020197   Anu;Sehgal S;Kawatra A (Foods and Nutrition Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Development and nutritional evaluation of pearl millet rich Banana cake. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2008, 27(2), 138-41.

In the investigation pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), refined wheat flour and green gram (Phaseolus aureus) were used to formulate banana cake. The pearl millet, refined wheat flour and green gram flour were mixed in the ratio of 20: 70: 10 (Type-I), 30: 60: 10 (Type-II) and 100% refined wheat flour (control). Blanched pearl millet flour was used in the formulation of banana cake. Sensory analysis indicated that banana cake was liked moderately by the panelists. The proximate composition, sugar and mineral content of type-I and type-II banana cake were higher than control banana cake. Therefore, blanched pearl millet flour in combination with refined wheat flour and green gram flour can be successfully incorporated for the development of nutritious banana cake.

4 tables, 18 ref

020196   Aggarwal P;Arora S (Food Science and Technology Dep, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: sachdev_poonam@yahoo.com) : Effect of method of extraction, processing and preservation of the quality of shan-1-Punjab variety peach pulp. Indian Fd Packer 2008, 62(5), 46-59.

Shan-i-Punjab Variety of Peach Fruit taken at II level of maturity i.e. at firm mature stage was found to be optimum for making pulp as it was neither too firm, nor too soft, and had excellent taste i.e. sweet with slight astringency. Lye peeling was unacceptable as it gave low pulp yield (44.5%), after taste and discolored pulp. Hot pulping gave highest pulp yield (60%), whereas cold pulping gave significantly (p <0.05) higher viscosity (1040 cP), total solids (9.89%) and showed better suspension and cloud stability. Out of the two types of extractors, superfine pulper was better as it gave pulp with significantly (p<0.05) higher total solids (10.79%), TSS (9.308), viscosity (1660 cP) and 100% suspension. Out of the four different preservation methods for pulp, processing at 1000C for 30 minutes and addition of sodium benzoate (750ppm) were found the most acceptable, but colour was better in case of pulp pre-served with KMS (2000 ppm) and addition of KMS and sodium benzoate (1000 ppm + 375 ppm). Keywords: Peach pulp, maturity indices, extraction methods, preservation methods and physico-chemical and organoleptic quality.

9 tables, 19 ref

019223   Zavvar Mousavi H (Chemistry Dep, College of Science, Semnan Univ, Semnan, Iran, Email: hzmousavi@semnan.ac.ir) : Application of naphthalene-captopril column for pre-concentration and determination of trace amount of copper(II) in waste water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(5), 3519-24.

A sensitive and selective pre-concentration method for the determination of copper(II) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry has been developed. Copper forms a complex with captopril. This complex is retained by naphthalene-captoprii adsorbent in a column with a height ofca. 2.5 cm. The adsorbed metal complex is then eluted from the column with nitric acid and its copper content is determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The effect of different variables such as pH, reagent concentration, flow rate and interfering ions on the recovery of the analyte was investigated. The calibration graph was linear in the range 75-350 μg L^-1 of copper in the initial solution. Detection limits (3a, n = 10) of 23 μg L^-1 and relative standard deviation 2.4 and 1.6% at 200 and 300 μg L^-1 level were obtained. This procedure was successfully applied to the determination of copper in waste water samples. Analytical recoveries of copper added to samples were 98-103%.

2 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

019222   Yilmam L;Tasan M (Food Engineering Dep, Agricultural Faculty, Namik Kemal Univ, Tekirdag 59030, Turkey, Email: mtasan@nku.edu.tr) : Trans fatty acid contents of crude soybean oils industrially obtained by solvent extraction with hexane. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(5), 3741-9.

The trans fatty acid contents of crude soybean oils, industrially obtained by using continuous solvent (hexane) extraction processes, were determined by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. According to the analysis results, the contents of total trans fatty acid were within the ranges of 0.05 ± 0.02-0.17 ± 0.05% of total fatty acids. The total C_18:2 trans and total C_18:3 trans acids were found in all the analyzed samples. The contents of these trans fatty acids were 0.01 ± 0.00-0.06 ± 0.02 and 0.02 ± 0.01-0.09 ± 0.04%, respectively. As for the total C_18:1 trans acid, its levels were present is less than 0.02 ± 0.02% of total fatty acids. Also, no total C_18:1 trans acid was found in some samples. The trans fatty acids were probably formed by heat treatment of soybeans before or during the solvent extraction processes. Although very low values of the trans fatty acids were found in the crude soybean oils, the presence of these fatty acids can be caused difficulties to produce refined soybean oils with or without low level of trans fatty acid.

2 tables, 27 ref

019221   Yayli N;Yilmaz N;Ocak M;Sevim A;Sesli E;Yayli N (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Karadeniz Technical Univ, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey, Email: yayli@ktu.edu.tr) : Essential oil compositions of four mushrooms: Scleroderma verrucosum, Cortinarius infractus, Hypholama capnoides and Hypholama fasciculare from Turkey. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(5), 4102-6.

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from four varieties of Mushrooms, ie. Scleroderma verrucosum, Cortinarius infractus, Hypholama capnoides and Hypholama fasciculare were analyzed by GC-MS. 13, 36, 8 and 10 components, respectively were identified in the essential oils and the main components were found to be 3-octanone from S. verrucosum, musk ambrette from C. infractus, 1-octen-3-o1 from H. capnoides and H. fasciculare in the ratios of 49.1, 62.3, 21.7 and 18.2%, respectively. The isolated essential oils of the fruiting bodies of mushrooms were also tested for antimicrobial activity against the bacteria E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, S. aureus, B. cereus and the fungus C. tropicalis, at maximum essential oil concentrations in hexane of 500, 200, 50 and 250 μg/mL, respectively. No biological activity was observed against all the test microorganisms.

1 table, 14 ref

019220   Upadhyay S K;Shukla R K;Sharma G (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, R.B.S. College, Bichpuri Campus, Agra-283 105, Email: sanjay_upadh11J@rediffmail.com) : Conductometric studies of dysprosium butyrate and valerate in methanol. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(5), 3561-6.

The critical micelle concentration of dysprosium soaps (butyrate. valerate) in methanol have been determined by conductiometric measurement. The value of critical micelle concentration decreases with increasing chain length of fatty acid component. The molar conductance at infinite dilution, degree of ionization have been evaluated. The results show that dysprosium soaps behave as weak electrolyte at dilute solutions.

3 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

019219   Upadhyay S K;Shukla R K;Sharma G (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, R.B.S. College, Bichpuri Campus, Agra-283 105, Email: sanjay_upadh11J@rediffmail.com) : Infrared, thermal and X-rays diffraction analysis of dysprosium soaps. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(5), 3487-92.

The physico-chemical characteristics of dysprosium soaps (butyrate and valerate) in solid state were investigated by IR. thermal and X-ray diffraction measurement, the IR results reveal that the fatty acids exist in dimeric state through hydrogen bonding and soaps possess partial ionic character. The decomposition reaction was found kinetically of zero order with energy of activation 10.5, 9.8 Kcal mol^-1 for dysprosium butyrate and valerate, respectively. The X-ray diffraction measurement were used to calculate the long spacing and the result confirm the double layer structure of dysprosium soaps.

2 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

019218   Taherpour A A;Yousefirad M;Karimzadeh R (Chemistry Dep, Graduate School, Islamic Azad Univ, P.O. Box 38135-567, Arak Branch, Arak, Iran, Email: avatarman.taherpour@gmail.com) : Chemical composition of the essential oil of Heracleum persicum seeds of Iran. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(5), 3345-8.

Volatile chemical constituents of the essential oil of Heracleum persicum seeds, which is growing wild in Ardebile, Iran were investigated by GC and GC/MS technique. 29 Compounds, representing 75% of the total oil were identified and 12 unknown compounds detected. The main components are hexylbutyrate (37.7%), hexylbutanoate (36.7%), octylacetate (16.3%), hexyl-2-methylbutanoate (5.7%), hexylisobutyrate (4.7%), hexylhexanoate (4.3%), heptyl-2-methylbutyrate (2.3%), n-butylbutanoate (2.25%), hexylvalerate (1.9%), octylbutanoate (1.7%) and linalole (1.5%).

1 table, 11 ref

019217   Sonawane G S;Shrivastava V S (Chemistry Dep, Kisan Arts, Commerce and Science College, Parole-425 111, Email: drvinod_shrivastava@yahoo.com) : Organic-metallic interactions in dye industy waste water : a statistical approach. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(5), 3637-44.

An attempt has been made to study the orgnaic-metallic interactions in dye industry waste. The waste-water and soil samples were collected from Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation, Surat (Gujarat). The industrial waste samples were extracted by CH₂Cl₂ and analyzed for FTIR and GC-MS for detection and identificxation organic compounds. ICP-AES techniques was used for detection of metals. Several organic compounds have been found which include phenol, benzonitrile, nitrobenzene, etc. The concentration of trace metals like As, Hg and Mn in water samples and Cd, As, Hg and Mn in soil samples was less than detection limit. The identified organic compounds and hazardus metals effect adversely the ground water and soil quality of the area.

1 illus, 7 tables, 8 ref

019216   Shannag M Al;Matouq M;Al-Anber Z (Chemical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineeirng Technology, Al-Balqa Applied Univ, P.O. Box 15008, Marka 11134, Amman, Jordan, Email: mohammad_al_shannag@hotmail.com) : Simulation of surfactant-oil-solvent ternary system: mean field theory. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(5), 4021-30.

The properties of ternary mixtures of surfactant-oil-water based on the use of the single chain mean-field (SCMF) theory is presented. A new methodology is applied where the chains of surfactant and oil are thrown randomly onto a three-dimensional lattice of size L x L x L. Determines the critical micelle concentrations, density distribution and the cluster size distributions for the H₄T₄ amphiphile and oil molecules, T_x, of length x in a water solvent. A good agreement of the critical micelle concentration values with those of Monte Carlo simulations is obtained.

5 illus, 24 ref

019215   Satarkar R D;Talathi J M;Naik V G;Chorage K V (Agricultural Economics College of Agriculture, Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra) : Profitability and value addition in jackfruit processing in Maharashtra state, India. Agric Update 2009, 4(1-2), 96-9.

An attempt was made to workout profitability and to study extent of value addition in jackfruit processing. It was observed that of the 60 sample jackfruit processors more than 95 % households were preparing jackfruit leather and jackfruit chips. At the overall level, per household quantity and value realized in jackfruit processing for leather was 41.38 kg and Rs. 4669.10 and 98 kg and Rs. 14452.08, respectively. This revealed that sample households were supplemented in gross income from jackfruit processing. The capital investment per household was Rs. 10553.49 of which 18.51 % was fixed capital and 81.49 % was working capital. Of the total capital investment share of raw material was highest (62.16 %) followed by labour charges (19.69 %). In case of jackfruit leather and jackfruit chips benefit cost ratio were 2.13 and 1.67, respectively at the overall level. Net value addition was 262.70 % and 303.54 % in the same order. Thus, jackfruit processing was profitable subsidiary business activity for providing gainful employment and income to processing households.

2 tables, 5 ref

019214   Polyakova Y L;Row K H (Center for Advanced Bioseparation Technology and Dep of Chemical Engin, Inha Univ, 253 Yonghyun-Dong, Nam-Ku, Incheon 402-751, South Korea, Email: rowkho@inha.ac.kr) : Sorption and retention behaviours of benzene and some five-membered heterocycles on a porous graphitized carbon column. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(5), 3663-72.

The sorption on a porous graphitized carbon column was tested by using benzene and some five-membered heterocycles as a sorbates. The performance of five solutes with two types of eluents was examined. The influence of mobile phase modifier on the retention was discussed. The Langmuir isotherm was applied to describe the adsorption of substances on the surface of the graphitized adsorbent. The parameters of the adsorption isotherms were compared with different mobile phase compositions. The exponential curves of benzene, imidazole, indole and indoline are logarithmically increased in pure aqueous eluent, but 1,2,4-triazole had showed linear adsorption isotherm. The solubility, solvophobic effects and selective interactions between solute polarizable or polarized functional groups with graphite affect the sorption of substances.

3 illus, 4 tables, 35 ref

019213   Patil M P;Bhattar S L;Patil S R (Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Chemistry Dep, Shivaji Univ, Kolhapur-416 004, Email: srp_fsl@rediffmail.com) : Fluorescence studies of salicylic acid in solution and polymer film. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(5), 3961-6.

Fluorescence of salicylic acid in solution of solvents of different polarity and in polymer matrix is studied to investigate its existence in various geometrical and aggregated forms. The different spectral regions observed in the fluorescence spectra of salicylic acid solutions are explained by the mechanism of formation of salicylic acid anion, zwitter ion and intermole-cular hydrogen bonded dimer in the excited state. The transparent salicylic acid doped polymer films prepared from these solutions exhibited nearly identical emission regions in the fluorescence spectra due to formation of similar species in the excited state. The formation of salicylic acid species is further confirmed by lifetimes measured at their respective emission wavelengths. The different values of lifetimes indicate the existence of salicylic acid as different species. The blue emitting salicylic acid doped polymer films are suitable for use in fabrication of organic light emitting devices and also for sunscreen protector films.

2 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

019212   Patel A P;Patel G A (Chemistry Dep, Shri U.P. Arts & Smt. M.G. Panchal Science & Shri V.L. Shah Commerce C, Pilvai. Gujarat) : Novel azo acid dyes containing benzthiazole and phenacyl. J Ultra Chem 2007, 3(1), 29-34.

The novel aromatic amine containing benzthiazole and phenacyl groups has been prepared. This was diazotizsed and coupled with different coupling components. All the resulting novel acid dyes have been characterized by elemental analysis IR,NMR visible Spectroscopy. The produced acid dyes were employed for dyeing on commercial nylon and wool fibres and the fastness properties of dyes were evaluated.

3 tables, 8 ref

019211   Onar H C;Yasa H;Yusufoglu A;Tanyolac S (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbuk Univ, 34320 Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: ayseserg@istanbul.edu.tr) : Essential oil composition of Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson from the middle region of turkey. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(5), 3991-6.

The essential oil of Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson originating from the middle region of Turkey (Kirikkale) was obtained by steam distillation and clevenger-type method with a overall yield of 0.65 and 0.39%, respectively. These essential oils were analyzed by capillary GC-MS using DB-5 and Carbowax-20M columns. Besides, the plant was examined by head-space method via PE-Wax. The essential oils are rich in linalool.

4 tables, 11 ref

019210   Naik V G;Talathi J M;Torane S R (Agricultural Economics Dep, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant, Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra) : Value addition in mango processing. Agric Update 2009, 4(1-2), 65-9.

Business of mango processing for pulp making is quite remunerative. It required large capital investment of Rs. 19.28 lakhs of which only 18 (Rs. 3.00) % was fixed and 82 % (Rs. 16.28) was working capital out of Rs. 16.28 lakhs as working capital, 79 % was shared by raw material alone which namely included purchases of mango processing. The per factory per season quantity processed was 361.89 q to produce 42575.33 tins of 850g of mango pulp. The benefit cost ratio in mango pulp production was 1.62 per tin, ex factory cost of processing was Rs. 42.83 for mango pulp making with gross returns of Rs. 69.21 retaining net returns of Rs. 26.38. There was inverse relationship with scale of production. In mango processing for pulp production the gross value addition was 204.22 % and net value addition was 116.16 %. The major problems opined by pulp making factory owners were high prices of raw material (fruits) in the beginning of season, shortage of labours during peak period of processing, high prices of tins and high transportation and marketing expenses. The whole analysis revealed scope, for further expansion of these capital intensive agro-processing industry for value addition in mango fruits.

6 tables, 4 ref

019209   Mridula D;Gupta R K (Food Grains and Oilseeds Processing Div, Central Institute of Processing, Central Institute of Post Harvest Eng, ) : Effect of bajra flour on quality of biscuits fortified with defatted soy flour. Indian J Nutr Diet 2008, 45(1), 17-25.

Biscuits prepared from flour blends containing varying proportions of bajra (pearl millet) flour (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%) and fortified with 5 per cent DSF were prepared and evaluated for physical, textural, colour, nutritional and sensory properties. With increased proportion of bajra flour in biscuits, spread ratio decreased from 6.38 (control biscuit) to 6.05 of biscuit prepared from flour blend containing 50 per cent bajra flour. Breaking hardness and toughness of biscuits also increased with increased proportions of bajra flour. Colour values (L*,a* and b* values) decreased with increased proportion of bajra flour to wheat flour, resulted in the darkening of biscuits which ultimately affected the acceptability of different biscuit samples. Although substitution of wheat flour with bajra flour affected overall quality of biscuits in general, this study showed that bajra flour can be utilized for making acceptable quality biscuits upto 30 per cent levels with 5 per cent DSF. The best sensory acceptability of bajra biscuits with highest mean sensory scores for appearance and colour (7.32), texture (7.55), flavour (7.16), taste (7.36) and overall acceptability (7.50) was observed for biscuits prepared from flour blends containing 10 per cent bajra flour, 85 per cent wheat flour and 5 per cent DSF.

3 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

019208   Mohammad E;Reza R;Bahram N (Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir Univ of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Email: ramin.rezaee@gmail.com) : Synthesis of pure magnetite nanoparticles using microwave hydrothermal and sonication. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(5), 3857-65.

Relatively pure Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles was synthesized by microwave hydrothermal (MWH) and sonication-assisted co-precipitation. The precipitating agent was 0.5% hexamine in 10% ammonia solution. This was added to 100 mL of 0.01 M HC1 containing stoichiometric amount of stable salt of Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺ ions. The formaldehyde produced from hydrolysis of hexamine prevents partial oxidation of Fe²⁺ during the precipitation process. For stabilization of colloidal suspension a small amount of a bifunctional fatty acid was used to coat the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and make them hydro-phobic. The extraction of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles from aqueous phase into chloroform gave a stable magnetite suspension which was attracted by a magnet. The product was analyzed by XRD, LLS, EDX and quantities chemical analysis of iron content in magnetite. The average diameter of nanoparticles was found to be about 6.2 nm. The order of main factors according to their effectiveness on the yield of product was determined using a factorial design and ANOVA.

6 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

019207   Mirzaei H H;Ramezani Z (Physiology and Proteomics Dep, Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Seed and Plant Improvement, Institutes Campus, Mahdasht Road, P.O. Box 31535-1897, Karaj, Iran, Email: h_hadavand@abrii.ac.ir) : Volatile components of the essential oil of Prangos asperula from west of Iran . Asian J Chem 2008, 20(5), 3763-6.

The essential oil of the Prangos asperula was collected in Lorestan province west of Iran and was extracted by hydro-distillation method from aerial part and identified using GC/MS as the method of analysis. 42 Components were characterized for the Prangos asperula oil. The major components of the oil were α-pinene (13.6%), limonene (12.94%), myrcene (8.1%), β-pinene (5.4%), δ-3-carene (25.54%), μ-terpinolene (14.76%), caryophylene (2.98%) and μ-curcumene (2.65%).

1 table, 14 ref

019206   Matouq M (Chemical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied Univ, P.O. Box 4486, Amman 11131, Jordan, Email: matouq3@yahoo.com) : Physical impacts of high frequency of ultrasound wave on sea, brackish, hot spring and municipal water. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(5), 4101-9.

Study aims to apply the ultrasound technique in the field of clean technology to protect environment. The principle of ultrasound was conducted here to study the effect of applying high frequency of ultrasound waves. Four kinds of water namely; Seawater from Aqaba gulf. Red Sea, brackish from Maan desert southern part of Jordan, hot spring from northern part of Jordan and tap water (Amman City) were selected to study the effect of ultrasound on its physical properties. High ultrasound frequency device with 1.7 MHz was applied to study the effect of ultrasound waves. All conducted experiments were fixed at room temperature. The effect of liquid volume while applying a constant ultrasound waves on the water properties were investigated here. Exposing time of ultrasound waves was fixed at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 h. The experimental results showed that ultrasonic wave irradiation for different samples of water at different period of time has its significant impacts on physical and chemical properties of water such as pH, total dissolved solids and consequently the conductivity.

9 illus, 8 ref

019205   Li Y;Wang C;Tian J;Liu X;Liu X;You T (School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Changchum Univ of Science and Technology, Changchum, Jilin 130022, P.R. China, Email: youty@ciac.jl.cn) : Separation and detection of chlorpromazine hydrochloride and promethazine hydrochloride using electrochemiluminescence followed by capillary electrophoresis. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(5), 3833-48.

Phenothiazine drugs, chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ) and promethazine hydrochloride (PMZ), were determined with Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ electrochemiluminescene by the capillary electrophoresis (CE-ECL). It was found that both CPZ and PMZ could produce an intermediate that acted as coreactants to react with Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ to produce excited states which were capable of emitting light. This CE-ECL detection method had high sensitivity, good selectivity and reproducibility for CPZ and PMZ determination. Under the optimized conditions: ECL detection at 1.15 V, 3.0 x 10^-2 mol L^-1 phosphate buffer at pH 4.0, 5.0 x 10^-3 mol L^-1 of Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ and 5.0 x 10^-2 mol L^-1 of phosphate buffer at pH 7.5 in the detection reservoir, the ECL intensity was linear with three orders for CPZ and two orders for PMZ and the detection limits (S/N = 3) were 1.0 x 10^-8 mol L^-1 for CPZ and 1.0 x 10^-6 for PMZ mol L^-6, respectively. The CE-ECL method was applied to analyze CPZ and PMZ in real samples including tablets and injections and satisfactory results were obtained without interference from samples matrix. The method was successfully applied to the determination of CPZ and PMZ in human urine.

8 illus, 3 tables, 43 ref

019204   Koyuncu M (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yuzuncu Yil Univ, 65100 Van, Turkey, Email: menderes@yyu.edu.tr) : Investigation of colorimetric properties of woolem yard dyed with rheum ribes plant root extract. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(5), 4043-51.

The dyeing of wool yarn using Rheum ribes roots as natural dye has been studied in conventional method. The effects of dyeing show higher colour strength values obtained by the latter. Dyeing with Rheum ribes roots has been, shown to give good dyeing results. The results of washing fastness properties of the dyed wool yarn were fair to good. CIELAB values have also been evaluated and discussed.

1 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref

019203   Kiran K;Janardhanam K (Environmental Sciences Dep, S V Univ, Tirupati-517502, Email: janardhanam_sai@yahoo.co.in) : Determination of trace metals in water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry using column solid-phase extraction. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(5), 3468-74.

Novel and sensitive method exploiting solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed for the determination of Co, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd in water samples. Sodium diethyldithio-carbamate (Na-DDC) is impregnated with activated carbon has been used in this preconcentration technique. At pH 4.5 these trace metal ions were quantitatively sorbed and eluted with 1 M nitric acid in acetone solution at a flow rate of 1.5 mL min^-1 The effects of sample volume, volume of eluent and recovery have been investigated. The developed method was applied to the determination of trace metal ions with satisfactory results. The reliability of the procedures has been verified by analyzing standard reference materials. Results obtained are in good agreement with the certified values and the relative standard deviations.

2 tables, 22 ref

019202   Kiralan M;Bayrak A;Calikoglu E (Food Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara Univ, Diskapi, 06110 Ankara, Turkey, Email: mustafakiralan@yahoo.com) : Effect of nigella seed extract on oxidative stability of refined sunflower oil. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(5), 3313-18.

Alcohol extracts from nigella seed were added to refined sunflower oil which was oxidized at various temperatures (ambient temperature, 60 and 110 °C). Oxidation was followed by active oxygen method, Schaal Oven test and specific absorptivity at 232 nm. All of nigella extracts (500, 1000, 2000 ppm) showed antioxidant activity with regard to active oxygen method results. While nigella seed extract of 500 and 1000 ppm have shown antioxidant activity, 2000 ppm application showed prooxidant activity in Schaal oven test. At ambient temperature, oxidation was followed by peroxide value and 1000 ppm nigella seed extract showed strong antioxidant activity during 12 weeks. The study showed that nigella seed extract retarded oxidation of sunflower oil and may be used as a good natural antioxidant source.

3 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

019201   Kaypak D;Avsar Y K (Food Engineering Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Mustafa Kemal Univ, Tayfur Sokmen Campus, 31034 Antakya, Hatay, Turkey, Email: ykavsar@gmail.com) : Volatile and odour-active compounds of tuzlu yoghurt. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(5), 3641-8.

The objective of this study was to identify volatile and odour-active compounds of Tuzlu yoghurt obtained by direct solvent extraction and high vacuum distillation, based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometer and gas chromatography/ olfactometry. 56 Volatile compounds were identified (7 ketones, 7 aldehydes, 5 esters, 14 alcohols, 3 terpenes, 4 lactones, 4 miscellaneous and 12 free fatty acids) by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometery and 6 (1 ketone, 4 aldehydes and 1 sulphurous compound) by gas chromoatography/olfactomatery. 29 Compounds were found to be odour-active. Ethyl butanoate, methional in neutral/basic fraction and ethanoic, butanoic and hexanoic acids in the acidic fractions appeared to be the most potent odour-active compounds. The detection of odour-active compounds by this study may be promising for the certification of traditional yoghurt products as Protected Designation of Origin.

4 tables, 29 ref

019200   Karimi A (NO, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (N.I.O.C), Coating Research C, P.O. Box 18745-4163, Tehran, Iran, Email: karimia@ripi.ir) : Investigation on the effect of cross linking agent on equilibrium swelling and kinetics of water absorption and desorption for pH and pH-temperature sensitive hydrogels. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(5), 3482-8.

Two types of ionic hydrogel were synthesized. One of these hydrogels is pH sensitive (acrylamide-sodium acrylate copolymer) and other one is pH-temperature sensitive (N-isopropyl acrylamide-sodium acrylate copolymer). They contain different ratios of cross linking agent. The effect of cross (inking agent concentration on hydrogel swelling and on amount and kinetics of water sorption and desorption was studied.

9 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

019199   Jouyban A;Khoubnasabjafari M;Hamidi A A;Acree W E (Faculty of Pharmay and Drug Applied Research Centre Tabriz Univ of Med, , Tabriz-51664, Iran, Email: ajouyban@hotmail.com) : ab initio Solubility prediction of non-electrolytes in ternary solvents using a combination of jouyban-Acree and abraham models. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(5), 3413-37.

Applicability of a previously trained model derived from a combination of the Jouyban-Acree and Abraham models for predicting the solubility of non-electrolytes in ternary solvent mixtures was shown using 80 data sets of anthracene and pyrene. A sample program written in SPSS environment was presented in Appendix. The accuracy criterion was mean percentage deviation (MPD) and using experimental solubility data in neat solvents, i.e. three data points for each set, the overall MPDs (±SD) were 7.5 (± 5.5)% and 20.2 (± 13.0)%, respectively for water to solvent and gas to solvent parameters of Abraham model. The corresponding MPDs for full predictive versions of the models were 27.5 (± 18.2)% and 20.8 (± 19.5)%. The results showed that one can use the proposed method to predict solubility of non-electrolytes in ternary solvents and the expected prediction errors are quite acceptable specially with employing experimental solubility of solutes in neat solvents as input data.

5 illus, 5 tables, 32 ref

019198   Gulec C;Yayli N;Yesilgil P;Terzioglu S;Yayli N (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Karadeniz Technical Univ, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey, Email: yayli@ktu.edu.tr) : Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from the flowers of Delphinium formosum. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(5), 4069-74.

The essential oil from the flowers of Delphinium formosum Boiss. et Huet. (Ranunculaceae) was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed by GC-MS. 68 Components were identified in the oil. The main components in the essential oil from the flowers of D. formosum were found to be tricosane (30.9%), heneicosane (8.2%), pentacosane (6.6%), linalool (2.3%) docosane (2.2%) and phytol (2.1%). The antimicrobial activity of the isolated essential oil from the flowers of the plant was also investigated and it showed moderate antibacterial activity against only E. faecalis and S. aureus. No antibacterial activity against other 5 bacteria and antifungal activity against 2 yeast-like fungi were observed.

2 tables, 20 ref

019197   Dholakiya B Z;Thomas M;Patel J V (NO, N.V. Patel College of Pure & Applied Sciences, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Efficacy of clove oil as an antioxidant for vegetable oils. J Ultra Chem 2007, 3(1), 73-6.

Reviews the antioxidant properties of clove oil in common edible oils viz. cotton seed, groundnut, mustard and sesame. Each oil was impregnated with varying proportions of clove oil and was exposed to sunlight for varying time along with a control sample(without clove oil). The peroxide value for each sample was measured periodically and the change in rate of oxidation between control and sample was measured. The peroxide values of samples and control were also measured before and after being used for frying. For all the edible oils studied, it was found that there is a significant reduction in rate of oxidation in the samples which contained clove oil.

5 illus, 9 ref

019196   Desai P S;Vashi R T (Chemistry Dep, Navyug Science College, Rander Road, Surat-395 009, Email: psdesai69@ahoo.co.in) : Disperse dyes as corrosion inhibitors for aluminum alloy in trichloroacetic system. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(5), 3387-94.

The corrosion of aluminum alloy in trichloroaceuc acid containing disperse dyes has been studied. In trichloroacetic acid (TCA), the corrosion rate increases with the acid concentration. At constant acid concentration, the inhibition efficiency of dyes increases with the inhibitor concentration. Similarly, at constant inhibitor concentration, the inhibition efficiency decreases with the increase of acid concentration. In 0.01 M trichloroacetic acid for 24 h immersion period, at 4 mM inhibitor concentration the inhibition efficiency of inhibitors increases in the order: coralene violet 3R Ex (C.I. disperse violet 99) (95.80%) < coralene yellow Br. REL (C.I. disperse orange 61) (91.98%). As temperature increases, percentage of inhibition increases in coralene violet 3R Ex and coralene yellow Br. REL almost in all case. Plot of log (θ/1 - θ) vs. log C results in a straight line suggest that the inhibitors cover both the anodic and cathodic regions through general adsorption following Langmuir isotherm. The curves show little anodic but significant cathodic polarization.

3 tables, 23 ref

019195   Baskaran R;Kubendran T R (Chemistry Engineering Dep, Alagappa College of Technology, Anna Univ, Chennai-600 025, Email: trkuben@annauniv.edu) : Viscosity and excess volume of anisaldehyde-nitrobenzene at 303.15 K, 313.15 K and 323.15 K. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(5), 3381-6.

Densities (ρ) and viscosities (η) have been measured for the binary liquid mixture of anisaldehyde + nitrobenzene over the entire composition range at 303.15, 313.15 and 323.15 K. Excess molar volume (V^E) and viscosity deviations (Δη), have been calculated. The appropriate models were used to correlate the measured properties. It was found that in all cases, the experimental data obtained fitted very well with the values correlated by the corresponding models. The molecular interactions existing between the components were discussed.

2 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

019194   Ansari F;Rezaei K (Food Science and Engineering Dep, Faculty of Biosystem Engineering, Tehran Univ, P.O. Box: 31587-78659, Karaj, Iran, Email: krezaee@ut.ac.ir) : Quality control of lime juices from Iran. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(5), 3913-18.

Lime samples from three major lime-producing locations of Iran were investigated for their quality control (total acidity, total soluble solid, total solid content, pH, ash content, alkalinity of ash and formol titration). Total soluble solid was significantly higher in limes from Jahrom than those from Roudan and Minab. Similarly, the average value of vitamin C content in limes obtained from Jahrom (37.9 ± 2.7 mg/ 100 mL,) was significantly higher than those of Roudan (34.2 ± 2.2) and Minab (35.3 ± 2.2). Other parameters also showed some differences. But, despite such differences, the ratios of total soluble solid to total acidity, so-called "maturity ratio," for the limes from the three regions were similar indicating that they had similar palatability levels.

4 tables, 9 ref

019193   Anbia A;Rofouei M K;Husain S W (Applied Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tarbiat Moallem, 49-Mofatteh Avenue, Tehran-15614, Iran, Email: syedwhusain@yahoo.com) : Mesoporous lenthanum tungstate as a novl sorbent for removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous media. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(5), 3862-8.

A supramolecular templating approach to the preparation of mesoporous lanthanum tungstate using lanthanum nitrate and dodecyl sulfate following digestion in sodium tungstate solution is presented. N₂ adsorption-desorption measurements have been made to determine the surface area and pore size. Calcined and uncalcined materials have been used to study the sorption behaviour of Cr(III), Cr(VI), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Ag(I), Cd(II), Hg(II), TI(I) and Pb(II) ions and methyl mercury from aqueous solution.

2 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

019192   Al-Anber M (Chemical Science Dep, Faculty of Science, Mu'tah Univ, Al-Karak, P.O. Box 7, Jordhan, Email: masachem@yahoo.com) : Removal of iron(III) from model solution using Jordanian natural zeolite. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(5), 3493-3501.

The possibility of using Jordanian natural zeolite (JNZ) as non-treated have been investigated for removing of Fe³⁺ from a model solution of (1000 ppm) at a correlation of liquid to solid phases, v:g = 50:1. It has been found out that the specific surface of zeolite takes leading part at the adsorption of Fe³⁺ from the aqua solution with different concentrations. The thermodynamics of adsorption has been described with the most appropriate isotherms uptake of Fe³⁺ using zeolite. The adsorption of Fe³⁺ equilibrium isotherm, which is constructed at 20, 30, 40, 50°C is studied at a constant percentage of 1% HNO₃ model solution and the ratio of sorbate to sorbent are identified. The methods of working are studied, along with their physical and chemical properties of the material towards magnetic properties of sorbate and electrical conductivity of the remaining sorbent solution.

7 illus, 17 ref

019191   Aksay E K (NO, Dokuz Eylul Univ, Torbali Vocational School of Higher Education, 35860, Izmir, Turkey, Email: ece.kilinc@deu.edu.tr) : Removal of discoloured impurities from feldspar ores by bulk floatation. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(5), 3623-32.

Feldspar ores usually contain the principal discolouring impurities of mica, titanium and iron bearing minerals, which impart colour and in turn degrade the quality of the ore. The possibility of removing mica, iron and titanium bearing mineral from feldspar ore in a single stage floatation experiment in mildly alkaline pH conditions compared to the more commonly used reverse multi-stage floatation in acidic pH conditions was investigated. For this,Several collectors and their combination were tested in the single- and multistage floatation methods. Study has showed that the main impurities in the feldspar ore can be floated in an alkaline medium by bulk floatation, i.e. in one-stage, using Aero 704 collector supplied from Cytec Industries, Inc. The results of bench scale floatation tests to evaluate the performance of individual collectors and their blends will be reported along with the elaboration of the mechanism of the collector action. The parameters considered in the evaluation were grades of TiO₂ and Fe₂O₃ in the feldspar concentrate and their removal recoveries from the feldspar ore.

4 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

018195   Yadav D N;Patki P E;Sharma G K;Harilal P T; Bawa A S (NO, Defence Food Research Lab, Siddarthanagar, Mysore-570 011, Email: dnyadav1977@yahoo.co.in) : Prevention of dough discolouration by chemical additives. J Fd Sci Technol 2009, 46(2), 149-52.

L-cysteine, glutathione and 4-hexaresorcinol in controlling the discolouration of flattened circular whole wheat flour dough (diameter 150 mm, thickness 2 mm) during storage (5-6°C) was studied. Amino guanidine bicarbonate was used to control the Maillard browning. L-cysteine (90 ppm) was most effective followed by glutathione (100 ppm) in controlling discolouration. Effectiveness of additives increased, when used in combination with amino guanidine bicarbonate (0.5%); 4-hexaresorcinol did not show any significant (p≥0.05) effect.

2 tables, 24 ref

018194   Yadav D N;Patki P E;Sharma G K;Bawa A S (NO, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore-570 011, Email: dnyadav1977@yahoo.co.in) : Role of ingredients and processing variables on the quality retention in frozen bread doughs. J Fd Sci Technol 2009, 46(1), 12-20.

Frozen doughs vary in their performance and lose stability over long-term frozen storage. Changes in rheological properties of frozen doughs have been due to the physical damage to the gluten network caused by ice-crystallization and re-crystallization. Typical formulation for frozen doughs differs from non-frozen doughs, however the basic dough characteristics do not change. Common bread formulation consists of wheat flour, water, active dry yeast, salt, sugar, shortening and oxidizing agents while the breadmaking procedure usually involves dough preparation, freezing, frozen storage, thawing and baking. The study serves as a guide for the research in frozen bread doughs. The effects of essential dough ingredients and processing conditions on frozen bread dough quality are reviewed.

^iia2 tables, 110 ref

018193   Wadia D N;Patel P M (Industrial Chemistry Dep, V.P. & R.P.T.P. Science College, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120, Email: drpravinpatel@rediffmail.com) : Synthesis and application of bifunctional reactive dyes based on 3-(4-aminophenyl)-5-benzylidene-2-substituted phenyl-3,5-dihydro-imidazol-4-one. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(1), 304-12.

A series of nine novel heterocyclic based monoazo bifunctional reactive dyes were synthesized using various substituted imidazol-4-one. Heterobifunctional reactive dyes provide great opportunity for efficient dye fiber reaction due to the mixed double-anchors such as sulphatoethylsulphone and monochlorotriazinyl reactive groups, which may cover a wide range of application temperatures. Prepared heterobifun-ctionai reactive dyes were applied to wool fibers using various parameters. The optimized exhaustion (% E) and fixation (% F) were determined. Analysis of dye solutions being adjusted to different pH conditions was carried out to verify the structure of dye moieties. The synthesized dyes were characterized using standard spectroscopic methods and then dyeing performance on wool fabric was assessed. Wash and light fastness properties of prepared dyes showed promising results.

2 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

018192   Sulochanamma G;Ramalakshmi K;Borse B B (Plantation Products, Spices and Flavour Technology Dep, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 020) : Stabilization of flavour volatiles of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). J Fd Sci Technol 2009, 46(1), 54-7.

Stabilization of basil oil was attempted using gum acacia and/or starch as coating materials and stabilization of major volatile flavour components was determined during 6 months storage in a flexible packaging material. The yield (67-73%) of stabilized product varied with the coating materials. Basil oil was extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatograph and the results revealed that eugenol (38.0%) and β-caryophyllene (32.9%) are the major volatile flavour components. Encapsulated oil retained the flavour (94.5-98.2%) during storage at ambient (25±2°C) and refrigerated (4±2°C) temperatures for 6 months. The stabilized (encapsulated) basil oil can be used in herbal beverages, food dishes, confectionary, baked products, chilli sauces, tomato paste, pickles, fancy vinegars and pizza.

1 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

018191   Srinivas P;Sreenivashu A (Civil Engineeirng Dep, K. L. College of Engineering, Vaddeswaram-522 502) : Amb river diversion for extracting the coal in Umrer area, Nagpur district. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2008, 7(2), 365-70.

Coal is an important raw material used for various industrial purposes. Generally, coal exists under the ground which can be extracted by removing the top soil. If the same coal exists below the river bed, the river has to be diverted in order to extract the coal. The primary survey was done in the area through which the Amb river water is being passed out. The levels were taken at regular intervals by using total station and the reduced levels were calculated. The volume of earth in cutting and filling were evaluated for forming a levelled river bed. The river plugs were designed to stop the flow of water before diverting the river flow into the designed river bed. The nallas which are the junction points were also designed which are provided along the river bed wherever the bed width changes.

4 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

018190   Sourav Kumar;Srivastava A K;Prasada Rao U J S;Haridas Rao P (Flour Milling, Baking and Confectionery Technology Dep, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 020, Email: souravismt@yahoo.com) : Gluten proteins and farinograph characteristics of wheat flour mill streams. J Fd Sci Technol 2009, 46(1), 21-5.

Non-availability of right type of wheat flour for specific end-products is a major constraint faced by bakery industry, as many countries do not have system of wheat segregation based on their grade. In order to develop speciality flour, based on stream splitting, studies were carried out to characterize different mill streams for their protein fractions and characteristics. Among different mill streams, first and second middling had relatively higher individual yield (>20%). Sedimentation value gradually increased in successive break streams and third and fourth breaks had higher value. Farinograph water absorption capacity increased in later breaks and middling streams. Third and fourth break streams had higher dough stability indicating stronger rheological characteristics of dough. Contents of total protein and gluten were low in initial break streams, while for later breaks and middling streams they were at higher levels. Among gluten fractions, gliadin and glutenin contents were greater in later break streams. Middling streams had higher content of residue proteins, when compared with break streams. SDS-PAGE of different streams indicated higher content of high molicular weight glutenin subunits in later breaks and early middling streams. These results suggest that blend of later break and middling streams have better dough properties for breadmaking, while initial break streams could form good speciality flour for soft wheat products.

4 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

018189   Singh T;Sharma D P (Animal Products Technology Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004, Email: apt@hau.ernet.in) : Physico-chemical characteristics of chicken meat emulsion containing different salts. J Fd Sci Technol 2009, 46(1), 58-61.

Effect of KCl, MgCl₂ and CaCl₂ with or without 0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and tripotassium phosphate (TPP), on physico-chemical attributes of chicken meat emulsion was studied. NaCl (2%) was replaced with KCl, MgCl₂ and CaCl₂ at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2% levels up to total equivalent ionic strength to that of 2% NaCl (0.340). Moisture content of emulsion was unaffected by Na replacers. KCl increased and MgCl₂ and CaCl₂ reduced the pH of emulsion. All the Na replacers decreased the water holding capacity (WHC), emulsion stability (ES) and extractable salt soluble proteins (SSP) of emulsion. Both the phosphates countered the adverse affect of Na replacers. TPP was more effective than STPP in increasing the pH, WHC and ES whereas STPP extracted more SSP in the emulsion. Suitability of Na replacers with regard to physico-chemical properties of emulsion was in the order KCl > MgCl₂>CaCl₂. It is concluded that although physico-chemical properties are adversely affected at all levels yet emulsions with KCl up to 1% level and MgCl₂/CaCl₂ up to 0.5% level along with phosphates showed satisfactory properties to be used for product preparation.

3 tables, 36 ref

018188   Sanjeev Kumar;Petwal V C;Kaul A;Behere A; Promod R;Bapna S C;Soni H C;Sharma A (Industrial and Medical Sect, Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore-452 013, Email: ksarun@barc.gov.in ) : Sprout inhibition in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with energy electrons. J Fd Sci Technol 2009, 46(1), 50-3.

Healthy and well suberized potatoes (Solanum tuberosum cultivar `Kufri Jyoti') were exposed with low energy electrons of 400 and 500 keV and stored at 10-12°C and 99% relative humidity (RH) for 8 months. The aim was to assess the efficacy of surface irradiation of potato for sprout inhibition at lower doses (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 Gy) on storage at elevated temperature of 10-12°C. Unirradiated potatoes were sprouted within 2-3 months of storage. In electron beam irradiated potato, at 400 keV a dose of 400 Gy and at 500 keV a dose of 200 Gy inhibited sprouting. These doses were higher than those recommended for gamma-radiation (60-150 Gy) for the same purpose. At the end of 8 months, irradiated and unirradiated potato were evaluated for reducing sugar, ascorbic acid, texture, colour and chip quality. The results suggested the efficacy of surface irradiation of potato with low energy electrons for sprout inhibition, shelf-life extension and improvement in the processing quality of tubers by allowing storage at elevated temperature of 10-12°C.

2 tables, 19 ref

018187   Saikia B K;Sahu O P;Boruah R K (Chemical Sciences Dep, Tezpur University, Tezpur-784 028, Email: binoyrrl@yahoo.com) : FT-IR spectroscopic investigation of high sulphur Assam coals and their solvent-extracts. J Geol Soc India 2007, 70(6), 917-22.

FT-IR spectroscopic techniques were used to understand the structural feature of four samples of high sulphur Assam coals and their extracts in polar solvents. Pyridine, N, N-Dimethyl Acetamide and Ethyl Acetate were used for extraction of the coals at their reflux temperatures in a Soxhlet apparatus. The difference-FT-IR spectroscopic technique was used to characterize the compositions of extracts. The extracts were found to contain characteristic absorption bands of original coals. Both aromatic and aliphatic C-H stretching bands were observed in the spectra of extracts. The spectral interpretations of the extracts closely resembled the parent coal structures. The relative transmittances of characteristic bands in extract spectrum suggest that the distribution of functional groups in coals were somewhat effected due to the interaction with the solvents. The spectra show some depletion of bands along with increase in some regions. The information regarding the structure of coal and extracts obtained by this method are qualitative in nature but very much useful in coal utilizations.

8 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

018186   Sadhana Sathaye;Kanetkar P V;Khan D U;Iyer G (Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Dep, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Screening of fertilizers, food colors and pesticides for toxicity using brine shrimp larvae model system. Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2009, 3(1), 45-9.

Brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) utilizing brine shrimp (Artemia salina) is proposed as a rapid, bench-top bioassay for screening pesticides, fertilizers, food colors and chemicals in daily use. The procedure determines Lethal Concentration in mcg/ml of the various test substances under consideration to kill 50% of the organisms (LC₅₀) values in the brine medium. Toxicity of a broad range of known chemicals is manifested as lethality to the shrimp larvae (Meyer et. al., 1982). BSLT is considered as a useful tool for preliminary assessment of toxicity. It is a general bioassay, a technique which could be easily mastered, costs little, utilizes small amount of test material and aims at providing a frontline screen that can be backed up by more specific and more expensive bioassays. Involves screening of pesticide, fertilizers and food colors using BSLT. Toxicity of the substance was manifested by death of brine shrimp larvae in a dose dependent manner.

3 tables, 10 ref

018185   Prasad M M;Seenayya G (Burla Research Centre, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Burla-768 017, Email: prasadmm@hotmail.com) : Shelf-life of ribbonfish (Trichiurus haumela) cured in salt with red halophlic bacteria (Salinicoccus roseus) and chemical preservatives. J Fd Sci Technol 2009, 46(1), 41-5.

Shelf-life studies were carried out on ribbonfish (Trichiurus haumela) cured with red halophilic bacteria (Salinicoccus roseus). Study revealed that the use of salt treated with sodium metabisulphite, sodium acid phosphate, sodium benzoate, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate and brifisol extended the shelf-life of cured ribbonfish from 3 to 12 months. The red discolouration was monitored up to the point of spoilage. The TVN and PV in crystalline salt cured ribbonfish control samples increased from 25.3 to 416.7 mg N% and 31.5 to 235.0 meq O₂/kg, respectively during storage period of 12 months. The treatment effectiveness for TVN and PV was more in semi ground salt cured fish than in crystallized salt cured fish. The bacteriological, physico-chemical and sensory quality of the fish cured with treated salt was better than control fish.

2 tables, 25 ref

018184   Prabhakara Rao P G;Balaswamy K;Velu V; Jyothirmayi T;Satyanarayana A (NO, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Resource Centre, Uppal Raod, Hyderabad-500 007) : Products from grapes of low soluble solids and their quality evaluation. J Fd Sci Technol 2009, 46(1), 77-9.

Grapes (Vitis vinifera) with sour taste and low soluble solids content were used for preparation of raisins, jam, spread, sweet chutney and canned grapes. Raisins were prepared in a cabinet tray dryer after subjecting them to treatments such as cold emulsion dip/hot lye treatment, partial osmotic dehydration using 50° and 60° Brix sugar syrups at room temperature (28±4°C) and at 60°C. Partially dehydrated grapes were used for the preparation of jam whereas grape pulp was used for making spread and sweet chutney. Canning of grapes with low soluble solids was done in 103 x 119 mm plain tin cans using 40° Brix sugar syrup. Cold emulsion dip treatment followed by osmotic dehydration using 60° Brix sugar syrup at 60°C for 14 h exposure resulted in better quality raisins with good body and less acidity. Jam, spread and sweet chutney had acceptable sensory characteristics. Canned grapes retained their shape and flavour and the product had good sensory texture and overall acceptability during the storage period of 6 months.

^ssc1 table, 19 ref

018183   Pearsica C;Stefan L O;Preda A;Vasut F (NO, Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies Rm. Valcea, Romania, Email: claudia@icsi.ro) : Condenser liquid level influence in a cryogenic distillation column operation. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(1), 231-8.

The behaviour of the cryogenic distillation column at the influence of an external factor has been studied. For this, it was analyzed the non steady state for the column when exist a variation in the control system from the cooling circuit of the cryogenic distillation plant. It determine the fluctuation of the hydrogen level from the cryogenic distillation column condenser. The column has H height and N_T theoretical stages, with the feed stream bicompound mixture of tritium and deuterium. The mathematical model for the simulation of the process is based on the equations of balance on the column, for the stages and for the condenser. The column is operated at total reflux. The variation of the level from condenser was considered as a sinusoidal function. The results were represented in specific diagrams and plots. The results followed concentrations profiles at any moment of time. Each parameter can offer information about the behaviour of the distillation column operated at total reflux with sinusoidal oscillation of the liquid level in condenser.

6 illus, 5 ref

018182   Patel S;Rathour A (NO, Reliance Industries Ltd., Dairy Business, Ground Floor, Palm Court, Sect-14, Gurgaon, Email: Ashwani.Rathour@ril.com) : Microfluidization - a new concept in dairy and food industry. Indian Dairyman 2008, 60(12), 37-42.

Micro fluidization is a new alternative to produce fat-substitute, which gives spherically ~shaped particles from a complete aggregated protein( whey proteins or total milk proteins) dispersion into small spherical shaped to mimic the ball bearing effect of fat particles in food. Micro fluidization can be used to extend shelf-life of products such as cream, liqueurs and infant formulae by producing fine emulsions.

5 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

018181   Parashar A;Gupta S K;Ashok Kumar (Chemistry Dep, Bipin Bihari College, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of two methods of pomegranate (Punica granatum L) juice extraction on quality during storage at 4°C. Acta Cienc Indica-Chem 2008, 34(3), 493-502.

The effect of two extraction methods of pomegranate juice on its quality and stability was evaluated. The first method consisted of separation of the seeds from fruits and centrifugation. The second method consisted of squeezing fruit halves with an electric lemon squeezer. During a period of 72 hours of cold storage at 4°C, the juices were evaluated for the presence of sugars, organic acids, and anthocyanins. Delphinidin 3-glucoside was identified to be the major anthocyanin present at the level of 45-69 mg/L. Among the organic acids, oxalic and tartaric acids dominated. The major sugars detected in pomegranate juice were glucose and sucrose. No significant differences in the content of sugars, organic acids, or anthocyanins in juices obtained through application of the two different extraction methods were detected, with the exception of the drastic decrease of cyanidin 3, 5-diglucoside level in juice obtained by seed centrifugation. The phi did not show differences between treatments Titrable acidity and the level of sugars expressed as °Brix decreased after 32 and 15 hours after extraction, respectively, when juice was obtained by centrifuging the seeds.

9 illus, 15 ref