021250   Sarmah S;Banerjee S;Kumar A (Materials Research Laboratory, Physics Dep, Tazpur Univ, Napaam, Tezpur-784 028) : Ion transport in dedoped polyaniline nanofiber-P (VDF-HFP)-LiCF₃SO₃ composite electolyte. J Polym Mater 2008, 25(3), 427-36.

In the work PAni nanofibers have been dispersed in P(VDF-HFP)- LiCF₃SO₃ electrolyte matrix with a view to significantly enhance the ionic conductivity. PAni nanofibers of 20-30 nm diameters have been synthesized using interfacial polymerization technique. Dedoped PAni nanofibers are dispersed in P(VDF-HFP) (80 wt%)-LiCF₃SO₃ (20 wt%) to form composite polymer electrolyte. PAni nanofiber - P(VDF-HFP)-LiCF₃SO₃ composites are characterized by Impedance spectroscopy, XRD, SEM and JEM. The ionic conductivity measurements show that the room temperature conductivity increased from 4.6 x 10^-6 Scm^-1 for P(VDF-HFP)-LiCF₃SO₃ to 4.0 x 10^{-5 Scm-1 for 40 wt% PAni nanofibers-P(VDF-HFP)-LiCF₃SO₃ composite. Increase in ionic conductivity in the composites may be ascribed to the fast ion transport through the disordered phase along the high aspect ratio nanofiber interface in the composite. XRD results show that the degree of crystallinity decreases with concentration of PAni nanofibers in P(VDF-HFP)-LiCF₃SO₃ suggesting that high ionic conducting disordered phase forms along the PAni nanofiber- P(VDF-HFP) interface.}

5 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

021249   Samal R;Swain S K;Rana P K;Sahoo P K (Chemistry Dep, Utkal Univ, Vani Vihar, Bhubuneswar-751 004, Email: psahoochemuu@satyam.net.in) : Biodegradable flame retardant poly (butyl acrylate)/silicate nanocomposites by emulsifier-free emulsion technique. J Polym Mater 2008, 25(3), 397-406.

Poly (butyl acrylate) (PBA)/silicate nanocomposites were prepared by in situ soap- free emulsion polymerization in presence of Cu(ll)/glycine chelate complex and ammonium persulfate (APS) initiator. The nanocomposites were prepared by direct emulsion intercalation method to avoid any external forces that might cause the morphology to be altered. The strongly hydrophobic PBA was intercalated into the hydrophilic sodium silicate (SS) layer. Since the interlayers of silicate were filled with sodium cation, the hydrophilic properties were enhanced and lead to high degree of swelling in water as the composites were synthesized in aqueous medium. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize the nanoscale dispersion of the layer silicate and useful for measurement ofd-spacing in interlayer system. The morphology of nanocomposite was studied by transmission electron microscope (TEM). It was found from thermogravemetric analysis that PBA/SS nanocomposites had more thermal stability as compared to raw PBA. due to intercalation. Burning test of the nanocomposites performance exhibited fire retardant properties. For its commercialization, the ecological friendly nature was studied via biodegradation and was found to have better biodegradability than the PBA.

4 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

021248   Salvi Y V;Joshi V P;Khanolkar P S;Koli J M; Sharangdher S T;Sharangdher M T (Fish Processing Technology and Microbiology Dep, College of Fisheries, (Dr.B.S. Konkan Agriculture Univ) Shirgaon, Ratnagiri-415 619) : Seerfish (Scomberomorus guttatus) drying under hygienic conditions in solar dryer. Ecol Envir Conserv 2008, 14(4), 649-56.

Dried seer fish is high quality exportable fish. However, the fish dried by traditional method does not meet the export standards.An attempt was therefore is made present study to dry the seer fish in solar panel drier (SPD) an Solar tent drier and this fish was compared adopted by traditional method. There were least changes in the biochemical, microbiological and organoleptic characteristics of the SPD and STD dried fish and these fishes make the export quality standards, when the moisture acid insoluble ash and salt variations were taken into considerations. While in traditionally dried seer fish moisture, acid insoluble ash and salt did not meet the IS standards for export. The total absence of pathogenic microbes in solar panel and solar tent dried fish indicated that the fish was dried totally underhygienic conditions. Thus both solar panel and solar tent dryers were found to be suitable for seer fish drying. However, the solar tent dryer was noted to be fragile, prone to wind action and so its life was very short, on the contrary the solar panel dryer could be used for longer period.

49 ref

021247   Sahu B;Pugazhenthi G (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahat, Guwahati-781 039, Email: pugal@iitg.ernet.in) : Synthesis and characterization of polystyrene/Layered double hydroxide nanocomposites. J Polym Mater 2008, 25(3), 407-15.

A solvent intercalation route was employed to synthesis polystyrene (PS)/layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposites by two step processes. In the first step, Mg/AI and Cu/ Fe LDH were prepared using nitrate salts of magnesium, aluminium, copper and iron by the co-precipitation method. In the second step, a mixture of PS- toluene solution and LDH was ultrasonicated to obtain a good suspension and the solvent was evaporated first at ambient temperature yielding a viscous gel and then the gel was placed in an oven to evaporate the remaining solvent to get PS/LDH nanocomposites. The structural properties of the above synthesized LDH and nanocomposites were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal measurements employing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) were carried out to evaluate the effect of addition of LDH on the glass transition temperature (T_g) and thermal stability of PS matrix. It is found that the nanocomposite shows a satisfactory improvement in surface characteristics and thermal stability. The TGA results confirm that the PS/LDH nanocomposites have significantly enhanced thermal stability compared with pure PS. The DSC measurements show that the T_g value of nanocomposites is increased by 14-15°C compared to that of pure PS. The XRD analysis of nanocomposites reveals significant change in the position of the basal peak.

6 illus, 1 able, 19 ref

021246   Pavagadhi T H;Patel J V;Thomas M;Kanabar A (NO, Institute of Sicence & Technology for Advanced Studies & Research, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Synergistic extraction of acetic acid. J Ultra Chem 2008, 4(1), 43-6.

Liquid-liquid extraction one of the most cost effective methods used for separating acetic acid from its aqueous solution. In the work,extraction of acetic acid is studied using single and mixed solvent systems. The various mixed solvents studied were ethyl acetate + isopropanol, butyl acetate + n-tri-butyl phosphate, ethyl acetate + cyclohexane, hexanol + butyl acetate, hexanol + iso propanol. The results obtained show that high synergisms were obtained for mixed solvents than that for single solvent.

5 illus, 7 ref

021245   Mendhulkar V D;Shaikh A M;Raut R W (Botany Dep, Institute of Science, 15, Madame Cama Road, Mumbai-32) : Comparative assessment for nutritional quality of sprouted and dried legume seeds. Adv Pl Sci 2009, 22(1), 85-8.

Pulses are dried edible seeds of cultivated legumes, which are capable of surviving in different climates and soils. Pulses contain more proteins than any other plant grains. An attempt was made to study and compare the biochemical components of sprouted and dried legume seeds in five different varieties of legume pulses that are commonly consumed, viz. Vigna radiata, Cicer arietinum, Cajanus cajan, Vigna angustifolia and Lens culinaris. Estimation of Proteins, Carbohydrates, Sugars, Ascorbic acid and Phytic acid (an antinutritive substance) has been carried out in sprouted and dried seeds by standard laboratory methods. The present findings indicate reduction in the phytic acid, protein and carbohydrate content and an increase in total sugar and ascorbic acid in the sprouted seeds compared to dried seeds.

6 illus, 7 ref

021244   Maji S;Banerjee S (Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302, Email: susanta@matsc.iitkgp.ernet.in) : Synthesis and characterization of novel fluorine containing aromatic co-poly)ether amide). J Polym Mater 2008, 25(3), 467-77.

A novel fluorine containing aromatic co-poly(ether amide) has been synthesized by the direct polycondensation of commercially available 5-t-butyl isophthalic acid (TBIA) with fluorine containing bis-2,2-[4-{2'-trifluoromethyl 4'-(4"- aminophenyl) phenoxy} phenyl] hexafluoro isopropylidene (BTAPPHI) and 4, 4'-oxydianiline (ODA). This co-poly(ether amide) showed good solubility in several polar aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF), N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). FTIR data supports the amide linkage formation. Thermogr-avimetric Analysis (TGA) experiment showed good thermal stability at 476°C with 10% weightless in nitrogen. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) data of the co-poly(ether amide) exhibited glass transition temperatures of 266°C. The film from this aromatic co-poly (ether amide) is flexible with tensile strength of 81 MPa, modulus of elasticity of 1.35 GPa and elongations at break 16%. Wide angle X-ray diffraction measurement indicates that this co-poly(ether amide) is amorphous having regions of crystallinity. Water absorption study shows the hydrophobic nature of the polymer.

5 illus, 5 tables, 24 ref

021243   Maiti J;Dolui S K (Chemical Sciences Dep, Tezpur Univ, Tezpur, Assam-784 028, Email: dolui@tezu.ernet.in) : Synthesis and characterization of π-conjugated poly (thiophene-3-yl-acetic acid 8-quinolinyl ester) and its electrochemical properties. J Polym Mater 2008, 25(3), 445-55.

Quinolinyl moiety containing thiophene derivative, thiophene -3-yl-acetic acid 8- quinolinyl was synthesized by the reaction of 3-thiophene acetic acid and 8- hydroxy quinoline and polymerization was carried out by oxidative coupling in the presence of FeCl₃. The monomer, thiophene -3-yl-acetic acid 8-quinolinyl ester was characterized by¹ H NMR, FTIR, UV- Vis, Mass Spectroscopy and Elemental analysis. The poly (thiophene-3-yl-acetic acid 8- quinolinyl ester) was characterized using ¹H NMR, FTIR, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Viscosity Measurement, UV-Vis and Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy and Cyclic Voltammeter. The synthesized polymer is found to be soluble in THF and CHCl₃.

9 illus, 21 ref

021242   Kurtoglu N;Senol D (Textile Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ, Kahramanmaras 46050, Turkey, Email: nkurtoglu@ksu.edu.tr) : Synthesis, spectral characterization and application of some thio-azo dyes. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(3), 1986-98.

The study of some substituted azo compounds containing thio-urea, -NH(C=S)NH- and azo -N=N- groups, (1) [N,N'-bis(4-phenylazophenylene)thiourea] (bppt), (2) [N,N'-bis(4-(4'-sodiumsulfophenylazo)phenylene)]thiourea, (bspt), (3) 4-(4'-aminophenyleneazo)-5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalene disulfonic acid disodium salt), (ahns), (4) N,N'-bis-[4-(8-hydroxy-3,6-disulfodisodium-l-naphthylazo)phenylene]thi ourea, (bhnt) were synthesized by the reaction of some aromatic amines and CS₂ in EtOH. The thio-azo-dyes, (1) (bppt), (2) (bspt), (3) (ahns) and (4) (bhnt) have been characterized by the use of spectroscopic techniques such as infrared, UV-Visible, proton nuclear magnetic resonance and analytical methods. The dying properties and fastness of these dyes were investigated by applying them onto cotton and wool fibers. The applications on wool fibers were carried out by the use of direct and mordant dying methods and the applications on cotton fabric were made by direct and printing methods.

4 illus, 3 tables, 39 ref

021241   Kolayli S;Kongur N;Gundogdu A;Kemir B;Duran C;Aliyazicioglu R (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Karadeniz Technical Univ, Trabzon 61080, Turkey, Email: skolayli61@yahoo.com) : Mineral composition of selected honeys from Turkey. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(3), 2421-5.

The aim of the study was to determine the levels of some minerals, such as Na, K, Ca Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Pb, in honey samples produced and consumed abundantly in Black sea region of Turkey. Three different floral and authentic honey samples, Anzer (n = 6), Bayburt (n = 8) and chestnut honey! (n = 15) were obtained from Black sea region of Turkey and analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (F-AAS), Both of the Anzer and Bayburt honeys are heterofloral and produced from a largest variety of mountain flowers in Anzer plateau near Ikizdere-Rize and Bayburt plateau, in the East-Black sea region of Turkey, respectively. Third group of monofloral botanical origin chestnut honey samples were supplied from Zonguldak in West Black sea region of Turkey. All samples were analyzed after nitric acid digestion. Nine minerals (Na, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Pb) were quantified for each honey sample. Iron, copper, zinc, manganese, calcium, chromium and lead were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and potassium, sodium by flame photometer. Na, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn contents of minerals in honey samples were in the range of 28-41, 564-5007, 173-481, 3.2-6.7, 1.2-2.2, 1.2-17.2 and 1.2-17.2 μg g^-1, respectively. However, Cr and Pb were below detection limit (0.01 μg g^-1) of the flame AAS. The amounts of K, Na and Ca were the most abundant elements in tested honey samples. Anzer honey samples were high in iron and chestnut samples were in manganese. The results showed that mineral contents in the studied 29 honey samples are highly variable and depend on their geographical and botanical origin.

2 tables, 24 ref

021240   Khanolkar P S;Joshi V P;Koli J M;Sharangdher S T;Shavandhar M T;Salvi Y V (Fish Processing Technology and Microbiology Dep, College of Fisheries, (D. B.S. Konkan Agriculture Univ) Shirgaon, Ratnagiri-415 629) : Improvement in the keeping quality of croaker fish dried by different methods. Ecol Envir Conserv 2008, 14(4), 641-8.

Keeping quality of croaker fish dried by different methods was studied. The biochemical, microbiological and organo-leptic quality of croaker fish Otolithoides biauritus, dried by different methods namely solar panel drier (SPD) and Solar Tent Drier (STD) was compared with traditionally dried croaker fish. Moisture and acid insoluble ash was within the limit specified by is for SPD dried and STD dried croaker fish, whereas, traditionally dried croaker fish crossed this limit. SPD and STD dried croaker fish showed lower microbial count than traditional method. Fish dried in SPD and STD was completely free from pathogenic organisms. Croaker fish dried by traditional method showed the presence of pathogenic organism Staphylococci indicating unhygienic conditions during drying. Organoleptically,. the SPD and STD dried croaker fish were rated as 'slightly good" and traditionally dried were rated as 'acceptable'.

43 ref

021239   Kar P;Pradhan N C;Adhikari B (Materials Science Centre, Indin Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302, Email: ba@matsc.iitkgp.ernet.in) : Characterization of sulfuric acid doped conducting poly (m-aminophenol). J Polym Mater 2008, 25(3), 387-96.

Poly (m-aminophenol) (PmAP) was synthesized chemically from m-aminophenol (mAP) in aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) using ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) as an oxidative initiator. The polymer was soluble in basic water, DMSO, DMF. A free standing PmAP film was cast from DMSO solution of the polymer, and the film was doped with sulfuric acid using the solution doping technique. It was found that the polymer film doped with sulfuric acid showed higher conductivity than that of the film doped with other in inorganic acids. Both the undoped (PmAP.NaOH) and sulfuric acid doped polymers (PmAP.H₂SO₄) were characterized by UV-VIS and FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and elemental (C, H, N, S, O) analyses. Thermal stability of the dopant inside the polymer was studied by the TGA and DTG analysis of sulfuric acid doped polymer. DC-conductivity of the sulfuric acid doped film was also recorded with respect to time to get an idea about stability of the dopant sulfuric acid in the polymer backbone. A structure for sulfuric acid doped polymer is proposed in the study.

6 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

021238   Jha S;Mishra A;Tiwari A K (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Birla Institute of Technology-Mesra, Ranchi-835 215, Email: sjhabit@gmail.com) : Preparation of jelly from dietary fiber isolated from dietary fiber isolated from Cassia fistula and Tamarindus indica seeds. Pharmacog Mag 2008, 4(15), 211-15.

The increase in diabetic, obesity and gastrointestinal disorder has increased the demand of dietaiy fiber products. Five jelly formulations were prepared using Pectin, Tamarindus indica soluble fiber (TSF) and Cassia fistula soluble fiber (CSF) either combination or alone and stored at 4°C and 43° C from first to sixty days for evaluation of shelf life. Jelly samples were evaluated for physical and sensory properties. Pectin and the combination of dietary fibers had reduced syneresis as compared to the TSF jelly. The combination of TSF with CSF resulted into an appreciably higher moisture content and lower total soluble content in comparison of pectin combinations. The overall acceptability, odour, taste, texture, spreadability and sensory attributes for TSF and CSF combination averaged 4.5-4.75 in a 5-point hedonic scale consumer acceptance study.

6 tables, 17 ref

021237   Jayanarayanan K;Thomas S;Joseph K (Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Dep, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore-641 105, Email: kj_narayanan@ettimadai.edu) : Mechanical and thermal properties of microfibrillar polymer-polymer composites. J Polym Mater 2008, 25(3), 381-6.

Microfibrillar polymer-polymer composites were prepared by melt blending of polypropylene (PP) and poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The blending of the polymers was carried out in a single screw extruder, followed by continuous drawing at a stretch (draw) ratio 5. The stretched blend was converted into polymer-polymer composite by injection moulding carried out at temperatures between the melting points of PP and PET. Morphology analysis revealed that the extruded neat blend was isotropic, whereas the stretched blend possessed highly oriented fibrils generated in situ during drawing. The PET fibrils were found to be randomly distributed in the PP matrix of the polymer-polymer composite obtained. The mechanical properties of the injection moulded neat blend and polymer-polymer composite were compared. The tensile and impact properties of the composite were found to be considerably higher than that of the neat blend. The non isothermal crystallization behaviour of the neat blend, stretched blend and the polymer-polymer composite was compared. The oriented PET fibrils in the stretched blend were found to have a greater nucleating effect for the crystallization of PP than the spherical PET particles in the neat blend and randomly oriented short PET fibrils in the polymer-polymer composite.

3 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

021236   Hazarika S;Dutta S;Rao P G (Chemical Engineering Div, North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-785 006, Email: shrrljt@yahoo.com) : Synthesis of chiral polymer by mukaiyama aldol polymerization and its characterization. J Polym Mater 2008, 25(3), 479-90.

Reports the synthesis of chiral polymer by asymmetric aldol polymerization of bis(silyl enol ether) and dialdehyde by Mukaiyama aldol reaction which is one of the most important aldol reaction for chiral polymer synthesis. Studies the polymerization reaction in two different catalytic conditions such as by using a chiral catalyst viz. 1,1'-binaphthyl-2, '-diol (BINOL) which is modified by reacting it with diethyl zinc solution in hexane. Another catalyst used for the polymerization reaction is lipase, which is a triacylglycerol hydro lases; EC 3.1.1.3. belongs to a most popular group of enzyme and are used for chiral synthesis. A comparative study has also been made for the polymerization reaction in both the catalytic systems. The results obtained in various reaction conditions by changing amount of catalyst, monomer ratio etc. has also been discussed. The polymers were characterized by IR, NMR, GPC, TGA-DTA, specific rotation and circular dichrosm study and it was found that both catalytic conditions give the chiral polymer of approximately same enatioselectivity.

8 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

021235   George S;John J;Magudeswaran P N;Thenmozhi R (Chemistry Dep, VLB Jankiammal College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore) : Replacement of river sand using manufactured sand and quarry dust in cement concrete. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2008, 7(3), 475-8.

River sand is widely used for concrete as fine aggregate. The increased cost of river sand and depletion in ground water table due to illegal sand mining leads to find an alternative for fine aggregate without compromising the strength. In this study, concrete mix M₃₀ has been designed using quarry dust and manufactured sand by replacing the river sand. Four mix proportions were made to test the effect of inclusion of quarry dust and manufactured sand in concrete and the results were compared with the control specimens. It was found that the strength of the concrete is enhanced in both the types of replacements.

1 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

021234   Fernandes A B;Joshi V R;Chogale N D;Pagarkar A U;Mulye V B (NO, College of Fisheries, Shirgaon, Ratanagiri-415 629, Email: agnel177@yahoo.com) : Cook chill storage of fish kamaboko prepared with carrot paste. Ecol Envir Conserv 2008, 14(4), 713-17.

Fish kamaboko was prepared by using standardized procedure and ingredients but incorporating fine paste of prepared carrot. The level of carrot for the product has been 30% of the surimi. The product has been tried to assess the effect on shelf life of the product. The proximate composition, biochemical, bacteriological and organoleptic changes in the product has been studied during storage at room and chilled temperature. Considering the changes in the biochemical, microbiological and organoleptic quality characteristics, karnaboko can be stored at 0 to 2° C for 10 days.

4 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

021233   Deka S R;Kakati D K (National Nanotechnology, Laboratory of INFM, Via Arnesano Km 5, Lecce-73100, Italy, Email: dilip_kakati2003@yahoo.co.in) : Photochemical synthesis of polyurethane poly-acrylonitrile block copolymer through benzoin terminated polyurethane macrophotoinitiator. J Polym Mater 2008, 25(3), 457-65.

Synthesis of block copolymers through free-radical polymerization technique has always been more attractive than through conventional living anionic and cationic polymerization techniques. Macromolecular photoinitiators have attracted much attention in the recent years. Benzoin is an important photoinitiator and polymers containing terminal photoactive benzoin group can initiate polymerization of vinylic monomers to give block copolymers. In the case, report synthesis of polyurethane macrophotoinitiator with benzoin end group, which was subsequently used to synthesize polyurethane-polyacrylonitrile block copolymers. The polyurethane was synthesized with stoichiometric excess ofisocyanate groups. It was then reacted with benzoin to synthesize the polyurethane macrophotoinitiator with benzoin end group. This macrophotoinitiator was irradiated in presence ofacrylonitrile to form polyurethane-block-polyacrylonitrile copolymer. The block copolymer was freed from the homopolymer polyacrylonitrile by partial dissolution technique using dimethyl formamide and ethanol as solvent mixture. The block copolymer was characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, TGA and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis.

5 illus, 25 ref

021232   Dale N D;Waghmare W M;Mote M G;Kandalkar Y B (Animal Husbandry and Dairying Dep, College of Agriculture, Nagpur) : Comparative study of quality of basundi (a common Indian sweet dish prepared from cow and buffalo milk. Ecol Envir Conserv 2008, 14(4), 751-4.

Cow and buffalo milk both were standardized at 4 per cent and 6 per cent fat levels and concentrated upto 50, 40 and 30 per cent by volume of original milk and a constant sugar level i.e. 5 per cent on original volume of milk was used. Highest score for flavour (39.18 out of 45), body and texture (35.18 out of 40), colour and appearance (13.37 out of 15) and overall acceptability (8.09 out of 9) were recorded in CF₂C₂ treatment combination i.e. cow milk with 6.0 per cent fat and 40 per cent concentration".

6 tables, 6 ref

021231   Dale N D;Waghmare W M;Mote M G;Kandalkar Y B (Animal Husbandry and Dairying Dep, College of Agriculture, Nagpur) : Comparative study of chemical properties of basundi a common Indian sweet dish prepared from cow and buffalo milk. Ecol Envir Conserv 2008, 14(4), 719-22.

Comparative study was carried out on chemical properties of basundi (a common Indian sweet dish) 'prepared from cow and buffalo milk. It was found that the values of chemical properties of Basundi such as total solids, fat, solids-not-fat were increased with increase in the level of fat and concentration in milk. The interaction between different fat and concentration levels of cow and buffalo milk had definite effect on increase in total solids and solids-not-fat of Basundi.

5 tables, 6 ref

021230   Bhat A H;Banthia A K (Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302, Email: aamir_bhat@rediffmail.com) : Properties of thin film poly (Vinyl alcohol) organically modified layered filler materials. J Polym Mater 2008, 25(3), 417-25.

Polymer nanocomposites reinforced by relatively small amounts of ultra fine, nano-filler particles (red mud platelets) proved promising materials with improved properties. The composite materials of Poly (vinyl alcohol) with organo-red mud were prepared via conventional solvent casting technique. To know the effect of various filler loading on the properties of polymer-organo red mud composite (PRO) and comparison of the same with that of the virgin polymer, various characterizations were done. The modified red mud was typically characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction. The exfoliation of galleries of organo-red mud was more evident in the composite film containing 2% of filler loading. The morphological image of the composite materials was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis was done to determine the average particle size of the filler within the composite films.

9 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

021229   Bayari O R;Musleh S M;Tutungi M F;Derwish G W (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Jordan Univ, Amman 11118, Jordan, Email: smusleh@bau.edu.jo) : Bleaching of some vegetable oils with acid-activated jordanian bentonite and kaolinite. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(3), 2385-97.

Acid activated Jordanian bentonites and kaolinites (employing hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric and acetic acids) are used for the bleaching of corn, soybean and sunflower oils. The results showed that in general the Jordanian bentonites but not kaolinites, compared favourably with the industrial commercial bleacing earth. The sulfuiric acid activated sample showing uniformly best bleachability property. Freundlich's isotherms showed that the acid activated Jordanian bentonites displayed superior adsorption strength, but inferior adsorption capacity, when compared with commercial bleaching earths. This could be due to the low montmorillo-nite content but high acidity of the activated Jordanian bentonites, which are therefore quite suited for the initial bleaching of pigmented vegetable oils.

6 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

021228   Bakr M A (Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology Dep, , Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh, Email: mabakr2108@yahoo.com) : Biodegradable polymer and its application. J Polym Mater 2008, 25(3), 501-4.

Our basic needs largely depend on polymers. But non-judicious dumping of synthetic polymers (non-biodegradable), e.g. polythene is creating ecological problems. So to say, concept and scope of biodegradable polymers is taken into consideration. Our interest is to synthesize novel biodegradable polymers to be used as carriers for sustained and controlled release of drugs. In this respect, it is synthesized and characterized several biodegradable polymers, of them, malic acid-propane 1,2-diol copolyester(MPC) exhibited drug release behaviour corresponding to BP standard enteric coating profile. This polymer was also investigated for sub-acute toxicity on Long Evan's rats and was found to be non-toxic. Inference was drawn that MPC would be usable as enteric coating material.

1 illus, 5 ref

021227   Akbulut M (Food Engineering Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk Univ, Campus, Konya 42049, Turkey, Email: makbulut@selcuk.edu.tr) : Comparative studies of mineral contents of hulled sesame paste (Tahin), unhulled sesame paste (Bozkir tahin) and their blends. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(3), 1801-5.

Tahin is generally produced by using hulled roasted sesame seeds, however Bozkir tahin is produced by using unhulled roasted sesame (natural) seeds. Concentration of thirteen minerals (Al, Ca, B, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P and Zn) of tahin produced from hulled roasted sesame, Bozkir tahin produced from unhulled roasted sesame (with hulls) and their blends (25, 50 and 75%) were determined by inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). All samples contained high amounts of Ca, K, Fe, Mg, Na, P and Zn. The highest mineral concentration for tahin samples and sesame seeds were measured between 0.16-3.74 mg/kg Al, 2005.92-8794.09 mg/kg Ca, 14.04-21.19 mg/kg B, 15.39-33.67 mg/kg Cu, 165.7-437.66 mg/kg Fe, 4096.55-6876.06 mg/kg K, 2020.97-2482.87 mg/kg Mg, 12.56-21.31 mg/ kg Mn, 0.74-1.55 mg/kg Mo, 605.81 -2436.5 mg/kg Na, 4.78-8.66 mg/kg Ni, 5019.89-7627.85 mg/kg P and 41.28-52.85 mg/kg Zn. The concentration of minerals such as Al, Ca, B, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P and Zn in tahin increased with increasing of unhulled roasted sesame seeds levels, except for magnesium. The magnesium contents decreased with increasing of levels of unhulled roasted sesame seeds. As a result, minerals such as Al, Ca, B, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P and Zn increased with increasing hulls content, but Mg content decreased. The increased in minerals with increasing levels of unhulled roasted sesame seeds in tahin can be explained by the increasing of peel (hulls) contents. Tahin, especially Bozkirtahin contain nutritient elements of vital importance in man's metabolism.

2 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

021226   Akbuklut M;Calisir S;Marakoglu T;Coklar H (Food Engineering Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk Univ, Konya 42031, Turkey, Email: makbulut@selcuk.edu.tr) : Chemical and technological properties of European cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus L.) fruits. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(3), 1875-85.

The European cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus L.) fruits were analyzed for selected technological properties (dimensions, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, bulk density, fruit density, volume, terminal velocity, rupture strength, porosity) and proximate composition (moisture, reducing sugar, ascorbic acid, total anthocyanin and phenolics, crude protein, crude oil, crude energy, crude fiber, ash, pH, acidity, alcohol soluble extract and colour) properties. Mineral content of Viburnum opulus growing in Turkey were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). All materials contained high amounts of Ca, K, Mg, Na, P and S. The average pulp mass ratio, thickness, width, length, mass, volume, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and projected area were measured as 653.0 g/kg, 9.59 mm, 9.71 mm, 10.18 mm, 0.65 g, 638 mm³, 9.82 mm, 0.96 and 0.9988 cm², respectively. The energy, reducing sugar, protein, cellulose, oil, ash, acidity, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, total anthocyanin and soluble solid matter values of European cranberrybush fruits were established as 256.56 kJ/g, 63.46 g/kg, 64.85 mg/kg, 180.71 g/kg, 6.70 g/kg, 12.83 g/kg, 17.92 g/kg, 595.24 mg/kg, 3253.87 mg/kg, 654.23 mg/kg and 104.31 g/kg, respectively. It is very important to evaluate the technological properties of equipment used harvesting, transportation, storage and processing of fresh fruits. Also, the information supplied on the chemical properties of the European cranberrybush fruit serves as food in human nutrition.

4 illus, 5 tables, 32 ref

021225   Akbolat D;Ertekin C;Menges H O;Guzel E;Ekinci K (Agricultural Machinery Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Suleyman Demirel Univ, Cunur 32260, Isparta, Turkey, Email: dakbolat@ziraat.sdu.edu.tr) : Physical and nutritional properties of oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) growing in Turkey. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(3), 2358-66.

Several physical and nutritional properties of oleaster fruits (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) grown in Turkey were investigated. These properties are necessary for the design of equipments for harvesting, processing and transportation, sorting, separating and packing. The average fruit length, width, thickness, the geometric mean diameter, sphericity index, fruit mass, thousand of fruit mass and volume of fruit of oleaster fruits were determined as 25.39 mm, 18.22 mm, 18.27 mm, 20.28 mm, 80.26%, 2.09 g, 2101.4 g and 4.73 cm³ respectively. The bulk density, fruit density and porosity were 277 kg m^-3, 462 kg m^-3 and 35.03%, respectively. While the static friction coefficient on galvanized iron sheet, iron sheet, thin plate, wood and rubber were 0.511, 0.438, 0.292, 0.511 and 0.729, the dynamic friction coefficient on the same surfaces were 0.438, 0.365, 0.219, 0.438 and 0.584, respectively. The moisture content, titrable acidity, ascorbic acid, skin firmness and terminal velocity were 16.91%, 4.99%, 4.65 mg 100 g fresh weight^-1, 6.65 N mm^-2 and 8.26 m s^-3, respectively. Protein, K, Ca, P, Mg and N amount were 12.33, 1.10, 0.07, 0.06, 0.05 and 1.97%, respectively.

2 illus, 2 tables, 54 ref

020221   Yadav I;Bhardwaj S (Chemistry Dep, M.P. Govt. P. G. Collage, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan) : Use of Pbs as semiconductor in degradation of rose Bengal from effluents. Int J chem Sci 2007, 5(1), 351-9.

PbS has been used as a photocatalyst for degradation of rose Bengal. The effect of different parameters like pH, dye concentration, amount of PbS and light intensity on the rate of dehydration, amount of PbS and light intensity on the rate of dehydration has been observed. A tentative mechanism for this reaction has been proposed.

5 illus, 5 tables, 6 ref

020220   Venkateswarlu K S (NO, , No. 7, Beach Resort, Sector 10-A, Vashi, Navi Mumbai-400 703, Email: ksvenkat@vsnl.com) : Thorium utilization in India's nuclear energy programme. Curr Sci 2008, 95(2), 165-6.

10 ref

020219   Varshney A K;Sabgabu V P;Antala D K (Agril Process Engg Dep, CAET, JAU, Junagadh) : Development of nutritious product from defatted peanut flour and cereals. Indian Fd Packer 2008, 62(5), 60-4.

Partially Defatted Peanut Flour (PDPF) plays an important role in combating protein calorie malnutrition. It contains about 47 % protein and 5 % fat and is an economical source of protein. Supplementation of cereal with PDPF not only increases the protein content of biscuit but also improves its amino acid balance. Biscuits from blend of maida, bajra and PDPF were prepared by mixing them in different proportions viz., 71.43 % + 7.14 % + 21.43 % (A1), 71.43 % + 14.29 % + 14.29 %"(A2), and 71.43 % + 21.43 % + 7.14 % (A3). Based on the properties and sensory evaluation of products prepared, the A2 biscuit was found to be the best product followed by A3 and A1 products and it was also the best in nutritional qualities.

5 tables, 10 ref

020218   Varsha Rani;Grewal R B;Khetarpaul N (Centre of Food Science and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Sensory and nutritional evaluation of soy supplemented nutritious baked products. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2008, 27(3-4), 209-15.

Three popular baked products bread, biscuit and cake were prepared using 100% whole wheat flour (WWF) (Type-1) and 85% WWF + 15% soy flour (SF) (Type-Il). Sensory and nutritional evaluation of all products was done by using standard methods. Incorporation of soy flour in different products did not affect the sensory characteristics; all products were acceptable to the judges in terms of colour, appearance, texture and taste. As a result, Type-H bread, cake and biscuit were adjudged as satisfactory, satisfactory and liked very much, respectively by the judges. Incorporation of SF in the recipes significantly increased the protein, fat, crude fibre, ash, total dietary fibre, total sugar, calcium, phosphorus, iron and zinc contents of bread, biscuit and cake. 32-33% increase in protein content of Type-II bread and biscuit and 17% increase in protein content of Type-II cake was witnessed as compared to WWF based products.

5 tables, 30 ref

020217   Valipour P;Talebian A;Ebadi A G (Biology Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Qaemshahr Branch, Center of Jouybar, Juybar 47715-195, Iran, Email: pvalipur-2003@yahoo.com) : Gelatin preparation from cow's bon by heat-pressure method. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(2), 1337-42.

The main sources of gelatin are pig skin, cow hide and fish bone or skin. The extraction of gelatin could be done by three different processes i.e., acid process, alkali process and heat-pressure process. The heat-pressure method to extract gelatin may produce a gelatin with a lower quality but the processing time is also low. The study gelatin was extracted from cow's bone by heat-pressure process and some properties of the product was investigated. The cow's bone cured in a high-pressure tank in boiling water for 5 h. Then the gelatin solution was filtered, defatted and the remaining solution was concentrated. This solution was dried at room temperature. The colour of the gelatin obtained was dark yellow with colorimetric indexes of L, a, b* of 57.5, 5.1, 24.7, respectively. The moisture content of gelatin was 9.6 % and the gelatin ash content is determined by pyrolysis at 900 °C that it was 2.4 %. The pH of solution (1 % w/v) was about 7. The viscosity of a 6.67 % solution at 25 °C was zero. The gelatin doesn't have good gel strength. The amino acid analysis of the produced gelatin exhibited that the high amounts of amino acids belong to glycine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid, respectively. Atomic absorption analysis also showed that elements such as Cu, Pb, Al, Ca and Zn are existed in the product.

3 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

020216   Thenmozhi G;Sivakumari V;Manikandan k (NO, Tamil University, Thanjavur-613 010, Email: vsivamicro@gmail.com) : Isolation and identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of high and low alcoholic beverages from sapota. Bull chem Sci 2009, 7(1), 1-9.

Six yeast isolates were isolated from various fruit samples and purified by streak plating and maintained in slants. Initially pH, acidity, TSS and alcohol content reducing sugar and tannis of the substrate sapota was noted and a small amount of sapota was allowed to ferment using the six isolates. Alcohol, acidity, TSS and pH were noted at 10, 20 and 30th day respectively. Screening of the best yeasts was done using the capacity and tolerant of the yeasts. Some other parameter such as growth pattern of best two isolates at different pH, temperature and assimilation of sugar were also done. A low alcoholic juice was also prepared by with drawn the fermentation by filtering and the quality of juice was also noted from this study. A better quality and tasty wine was prepared and compared with the wine standards to increase a commercial benefit to wine makers and consumers.

13 tables, 13 ref

020215   Srinivasan C (Materials Science Dep, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-625 021, Email: ceesri@yahoo.com) : Toxicity of carbon nanotubes - some recent studies. Curr Sci 2008, 95(3), 307-8.

2 illus, 14 ref

020214   Sood S;Minhas S;Kalila M;Katoch S (Food Science and Nutrition Dep, CSKHPKV, Palampur-176 062) : Development and quality assessment of foam-mat dried weaning food mixed reconstituted with whey. Indian Fd Packer 2008, 62(5), 65-9.

Weaning foods were prepared by using Foam-mat dried mixes. They were prepared using cereals, pulses, vegetables/fruits and nuts with soy-whey and foam was prepared by adding GMS. It was added @ 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/100 ml of soy-whey but GMS used @ 1.5 g/100 ml of mixture gave the best result. The products were prepared as Combolac, Khichri, Soup, Porridge and Cerealpro by foam-mat drying. Foam-mat dried mixes were reconstituted with 20 ml soy-whey and cooked and then evaluated for chemical and mineral parameters. The consumers have given much overall preference to the reconstituted samples as compared to fresh one.

5 illus, 12 ref

020213   Sikri V (NO, , B-98, Pushpanjali Enclave, Pilampura, New Delhi-34) : Application of starter culture for production of shelf stable pickles from spent hen. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2008, 27(3-4), 157-67.

The study was conducted to develop shelf stable ready to eat pickle, with and without use of starter cultures from spent hen. Samples were analysed its for physico-chemical as well as microbiological qualities under subsequent storage period of 3 months in flexible packages. The outcome of the study was that pickle variant treated with Lactobacillus Plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici and their combination were carrying less moisture, low pH, moderate high TBA value. Spices and presence of competitive flora further improved the microbial stability of treated variants. As far the hedonic rating is concerned, the product from treated variant was found moderately desirable.

1 illus, 13 ref, 38 ref

020212   Rai S;Goyal G K;Rai G K (Food Science & Engineering Dep, Punjab Agriculture Univ, Ludhiana) : Effect of modified atmosphere packaging (map) and storage on the chemical quality of paneer. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2008, 27(1), 33-7.

Traditional food packaging protects food from external contamination, oxygen, water vapour and light. However, newer packaging technologies such as Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) do more than just provide protection from outside influences. The study was conducted to increase the shelf life of paneer by using MAP technique. The paneer samples were packaged in high barrier bags (LLD/BA/Nylon-6/BA/LDPE) under different atmospheres: atmospheric air (atm₁), vacuum (atm₂), 100% CO₂ (atm₃) and 100% N₂ (atm₄). A headspace to product ratio of 1-2 litres gas / kg product was initially set in the MAP system and stored the samples at 7±1°C. Periodically, paneer samples were evaluated for changes in chemical characteristics. The analysis of variance of the data revealed that the MAP had significant influence on moisture, titratable acidity, pH, free fatty acids, and tyrosine content of the paneer samples during storage.

5 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

020211   Omanakutty M;Joy B (NO, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, AGP, Trivandrum-695 019) : Cold grinding for retention of fresh flavour components in ginger oil. Indian Perfumer 2009, 53(1), 35-7.

Fresh ginger oil is greenish to yellow in color with the characteristic warm and aromatic odor and is used in food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industries. Grinding is an important step in processing as it involved the additional problem of volatility and loss of aroma giving essential oil present in it. Low temperature grinding is the practical way to achieve flavour principles. A comparative study of the control sample with that of cold grinding was performed qualitatively and quantitatively by GC-MS analysis. This method of cold grinding and extraction of essential oil, the quality profile of the oil was found to enhanced in terms of its number of constituents as well as its percentage. The result also showed that the oil content increased from 0.25 -0.35%. The study of the chemical components showed the presence of major components are monoterpenes(a-Pinene,Camphene and Sabinene),oxygenated monoterpenes(Linalool,Borneol and Citral),sesquiterpenes(Zingiberene,Caryophyllene and Curcumene), and oxygenated sesquiterpenes(Nerolidol and trans Nerolidol). The percentage of essential oil and the chemical composition of the cold ground sample exhibited the superiority of the product. Thus this technique may positively be used in the flavour industry for improving the quality of the product quantitatively as well as qualitatively.

1 table, 16 ref

020210   Navajeevan B;Jayaraj Rao K (Dairy Technology Section, National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bangalore-560 030) : Changes in rheological, microbiological and sensory quality of retort processed kunda during storage. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2008, 27(2), 79-86.

Kunda, a heat desiccated dairy product was packaged in pouches and retort processed at lethalities of three F-values viz. 1.2, 2.2 and 21.8 in order to enhance the shelf life of Kunda. The retort processed Kunda was stored at 37°C and 55 °C and the changes in rheological, microbial and sensory quality were monitored at regular intervals. Retort processed Kunda possessed initial firmness, consistency and adhesiveness values of 46.1 N, 133.7 N. sec and 0.01 N. sec, respectively. These values showed a gradually increasing during storage indicating that retort processed Kunda became firmer and more adhesive during storage, which was partly responsible for the decreased sensory scores. The microbial count during storage slightly increased; but was negligible. It was concluded that the spoilage of retort processed Kunda was more of physical in nature than a microbial one.

5 illus, 5 tables, 17 ref

020209   Moein M;Alizadeh E (University of Guilan, , Rasht, Iran) : New Properties of low-carbon sinter hardened Fe-Cr-Mn-C steels. Int J chem Sci 2007, 5(1), 265-75.

The effect of (1,2,3)% manganese addition in form of electrolytic manganese and medium and high carbon ferromanganese on properties of Fe-Cr-0.5 Mo material with 0.25% C was investigated. The samples for tensile and transverse rupture strength and impact toughness compacted to 7.0 g/cm³intered at 1250°C for 30 min in dissociated ammonia. One part of the samples was from the sintering temperature sinter hardened. As-sinter of the investigated Cr-Mn materials in sinter hardening process was determined. Tensile strength of -1000 Mpa and transverse rupture strength over 1500 Mpa at the apparent hardiness of 270 to 330 HV 10 was attained. In order to comprehend the influence of sinter hardening, the microstructure of the tested specimens was analyzed and the micro hardness of microstructure constituents was measured.

3 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

020208   Manjunatha H;Prabha R;Krishna R;Shankar P A (Dairy Microbiology Dep, Dairy Science College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore-24, Email: ID-manjupdk2007@rediffmail.com) : Comparing the built detergent and mold enzyme in removing milk soil from miniature dairy equipment. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2008, 27(1), 47-9.

A detergent built from sodium salts and an enzyme extracted from A.flavus TDM 4 were separately used to clean milk soil from miniature dairy equipment such as milk can and cheese vat. Both the built detergent and the mold enzyme were used at 0.5 to 2% concentration to remove soil from the equipment. More soil was removed at the higher concentration of built detergent or mold enzyme. Increasing the concentration of washing solution with simultaneous increase in its temperature resulted in more effective removal of soil and showed high significance at 1% level. However, a higher concentration of enzyme was required to get a comaparable results with a lower detergent concentration.

2 tables, 9 ref

020207   Mahramanlioglu M (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul Univ, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: mehmah@istanbul.edu.tr) : Adsorption of β-picoline on the adorbents produced from spent bleaching earth. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(2), 1444-50.

The sorption of β-picoline by acid treated spent bleaching earth was studied to examine the potentiality of this material in treatment systems. The effect of time, pH, initial concentration on the adsorption of β-picoline was studied. Lagergren first order rate equation was used to describe the adsorption rate of β-picoline and adsorption rate constants were calculated. Rate constants of intraparticle diffusion were calculated. Adsorption isotherms were modelled by the Langmuir equation and the isotherm constants of this isotherm were calculated. The dependence of the adsorption of β-picoline on the pH of the solution was studied to achieve the optimum pH value and a better understanding of the adsorption mechanism. The maximum adsorption was found to occur at pH I 7.85. Giles isotherm was used and adsorption type was determined.

6 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

020206   Keshavarz M H;Pouretedal H R;Tehrani M K; Semnani A (Chemistry Dep, Malek-ashtar Univ of Technology, Shahin-shahr P.O. Box 83145/115, Islamic Republic of Iran, Email: mhkeshavarz@mut-es.ac.ir) : Predicting shock sensitivity of energetic compounds. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(2), 1025-31.

Shock sensitivity is one of the most important parameters for safe handling of pure and mixture of energetic materials. A simple correlation is introduced to determine large-scale gap thicknesses shock sensitivity of pure or mixed C_aH_bN_cO_d explosive. The method does not require any experimental data. This procedure is based on initial density, calculated per cent void and a+b/2-d as well as the presence of C-N(NO₂)-C in the case of pure explosives. The predicted results using the method describing here has a root mean square (rms) deviation of 3.83 mm from 28 measured values (corresponding to 17 pure and mixed explosives).

1 table, 14 ref

020205   Keshav A;Wasewar K L;Shri Chand (Chemical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Raipur-492 010) : Reactive extraction of propionic acid using Aliquat 336 in MIBK: Linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) modeling and kinetics study. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(8), 708-13.

Presents linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) modeling of reactive extraction of propionic acid using Aliquat 336 in MIBK as diluent. Reaction was slow in Aliquat 336 + MIBK with rate constant at 0.0079 (m³ /kmol)^0.55_s^-1. Order of reaction with respect to acid and Aliquat 336 was 1 and 0.9 respectively. Modeling of reactive extraction equilibria using LSER was carried out and predicted a close resemblance of experimental data.

020204   Gumuscu A;Ipek A;Sarihan E O;Gurbuz B;Demir Kaya M;Arslan N (Cumra Vocational College, Selcuk Univ, 42500, Cumra, Konya, Turkey, Email: agumuscu19@yahoo.com) : Effects of diurnal and ontognetic variability on essential oil composition of oregano (Origanum vulgare var. hirtum). Asian J Chem 2008, 20(2), 1290-4.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of diurnal and stage of harvesting on the essential oil components of oregano (Origanum vulgare var. hirtum). The samples were collected at three different stages of flowering (before and after flowering) and six different times (06:00, 09:00, 12:00, 15:00, 18:00 and 21:00 h) with drying under shade or sunshine. Essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation method and analyzed with GC-MS. Results showed that the main compound of O. vulgare var. hirtum was thymol. The harvest stage affected the compounds of essential oil such that p--cymene increased at full flowering while gamma-terpinene decreased. Drying methods and harvesting time showed a minor effect on volatile compounds. The highest variation in composition of essential oil in relation to harvest stage was determined in p-cymene and gamma-terpinene. It was concluded that the harvest stage along with drying under shade should be firstly considered.

1 table, 12 ref

020203   Devaraju B;Mushtari Begum J;Begum S;Vidya K (NO, , C/o Dr. Revanna M.L., Asso. prof., BSH College. UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru-65) : Finger millet pasta fortified with plant and animal protein and their sensory qualities. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2008, 27(3-4), 193-5.

Pasta were prepared by using finger millet composite flour, the protein source are defatted soy flour and whey protein concentrate. Fortification of the protein content from 13.12 per cent in control to 17.78 per cent in pasta made from finger millet with composite flour sensory evaluation scores indicaied non significant difference among the control and experimental products for texture. Fortification with defatted soy flour and whey protein concentrate helped in improving the sensory profile as well as protein content.

2 tables, 11 ref

020202   Deshmukh S K;Anekar S V;Rao C R;Aswar S A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Tatyasaheb Kore Institute of Engineering and Technology, Waranangar. Dist Kolhapur, Maharashtra) : Adsorption kinetics of dyes removal from aquesous solution by using corncob as adsorbent. Int J chem Sci 2007, 5(1), 141-64.

Dyes used in chemical industries are difficult to remove by conventional waste water treatment methods since they are stable to light, heat, oxidizing agents and are resistance to aerobic digestion. The presence of dye in water is highly visible and affects water transparency, resulting in reduction of light penetration, gas solubility in water and reduces photosynthetic activity. Effort has been made to develop low cost adsorbent material as possible media for textile dyes removal from aqueous solution, including natural and industrial waste water. On considering this problem, cobcom a low cost, biodegradable and efficient adsorbent has been used. The use of cobcorn appears to be an effective option because of its availability with ease and negligible cost. Moreover, use of cobcorn can be easily disposed by incineration thereby providing energy. The major advantage of adsorption process for water pollution control are less investment in terms of both initial cost and land, easy operation, simple design, no effect of toxic substances and superior removal of organic waste constituents compared to conventional biological treatment process. The adsorption technique has been found to be useful means for controlling the extent of water pollution due to dyes and metallic species.

8 illus, 11 tables, 22 ref

020201   Deore P M;Kotecha P M;Pawar V D (Food Science and Technology Dep, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413 722, Email: pmkfst2003@yahoo.com) : Processing of bottle gourd into juice and powder. Indian Fd Packer 2008, 62(6), 116-20.

The Investigation was carried out to study the suitability of bottlegourd fruits for processing into juice and powder and to study changes in their chemical composition during storage. The juice pasteurized at 800C, mixed with 100 ppm sodium benzoate and stored at cold (5±20C) temperature was found acceptable upto 90 days of storage. The bottlegourd powder was prepared by grinding dehydrated shreds through grinder. The powder was packed in 200 gauge polythene bags, and stored at ambient (30±20C) and cold (5±20C) temperature for 90 days. The powder samples stored at cold temperature were found acceptable upto 90 days of storage.

2 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

020200   Britto C M T (NO, , Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilisers Ltd., Priyadarshini, Sion, Mumbai-400 022) : Ammonia handling - some uncommon incidents. Indian J Fertil 2008, 4(5), 55-7.

A significant quantity of ammonia that is produced is traded worldwide making the movement of ammonia necessary from production site to the end use site. The trade sometimes involves different continents which entails transportation of large quantity of ammonia at one go. Besides production of fertilisers', ammonia is also used in many other applications, like refrigeration units or direct land application, which involves widespread handling of ammonia in small quantities. Handling of ammonia is a tricky issue given the nature of the product. A number of accidents have been reported over the years, some of them being fatal and destructive, that occurred while handling of ammonia. Some uncommon incidents of ammonia release reported worldwide are enumerated in the study.

1 ref

020199   Bisnoi N;Punam Kumari;Yadav Y K (NO, Home Science Extension Education CCS HAU, Hisar) : Dehydration characteristics of garlic. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2008, 27(3-4), 238-40.

The study was carried out to evaluate the dehydration characteristics of garlic treated by using different methods. The effect of pretreatments viz. control (without any treatment), sample blanched in hot water at a temperature of 80-85 °C for a duration of 5 min. and sample treated with 0.5% sodium metabisulphite for a duration of 20 minutes and dehydration methods viz. open sun drying, solar cabinet drying, electric tray drying, microwave oven drying was studied. The results of the study showed that the product quality of blanched sample for 55 °C and sodium metabi-sulphite treated sample for 65°C in electric tray dryer was best, as compared to rest of the samples.

1 table, 8 ref

020198   Basavaraj B V;Deveswaran R;Bharath S;Abraham S;Madhavan V (Pharmaceutics Dep, M.S. Ramaiah College of Pharmacy, MSR Nagar, MSRIT Campus, Bangalore-560 054) : Pervaporation: an industrial perspective. Int J chem Sci 2007, 5(1), 1-8.

Pervaporation is the only membrane process primarily used in the separation and purification of chemicals and considered as an attractive alternative to other separation methods for a variety of processes. As pervaporation process is of advanced technology than conventional separation methods, investment costs are considered comparable and serves as a potential energy saving system. The process, which requires only low temperature and pressure, has cost and performance advantages compared with distillation process. This membrane separation process is gaining more and more popularity because of its low cost, easy maintenance, low energy and material consumption and flexibility of control. Pervaporation can be utilized to separate, fractionate and concentrate contaminants or process contaminants like industrial wastes.

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