was observed for famotidine in the entire pH range. The current increases steadily with scan rate and concentration. This composite film showed good catalytic behaviour, which includes a good current response. The result is compared with the glassy carbon electrode and it was found that the current with composite polymer electrode is of the order of 18.60 mA whereas with glassy carbon electrode it was around 565.00 μA.

7 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

017215   Teli M D;Sekar N;Prabhu K H (Fibres and Textile Processing Technology Dep, Mumbai Univ Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019, Email: drmdteli@udct.org) : Synthesis and application of monoazo acid dyes containing trifluoromethyl group and their methyl analogous on polyamides. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(6), 4627-37.

A new series of monoazo acid dyes containing m-trifluoro-melhyl aniline reacted with various couplers such as Schaeffer acid, N.W. acid, γ-acid and N-(4-sulphophenyl)-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone compound were prepared. These dyes were compared with parallel series of dyes obtained from m-toluidine in place of m-trifluoromethyl aniline. Subsequently the polyamide fabrics mainly silk, wool and nylon were dyed and their properties such as water repellency, colour depth and fastness properties were determined. Trifluoromethyl based dyes were found to impart improved water repellent properties without impairing any other conventional performance properties, significantly.

8 tables, 15 ref

017214   Song Y L;Li J T;Chen H (College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei Univ, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, P R China, Email: lijitai@hbu.edu.cn) : Removal of acid brown 348 dye from aqueous solution by ultrasound irradiated exfoliated graphite. Indian J chem Technol 2008, 15(5), 443-8.

Acid brown 348 dye was removed from aqueous solution using ultrasound-assisted adsoiption on exfoliated graphite. The effects of relevant parameters, namely, contact time, sorbent dosage, temperature, initial dye concentration and pH have been investigated. The results show that ultrasound irradiation significantly improves removal of acid brown 348 from aqueous solutions in presence of exfoliated graphite. The ultrasound/exfoliated graphite process yielded 90% removal rate within 120 min using 2.0 g L^-1 exfoliated graphite atpH 1 and 40°C.

8 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

017213   Sonawane G H;Shrivastava V S (P.G. Studies and Researchn in Chemistry Dep, G.T.P. College, Nandurbar-425 412, Email: drvinod_shrivastava@yahoo.com) : Removal of basic dye (methylene blue) from aqueous solution by adsorption using Musa paradisica : a agricultural waste. J envir Sci Engng 2008, 51(1), 45-52.

Adsorbent prepared from Musa paradisica leaves - a low cost bioadsorbent was successfuly used to remove methylene blue from an aqueous solution in batch study. The effect of contact time, adsorbent dosage, pH of solution, initial dye concentration, particle size of adsorbent and kinetics of adsorption was studied. It has been observed that the optimum pH is 8 and adsorbent dosage required is 4 g/L for 97% removal of methylene blue (100 mg/L). The removal of methylene blue increases with increasing contact time and becomes constant after 30 minutes. The adsorbent dosage was increased from 1 g/L to 24 g/L and percentage removal increases continuously. The adsorption follows Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The comparison was also done with pseudo first order, pseudo second order, and Elovich kinetic models, respectively.

8 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

017212   Shah A (Chemical Sciences Dep, N.V. Patel College of Pure & Applied Sciences, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120, Email: arc17973@yahoo.com) : Eco-friendly crosslinking agent for acid functional acrylic resin. E J Chem 2009, 6(2), 419-28.

Oil from J. multifida was extracted and it was first converted into N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Jatropha fatty amide (HEJFA). HEJFA has been synthesized by reaction between Jatropha oil and diethanol amine in presence of zinc oxide as a catalyst. The reaction is relatively rapid and proceeded to high yield at 200±5 °C. The resulting HEJFA was used to formulate thermosetting coating compositions. Films were cured at ambient (air drying) and elevated (stove drying) temperatures using N, N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Jatropha fatty amide (HEJFA) as eco-friendly crosslinking agent for acrylic resin. The coating performance of the various compositions was tested by measurement of scratch hardness, impact strength and chemical resistance. The results show better performance of the HEJFA based compositions compared to butylated melamine formaldehyde (MF) based compositions.

3 illus, 5 tables, 26 ref

017211   Sebastian J;Menon C S (School of Pure and Applied Physics, Mahatma Gandhi Univ, Kottayam-686 560, Email: menonspap@sify.com) : Electrical and optical characterization of thermally evaporated titanyl phthalocyanine thin films. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(6), 4353-62.

The electrical and optical properties of thermally evaporated titanyl phthalocyanine-β modification (TiOPc) thin films have been investigated. Thin films of TiOPc are prepared by thermal evaporation method on to glass substrates in high vacuum. Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity of the films is also investigated. The dependence of activation energy on post deposition annealing in air and in vacuum are studied. Annealing in air and vacuum decreases the intrinsic activation energy of TiOPc thin films. The optical absorption spectra of TiOPc thin films in the range 300-900 nm are recorded. The absorption spectra obtained in UV-Vis region for the as deposited and annealed films show two absorption bands namely the Q-band and the soret band. The fundamental and onset energy gaps are estimated. It is observed that air annealing and vacuum annealing have no significant role in the optical band gap of TiOPc thin films.

6 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

017210   Sathiyabama J;Rajendran S;Arockia Selvi J; John Amalraj A (Chemistry Dep, Loyola College, Chennai, Email: srmjoany@sify.com) : Methyl orange as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in well water. Indian J chem Technol 2008, 15(5), 462-6.

The corrosion inhibition efficiency of methyl orange in controlling corrosion of carbon steel immersed in well water has been evaluated by weight loss method both in absence and presence of zinc ion. A synergistic effect exists between methyl orange (MO) and Zn²⁺. The inhibition efficiency (IE) of the MO - Zn²⁺ system decreases with increase in immersion period. Polarization study suggests that the MO-Zn²⁺ system functions as a mixed inhibitor system. FTIR spectra indicate that the protective film consists of Fe²⁺ - MO complex and Zn(OH)₂.

3 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

017209   Samanta A K;Agarwal P (NO, Institute of Jute Technology, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700 019, Email: ijt@cal2.vsnl.net.in) : Natural dyes - an eco-friendly concept in textile dyeing. Indian Sci Cruiser 2008, 22(1), 28-44.

Natural dyes can produce uncommon and soothing shades, and in some cases the shades are enhanced with age during use. They are usually non-toxic/non-carcinogen and non allergic. However the common drawbacks of natural dyes are its difficult reproducibility, non-uniform shade, poor to moderate fastness and non-availability of standard application methods. For producing eco-friendly dyed textiles natural dyes are being preferred in Japan, UK and USA. Hence, lot of scientific studies have been reported recently for exploring the science and technological aspects of natural dyeing of textiles. Some scientific studies have been carried out from this laboratory on application of single or mixture of red sandal wood, jackfruit wood, sappan wood, marigold, manjistha and babool as natural dyes both on cotton and Jute. A brief summary of such work with important observation and conclusions are also mentioned for information to the common readers. Attempts have been made to precisely inform the common readers, craftsmen/artisan/dyers, students, designers and NGO's etc about the scientific procedure and practices of natural dyeing of textiles after appropriate mordanting.

1 illus, 4 tables, 42 ref

017208   Rupinder Singh (Mechanical & Production Engg Dep, G.N.D.E. College, Ludhiana, Email: rupindersingh78@yahoo.com) : Experimental investigations on machining characteristics of titanium in ultrasonic impact grinding. Mfg Technol Today 2008, 7(5), 10-16.

An effort has been made to experimentally explore the temperature effect in ultrasonic impact grinding of pure titanium, using high-speed steel, tungsten carbide and stainless steel tools. Two output parameters namely material removal rate and tool wear rate (at three different slurry temperatures 10°C, 27°C, and 60°C) were selected to access the capability of ultrasonic impact grinding. The results suggested that the temperature has not significant effect on the material removal rate and tool wear rate in ultrasonic impact grinding of commercially pure titanium. Further more, material removal rate and tool wear rate were greatly influenced by work- tool material relative hardness.

14 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

017207   Patel K;Desai D;Bhuva S (Chemistry Dep, V.P. & R.P.T.P. Science College, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120, Email: drkdpate164@yahoo.co.in) : Development and characterization of novel interpenetrating network (IPN) foams from epoxy ester and aliphatic epoxy resin. E J Chem 2009, 6(2), 341-7.

Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) was reacted with acrylate monomer at variable molar ratios. The reaction between glycerine and epichlorohydrine form glycidyl ether of polyol aliphatic epoxy resin. The resultant resins were characterized duly. Both the resins were mixed at different ratios with constant high shear stirring. The obtained mixture and suitable additives were heated at 150 °C for one and half hour. The so called Interpenetrating Network (IPN) transformed into foams. The performance of foams was evaluated by testing for compression in both parallel and perpendicular to rise direction. The tests were carried out at room temperature and at the elevated temperature. The compression properties showed a decreasing trend for increasing amounts of glycerine resin.' The density and thermal properties of epoxy foams were also evaluated. The relation between the composition, density and properties of the foam was analyzed.

5 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

017206   Mukherjee G S (Group for Forecasting and Analysis of Systems and Technologies, Defence Research & Development Organization, Metcalfe House Complex, Civil Lines, Delhi-110 054) : Microemulsion for nano and biotechnology. Indian Sci Cruiser 2008, 22(3), 40-5.

Microemulsion technique is gaining importance in the perspective of generation of nano-composite materials. Stability of microemulsion system has been discussed from basic thermodynamic principles. The applications of microemulsion technique in synthesis of nanomaterials, in production of polymers with desired morphology and in different biomedical processes have been discussed.

26 ref

017205   Mathur R;Chandrawat M P S;Sharma S K (Chemistry Dep, R.R. College, Alwar, Rajasthan) : Effect on setting, strength, moisture resistance and linear changes of Sorel's cement on mixing portland cement as an additive. E J Chem 2009, 6(2), 412-18.

Magnesium oxysulphate cement (MOC, Magnesia / Sorel's Cement). discovered by Sorel S.T. in 1867 and has versatile cementing characteristics. It is prepared by the reaction of magnesium sulphate with magnesia in aqueous solution. Dolomite is used as inert filler to absorb the heat evolved during the exothermic formations of oxysulphate cement. Additives play an important role to modify the properties of Sorel's cement by nullifying the harmful effects of the impurities present in the matrix. Incorporation of Portland cement in increasing quantities in magnesium oxysulphate cement improves the compressive strength of the cement remarkably. Water tightness of Sorel's cement increases with the increase in quantities of the additive (15%, 20%). Portland cement accelerates initial setting process and retards final setting process of oxysulpahte cement. An insignificant contraction in the length of the trial beams after mixing Portland cement in oxysulphate cement was an encouraging finding of the study.

5 tables, 29 ref

017204   Kumaresan G;Annal Villi R (Dairy Science Dep, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal-637 002) : Effect of microwave treatment on Pseudomonas species in filter sterilized milk. Indian vet J 2008, 85(10), 106-7.

^ssc10 ref

017203   Karimi H;Gheadi M (Chemical Engineering Dep, Yasouj Univ, 75914-353, Yasouj, Iran, Email: hajirk2002@yahoo.com) : Solvent extraction of iron from aluminium sulphat leach solution using acetylacetone-chloroform. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(6), 4173-6.

The purified aluminium sulphate which contains important Al compounds has been used in paper milling industry and water purification. This work is focused on the extraction of iron from aluminium sulphate leach solution by acetylacetone-chloroform as leaching agent. The results showed that iron can be efficiently extracted from leach solution in short time. The influence of effective variables including acidity, temperature, type and concentration of extracting solvent, aqueous to organic phase ratio (enrichment factor) and kind of diluents were investigated. The optimum extraction condition has been set as follow: pH 2,57, temperature 40°C, phase ratio of 1:1 and solvent concentration of 0.6 M. The unique advantage of the present work relative to other reported method is the higher extraction efficiency and lower cost.

4 illus, 3 ref

017202   Ismaeel A R;Abdel Rehim S S;Abdou A E (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Garyounis Univ, Benghazi, Libya, Email: riadbasha2003@yahoo.co.uk) : Effect of heat treatment (Ferritizing) on chemical composition, microstructure, physical properties and corrosion behaviour of spheroidal ductile cast iron. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(6), 4665-73.

Two steps ferritizing technique was applied on ductile cast iron samples by austenitizing at 900°C, air cooling to produce pearlite, ferritizing by reheating samples for different times at 700°C and air cooling to room temperature. Chemical analysis and microstructure showed that as ferritizing time increased, an increase of percentage of fertile, decrease of pearlite, with corresponding decrease in cementite and increase of free carbon in the form of spheroidal graphite. These changes explain the changes of physical (mechanical) properties represented in the increase of percentage elongation, decrease of tensile strength and decrease in brinle hardness. Weight loss corrosion test technique was followed for investigation of corrosion rate of heat treated samples in 0.1 N H₂SO₄ solution, which show decrease in corrosion rate with increased ferritizing time. This was explained due to decrease of cathodic sites represented in cementite forming pearlitic lamella. The exception was in the early step of ferritizing, where the corrosion rate increased due to formation of secondary graphite acting as effective cathodic sites.

4 illus, 18 ref

017201   Gomathi N;Sureshkumar A;Neogi S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302, Email: sneogi@cheiitkgp.ernet.in) : RF plasma-treated polymers for biomedical applications. Curr Sci 2008, 94(11), 1478-86.

The choice of polymers for various biomedical applications depends on their surface properties. All polymers do not possess the surface properties required for biomedical applications. Surface properties of the materials like surface free energy, hydrophilicity and surface morphology, which influence the cell-polymer interaction, decide the choice of the polymer. Radio frequency (RF) plasma offers a unique route for surface modification of polymers without affecting their bulk properties. This process results in a smooth, pinhole-free ultrathin film. Plasma treatment of polymers can render the material surface either hydrophilic or hydrophobic through the use of the respective plasma gases. It has found various applications in automobile, electronic, biomedical and chemical industries. The properties and effects of RF plasma treatment of polymers are discussed with reference to their biomedical applications, such as in body implants, bioseparation, sterilization, biosensors, ophthalmology, etc.

1 illus, 3 tables, 74 ref

017200   Gogoi P K;Baruah R (Chemistry Dep, Dibrugarh Univ, Dibrugarh-786 004, Email: dr_pradip@yahoo.com) : Fluoride removal from water by adsorption on acid activated kaolinite clay. Indian J chem Technol 2008, 15(5), 500-3.

When drinking water contains excess fluoride it causes health hazards to human beings. In the investigation the removal of fluoride has been attempted using acid activated kaolinite clay obtained from local traditional potter of Majuli river island, Assam. The clay was characterized by chemical analysis, IR, XRD data and thermal analysis. The clay was activated with conc. H₂SO₄. The fluoride removal studies were done by adsorption method on raw clay and acid activated clay. The effects of contact time, approximate particle size, pH and temperature were investigated. The adsorption followed Langmuir isotherm. The results show that acid activated kaolinite clay is effective for defluoridation of water while raw kaolinite has very low defluoridation capacity due to low adsorption.

5 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

017199   Ghazy S E;Gad A H M (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Mansoura Univ, P.O. Box 66, Mansoura, Egypt, Email: ghazyse@mans.edu.eg) : Separation of Zn(II) by sorption onto powdered marble wastes. Indian J chem Technol 2008, 15(5), 433-42.

Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to remove Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions and water samples using powdered marble wastes (PMW) as an effective sorbent which is inexpensive, widespread, and considered as an environmental problem. The parameters such as solution pH, sorbent and Zn(II) concentrations, stirring times, foreign ions and temperature were investigated. The sorption of Zn(II) ions onto (PMW) is described by Langmuir model. Dubinin-Radushkcvich (D-R) isotherm model was also applied to describe the nature of the adsorption of the metal. Thennodynamic parameters, viz. the Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) were also calculated. These parameters indicated that the adsorption process of Zn(II) ions on PMW was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Under the optimum experimental conditions employed, the removal of ~100% of Zn(II) ions was attained. The procedure was successfully applied to remove Zn(II) ions from aqueous and different natural water samples. The adsorption mechanism is also suggested.

10 illus, 3 tables, 54 ref

017198   Dixit B C;Patel H M;Desai D J;Dixit R B (Chemistry Dep, V.P. & R.P.T.P. Science College, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120, Email: dixits20002003@yahoo.co.in) : Dyeing performance of novel acid azo dyes and mordent acid azo dyes based on 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone. E J Chem 2009, 6(2), 315-22.

Novel acid azo and mordent acid azo dyes have been prepared by the coupling of diazo solution of different aminonaphthol sulphonic acids and aromatic amino acids with 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone. The resultant dyes were characterized by elemental analysis as well as IR and ¹H NMR spectral studies. The UV-visible spectral data have also been discussed in terms of structure property relationship. The dyeing assessments of all the dyes were evaluated on wool and silk textile fibers. The dyeing of chrome pretreated wool and silk have also been monitored. The result shows that better hue was obtained on mordented fiber. Results of bactericidal studies of chrome pretreated fibers revealed that the toxicity of mordented dyes against bacteria is fairly good. Dyeing on wool and silk fibers resulted in yellowish pink to reddish brown colourations having excellent light fastness and washing fastness.

6 tables, 20 ref

017197   Deshpande S K;Bhotmange M G;Chakrabarti T; Shastri P N (Food Technology Dep, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, RTM Nagpur Univ, Nagpur-440 033, Email: pnslit@yahoo.com) : Production of cellulase and xylanase by Trichoderma reesei (QM 9414 mutant), Aspergillus niger and mixed culture by solid state fermentation (SSF) of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Indian J chem Technol 2008, 15(5), 449-56.

Studies on cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 mutant (T. reesei M) and Phanerochaete chrvsosporium in flask culture indicated suitability of water hyacinth (WH) as a substitute for conventional wheat bran (WB) medium by Solid-State Fermentation (SSF). Maximum cellulase production was obtained with T. reesei M on WH substrate with Toyoma Ogowa (TO) medium at liquid/solid ratio of 2.5, and incubation period of 10 days. However, T. reesei M failed to produce β-glucosidase on WH medium. Further experiments on cellulase and xylanase production were performed in Solid State Cabinet Fermenter (SSCF) to resemble conditions in tray fermenter. As compared to the flask culture, cellulase production by T. reesei M was more in SSCF, and supplementation of TO medium with whey (40%) and peptone (0.15%) further enhanced production of both cellulase complex and xylanase by 2-3 fold. When Aspergillus niger was used in combination with T. reesei M, production of both cellulase and xylanase was enhanced considerably. The synergistic effect may be attributed to the β-glucosidase production by A. niger which could eliminate the inhibitory effect of cellobiose.

2 illus, 6 tables, 38 ref

017196   Banerjee P K;Chaudhuri B (CSIR Metallurgical & Material Engineering, Jadavpur Univ, Jadavpur) : Sequestration of CO₂ in coal seams: a few thoughts. Indian Sci Cruiser 2008, 22(3), 24-6.

With global targets of the decrease of greenhouse gas emissions, attention has turned to the capture and storage of carbon dioxide in geological media. Proposals for CO₂ storage have included plans to sequester CO₂ in deep, unminable coals seams, with the possibility for enhanced coal bed methane recovery. However, the extent to which coal can adsorb CO₂ is affected by a number of factors. The nature of the coal will determine the maximum adsorption capacity under a given set of conditions, but the sequestration environment will determine the extent to which that ultimate capacity will be realized. The effect of both physical and chemical changes need to be understood. Parameters such as temperature, pressure, and pH might be expected to have a moderate to large influence.

2 ref

017195   Al-Mussali M S;Al-Gahri M A (Chemistry Dep, College of Education / Aden - University of Aden, Yemen, Email: mohsen72@hotmail.com) : Nutritive value of commonly consumed bread in Yemen. E J Chem 2009, 6(2), 437-44.

Bread has always been considered as the staple food of choice in Yemen. Because of the paucity of information on the nutritive composition of commonly consumed breads, the Study was conducted. Samples were collected randomly from 10 bakeries located in different districts of Aden province, using white wheat and brown wheat flours produced in two different national milling plants located in Aden & AL-Hoddidah. Fresh crumb moisture, protein, fat, Ash, carbohydrates and energy were analyzed. Minerals such as Na, K, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu also determined using flame AAS after wet digestion by cone, nitric acid. The results were analyzed using the statistical program (Genestat-5). The results showed that bakery industry in Yemen does have problems with bread nutritive values especially in protein content and other minerals mainly K, Zn and Cu that are important for health to Yemeni consumer.

2 tables, 21 ref

017194   Afsar A;Cetinkaya F (Vocational School, Leather Dep, Usak Univ, 64300, Usak-Turkey, Email: altan.afsar@ege.edu.tr ) : Studies on the degreasing of skin by using enzyme in liming process. Indian J chem Technol 2008, 15(5), 507-10.

Study has been conducted for the purpose of making the effective use of two enzymes viz. proteases and lipases for the removal of natural fat from the skin and increasing the effectiveness of degreasing; also decreasing the amount of chemicals used in degreasing and reducing the load of water treatment and eventually minimizing the harm that the leather industry poses to the environment. The optimum degreasing combination in which natural fat remains in the pelt at a level that could determine the efficacy of the enzymes was investigated. During the process of liming, enzymes such as alkali protease and alkali lipasc were used alone and in combinations in varying amounts, and degreasing was achieved. Each experiment was processed till the end of tanning and effectiveness of the enzymes in degreasing was investigated. Results suggested that best degreasing conditions can be obtained with the use of 0.2% alkali lipase. The alkali lipases and the combinations of alkali proteases and lipases also proved to be satisfactory degreasing agents.

^ssc2 tables, 17 ref