013869   Singh D K;Kumar V (Analytical Research Lab, Chemistry Dep, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur-208 002) : Synthesis, characterization and analytical applications of zirconium (IV) diethanolamine. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(3), 254-8.

A new chelating ion exchanger, zirconium(IV) diethanolamine has been synthesized, characterized and studied for sorption of eight heavy metal ions at different pH (1-6). Sorption capacity of zirconium (IV)-diethanolamine sample (ZDEA₅) for Cu²⁺ and Hg²⁺ was found to be 1.2 and 0.7 mmol g^-1, respectively. The effect of pH on sorption revealed that capacity generally decreases with decrease in pH and optimum pH for maximum sorption is 6. The distribution coefficients of metal ions on ZDEA₅ as a function of pH have been studied. Separations of Hg²⁺ from its mixture with Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺, Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺ from its mixture with Fe³⁺, Ni²⁺ and Zn²⁺ have been achieved quantitatively on a mini-column of ZDEA₅.On the basis of high selectivity and good sorption in acidic aqueous solutions a mini-column of ZDEA₅ has also been tested for recovery of Hg²⁺ from dilute solutions.

013868   Shetty P;Shetty N (Printing and Media Engineering Dep, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal- 576 104, Email: prakash.shetty@manipal.edu) : Selective complexometric determination of palladium with sodium metabisulphite as releasing agent. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(3), 259-64.

Sodium metabisulphite has been proposed as a selective releasing agent for the rapid and selective complexometric determination of palladium. Pd(II) present in a given sample solution is first complexed with excess of EDTA and the surplus EDTA is back titrated with standard zinc sulphate solution at pH 5-5.5 (acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer) using xylenol orange as indicator. Sodium metabisulphite solution is then added to displace EDTA quantitatively from the Pd-EDTA complex. The released EDTA is back titrated with standard zinc sulphate solution as before. The method works well in the concentration range 2-20 mg of Pd with a relative error ≤ 0.40% and relative standard deviation β 0.65%. The method has been applied to the determination of palladium in catalysts, alloys and complexes.

013867   Sharma S K;Lal Kaushal B B;Sharma P C (Horticulture Dep, G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Hill Campus Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal-249 199) : Effect of cation exchange resin treatment and addition of anti-caking agent on non-enzymatic browning of lemon juice powder during storage. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(7), 611-6.

Enzymatically clarified lemon juice, with and without cation exchange resin (Dowex 50W) treatment, was concentrated to 60° Brix in a vacuum evaporator and converted into juice powders by foam mat drying technique. Powders were found better in quality with respect to colour, browning and nutritional quality as compared to those prepared from non-treated juice. During 9 months storage, powders suffered losses in total sugars, total amino acids and ascorbic acid, with corresponding increase in non-enzymatic browning, furfural and hydroxymethly furfural. Treatment of lemon juice with Dowex 50W was effective in reducing browning of powders (4 folds), furfural (2.6 folds) and HMF by (20 folds) during 9 months storage. Powders pulverized with cane sugar suffered overall lesser changes in most of the quality parameters during 9 months of storage.

013866   Sharma P;Singh L;Dilbaghi N (Environmental Science and Engineering Dep, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar-125 001) : Biodegradation of Orange II dye by phanerochaete chrysosporium in simulated wastewater. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(2), 157-61.

Decolorization of textile azo dye, Orange II, by white rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Orange II (85%) was removed in 7 days (optimum decolorization on 5th day at 28-30°C and pH 5.0) in liquid cultures under shaking aerobic conditions using P. chrysosporium. Higher dye concentration in simulated dye showed inhibitory effects on decolorization. Decolorization ability of fungus was correlated to lignolytic enzyme activity.

013865   Sandha G K;Swami V K (Chemistry Dep, S.G.N. Khalsa College, Sri Ganganagar-335 001, Email: gurpreet_1968@yahoo.co.in) : Quality parameters of Jojoba oil important for production of value added products. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(2), 959-74.

Jojoba oil and its derivatives have potential for uses in diverse products as cosmetics, pharmaceutical preparations, foam control agents, paint industry, candle industry and as food products. It is a source of long chain alcohols and acids with double bonds in slightly different positions from those in other natural fatty acids. Due to high flash and fire points, Jojoba oil can be used in the manufacture of high-pressure lubricant, which is required worldwide. Jojoba oil maintains its viscosity at high temperature. It has also higher thermal stability due to high flash and fire points, lower pour point and maintenance of viscosity at high temperatures. These properties can also enhance its worth as a potential component of lubricant if added in small quantity. Because of its pleasant feel on skin and its stability towards rancidity, it could become a standard oil-phase base for the cosmetic industry as well as useful for food product industry. Jojoba oil is relatively shelf-stable when compared with other vegetable oils, so it is used to make ointments, antifoams for industrial uses. It is a source of mono-unsaturated alcohols and acids with chain lengths of 22 and 24 carbons. Due to the alcohols present in it. Jojoba oil is used in the automobile industry as an antifreeze agent. It is oil producing industrial crop, potentially valuable for production of value added products.

7 tables, 14 ref

013864   Salehi M A;Rahimi R (Chemical Engineering Dep, Guilan Univ, Rasht, Iran, Email: salehi@hamoon.usb.ac.ir) : Comparison between 2D and 3D transient flow simulation of gas-liquid dynamics in two-phase cylindrical bubble column reactors by CFD. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(2), 857-72.

It is evaluated the applicability of using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate a transient, two-dimensional axisymetric and three-dimensional dynamic Eulerian-Eulerian two-phase model and for the modeling of bubble column hydrodynamics in the homogeneous flow regime. A two fluid model along with the standard k-ε model for turbulence in liquid phase is considered. Further numerical studies investigate the influence of additional turbulence production through the dispersed gas phase. The experimental data, with reference to the works literature experimental data of Dudukovic et al. (1999) that was obtained via Computer Automated Radioactive Particle Tracking System (CARPT) and Pleger et al. (2001) works literature that was obtained via particle image velocimetry, allow for the validation of the model simulation. The comparison between experimental data and CFD modeling focus on the local axial liquid velocity. The simulations are done using Fluent CFD software. Reasonably good quantitative agreement is obtained between the experimental data and simulations profiles defined points. Also these results will expect for the turbulent kinetic energy and the other variables profiles. Employing finer grids improves the description of the flow structure in the bubble column and the agreement with the experimental data. However, the computation power increases significantly and a compromise between efficiency and quality of results has to be found.

12 illus, 20 ref

013863   Salehi M A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Technical Faculty, Guilan Univ, Rasht, Iran, Email: salehi@hamoon.usb.ac.ir) : Investigation of effective parameters in intelligence drug delivery systems process with micro encapsulation method. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(2), 726-34.

Lysozyme as the model peptide was incorporated into poly (d,l-lactictide. coglycolide) or dl-plg microspheres using double emulsion solvent evaporation method in bench scale, has been investigated. The inner aqueous phase volume used for dissolving the model peptide, lysozyme, was 100 μL and the total volume of the double emulsion was about 2 ml. The concentration of poly (d,l-lactictide-co-glycolide) or dl-plg in the middle phase of the water-in-oil-in-water or (w/o/w) emulsion was increased from 4.5% of (wate-in- water) to 36% of (water-in-water). Different compositions of the organic phase were employed. The concentration of lysozyme within the inner water phase was increased in four steps from 1.25% (water-in-water) to 32% (water-in-water). In this research we attempted to evaluate the effect of changing the process parameters in order to achieve the maximum degree of retained biological activity (RBA), a high degree of entrapment efficiency (EE) during the preparation process and then compared with previous similar experimental works, in which a good agreement result is achieved.

4 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

013862   Sahadevan R;Manikam V;Miranda L R;Pennathur G (Chemical Engineering Dep, Alagappa College of Technology, Anna Univ, Chennai, Tamilnadu, Email: rengsah@rediffmail.com) : Comparative study on the accumulation of acid red 18 and reactive black 5 dyes by growing Schizophyllum commune and Trametes versicolor. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(2), 553-68.

The accumulation of acid red 18 and reactive black 5 by growing Schizophylium commune and Trametes versicolor was studied with respect to the initial pH varying from 1 to 6 and initial dye concentration (10 to 100 mg/litre) at 25°C. The initial pH of the dye solution strongly affected the growth of the fungus and the accumulation of dyes. The effective pH was observed as 2 for both; growth and color removal of these azo dyes. Increasing the concentration of azo dyes inhibited the growth of S. commune. It was observed that both fungi were capable of removing acid red 18 and reactive black 5 with a maximum specific uptake capacity of 82.1 and 179.1 (mg/g) for S. commune and 76.1 and 178.3 (mg/g) for T. versicolor, respectively for an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/litre. Maximum percentage color removal was observed at lower concentrations of both the dyes. It was observed that the percentage color removal was found to be more in reactive black 5 dye when compared to the acid red 18 dye studied in the investigation.

8 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

013861   Ruhi G;Modi O P;Jha A K;Singh I B (NO, Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, CSIR, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal-462 026, Email: ibsingh58@yahoo.com) : Characterization of corrosion resistance properties of sol-gel alumina coating in mine water environment. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(3), 216-20.

Sol-gel alumina coating was developed on mild steel surface by using dip coating technique. Prior to the sol-gel coating, the substrate was treated with zinc-phosphating solution to improve the bonding of the coating. The corrosion resistance properties of the sol-gel alumina coated, uncoated and surface pre-treated substrates were evaluated in an artificial mine water solution. Electrochemical measurements like OCP variation with time, partial polarisation and electrochemical impedance analysis were carried out to evaluate corrosion resistance properties of the coatings. The microstructure and compositional analysis of the sol-gel coated specimens were investigated by SEM and XRD, respectively. The experimental results exhibited a significant improvement in the corrosion resistance of the sol-gel coated specimens as compared to the uncoated and surface pre-treated specimens. The SEM micrographs showed the presence of a compact coating of thickness 20 micron (approx). The XRD spectrum of the sol-gel coated specimens suggested the presence of α-alumina phase in the coating.

013860   Ranjana;Maji M;Nandi M M (Chemistry Dep, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur-713 209, Email: murarimohan_nandi@yahoo.co.in) : Corrosion inhibition of brass in presence of sulphonamidoimidazoline and hydropyrimidine in chloride solution. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(3), 221-7.

Four sulphonamido derivatives namely 2(β-benzenesulphonamido) ethylbenzoxazole (I), 2(β-benzenesulphonamido) ethylbenzimidazole (II), 2(β-benzenesulphonamido) ethylimidazoline (III) and 2(β-benzenesulphonamido)ethyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimid ine (IV) have been synthesized and various physicochemical properties of these compounds have been recorded. These compounds were investigated as corrosion inhibitors of brass in 0.6 M NaCl solution using gravimetric, potentiodynamic polarization, AC impedance and EDS methods. The studies indicated that the ligands inhibit the corrosion of brass in chloride solution effectively. The inhibiting efficiency increases with the increase in basic character of the ligands. It was also observed that the inhibition efficiency increased in the presence of inhibitors in solution than surface coated with self-assembled film on the brass surface under identical condition.

013859   Raghuram P T (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: ptr@chemeng.iisc.ernet.in) : Interfacial area measurement in a gas - liquid ejector for a sodium chloride - air system. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(3), 278-82.

Interfacial area measurement has been carried out experimentally by measuring the bubble size and holdup for air-sodium chloride solution system. The size of the bubble is predominantly established by the air hold up. High speed photography technique for bubble size measurement and gamma ray attenuation method for holdup measurements are followed. The measured values are compared with the theoretically predicted values. Interracial area as a function of the liquid flow rate and also its distance from the nozzle of the ejector has been reported in this paper. The results obtained for this non-reactive system are also compared with those of air-water system.

013858   Purushotham Rao K;Najmuddin M;Satyanath B (NO, H.K.E.S. College of Pharmacy, Gulbarga-585 105, Email: kpra369@rediffmail.com) : Hydrotropically prepared strach gels as topical drug delivery-a rheological study. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(2), 569-78.

Rheologic behaviour of hydrotropically prepared potato starch gels using sodium salicylate in presence and absence of two added polyols ; (propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol) each at 3% concentration was studied with the help of Brookfield Synchroelectirc RVT model digital viscometer with spindle No. SC₄28/13R. The apparent viscosity (cp) values were found to be 116780 and 3130; 100780 and 3620; 159780 and 3955 respectively for blank gel, gel with polyethylene glycol 6000 and gel with propylene glycol at low shear rate 0.14 sec^-1 and high shear rate 28 sec^-1 at room temperature. The results conclusively proved that all the three types of gels exhibited shear thinning tendency. Stress-Shear rate rheograms indicated that the gel systems are pseudoplastic and exhibited thixotropy. The data further indicated when plotted as Casson and Fitch plots. Both the methods of plotting were found to generate unambiguous intercepts for calculating yield values and were found to be 18975, 20140 and 20638 dynes/cm² for blank gel, gel with polyethylne glycol 6000 and gel with propylene glycol, respectively form Casson plots. The added polyols were found to increase apparent viscosity of the prepared hydrotropically gelled potato starch and were found to be in order PG > PEG > Blank.

9 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

013857   Okwu D E;Aluwuo C J (Chemistry Dep, Michael Okpara Univ of Agricultural, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria, Email: okwuadonatus@yahoo.com) : Phytochemical composition and fermentation of the seeds of African oil bean tree (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth). Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(2), 773-88.

Phytochemical composition, proximate, vitamins and mineral contents of the African oil bean seed (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth) which is well known food and medicinal plant in Nigeria was assessed with a view to establishing and understanding the nutritional values of raw boiled and fermented seeds. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of bioactive compounds comprising alkaloids (1.88 -8.96 mg 100g^-1), saponins (0.22 - 4.96 mg 100g^-1), flavonoids (0.28 - 0.90 mg 100g^-1), phenols (0.02 - 0.75 mg 100g^-1) and tannins (3.0 x 10^-3 - 0.49 mgl00g^-1). The protein, lipids, carbohydrates and fiber content were 24.06 - 28.25%; 44.20 - 52.50%, 17.31 - 21.93% and 2.66 -3.76%, respectively. The food energy content ranged from 598.52 to 640.50 cal g^-1. The seeds are rich in B- vitamins such as riboflavin ( 0.09 - 0.18 mg 100g^-1), niacin (0.62 - 2.10 mg 100g¹), and thiamine (0.14 - 0.25 mg 100g^-1) while ascorbic acid content ranges from 2.64 - 10.56 mg 100g^-1. The mineral contents include calcium (1.0 - 1.21 mg 100g^-1), potassium (0.38 - 0.65 mg 100g^-1), phosphorus (1.51 - 2.56 mg 100g^-1), magnesium ( 0.30 - 0.55 mg 100g^-1), sodium (0.18 - 0.23 mg100g^-1), iron (4.23-7.30 mg 100g^-1), zinc (1.14- 1.31 mg 100g^-1), and copper (0.67-0.98 mg 100g^-1). Fermentation increases the food value of oil bean seeds for human consumption. The seeds can be considered as source of quality raw material for food and pharmaceutical industries.

2 illus, 4 tables, 47 ref

013856   Noureddine B;Abdelhafid B A;Noureddine S; Abdelkader D (Laboratoire de Physique des Materiaux, Universite de Ouargla, BP 511, 30000 Ouargla, Algerie, Email: bz_djamel5@yahoo.fr) : Role of temperature gradients in API N80 pipe corrosion. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(2), 539-52.

Presents some investigations on the effect of temperature gradient in API N80 pipe corrosion. It was possible to highlight the existence of temperature gradient on the walls of pipe, variable along the depth of producing water Albian wells and reaches 16°C. The chemical analyses of the water samples of several drillings show that these last are of petrifying nature, charged with sulfates, low content of dissolved carbon dioxide and no oxygen. The XRD analyses of the scale show that it is heterogeneous and primarily consists of siderite (FeCO₃), geothite (FeOOH), hematite (Fe₂O₃), magnetite (Fe₃O₄) and of calcite (CaCO₃). The perforation of the pipes was mainly due to the detached matter with the variations in temperatures along the wells.

4 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

013855   Nayak H;Nath K G;Kavita S (Food Science and Nutrition Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, GKVK, Bangalore-65) : Surveillance of artificial colours in food products available in Bangalore market. Indian J Nutr Diet 2008, 45(5), 185-9.

4 tables, 8 ref

013854   Nasar A;Shamsuddin M (Post Graduate Dep of Chemistry, Shibli National College, Azamgarh-276 001) : A.C. impedance study of polycrystalline zinc telluride. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(2), 1093-8.

The complex impedance of polycrystalline zinc telluride has been measured as a function of frequency (1.0 x 10² - 1.3 x 10⁷ Hz) by a two probe technique in the temperature range of 300 - 469 K. The data have been presented in term of complex impedance plane formalism and suitable equivalent circuits have been proposed at different temperatures. The values of resistance and capacitance of grains and grain boundaries have been successfully separated from the total values by employing complex plane analysis. The results have been discussed in the light of contributions of grains and grain boundaries taking part in the overall conduction process.

2 illus, 13 ref

013853   Mishra R K;Nayak A;Das N B;Purohit A;Mishra B B (NO, Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar-751 013) : Chemical composition of the essential oils of elite kewda (Pandanus fascicularis Lam). Indian Perfumer 2008, 52(1), 29-31.

Major components of kewda oil were found to be 2-phenyl ethyl methyl ether(67.6 to 71.6%),terpinen-4-ol(10.9 to 15.7),p-cymene (2.1 to2.8), α-pinene(0.2 to0.5), β-pinene (0.1 to 0.9), limonene(0.1 to 0.5), Y-terpinene (0-1 to2.1) and d-terpineol(1.4 to 2.1).

1 table, 11 ref

013852   Lalchhunvela H;Doloi B;Bhattacharya B (Production Engg. Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata, Email: bdoloionline@rediffmail.com) : State of the art on ultrasonic machining of engineering ceramics. Mfg Technol Today 2008, 7(7), 3-10.

Ultrasonic machining is a material removal process which does not depend on a conductive workpiece and is preferable for machining workpieces with low ductility and hardness above 40 HRC such as engineering ceramics etc. Material removal mechanism includes impacting, hammering and cavitations. Unlike other non-traditional processes such as laser beam machining, electrical discharge machining, etc., ultrasonic machining does not thermally damage the workpiece and it avoids the significant level of residual stresses which are important for the survival of brittle materials in service. The fundamental principles of ultrasonic machining and its combinations with other processes, the material removal mechanisms and the effects of the operating parameters on material removal rate, tool wear rate are reviewed with emphasis on engineering ceramics.

10 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

013851   Kumar S;Dhar D N;Saxena P N (Chemistry Dep, Hi-Tech Institute of Engineering & Technology, Ghaziabad-201 002) : Applications of metal complexes of Schiff bases-a review. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(3), 181-7.

Applications of Schiff bases and their metal complexes as catalysts, in various biological systems, polymers and dyes are described. Their use in birth control, food packages and as an O₂ detector is also outlined.

013850   Kotti F;Kahloun M;Ben Ammar K;Ismaili-Alaoui M;Gargouri M (Enzyme Engineering Group, Biocatalysis and bioprocess Unit, National Institute of Applied Science and Technology (INSAT), BP 676, 1080 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia, Email: faten.kotti@topnet.in) : Role of minor compounds in the oxydative stability of some virgin olive oils in Tunisia. Int J pure appl Chem 2007, 2(1), 99-104.

Evaluates the phenolic and other compound contents in virgin olive oils extracted from several varieties grown in different locations in Tunisia. The phenolic content in the studied olive oils varied from 54 to 550 mg kg^-1. Contents in α-tocopherol varied from 126.3 to 335.1 mg kg^-1. In the same way, the concentrations of some metal ions: iron, copper and lead were measured in the oil samples to study their prooxidant effects. Concentration of Fe in analysed oils reached 0,84 mg kg^-1, while concentrations of Cu and Pb did not exceed 0,11 and 0,055 mg kg^-l. By studying the oxidative stability of these oils, some positive correlations between the phenols content and the induction time were observed. Also the induction time seems to be increased by the oil tocopherol richness. Nevertheless, no correlation could be established between the oxidative stability and the metal ion concentration.

2 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

013849   Kale Mrunali S (Polymer Science and Engineering Div, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411 008) : Ethyl cyanoacetate - a versatile reagent. Res J Chem Envir 2008, 12(4), 102-3.

Ethyl cyanoacetate is widely used as an active methylene reagent in variety of condensation reactions. It also plays a very important role in organic synthesis as well as in medicinal chemistry due to ease formation of C-C bond formations reactions.

14 ref

013848   Jain R;Mishra R;Dwivedi A (School of Studies in Chemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior-474011) : Voltammetric behaviour of nitrazepam in solubilized systems. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(6), 540-7.

Voltammetric behaviour of benzodiazepine tranquilizer drug, nitrazepam, has been studied in acetonitrile using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse polarography. Nitrazepam exhibits two well-defined cathodic peaks in acetate buffer (pH 3-6). Lower limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification (LOQ) are found to be 0.47x10^-7 and 1.5x10^-7 mol l^-1 respectively. Analysis of nitrazepam in pharmaceutical formulation exhibited mean recoveries of 99.3 % and 99.6 % for both reduction peaks. Addition of anionic surfactant (sodium lauryl sulphate) to nitrazepam containing electrolyte also exhibit two well-defined cathodic peaks. Reduction process was irreversible over entire pH range.

013847   Ishwara Bhat J;Alva V (Chemistry Dep, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri-574 199, Email: bhatij@yahoo.com) : Corrosion inhibition of aluminium by 2-chloronicotinic acid in HCl medium. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(3), 228-33.

The inhibiting effect of 2-chloronicotinic acid on the dissolution of aluminium in various concentrations of HCl has been studied using weight loss and polarization measurements. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with increasing concentration of the inhibitor. The effect of temperature on corrosion inhibition was investigated. The results indicate the decreased inhibition efficiency for the increase in temperature. The inhibitor was found to be adsorbed on aluminium surface probably following Langmuir adsorption isotherm at higher concentrations of HCl.

013846   Halima C;Kamel D;Oualid B;Tahar S;Abdelkader B (Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologie de l'Environement, Universite Mentouri Constantine, Algerie, Email: kedjebbar@yahoo.fr) : Decolourization of azo dye orange G by fenton and photo-fenton processes in aqueous solution. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(2), 619-30.

The degradation of an azo dye orange G (OG) in aqueous solution by Fenton oxidation process has been investigated. The effects of different reaction parameters such as initial pH, the initial hydrogen peroxide concentration ([H₂O2]₀), the initial ferrous concentration ([Fe²⁺]₀) on dye decolonization are demonstrated in detail. The optimum pH for both; Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions in the study are about pH 3.0. The decolourization rate of OG distinctly increases with the increasing amount of Fe²⁺. The optimal levels of H₂O₂ required for the process are also examined. High levels of H₂O₂ appear to reduce dye decolourization. The experimental results showed that the photo-Fenton process was an effective process for the degradation of OG.

9 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

013845   Gupta S N;Kamalvanshi V (Agril. Dep, Economics SMM Town P.G. College, Ballia, Uttar Pradesh) : Role of potato processing industry in increasing income and employment in U.P.. Prog Agric 2008, 8(1), 99-104.

^ssc5 tables, 4 ref

013844   Gupta A;Ram Chandra;Subbarao P M V;Vijay V K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016) : Kinetics of batch biomethanation process of jatropha and pongamia oil cakes and their co-digested substrates. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(7), 624-9.

Batch anaerobic digestion of substrates of jatropha and pongamia oil cakes and mixtures with cattle dung (1:1, oil cake: fresh cattle dung) were carried in aspirator bottles (5 l each) for 60 day hydraulic retention time (HRT). Most productive biogas yield corresponds to mixture of jatropha cake and pongamia cake co-digested with 50% cattle dung, having dilution ratio of 3.5-4, with former mixture giving highest daily biogas yield. Kinetic rate constant of biomethanation process of jatropha and pongamia cake substrate are high in comparison to biodegradation of cattle dung, due to presence of more volatile solids in oil cake, leading to higher conversion efficiency of volatile solids into biogas.

013843   Gogoi S;Dutta N N (Chemical Engineering Div, North East Institute of Science and Technology, CSIR, Jorhat-785006, Email: sumbita_gogoi@yahoo.co.in) : Kinetics and mechanism of esterification of isoamyl alcohol with acetic acid by immobilized lipase. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(3), 209-15.

The effects of the rate enhancement of isoamyl acetate formation by immobilized Mucor miehei lipase catalysed esterification of isoamyl alcohol with acetic acid were investigated. The esterification reaction was studied in ten different solvents and n-heptane was found to be most suitable. The rate of the reaction was affected by the addition of molecular sieves (3Å) and temperature. The effects of different reaction parameters such as lipase and substrate concentrations were studied. The activity of immobilized lipase was found to be maximum at lipase concentration of 12 mg/mL and at a reaction temperature of 55°C; retained about one third of its initial activity up to seven reaction cycles after repeated use. The kinetics of the reaction can be described by Ping-Pong Bi-Bi mechanism with acid inhibition. The parameter values were estimated by non-linear regression analysis.

013842   Godiganur S;Murthy C S;Reddy R P (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Rural Engineering College, Bhalki-585 328) : Mahua oil (Madhuca indica) and preperation of Mahua oil methyl ester. Energy Fuel Users J 2008, 58(2), 1-7.

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel that is produced from vegetable oils both edible and non edible. The general morphology of the mahua plants and seeds, the availability and combustion characteristics like density, viscosity flash and fire point and calorific value of mahua oil and their methyl ester (biodiesel) are discussed. In India, non -edible oils like Mahua (Madhuca Indica), Jatropha oil and Karanja oil are available in abundance, which can be converted to biodiesel. In the studies, biodiesel has been prepared from Mahua oil. Obviously only non-edible vegetabJe oils can be seriously considered as fuels for engines. The edible oils are in great demand and are far too expensive as fuels. There are four primary ways to make biodiesel, direct use and blending, micro emulsions and thermal cracking and transesterification, among which transesterification using alkali as catalyst gives high level of conversion of triglycerides to their corresponding methyl ester in a short duration. The scarcity of known petroleum reserves will make renewable energy resources more attractive. The most feasible way to meet this growing demand is by utilizing alternative fuels. The biggest advantage that biodiesel has over gasoline and petroleum diesel is its environmental friendliness.

4 tables, 10 ref

013841   Gnanasekaran D;Madhavan K;Reddy B S R (Industrial Chemistry Lab, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai-600 020) : Developments of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), POSS nanocomposites and their applications: a review. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(6), 437-64.

A brief account of recent developments in synthesis and properties of organic-inorganic hybrids using polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) nanoparticle, and applications of POSS monomers and nanocomposites. Thermal, rheology and mechanical properties of polyimides, epoxy polymers, polymethymethacrylate, polyurethanes, and various other polymer nanocomposites are discussed.

013840   Ganguly P K (Mechanical Processing Div, National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, 12, Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040) : Composite laminates from jute caddies - an industrial waste. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(6), 560.

Describes design and fabrication process of composite laminates from jute caddies as fibrous reinforcement to unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). Tested composite laminates are found suitable in furniture making, construction and automobile industries, and railway coach building.

013839   Ding F;Song W;Gao M (NO, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, School of Environmental Science and Engineeri, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China, Email: songwenhua9316@sina.com) : Use of HQSAR for the development of a molecular model of 2-hydroxyl-3-alkyl-1,4-naphthoquinones as photosystem II inhibitors. Res J Chem Envir 2008, 12(4), 35-41.

2-hydroxyl-3-alkyl-l,4-naphthoquinones are inhibitors of photo system II. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) was studied using the hologram QSAR (HQSAR) method. Two models having the cross-validated regression coefficient of 0.704, 0.717 proved to be the best two. The models consisted of the alignments of atoms+donors and acceptors, atoms+bonds+connections respectively. These models were optimized by changing the fragment distinction and size. The HQSAR models had a greater predictive ability than models derived from the traditional 2D-QSAR approach. Base on these models, 2-hydroxyl-3-alkyl-l,4-naphtho-quinones could compete with Q_B via a hydrogen bond or other intermolecular forces to combine with D1; blocking the electron transfer process of plant photosynthesis. The analysis of the contribution maps was found to be in good agreement with the proposed inhibition mechanism of 2-hydroxyl-3-alkyl-1,4-naphthoquinones.

3 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

013838   Dhayalan K;Aravindhan R;Sreeram K J;Raghava Rao J (Chemical Lab, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai-600 020) : Application of rare earth salts for permanent stabilization of skin. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(2), 135-9.

Presents utility of rare earth metal salts with and without separation for bringing about a permanent stabilization of skin tanning. Hydrolytic stability, physico-chemical characteristics etc. have been evaluated. Combination tanning systems have also been worked out. Study indicates a potential use of rare earths salts for tanning, even without separation.

013837   De B K;Patel J D (Industrial Chemistry Dep, Oils, Fats & Waxes Div, Institute of Science & Technology for Advanced Studies & Research (IST, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Optimization of solvent requirement for refining of karanja (Pongamia glabra) oil by liquid- liquid extraction. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(4), 319-24.

An improved detoxification method using liquid-liquid extraction of karanja (Pongamia glabra) oil is developed. Only 2 stage extractions [using oil and HCl (1:0.35 w/v)] followed by 3 extractions [using oil and alkaline MeOH (1:2 w/v)] can completely detoxify oil. After HCl extraction, if alkaline isopropanol (IPA), dimethylformamide (DMF) and acetonitrile are used for extraction, total HCl and corresponding solvent requirement would be (w/v) 1:1.0, 1:6.0; 1:0.2, 1:1.2; and 1:0.4, 1:1.6 respectively. When only acetonitrile is used, 5 stage extraction using oil: acetonitrile (1:0.5, w/v) per batch makes total acetonitrile requirement 2.5 times (v/w) of oil for complete detoxification. Physicochemical characteristics of refined oils are acceptable. Overall oil yield (75-80% w/w) is obtained when alkaline MeOH, IPA and DMF are used, but higher yield (85-88%, w/w) is obtained when acetonitrile is used.

013836   Dave P N;Subrahmanyam N;Sharma S (Institute of Technology, Chemical Engineering Dep, Nirma University of Science & Technology, Gandhinagar-Sarkhej Highway, Ahmedabad-382 481, Email: pragneshdave@gmail.com) : Kinetics and thermodynamics of copper ions removal from aqueous solution by use of activated charcoal. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(3), 234-9.

A study on the adsorption of copper from aqueous solutions on activated charcoal has been carried out with an aim to obtain information on treating effluents from metal finishing industries. The effects of various experimental parameters like contact time, dosage of activated charcoal, initial concentration of metal ions, pH etc. have been investigated. The percentage removal of metal ions increased with the decrease in initial concentration and increase in contact time, dosage of adsorbent and initial pH. Adsorption data were modeled with the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, various first order kinetic equations viz. Lagergren, Natarajan-Khalaf and Bhattacharya and Venkobachar equations and intra particle diffusion model. These isotherms, first order equations and models were found to be applicable. The kinetics of adsorption is found to be first order with intra particle diffusion as the rate determining step. Removal of metal ions using activated charcoal is found to be favourable and hence it could be used as an adsorbent for the treatment of effluents from metal finishing industries, especially for the removal of metal ions.

013835   Dahiya J B;Kumar K (Chemistry Dep, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-125 001) : Flame retardant study of cotton coated with intumescents: Kinetics and effect of metal ions. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(6), 548-54.

Oxidative thermal degradation and flame retardant behaviour of cotton fabric coated with intumescent formulations containing nanoclay as well as metals (Cr, Cu and Zn) were studied by thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and limiting oxygen index (LOI). Activation energy of coated fabric with intumescent (165.8 kJ mol^-1) was found lower than that of uncoated cotton fabric (226.5 kJ mol^-1), which further decreased on inclusion of metals in intumescent formulations (111-127 kJ mol^-1). Char yield for coated fabric with intumescent increased from zero to 11.9% at 600°C. LOI value for pure cotton fabric (18%) increased for intumescent-coated fabric (21.8%).

013834   Dagbay Kevin B;Jalando-on Katherine P (School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Mapua Institute of Technology, Muralla St., Intramuros 1002, Manila, Philippines, Email: kbdagbay@yahoo.com) : Swelling and mechanical properties of genipin cross-linked chitosan/poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel network. Res J Chem Envir 2008, 12(4), 42-8.

Chitosan isolated from black tiger prawn shrimp (Penaeus monodon) was characterized based on its average molecular weight using viscometry and degree of deacetylation from its FTIR spectra. Low molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) and a cross-linker (genipin) were blended with chitosan to improve its physical and mechanical properties. Tensile strength and percentage elongation at break, stability in water and swelling capacity of the films in phosphate saline buffer at 37°C were investigated. Results showed that the blue-colored cross-linked blend films had better mechanical properties, more stable in water and swell more in acidic media than in neutral solution, as compared with the light yellow uncross-linked blend films. FTIR analysis showed H-bonding interactions in the chitosan/genipin/PEO blend. SEM reveals considerable surface morphological changes where chitosan/PEO and chitosan/genipin/PEO exhibit roughness at the polymer surface. Cross-linked chitosan hydrogel showed initial surface deposition of hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA) upon immersion in simulated body fluid (BSF). These desirable physico-biochemical properties of chitosan-based hydrogel films indicate a potential for biomedical applications.

6 illus, 16 ref

013833   Chen S;Luo L;Cheng X (Chemistry Dep, Nanchang University, Nanchang-330031, P.R. China, Email: luolaitao@163.com ) : Influence of preparation method on the performance of Pd/ ZrO₂-Al₂O₃ catalysts for HDS. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(3), 272-7.

ZrO₂-Al₂O₃ (I) and ZrO₂-Al₂O₃(S) mixed supports were prepared using impregnation and sol-gel methods, separately. Influences of preparation methods on the properties of Pd based catalysts for hydrodesulphurization (HDS) of thiophene were studied. The prepared samples were characterized by means of XRD, H₂-TPD, H₂-TPR, XPS, NH₃-TPD, H₂ chemisorption and BET surface area. Pd/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃(S) catalyst supported on ZrO₂-Al₂O₃ (S) exhibited much higher HDS activity than that of the Pd/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃ (I) catalyst supported on ZrO₂-Al₂O₃ (I). As compared with Pd/ZrO₂-Al₂O>₃ (I) catalyst, Pd/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃(S) catalyst has higher dispersion, more acid sites and stronger interaction between palladium and mixed support, which presented an increasing driving-force toward the catalyzed conversion of thiophene.

013832   Chang Y M;Shu C M (Graduate School of Engineering Science and Technology, National Yunlin Univ of Science and Technology (NYUST), 123, Universit, Sec. 3, Douliou, Yunlin, Taiwan-64002, ROC, Email: shucm@yuntech.edu.tw) : Flammability properties of methylphenylcarbonate in diphenylcarbonate production process. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(2), 531-8.

Investigating the flammability properties of methylphenylcarbonate (MPC) such as explosion limits (LEL, lower explosion limit and UEL, upper explosion limit) and maximum explosion pressure (P_max), according to its practical operating condition (1 atm, 250°C) by 20-L apparatus. MPC acts as a critical intermediate with potential flammability hazard during the manufacturing process of diphenylcarbonate (DPC), which has been regarded as a potential substitute material for highly toxic phosgene to produce polycarbonate (PC). Concluded that important flammability characteristics like explosion limits and P_max, the explosion hazard degree of MPC were first proposed by our flammability test. This original and primary research could help to understand and provide MPC's safety-related parameters specifically; so as to avoid accidents resulting from fires and explosions for safe storage, transportation and operation in such relevant processes.

3 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

013831   Chakraborty P;Banerjee S (Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering Dep, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032) : Optimization of extrusion process for production of expanded product from green gram and rice by response surface methodology. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(2), 140-8.

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study effect of feed moisture and metering zone temperature on physical properties of green gram extrudate. Temperature and moisture had significant effect on expansion ratio, which decreased with increasing moisture content. Feed moisture and die head temperature had negative effect on water holding capacity. Specific mechanical energy (SME) for extrusion and pressure developed at die head increased with increasing proportion of green gram in rice-green gram blend. With increase in barrel screw speed, viscosity of rice-green gram dough decreased resulting lesser power consumption and developed pressure at die head. During extrusion cooking, two important reactions (protein denaturation and starch gelatinization) in dough can affect viscosity. Rapid rise in starch viscosity is also a function of temperature, so that higher range of extrusion temperature and extrudate slurry viscosity caused high-pressure drop, which caused greater expansion of green gram extrudates.

013830   Bora M M;Dutta N N;Rao P G (NO, North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-785 006) : Extraction of Roselle dye from Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) fruits by adsorption onto activated carbon: Equilibrium and kinetic studies. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(6), 555-9.

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) fruits, a potential source of natural dye, contain anthocyans, organic acids and carbohydrate. This study presents dye adsorption from aqueous solution onto activated carbon with emphasis on equilibrium and kinetics studies. Langmuir model provides better fit of data. Adsorption of Roselle dye on activated carbon has been found as a prospective separation method of natural red dye.

013829   Bora D K;Das L M;Babu M K G (Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110 016) : Storage stability of mahua oil methyl ester. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(2), 149-52.

Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), used as biodiesel, degrade over time, mainly influenced by temperature, presence of light, metal, nature of the container and oxygen. Peroxide value and viscosity increases with increasing storage time of FAME samples. Use of antioxidants [3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA), 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl-phenol (BHT) and propyl gallate (PrG)] could significantly improve stability of FAME. Storage (1 y) period can be regarded as a more than realistic time span for commercial life of biodiesel.

013828   Basavaiah K;Tharpa K;Rajendra Prasad N; Hiriyanna S G;Vinay K B (Chemistry Dep, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570 006, Email: basavaiahk@yahoo.co.in) : Determination of amoxycillin in pharmaceutical forms by visible spectrophotometry and HPLC. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(3), 265-71.

Two rapid assay procedures based on visible spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been developed for amoxycillin (AMX) in bulk drug and in dosage forms. Spectrophotometric method is based on the formation of a charge-transfer (CT) complex between chloranilic acid (CAA) as a π-acceptor and amoxycillin (AMX) as an n-donor in acetonitrile solvent, the absorbance of the complex being measured at 520 nm. Beer's law is obeyed for 10-200 mg mL^-1 with an apparent molar absorptivity of 1.3 ' 10³ L mol^-1 cm^-1 and a Sandell sensitivity of 0.2741 μg cm^-2. The HPLC determination was performed on a reversed phase column (Hypersil C₁₈ 5 μm; 250'4.6 mm i.d) using a mobile phase (1 mL min^-1) consisting of acetonitrile-0.1% ortho phosphoric acid (pH 3.0)-60:40 (v/v) with UV-detection at 230 nm. A rectilinear relationship between mean peak area and concentration of AMX was observed in the range 7.2-396 mg mL^-1 with a detection limit of 1.5 mg mL^-1 and a quantitation limit of 4.5 mg mL^-1. Intra-day and inter-day precision, and accuracy of the methods have been established according to the current ICH guidelines. The methods have been successfully applied to the assay of AMX in preparations and the results were statistically compared with those of the reference method by applying Student's t-test and F-test.

013827   Barwal V S;Shrera S K (Post Harvest Technology Dep, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni-Solan-173 230) : Standardization of extraction methods and preservation techniques of hill lemon juice. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(7), 608-10.

Hill lemon (Citrus pseudolimon Tan.) fruits pressed through screw type extractor gave highest juice (44.28%) as compared to other methods. Freshly extracted juice was preserved by pasteurization, potassium metabisulphite (KMS) @ 700 ppm of SO₂ and sodium benzoate (0.05%) to study keeping quality at room temperature. KMS showed lower losses in quality and was found effective in preservation of juice for 180 days with least browning. Physiochemical attributes remained almost stable during storage except ascorbic acid contents.

013826   Anitha C;Begum K (Studies in Food and Nutrition Dep, Karnataka State Open Univ, Karnataka) : Nutritional status of beneficiaries of ICDS in Mysore district: a situational analysis. Indian J Nutr Diet 2008, 45(4), 146-54.

7 tables, 15 ref

013825   Alam M S (Processing & Food Engineering Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana) : Efficacy of edible coatng on marketing period of tomato. Prog Agric 2008, 8(1), 48-51.

To extend the marketing period of fresh tomatoes, edible coating brand "Taza" of various concentrations (0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%) were tried. Coating was applied by immersion method. Coated and uncoated tomatoes were stored under ambient condition and were evaluated for different quality parameters at regular intervals. On the basis of experimental results and statistical analysis, it was observed that 1.0% Taza coated tomatoes recorded minimum changes in the quality parameters as compared to 0.5 and 0.75% Taza coated tomatoes the shelf-life upto nine days.

5 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

012892   Wu S;Paul Chen J (Chemical and Environmental Engineering Dep, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge, Singapore-119260) : Modification of a commercial activated carbon for metal adsorption by several approaches. Indian J envir Prot 2008, 28(8), 673-5.

It has been widely recognized that metal removal by activated carbon adsorption is due to the surface complex formation between the metal ions and the acidic surface functional groups. Improvement of Filtrasorb 200 by using several modification approaches is investigated in the study. The carbon was first modified by nitric acid or by citric acid and subsequently by sodium hydroxide. It was found that modification slightly altered the surface area of the activated carbon. Kinetic study showed that the modifications greatly decreased the adsorption equilibrium time. In addition, the metal uptake was dramatically increased. Maximum adsorption capacities (q_max) determined by the Langmuir isotherm equation were 0.124, 0.208 and 0.244 mmol/gm for unmodified, modified by citric acid and nitric acid, respectively. Sodium hydroxide modification resulted in faster adsorption kinetics, but slightly decrease the maximum adsorption capacity. The effect of solution pH on metal ion adsorption was also discussed.

3 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

012891   Singhal S K;Srivastava A K;Singh B P;Gupta A (NO, National Physical Laboratory, Dr K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110 012, Email: sksinghal@mail.nplindia.ernet.in) : Synthesis and characterization of boron nitride nanotubes using a simple chemical method. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2008, 15(5), 419-24.

Simple two-step process is used for the growth of high purity multiwalled boron nitride (BN) nanotubes. In the first step, disordered nanostructured BN powder (aBN) is prepared chemically by heating a powdered mixture of KBH₄ and NH₄Cl (1:1) at 850°C in N₂ followed by quenching the reaction product. In the second step, BN nanotubes are grown from the as-prepared aBN powder by annealing it at about 1200-1300°C for 5-10 h in N₂. No catalyst material (Fe, Ni, Co, etc.) is intentionally added to aBN powder. This method of synthesis resulted in high purity multiwalled BN nanotubes of almost uniform diameter (10-30 nm) and length up to 5 μm, and, thus has a high aspect ratio with inherent characteristics of BN nanotubes, which may be useful for different applications. The BN nanotubes have been characterized using various techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The results obtained by this process are also compared with the similar type of BN nanotubes produced employing ball-milling and annealing technique.

6 illus, 25 ref

012890   Singh J P;Srivastava R K;Maan S;Hussain S Z (NO, SKUAST-J Dryland Research Sub Station, Dhiansar, Jammu-181 133) : Effect of moisture content and water temperature on oil recovery in oil expeller. Res Crop 2007, 8(1), 252-4.

Performance of baby oil expeller has been evaluated for oil recovery of mustard and it revealed that oil recovery was influenced by moisture content. The total oil recovery increased from 32.4 to 34.6% with 3.6% increase in moisture content and started decreasing as moisture content was further increased. With the addition of cold water, the oil recovery increased from 31.4 to 32.5% at 13.9% moisture content but beyond this the oil recovery started decreasing. When hot water was added, the oil recovery increased from 32.4 to 33.0% at 95°C. The maximum oil recovery was found at 10% moisture content at 95°C.

3 tables, 4 ref

012889   Ponnusami V;Lavanya N;Meenal M;Arul Gnana Raj R;Srivastava S N (Chemical Engineering Dep, SCBT, Sastra Deemded University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur-613 402, Email: vponnu@chem.sastra.edu) : Application of nitric acid treated rice husk for sorption of reactive dye reactive black 5: analysis using statistical experimentaal design. Pollut Res 2008, 27(1), 45-8.

Factorial experimental design technique was used to investigate the effect of batch conditions for sorption of reactive black 5 (RB 5, λ_max = 598 nm) dye from aqueous solution onto rice husk treated with nitric acid. Biosorption is favoured because of its overwhelming advantages over conventional treatment. In the study effect of four important factors pH (3 and 7), temperature (20 and 40°C), adsorbent dosage (5 and 50 mg/L) and initial concentration of the dye (50 and 250 mg/L) on percentage color removed was investigated. Batch contact time was 60 minutes for the entire study. Main effects and interaction effects of the four factors were examined. A regression model was proposed to predict percentage dye removal and was found to fit the experimental data very well. Adequacy of the model was tested using statistical techniques. Lower pH, low concentration of dye, high temperature and high adsorbent dosage favoured percentage color removal.

2 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

012888   Ponnuasmi V;Lavanya N;Meenal M;Srivastava S N (Chemical Engineering Dep, SCBT, Sastra University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur-613 402, Email: vponnu@chem.sastra.edu) : Adsorption of Congo red and Black E on acid-treated rice husk: isolation and kinetic studies. Pollut Res 2008, 27(1), 93-6.

Nitric acid treated rice husk was used for adsorption of two textile dyes Congo red (CR) and Black E (BE). The adsorption isotherms are described by means of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Both models were found to fit the data well. Maximum adsorption capacity CR and BE to be 26.98 and 14.09 mg/g for CR and BE respectively. The adsorption kinetics of methylene blue could be described by the pseudo second-order reaction model. The adsorption process is controlled by film and pore diffusion resistances.

2 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref