000949   Jahan M S;Rubaiyat A;Sabina R (Pulp and Paper Research Div, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Dr Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh, Email: m_sarwar@bdonline.com) : Evalution of cooking processes for Trema orientalis pulping. J scient ind Res 2007, 66(10), 853-9.

Chemical and morphological properties support Trema orienlalis as a new source for pulping (yield. 46-52%). Using soda, soda-anthraquinone (AQ), kraft, alkaline-sulfite-anthraquinone-methanol (ASAM), acetic acid (AA) and formic acid (FA) pulping processes. ASAM pulp (yield, 51.7 %; kappa number. 13.4) showed excellent initial brightness (53.2 %), which indicated better bleachability. Prebleaching of pulps by oxygen, peroxyaid and xylanase treatments, indicated O₂-prebleaching reduced kappa number (44-53%). Prebleached pulps were bleached in Chlorine dioxide-Extraction-Chlorine dioxide (DED) and Chelation-Peroxie-Peroxide (QPP) bleaching sequences. ASAM and kraft pulps exhibited better brightness than soda-AQ pulp. Viscosity of bleached pulp from kraft process was lower than that of soda-AQ and ASAM processes. Strength properties of pulps from soda, soda-AQ, kraft and ASAM processes were acceptable. The a-cellulose (> 94 %) in FA pulp suggests further study for dissolving pulp.

5 illus, 5 tables, 16 ref

000948   Hosseini S M A;Quanbari M;Salari M (Chemistry Dep, Shahid Bahonar Univ of Kerman, Kerman76169, Iran, Email: s.m.a.hosseini @mail.uk.ac.ir) : Corrosion inhibition of stainless steel 347 in the mixture of phosphoric and acetic acid using phosphorus ylide compound. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(4), 376-81.

Cathodic and anodic polarization behaviour of SS₃₄₇ in mixture of highly concentrated phosphoric and acetic acid in the presence of various amounts of dimethyl 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl amino)-3-(tri phenylPhosphoranylidene) butanedioate (L-OH) at different temperatures (20, 30, 40, 50±1°C) have been investigated potentiodynamically. The cathodic and anodic Tafel slopes values calculated from the polarization curves indicate that the corrosion rate decreases with increasing L-OH concentration. The corrosion potential (E_corr) and passive potential (E_p) increased (shifted slightly toward positive potential) while corrosion current density (I_corr) and passivation current (I_p) decreased with increasing L-OH amount. Critical potential for passivity (E_cr) did not show any remarkable change but critical current density (I_cr) often decreased with increasing L-OH concentration. Maximum inhibition efficiency (95%) is obtained for the alloy in acid solution containing 60 ppm of L-OH. The open circuit potential after polarization attained positive value indicating formation of passive film on the surface of experimental sample. Activation energy (E_a) and Gibbs free energy (ΔG_ads) for adsorption of L-OH are calculated. The values of ΔG_ads decreased (attained more negative values) with increasing temperatures.

9 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

000947   Guang-yong X;Chi H (Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of Hubei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Univ for Nat, Wuhan 430074, China, Email: xxgyy@hotmail.com) : Ammoxidation of methylaromatics over VPO/SiO₂ catalysts. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(4), 371-5.

Ammoxidation of methyl aromatics to their corresponding nitriles over silica-supported vanadium phosphorus oxide (VPO/SiO₂) catalysts has been studied. The effects of carrier silica, the addition of phosphorus, the substituents and the loadings on catalytic performances have been discussed. Compared with unsupported VPO, the VPO/SiO₂ catalysts have higher catalytic activity for ammoxidation of substituted toluenes at much lower reaction temperature. XPS shows that vanadium and phosphorus exist mainly in the pentavalent state in the VPO/SiO₂ catalysts. XRD shows that vanadium phosphorus oxides exist as amorphous phase in 10 wt.% catalyst. When the loadings arc over 10 wt.%, the crystalline α-VOPO₄ would emerge, which would decrease the yield and selectivity. Additional phosphorus can inhibit the formation of crystalline V₂O₅ and form amorphous composite oxides with vanadia, which play concerted catalytic function and increase the selectivity of nitriles remarkably. The methyl aromatics with different substituents or same substituents on diffetcnt positions have different catalytic activities because of the variant electronic stability of intermediates, the hindered accessibility of methyl group or the chemisorption state of the substrate molecule on the eleclrophilic catalyst surface.

1 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

000946   Ghazy S E;Ragab A H (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Mansoura Univ, P.O. Box 66, Mansoura, Egypt, Email: ghazyse@mans.edu.eg) : Removal of copper from water samples by sorption onto powdered limestone. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(5), 507-14.

Describes the results of a study concerning Cu(II) removal from aqueous systems by batch adsorption experiments, using fine powdered Limestone (LS) as an effective sorbent, which is widespread and cheap. The parameters (i.e., initial solution pH, sorbent and copper concentrations, stirring times and temperature) influencing the sorption process. in addition to the effect of some foreign ions, were investigated. The results obtained showed that the sorption of Cu²⁺ ions onto LS is exothermic and spontaneous in nature, and followed first-order kinetics. The adsorption data were well described by Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) adsorption models over the concentration range studied. Under the optimum experimental conditions employed, the removal of ca. 100% of Cu²⁺ ions was attained. The procedure was successfully applied to the removal of copper from aqueous and different natural water samples. The adsorption mechanism is also suggested.

9 illus, 2 tables, 41 ref

000945   Gawale R;Marathe K V (Chemical Engineering Dep, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019, Email: kvm@udct.org) : Recovery of metal ion from micellar solution. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(4), 362-70.

Separation of cobalt (II) from micellar (surfactant) solution was carried out by using strongly acidic cation exchange resin Indion 225H and chelating resin Duolite C467. The equilibrium data obtained in this study fits in Langmuir adsorption isotherm for Indion 225H resin and Freundlich adsorption isotherm for Duolite C467 resin. The effect of pH. temperature and feed concentration on the adsorption capacity of the resins was studied. For both the resins, diffusion of cobalt in the resin phase is a rate controlling step. The dynamic behaviour of the adsorption column was also modeled using equilibrium and kinetic data. Column studies were simulated by using linear driving force model. Desorption of cobalt from chelating resin was easier than strongly acidic cation exchange resin.

11 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

000944   Garai S K;Sarkar S;Ghosh N K;Kujur M K; Chintaiah P (R&D Centre for Iron & Steel, Sail, Ranchi-834 002) : Improvement in lining design of hot metal transfer ladle at Durgapur Steel Plant. Steel India 2007, 30(1), 39-44.

In the BOF shop of Durgapur Steel Plant, hot metal transfer ladles of 140 T capacity are used for carrying hot metal from Mixer to BOF. The capacity of newly relined ladles gradually reduces due to mouth jam and bottom buildup. Tare weight increases from initial 39-40 T to as high as 60-64 T after a life of 100-130 heats. At this stage, ladle is incapable of transferring more than 120-125 T hot metal due to limitation of crane capacity, and it is declared down for jam removal and refractory repair maintenance. A new lining design, having lining of Al₂O₃-SiC-C bricks in the top portions and bottom conical areas, AI₂O₃-SiC-C castable in top ring and spout and high grog bricks in remaining areas, was developed. Ladle with new lining design gave a record life of 2443 heats against the shop average of 1100 heats. Frequency of repair reduced from every 110 heats to every 153 heats (on an average) due to reduction in mouth jam and skull formation. These factors led to reduction in the cost and man hour, and improvement in the availability and safety of the operation. Tare weight of ladles could be maintained within 57 T to maintain hot metal carrying capacity upto 140T for charging in BOF.

5 illus, 6 tables, 2 ref

000943   Dutt D;Tyagi C H;Upadhyaya A K;Garg A P (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001, Email: dharm_dutt@yahoo.com) : Use of lignocellulosic residues of palma rosa grass after steam distillation for the production of chemical grade pulp. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(4), 389-99.

The study aims at using of lignocellulosic residues of Cymbopogon martini to develop value added quality papers by eco-friendly pulping and bleaching techniques. C. martini grass is exclusively used to extract important geranium oil by distillation in crude direct-fired stills. Anatomical, morphological and chemical studies indicate its similarities with hardwoods and its suitability for the production of chemical grade pulp. Molecular oxygen, which is specific oxidizing agent for lignin has an immediate drawback to its use, is the low solubility in cooking liquor. The diffusion problem of dissolved oxygen is reduced to insignificance because of looser and open structure in the lignocellulosic residues of C. martini after distillation. Distillation process makes the C. martini suitable for alkali-O₂ delignification process by bridging over the problem of mass transfer of O₂, which is far less than C. martini without distillation. C. martini produces 44.73% screened pulp yield at kappa number 22.12 by soda cooking process and screened pulp yield of 45.80% at kappa number of 20.47 by alkali-O₂ delignification process. The addition of 0.1% AQ in alkali-O₂ process reduces kappa number to 17.35 and improves pulp yield by 1.20%. The unbleached pulp shows good response towards bleaching, which can be bleached up to 85.95% by OCEHH bleaching sequence.

4 illus, 12 tables, 23 ref

000942   Dutt D;Garg A P;Tyagi C H;Upadhyay A K (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 000) : Bio-alkaper and peroxide-alkali delignifications of solid waste of Cymbopogon martini with Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(3), 229-39.

Palma rosa grass (Cymbopogon martini) is cultivated for palma rosa oil. The solid waste of C. martini left after steam distillation creates environmental problems. This hitherto unexploited source of fibers obtained from solid waste of C. mnrtini can successfully be used for the production of chemical grade pulp. C. martini has low lignin and more open and looser structure, which makes it suitable for bio-pulping, which is then followed by alkaper and peroxide-alkali dehignification processes. The present study reveals that steam distillation of C. martini removes oil ducts, which makes the solid waste more open and looser compared to untreated C. martini and enables the solid waste of C. martini more suitable lor hio-alkaper and peroxide-alkali delignification processes by abating the mass transfer problem of HOO^-, OH-, and O₂-, which is far less than C. martini without distillation. Bio-pulping process significantly decreases the energy requirement in paper industry, which has beneficial effect on the over all energy input. Since the bio-pulping process is highly specific in action and requires milder cooking conditions. The aim of bio-pulping of solid waste of C. martini is to reduce the energy requirement in the form of cooking chemicals and to improve paper strength with Phanerocheate chrysosporium, which is then followed by the non-sulphur pulping process— bio-alkaper and peroxide-alkali delignification processes.

3 illus, 17 tables, 45 ref

000941   Dheeraj Singh;Vangchu L;Moond S K (Tehnology Dep, College of Horticulture and Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture, Jhalawar-326 001, Email: pomegranate8@rediffmail.com) : Processed nproducts of Tamarind. Nat Prod Radiance 2007, 6(4), 315-21.

Tamarind a native plant of tropical Africa is best known for its fruits, which contain about 30 per cent, sticky, edible pulp. The acidic pulp is a common ingredient in culinary preparations such as curries, chutneys, sauces, ice cream and sherbet in countries where the tree grows naturally. Green tamarind is pickled in brine. In Asia sweetmeats or the sugared tamarind made by rolling the semi-dried pulp and seed in crystal sugar are very popular products of tamarind fruit. Tamarind fruit is full of acidity which combines well with sugar, chilli and other flavours, hence its pulp is used to prepare a variety of aditional refreshing and highly energetic drinks. Tamarind seed kernel powder (TKP) is a major industrial product, which is used in the sizing of textile, paper and jute. The seed and its extracts can be used in the food processing industry, as an adhesive in the plywood industry and in the tanning industry due to the high tannin content in the seed testa. Some processed products prepared from tamarind pulp and seeds are discussed in this paper.

3 tables, 56 ref

000940   Demirbas M F;Balat M (Sila Science, Mahallesi Univ, Trabzon, Turkey, Email: muhammeddemirbas@yahoo.com) : Biomass pyrolysis for liquid fuels and chemicals: a review. J scient ind Res 2007, 66(10), 797-804.

Biomass pyrolysis produces fuels and chemicals. Pyrolysis (conventional, fast and flash) can produce solid (charcoal), liquid (tar and other organics), and gaseous products (H₂, CO₂, CO) between 625 and 775 K. Charcoal yield decreases as temperature increases. Production of liquid products is maximum between 625-725 K.

4 illus, 4 tables, 47 ref

000939   Deepak Kumar;Sharan A;Sengupta A;Ravishankar; Sablok S K (R&D Centre for Iron & Steel, Sail, Ranchi-834 002) : Cost scheme for measuring rail length after finishing stand at Bhilai Steel Plant. Steel India 2007, 30(1), 51-5.

The Rail and Structural Mill at Bhilai Steel Plant produces heavy structural and rails of different dimensions. Measurement of length is required after rolling, for cutting of rolled rails into peices of required length, prior to finishing. Although several highly accurate systems for length measurement are commercially available, these are costlier options with requirement of reletively more complex installation. The requirement for length measurement for this location was for simplicity of design and ruggedness to withstand the high temperature of rail at the exit of finishing stand and not as much stress on a very high accuracy. A new system was designed and implemented which provides a customized low cost solution for such application. This paper describes the system developed and installed for measurement of length of rail after rolling to enable cutting into pieces of desired lengths.

2 illus, 5 ref

000938   Das S;Saha R K;Sen Gupta P (College of Engineering & Management, , Kolaghat-721 171, Email: sharmisthabose@chemistry.cemk.ac.in) : FCC riser hydrodynamics: effect of some operating variables. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(5), 473-80.

Fluidized bed catalytic cracking is an important secondary process in a modern refinery. Unlike in western countries Indian refineries are often operated in distillate mode requiring design modifications and changes in operating conditions. Riser hydrodynamics together with cracking kinetics are often very useful to simulate the performance of FCC riser reactor and accurately predict conversion of the process. The present paper reports the experimental data on hydrodynamics of a FCC riser including its pressure and voidage profiles along the riser length in a cold model of the FCC unit assembly. Effects of some operating variables on the riser hydrodynamics have been reported.

3 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

000937   Das S;Banthia A K;Adhikari B (Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302, Email: ba@matsc.iitkgp.ernet.in) : Improved conversion to ethyl acetate through removal of water of esterification by membrane pervaporation. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(6), 552-9.

Crosslinked poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membranes were prepared using maleic acid (MA) and citric acid (CA) as crosslinking agents. First the water separation ability of the crosslinked membranes from aqueous acetic acid (10-90% acetic acid) and ethanol (20-80% ethanol) solutions at 30 to 90°C was tested by pervaporation. The effects of temperature, feed concentration, crosslinker type on pervaporation characteristics were investigated. The PVAMA membrane showed separation factors of 1.9-16.2 and fluxes of 4.26-38.48 kg/m² h and PVACA membrane showed separation factors of 3.8-33 and fluxes of 2.17-480.8 kg/m² h for acetic acid-water separation. In case of ethanol-water separation, the PVAMA membrane showed separation factors of 0.7-17.9 and fluxes of 2.5-36.2 kg/m² h and PVACA membrane showed separation factors of 1.4-41.9 and fluxes of 3.8-359.7 kg/m² h. PVACA membrane has shown high separation efficiency of water than that of PVAMA membrane. Having high selectivity and good permeating ability for water both the membranes were then used to remove water of esterification from reaction of acetic acid with ethanol by a batch pervaporation. Compared to around 60% conversion in conventional esterification, up to 98% conversion to ethyl acetate was achieved from ethanol and acetic acid when water by product was removed by pervaporation using the prepared membranes at same temperature.

7 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

000936   Darweesh H H M;Nagieb Z A (Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Dep, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt) : Hydration of calcined bentonite portland blended cement pastes. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(3), 301-7.

The formation of free lime (CH) during the hydration of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) decreases the durability of cement structures. The pozzolanic properties of calcined clays allow to avoid this drawback. So, the reaction kinetics of the OPC/calcined bentonite blended cement pastes were investigated. The results show that the water of consistency as well as setting time increase gradually with the addition of calcined bentonite at the expense of OPC. The combined water content also increases with the substitution of OPC by calcined bentonite up to 9-12 mass% and then decreases. The free lime content increases up to 3-7 days and then decreases. Also, the bulk density increases slightly, while the apparent porosity decreases. The compressive strength increases sharply up to 28 days, and slightly increases up to 90 days due to the pozzolanic reactions of calcined bentonite. The cement pastes containing 12 or 15 mass% bentonite were adversely affected at all curing ages of hydration. The SEM micrographs indicate that the hydration products of the OPC/calcined bentonite cement pastes are the same as those of the pure OPC pastes, but with different ratios, crystals and morphologies.

7 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

000935   D'Souza J;Nagaraju N (Chemistry Dep, St. Joseph's College Research Centre 46, Langford Road, Bangalore-560 027, Email: nagarajun@yahoo.com) : Esterification of salicylic acid with methanol/dimethyl carbonate over anion-modified metal oxides. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(3), 292-300.

The esterification of salicylic acid to methyl salicylate over solid acids such as zirconia, alumina and silica and their sulphate, phosphate and borate modified forms, has been studied for the first time in an autoclave under autogenous conditions using methanol and dimethyl carbonate to compare their methylating ability. Metal oxides such as zirconia. alumina and silica as well as their sulphate, phosphate and borate modified forms are effective catalysts for the conversion of salicylic acid to methyl salicylate. Superacid, sulphated zirconia, is the most suitable catalyst due to high yield. selectivity, reusability and the simple method used for the preparation of the catalyst. The percentage yield of methyl salicylate was found to be higher when methanol was used as the methylating agent over these catalysts rather than dimethyl carbonate. Hence, methanol appears to be a better methylating agent compared to dimethyl carbonate in terms of yield as well as atom economy. The influence of reaction temperature, amount of catalyst, duration of reaction and molar ratio of salicylic acid: methanol/dimethyl carbonate has been studied over sulphated zirconia.

7 illus, 8 tables, 51 ref

000934   Chimatadar S A;Madawale S V;Nandibewoor S T (P.G. Dep of Studies in Chemistry, Karnataka Univ, Dharwad-580 003, Email: stnandibewoor@yahoo.com) : Mechanism of oxidation of hexamine by quinoliniumdichromate (QDC) in aqueous perchloric acid. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(5), 459-65.

The kinetics of oxidation of hexamine by quinoliniumdichromate (QDC) has been investigated spectrophotometrically in aqueous perchloric acid medium at constant ionic strength. The reaction is first order with respect to oxidant and reductant. Increase in perchloric acid concentration increases the reaction rate and order with respect to acid concentration is nearly two. The added products chromium(III), formaldehyde and oxime do not have any significant effect on the rate of reaction. Increase in ionic strength and decrease in dielectric constant of the reaction medium increases the rate of reaction. A suitable mechanism is proposed and the constants involved have been obtained. The activation parameters were evaluated with respect to slow step of the mechanism and discussed.

4 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

000933   Biswas R K;Singha H P (Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology Dep, Rajshahi Univ, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh, Email: rkbiswas52@yshoo.com) : Solvent extraction of Cu(II) by purified cyanex 272. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(3), 269-75.

The solvent extraction of Cu(II) from 0.10 mol/dm³ sulphate medium by purified cyanex 272 (bis-2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphinic acid, BTMPPA, H₂A₂) dissolved in distilled aliphatic kerosene has been investigated. The equilibration time is less than 15 min. The distribution ratio is found to decrease appreciably with equilibrium Cu(II) concentration in the aqueous phase, particularly, at its higher concentration region indicating some sort of association of Cu(II) species in either of the phases. The pH and the extractant concentration dependences on distribution ratio are 1 and 1.2, respectively. The distribution ratio is almost independent of sulphate ion concentration in the aqueous phase. The AW value is 27.3 ± 0.5 kj/mol. The 60% extraction equilibrium reaction is suggested to be: CuHSO₄⁺ + H₂A_2(o) ∩ CuHSO₄ A. 0.5 H₂A_2(o)+ H⁺ and some 40% extraction is likely to occur via the reaction, CuHSO₄⁺ + 1.5 H₂A_2(o) ∩ CuHSO₄A.H₂A_2(o) + H⁺satisfying the extractant dependence of 1.20. The apparent extraction equilibrium constant (K_ex) is estimated to be 10 ^-3.15. The loading capacity of BTMPPA is 13.47 g Cu(II)/100 g BTMPPA. Among H₂SO₄, HCl and HNO₃ solutions as stripping agent, 1 mol/dm³ H₂SO₄ solution is found to be the best; 99.6% Cu(II) in the organic phase can be stripped off in three stages (O/A = 1 in each stage). The Cu(II) distribution ratio measured at pH = 4 in different diluents does not show good correlation with the cross-sectional area of BTMPPA molecules at interfaces formed by different diluents at pH 0.80.

10 illus, 1 table, 45 ref

000932   Bisht R;Sharma S K;Yadav V K (Horticulture Dep, G.B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Hill Campus, Ranichauri Distt Tehri-Garhwal-249 199, Uttarakhand) : Preparation and storage evaluation of seabuckthorn (Hippophae salicifolia D. Don.) squash beverage. J Hill Res 2008, 21(1), 8-12.

Seabuckthorn fruits were collected at optimum maturity from Badrinath area of district Chamoli, Uttarakhand and pulp was extracted. 25 % pulp and 50 °Brix TSS were found the best for the preparation of Seabuckthorn squash on the basis of sensory evaluation. There was a significant increase in reducing sugars of the beverages during 6 months storage along with a corresponding decline in the total sugar levels. The ascorbic acid experienced a loss of 75.46 % after 6 months. The sensory scores for colour, taste and overall acceptability declined gradually during storage. The physico-chemical and sensory changes were less in the beverages stored under refrigerated conditions, in comparison to their counterparts stores at ambient conditions. Further, the prepared squash was acceptable upto 6 months of storage under both conditions with better liking for refrigerated drinks.

1 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

000931   Ben Mansour L;Chalbi S;Kesentini I (Laboratory of Water-Environment and Energy, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, B.P.802, 3018 Sfax-Tunisia) : Experimental study of hydrodynamic and bubble size distributions in electroflotation process. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(3), 253-7.

The objective of this contribution is the experimental study of the hydrodynamic and the bubble size distributions in the electroflotation process. The influence of some operating conditions such as current density and physical properties of liquid phase on some hydrodynamic parameters and the bubble size distribution are discussed. The effects of the current density, viscosity and surface tension of the liquid phase on the gas hold up, the bubble rise velocity, the average bubble diameter and the bubble size distributions are experimentally investigated. Bubbles tend to become smaller with decreasing surface tension, current density and viscosity. Gas hold up tends to increase with increasing current density and decreasing viscosity. The bubble rise velocity exhibits the same behaviour as the gas hold up and so it increases with the increasing current density and decreases with increasing viscosity. Bubble size distribution depends only on the current density, and the wide range of bubble sizes increases with increasing current density. For such systems most of the hydrodynamic parameters depend on the current density and physical properties of the liquid phase. Experimental results are also fitted with empirical equations which relate gas hold up, bubble rise velocity, and average bubble diameter with the current density and viscosity of the medium.

7 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

000930   Bandyopadhyay M;Chakraborty R;Raychaudhuri U (Food Technology and Biochemical Enfineering Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata-700 032, Email: urefoodtech@yahoo.co.in) : Physical and sensory characteristics of low fat dairy dessert (Rasogolla) fortified with natural source of β-carotene. J scient ind Res 2007, 66(9), 757-63.

Rasogolla (a white color ping pong like juicy ball prepared by boiling mashed fresh cheese or cottage cheese ball in Concentrated sugar syrup) fortified with carrot paste (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% levels named as sample CRA, CRB, CRC. CRD and CRE respectively), were developed and then compared to conventional Rasogoila taken as control by both sensory and instrumental analysis. All 5-type carrot Rasogoila were similar to control in respect of moisture, sucrose and ash but differed in fat and protein content. Textures of carrot Rasogoila were similar to control in terms of elasticity and cohesiveness. A trained panel found that carrot Rasogoila (CRA, CRB, and CRC) was more acceptable than CRD, CRE or control Rasogolla. Carrot Rasogoila CRC possesses highest β-carotene level. Rasogolla fortified with carrot could be a valuable addition to indigenous dairy products.

1 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

000929   Arockia Selvi J;Rajendran S;John Amalraj A (Corrosion Research Centre, Post Graduate and Research Dep of Chemistr, GTN Arts College, Dindigul 624005, Email: srmjoany@sify.com) : Corrosion inhibition by sodium potassium tartrate-Zn<. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(4), 382-8.

A synergistic effect exists between sodium potassium lartrate (SPT) and Zr²⁺ in controlling corrosion of carbon steel immersed in rain water collected from roof top and stored in concrete tank. The formulation consisting of 50 ppm of SPT and 25 ppm of Zn²⁺ has 91% corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE). As the immersion period increases IE decreases. Polarization study reveals that SPT-Zn²⁺ system functions as a mixed inhibitor. AC impedance spectra reveal that a protective film is formed on the metal surface. FTIR spectra indicate that the protective film consists of Fe²⁺-SPT complex and Zn(OH)₂ A formulation consisting of 50 ppm of SPT, 25 ppm of Zn²⁺ and 50 ppm of a biocide, /V-cciyl-/V,N,N-lrimclhyl ammonium bromide, has 98% corrosion inhibition efficiency and 100% biocidal efficiency.

4 illus, 6 tables, 23 ref

000928   Ambili V S;Latha C;Nanu E;Prejit (Veterinary Public Health Dep, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Thrissur, Email: ambilichandu@gmail.com) : Evalution of shelf-life and quality of chicken pepperoni under refrigeration. J Vet Publ Hlth 2007, 5(2), 111-16.

The shelf life and quality of chicken pepperoni under refrigeration (7°C) was evaluated by estimating various microbial counts and determining changes in physicochemical and organoleptic qualities on days 0,2,4,6,8 and 10. In chilled samples the mean total viable count (TVC), faecal streptococca! count (FSC), psychrotrophic count (PC) and yeast and mold count (YMC) were found to increase significantly as storage period progressed and the difference in log for above counts between initial and 10 day storage period were 0.8,2.5,1.2 and 0.8 Iog10 cfu/g, respectively. Conforms reached a detectable level only by 2nd day of chilled storage, however the count differed highly significantly (P≤0.01) by 6th day when compared to 2nd day. œ coll were detected only from 4th day onwards and the count remained at 10¹ cfu/g level. The pH of fresh samples was significantly (P≤0.05) higher than that of chilled samples and significant (P≤0.05) reduction in pH was observed throughout the storage, except between 8th and 10th day. The mean thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) number recorded in fresh pepperoni samples was 0.98 mg malonaldehyde/kg, however a storage period of 10 days increased the value nearly 1 unit. On sensory evaluation, no difference in color and odor scores was noticed up to 2nd day of storage. From 4th day onwards color scores increased gradually and significantly (P≤0.01) through out storage. Odor scores showed a significant (P≤0.05) increase on all 6th, 8th and 10th days when compared to 4th day. Development of surface sliminess started on 6th day and all samples appeared slimy by 10th day. Findings of the study indicate that the product had a shelf-life less than six days, when the microbial count was approx. 7 Iog₁₀ units after 6th day.

3 tables, 28 ref

000927   Agarwal R;Pruthi N;Singh S J S (Clothing and Textiles Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: neelam-pruthi@yahoo.co.in) : Effects of mordants on printing with Marigold flowers dye. Nat Prod Radiance 2007, 6(4), 306-9.

Marigold, Tagetes erecta Linn., petals were used to standardize the printing paste for cotton. Seven mordants used to study their effect on printing with said dye were: aluminium sulphate, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, lead acetate, potassium dichroraate (chrome), stannous chloride and zinc chloride. Simultaneous mordanting technique was used. The mordants were added on the basis of total printing paste prepared under optimum conditions. Out of seven mordants, two mordants selected on the basis of visual assessment and washing fastness were chrome and copper sulphate. Fast colours were obtained when 3 per cent chrome or 5 per cent copper sulphate was used. The use of mordants produced various colours with marigold flower dye. Beige colour was obtained when dye was used without any mordant whereas it was mustard with chrome and olive green with copper sulphate.

3 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

000926   Abdel-Khalek A A;Hassan E S;Hassan H M (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science at Beni-Suef, Cairo Univ, Beni-Suef City, Eygpt, Email: Ahmed41_chem@yahoo.com) : Kinetics and mechanism of the hydroxylation of some naphtalene suphonic acid derivatives by peroxodisulphate. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(5), 466-72.

Oxidation of l,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulphonic acid (CTA) and l-amino-4-naphthalene sulphonic acid (ANS) by potassium peroxodisulphate leads to hydroxylation of these organic compounds. These oxidations may proceed through inner-sphere electron transfer as in case of ANS or by outer-sphere mechanism in case of CTA. The homolytic fission of S₂C₈^2- is the rate determining step in the oxidation of CTA by S₂O₈^2-, whereas, the intramolecular electron transfer in the precursor compounds is the rate determining step in the mechanism of oxidation of ANS. Hydroxylation takes place in para-position of benzene ring in CTA and ortho-position in ANS. The thermodynamics activation parameters were calculated. Rate of oxidation of both CTA and ANS in methanol-water solvent mixtures is decreased by increasing methanol content in the medium.

3 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref