006736   Akinoso R;Olayanju T M A;Bankole L K (NO, Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi, Blind Center Street, Cappa Bus Stop, Oshodi Lagos, Nigeria, Email: akinoso2002@yahoo.com ) : Design, fabrication and testing of a roaster for palm (Elaeis guinensis) kernel. J Fd Sci Technol 2008, 45(1), 92-3.

Roasting of palm (Elaeis guineensis) kernel before oil extraction improves oil yield. A roaster was designed, fabricated and tested to replace sun drying method usually practiced by most of the small scale palm kernel oil mills in Nigeria. The roaster uses electricity as source of heat energy. For effective heat and mass transfer, an agitator was incorporated for mixing. Screw conveyor was employed for discharge. Efficacy of the machine was tested by using it to roast palm kernel of 5.9 % moisture content (wb) at 130 °C for 5, 10, 15, and 20 min. Moisture content was reduced from 5.9 to 4.3 % (wb) after 20 min of roasting. Oil yield at these process conditions was compared with that obtained using sun drying. The palm kernel oil yields from the roaster were 33.6, 35.9, 39.0 and 41.2 % while sun drying gave 24.3, 25.7, 26.8, and 27.3 % at the durations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 min, respectively. The oil yield was increased to 87.4% by using roaster.

1 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

005699   Yaniv S (NO, , A.R.I. Flow Control Accessories, K far Charuv, 12932, Israel, Email: sharon@avi.co.il) : Reduction of apparent losses using the UFR (Unmeasured-flow reducer). J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 276-81.

There is an urgent need to find innovative solutions for water loss in water supply systems. Most water meters don't measure low flow rates (less than 12 liters per hour). The innovative solution, UFR (Unmeasured-Flow Reducer), is a product of A.R.I. Flow Control Accessories. Its main objective is to reduce the apparent losses by changing the flow regime through the water meter at low flow rates, reducing the volume of unmeasured water at low flow rates and enableing the measurement of leaks by a domestic water meter. The paper shall review water meter accuracy curve error, reduction of apparent losses using the UFR - function with case studies.

12 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

005698   Wu Z Y (Applied Research Group, , Bentley Systems, Incorporated, 27 Siemon Co Dr, Suite 200W, Watertown, CT06795, USA, Email: zheng.wu@bentley.com) : Essential steps to apply optimization modeling tool for cost effective leakage detection. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 227-32.

There are many different field testing apparatuses developed for leakage detection, but no systematic modeling approach is available for pointing the detection crew to the most likely leakage areas to locate exact leakage hotspots. Presents an integrated optimization modeling tool that allows engineers to represent the leakage as pressure-dependent emitter flow at a node in a water distribution mode and enables the leakage detection to be undertaken as a nonlinear parameter identification problem to search for the most likely leakage locations and the leakage emitter coefficients. The leakage detection results provide the field detection crew the informed guidance for efficient detection of the exact leakage hotspots. The method is robust and effective at applying to all the pipelines of different materials regardless of acoustic responsiveness. The detailed steps on how to apply the innovative tool to a DMA system are presented to illustrate the capability of the user-friendly optimization modeling tool.

6 illus, 5 ref

005697   Singh R (PUB, , Singapore) : Managing water demand in Singapore. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 165-74.

Singapore has managed to overcome its challenges of limited water resources and growing water demand by adopting an integrated approach to water resources management. Key to this integrated water resources management approach is the equal emphasis placed on water supply and demand. Besides expanding and diversifying supply, the demand side of the water equation is also accorded equal importance and addressed to achieve water sustainability. To curb water demand growth and stretch its water resources to the fullest, Singapore has in place a comprehensive and efficient water demand management programme comprising effective measures and programmes for water conservation and unaccounted-for water control. The comprehensive and efficient management of its water demand has helped Singapore bring its per capita domestic water consumption down from 176 litres/day in 1994 to about 158 litres/day in 2006 and helped to reduce the unaccounted-for water from 10.6% in 1989 to about 5% in the last few years. This paper outlines the various measures and programmes for water conservation and unaccounted-for water control that constitute Singapore's comprehensive and efficient water demand management programme. It covers a multi-pronged strategy of appropriate pricing of water, mandatory measures, partnering with the people, private and public (3P) sectors to promote and encourage ownership and voluntarism in water conservation and proper management of the water distribution system to reduce water losses and leakages.

5 illus, 2 tables

005696   Sethi R R;Kumar A (NO, Water Technology Centre for Eastern Region (ICAR), Bhubaneswar, Orissa) : Rainfall characteristics and planning for design of storage structures. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(2), 103-10.

Statistical and probability analysis of rainfall occurrences of Nayagarh block of Orissa was carried out for planning and designing of water conservation and recharge structures. This analysis provides the water management group with a substratum to rationally and scientifically plan and design structures that would be location specific and cater to the water management needs of a particular region. Based on this, optimized design of water harvesting structures can be made to maximize water storage capacity and recharge potential.

10 tables, 11 ref

005695   Seago C J;Mckenzie R S;Liemberger R (NO, , PO Box 1522, Brooklyn Square, 0075, Pretoria, South Africa, Email: caryns@wrp.co.za) : International benchmarking of leakage from water reticulation systems. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 189-200.

IWA methodology of determining and comparing leakage in water distribution systems is now generally accepted as world's best practice in many countries around the globe. This paper will evaluate the methodology in terms of how it is being used in practical situations and present the results from a number of Water Utilities throughout the world. Various issues of specific relevance to the South African situation are also discussed and some new software developments are presented.

6 illus, 4 tables, 6 ref

005694   Safar M;Ebrahimi D;Mary Magdalene Jane; Nadarajan R (Computer Engineering Dep, Kuwati Univ, Kuwait, Email: maytham@mac.com) : Restricted continuous KNN queries on road networks with caching enhancement. J Digital Inf Mgmt 2008, 6(1), 38-50.

Using a Global Positioning System (GPS) in the car navigation system enables the driver to perform a wide range of queries, from locating the car position, to finding a route from a source to a destination, or dynamically selecting the best route in real time. With spatial network databases (SNDB), objects are restricted to move on pre-defined paths (e.g., roads) that are specified by an underlying network. In our previous work, we proposed a novel approach, termed Progressive Incremental Network Expansion (PINE), to efficiently support several spatial queries. In this work, we utilize our developed PINE system to efficiently support Restricted Continuous K Nearest Neighbors (RCKNNs) queries. RCKNN continuously finds the K nearest objects to a query point on a given path that are within a specified distance bound. Our solution addresses a new type of query that is plausible to many applications where the answer to the query not only depends on the distances of the nearest neighbors, but also on the user or application needs. By distinguishing between two types of split points, we reduce the number of computations required to retrieve the RCKNNs of a moving object. We further define a caching model to expedite RCKNN query response time.

16 illus, 5 tables, 25 ref

005693   Raval S;Lingireddy S (NO, , Fluid Hammer Consultancy Services Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, Email: samir@fluidhammer.com) : Water loss mitigation through prevention of extreme subatmospheric conditions. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 265-72.

First step towards continuous supply of water to consumers is strengthening of existing distribution systems both in terms of flow capacity as well as leakage potential. One of the main reasons for excessive leakage in intermittent water supply systems is the uncontrolled entry and exit of air into the distribution system that damages the pipe joints. This paper describes the pathways for air into distribution systems, need for controlled release of air without generating air slam pressures, and the role of air valves and other protection devices in minimizing extreme sub-atmospheric in an effort to prevent formation of leaky joints. The role of surge analysis programs that can model complex branched as well as looped distribution networks in efficient sizing and placement of protection devices that minimize the occurrence of extreme low pressure conditions is demonstrated through two real-life example network models.

10 illus, 6 ref

005692   Rao S V;Prasad K S S V V (NO, , ) : District metered areas (DMA) - a concept for better leakage control. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 290-5.

In all water distribution systems water is transported to the respective Zonal distribution reservoirs from where it is reticulated to the consumers. In the distribution system water travels at various velocities and pressures depending on the Consumer's needs and also the availability of water in the Zonal reservoirs. During this process much of the water is reported to go unaccounted due to several reasons like Leakages in the joints, unauthorized and illegal tapping, aging of pipe lines, Insufficient consumer awareness etc. This may result in UFW varying from 30 o 60 % in India. With a view to reduce the UFW the concept of DMA is used, which involves (l)sub division of distribution Zones, consisting of 1500 or more consumers, and (2) Introduction of meters. The concept of DMA has been proposed in some areas of GHMC namely Rajendranagar, Kukatpally, Malkajgiri, Alwal andKapra. The case study of Rajendranagar area of GHMC is presented.

1 table

005691   Ramesha D K;Premakumara G;Manjunatha M C; Gowda H (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Visvesvaraya College of Engineeirng, Bangalore Univ, K R Circle, Bagalore-01) : Prospects and use of mahua methyl ester as a fuel for compression ignition engines. Energy Fuel Users J 2009, 59(2), 5-11.

Presents the results of investigations carried out in studying the properties of mahua methyl esters and its blends with diesel fuel from 20% to 100% by volume and running a diesel engine with these fuels. The engine tests have been carried out to determine the performance and emissions and to compute the behavior of diesel engine running with above mentioned fuels. The B-20 blend substantially reduces the emission level with acceptable efficiency. The properties of methyl esters of mahua oil are comparable with conventional diesel.

6 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

005690   Prasad A;Mohan R (Mechanical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Warangal-506 004, Email: ambaprasadrao@gmail.com) : Supercharging and thermal barrier coating concepts for DI diesel engine fueled with jatropha oil based biodiesel. J Energy Heat Mass Transfer 2008, 30(4), 339-59.

Escalating prices of petroleum-derived fuels and degradation of environment associated with its large scale use are the driving factors for increase in share of alternate fuels in developing countries. Among the various alternate fuels, only vegetable oils could be an immediate substitute for petro-diesel fuel on the basis of single fuel concept. However, straight vegetable oils in engines can be good for only short-term use in engines. Vegetable oils processed by transesterification; biodiesel could be good option for agriculture-dependent economy countries. In the present investigations, effects of supercharging and thermal barrier coatings on the performance and emissions of the engine when biodiesel, prepared from non-edible Jatropha oil, is employed, direct injection type diesel engine with an objective of achieving lower specific fuel consumption and lower pollutant emissions. For the engine under consideration, biodiesel operation with supercharging (boost pressure of 0.2 bar, g) has been observed to be the best technique resulting in bsfc of about 0.3125kg/kW-h and exhaust smoke density of 22 HSU at the specified fuel injection pressure and injection timing. The advantage of using TBCs has been observed to reduce the coolant losses besides a modest decrease in ignition delay. The NO_x emissions have increased in both the conditions of operation.

18 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

005689   Patwardhan M S (Electrical Engineering Dep, Dr. A.S. College of Agril. Engg., MPKV, Rahuri, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra) : Renewable development: new strategies for rural India. Energy Fuel Users J 2009, 59(2), 12-17.

Review and analyze evolution, present status and trends of power sector. Secondly to identify its peculiarities and suggest immediate and long terms solutions for improvement. Paper is based on author's experience, information collected from farmers and that derived from selected articles, reports, working papers related to rural development. Aims to find out basic linkages and challenges in the rural energy system for economic freedom, social freedom, life sustenance, reduction in poverty and improvement in living standards of the rural masses.

1 table, 8 ref

005688   Okoro R C;Onuu M U (Electronics and Computer Technology Unit, Physics Dep, Calabar Univ, Calabar, Nigeria) : User-rsponse study of computer networking cables in parts of south-eastern Nigeria. Arya Bhatta J Math Informatics 2009, 1(1-2), 13-20.

The type of cables used in computer networking is so important that network administrators have to make choice of cables to use for a particular network. In this study, response models are developed in relation to the use to which some networking cables are put in Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Imo and Rivers States in South Eastern Nigeria. Generally, it is shown that the best available relationships that fit the data well for all the states are exponential response curves of the form % R = a exp(b)N and CR= a2 exp(b2)N where %R and CR are percentage and cumulative responses respectively, N is frequency and a, b, a2 and b2 are constants that characterize the States. Percentage responses on preferred cables and those currently in use have been determined for each of the states.

4 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

005687   Nicol M (NO, , Ranhill Water Services Malaysia) : Network modelling in the state of Johor, Malaysia. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 305-9.

Network Modelling has been proven worldwide to be an invaluable tool within the water industry, and can play a role in not only understanding the existing network, but also determining the impact future changes in demand patterns will have across the system. By linking Modelling software with GIS, Billing and SCADA systems, real time simulations can be run to identify issues and solutions sought out without the delay of traditional techniques.

2 illus, 5 ref

005686   Natarajan K;Vijayakumar D;Kamatchi T (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Vel Texh Dr.RR and Dr.SR Technical Univ, Chennai-600 062, Email: natarajank_eec@yahoo.co.in) : Protecting the urban environment from the particulate emissions of diesel engines. Energy Fuel Users J 2009, 59(2), 1-4.

Studies a low cost method to reasonably control the particulate emission from diesel engines and thus protecting the urban environment. A preliminary experimental study on the performance of a cyclonic separator designed and fabricated for collecting particulates of size upto 3 pm to suit the exhaust system of 7 kW, twin cylinder, stationary, constant speed Kirloskar engine has been done. The trapping (collection) efficiency of the separator is determined by measuring the particulate mass released to atmosphere with and without the use of the separator. The effects of engine power on the trapping efficiency of the separator and the backpressure on the engine have been studied.

4 illus, 3 ref

005685   Natarajan K;Kanagasubramaniam K;Vijaykumar D (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Vel Tech ENgineering College, Chennai-600 062) : Electrical energy conservation practices. Energy Fuel Users J 2009, 58(4), 10-16.

Presents the electrical energy conservation possibilities in industrial, agricultural and domestic sectors in India and energy management practices and policies, which will enhance the conservation of electrical energy in these areas. The importance of the practices such as electrical load management, power factor correction, preventive maintenance, matching motor rating to the application and demand side management is briefly discussed.

2 tables, 4 ref

005684   Naik U S;Gupta R (NO, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Email: ulhasnaik@gmail.com) : Optimal design of multi source water transmission system using genetic algorithm technique. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 317-27.

In water stressed regions of the developing countries, the water allocation from the available sources are restricted and rationalised for different uses. Under such circumstances the water transmission systems are developed from various sources for respective fixed allocations considering the respective governing levels. The problem covers selection of optimal route, optimal allocation of available water from these sources to the demands of service reservoirs and optimal pipe sizing for the selected routes. In past attempts are made with linear programming (LP) methods. This paper describes the development of genetic algorithm (GA) applications for least cost design of multi-source water transmission system. The application of proposed methodology has been illustrated. Also, a problem from literature is considered for comparison of results obtained by LP and GA. The usefulness of proposed method for sustainable design for disaster mitigation has also been discussed.

6 illus, 9 tables, 18 ref

005683   Mistry B;Thomas J (NO, , , Email: bhupendra.mistry@mwhglobal.com) : Water supply management-through pressure and leakage reduction. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 273-5.

Across 11 southeast Queensland, Australia local government regions, a project that aims to reduce collective water consumption by 60ML/d is nearing its target date of March 2009. Current projections indicate 90% of the outcome will be achieved by implementing systems of pressure and leakage management.

3 illus

005682   Mishra S K;Kasipathi C (Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd, Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, Andhra Pradesh) : Mining and environment: challenges and opportunities in Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited (Rinl) Visakhapatnam steel plant (VSP) Andhra Pradesh, India. J appl Geochem 2008, 10(2A), 689-91.

Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited's Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India has been a mineral based industry with moderate captive mines and anticipating new captive mines for important raw materials. The challenges and opportunities for the proposed expansion of the plant are briefly presented for the prosperity of the plant.

005681   Mckenzie R S;Seago C;Liemberger R (NO, , WRP Pty Ltd, PO Box 1522, Brooklyn Square, 0075, Pretoria, South Africa, Email: ronniem@wrp.co.za) : Benchmarking of losses from potable water reticulation systems - results from IWA task team. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 208-19.

For several years, the use of the Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) has been actively promoted by various members of the IWA Water Loss Task Force. Considerable debate and discussion has arisen over the use of the ILI as well as the misuse of percentages to define real losses. Although the deb, continues to grow, the results from various assessments from around the world provide some interesting and useful information. The paper provides some of the latest results of ILI assessments from around the world and summarises them in terms of developing and developed countries. Some of the key problem issues that have been identified by the authors are explained and where possible solutions are suggested Issues that are discussed include, the problems experienced with low pressure systems, intermittent supply systems and the use of the ILI methodology in smaller systems where the number of connections is less than the recommended minimum number of 3 000. The paper also raises the issue of using percentages to express real losses and once again highlights why percentages should not be used. The paper will conclude by discussing the various software packages available to assist water utilities to undertake a basic water audit in a clear and accepted manner. It also highlights some of the key benefits that have been identified through the development of several hundred water audits worldwide.

8 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

005680   Mckenzie R S;Mostert H;de Jager T (NO, , WRP Pty Ltd, City of Cape Town, Email: ronniem@wrp.co.za) : Leakage reduction through pressure management in Khayelitsha: 2 years down the line. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 260-4.

The Khayelitsha Pressure Management Project has been well documented and widely publicised since it was commissioned towards the end of 2001. The project has received numerous national and international awards for technical excellence as well as for environmental awareness and community involvement. The initial water saved by the project was estimated to be in the order of 9 million m representing approximately 40% of the original 22 million m^{3/yr supplied to the area. In many examples of WDM interventions, the initial savings achieved by the project are not always sustainable and the true savings several years later are often significantly lower than those originally achieved. It is for this reason that the project team and the Client responsible for the Khayelitsh pressure management project decided to produce a final paper documenting the results and actual savings two years after the completion of the installation. Presents details of the initial savings suggested by the project team and compares them to the latest savings estimated by the Client. Problems associated with the installation experienced by Client and consumers are discussed as well as any lessons learned by both the design team and the Client's team. It is through such feedback that future pressure management installations can be designed and commissioned with confidence in areas as large or even larger than Khayelitsha.}

6 illus, 1 table

005679   Mckenzie R S (NO, , WRP Pty Ltd, PO Box 1522, Brooklyn Square, South Africa 0075, Email: ronniem@wrp.co.za) : Hidden benefits of public private partnerships: the case of water pressure management in Sebokeng. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 335-43.

Many water distribution systems in South Africa are deteriorating due to many years of neglect resulting in a serious maintenance backlog. Recent government legislation has introduced free basic water to all South Africans up to a limit of 6 Kl/month per property which in turn causes certain confusion regarding payment among many residents. These key issues and others have led to serious problems with service delivery specifically in the low income areas where the maintenance has been neglected for more than 30 years in some cases. The potential for support from the Private Sector has been highlighted at the highest levels within government as a possible solution to addressing the existing backlogs despite the fact that there are relatively few successful projects to support this view. This paper presents the results after 30 months of operation of a small scale public private partnership in one of the largest low income areas in South Africa where the Sebokeng/Evaton Pressure Management Project was commissioned in July 2005. The savings both in terms of volume of water saved as well as financial savings to the municipality are impressive and exceed all initial expectations. The most interesting aspect of the project, however, is not the savings achieved from the installation, but the numerous other additional benefits that have materialised which were not originally anticipated when the project was commissioned. Such benefits, include the identification of many network problems that had been undetected for more than 9 years as well the sudden interest in helping the residents by several government and semi-government organisations. These organisations were unable or unwilling to provide my support to the area prior to the successful Public Private Partnership. The project represents a significant advancement in Public-Private Partnerships (PPP's) and clearly demonstrates that small scale Public Private Partnerships can be viable despite the general view that this type of project is confined to large scale initiatives due to the effort and expense in developing the PPP type of contract. The paper provides details of the processes involved in setting up and implementing such a project and highlights that the model used by the Project Team to address leakage in Sebokeng and Evaton can be adapted for use in other areas and other applications to improve service delivery throughout South Africa as well as elsewhere in the world where conditions permit. The paper presents the results from the project after the first 30 months of operation and summarises some of the many additional benefits that have arisen from the project.

7 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

005678   Lann H (NO, , Seba KMT, Email: www.sebakmt.com) : Systematic location of leaks in pipe networks. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 241-50.

Leak detection depends on various conditions like pressure, pipe material distance from the leak etc. For the most efficient usage and approach for leak detection one should set up a strategic leak detection program starting with zone measurement, pre-location and pinpointing. Nowadays pressure control and monitoring are also well accepted methods for reducing water loss in water supply systems. To start the program the network has to be divided into smaller part - so called district metered areas(DMA)-being not bigger than 25km. On the access point to each discrete DMA a flowmeter needs to be installed and the flow and the pressure has to be monitored. From the analysis the DMAs with the biggest problems can be identified and further steps can be efficiently planed. For the next step - called pre-location - the most modern technology available should be used to avoid time consuming leak surveys. Noise loggers help to isolate leaks on the pipes within one night. Still methods like pre-locating leaks with sounding devices like electronic listening sticks etc. are cheap and effective solutions. Now randomly knowing where the leaks are they need to be pin-pointed to avoid diging big or dry holes. Therefore correlators, ground microphones or gas traces are used to locate the leak within centimetres. Only a systematic search for leaks with a minimum standard of technical equipment and with trained personnel enables a quick and cost effective reduction of losses in the network.

14 illus, 2 tables

005677   Landge H C;Gupta R;Katpatal Y R (NO, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology; and Chief Engineer, Ma, Telangkhedi, Nagpur-440 001, Email: hc11960@yahoo.com) : Operation and maintenance cost model for implementing water supply services through public private partnership in developing countries. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 344-53.

Public Private Partnership (PPP) requires safe and conducive environment to safeguard the interest of the private partner against risks and that of consumers against likely abuse by the private partner. In developing countries, the private partners are not generally attracted towards PPP arrangement in providing water supply services because of its complex operation and maintenance cost structure and difficulty in fixing tariff for a longer period. Risks are involved due to increase in the cost of energy, chemicals, manpower and other allied items. On the other hand, non-affordability of levied tariff results in under utility of the scheme and less revenue collection. A well-designed cost model is therefore necessary that can provide the cost of each component, which contributes to the total operation, and maintenance cost at any time of the PPP arrangement. This cost model should take care of the increase in demand with the increase in population and incremental cost required to meet it throughout the PPP arrangement. This paper describes the approach and methodology used to design such a cost model and its applicability in PPP arrangements. The model can be used to check financial sustainability, plan water tariff, and compute benefits/losses with change in basic parameters. The applications of the model are illustrated with a case study.

4 tables, 15 ref

005676   Landge H C;Gupta R;Katpatal Y B (NO, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, and Chird Engineer, Telangkhedi, Nagpur, Email: hcl1960@yahoo.com) : Willingness to pay and affordability survey fo urban water supply schemes. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(2), 93-102.

For sustaining of a WSS over its design period, operation and maintenance cost should be fully recovered from the users. Therefore, willingness to pay and affordability survey of households in small & medium towns is a prerequisite for selection of proper scheme, its implementation and financial sustainability. This paper suggests basic criteria for designing the survey format to derive appropriate information, methodology to assess willingness to pay and level of affordability of beneficiaries and its usefulness to decide the requirement of the scheme. The methodology is used to assess willingness to pay and affordability of consumers in three towns and the results are presented. Such an approach is found to be useful in planning of new WSS with its financial sustainability.

7 tables, 4 ref

005675   Lai W K;Shieh C S;Pan C H (NO, National Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Taiwan, Email: wklai@cse.nsysu.edu.tw) : Power control MAC protocol for wireless Ad Hoc networks with improved energy efficiency and channel utilization. J Digital Inf Mgmt 2008, 6(2), 224-9.

The IEEE 802.11 ad hoc mode prevails in cases of that infrastructure is not feasible or not possible. Due to the inherent limitations, wireless network has relatively lower bandwidth in comparison with its wired counterpart. Moreover, in ad hoc mode, participating nodes are in general powered by battery and also responsible for the forwarding of packets addressed to other nodes. Hence, power efficiency and channel utilization had become critical issues in the design and implementation of wire/ess ad hoc networks. The concept of power control had been investigated in several studies. Although this idea had provided a solution to the above problems, it also introduces a new problem - the heterogeneous power terminal problem, which will degrade the channel utilization. A new media access control protocol, featuring adaptive adjustment of transmission power and a novel scheme for channel reservation, is proposed in this article. The proposed protocol retains the benefits resulting from power control and reduces the degradation caused by the potential heterogeneous power terminal problem. Simulation results reported that the proposed scheme outperforms established technologies in terms of power consumption, total throughput, and packet collision.

7 illus, 13 ref

005674   Jones C;Laven K (NO, , The Pressure Pipe Inspection Company, 4700 Dixie Road, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, Email: cliffj@ppic.com) : Water loss levels from transmission mains in urban environments. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 220-6.

As aging water infrastructure and increasing water supply pressures become a fact of life in North American cities, attitudes towards leakage from water mains are changing. Water audits are becoming part of the standard operation of water utilities, and the volumes of treated water escaping from pipelines are coming under increased scrutiny. Most urban utilities now have leak detection programs to reduce leakage from their small diameter distribution mains. Until recently, however, the large diameter transmission mains have been largely overlooked, due to a lack of concrete data on how much water loss originates in these pipelines, and a lack of effective technologies for locating all leaks on such lines. New technologies engineered specifically for leak detection in large diameter water mains have now emerged on the market, and empirical data is available on actual leakage rates in urban environments. This paper combines results obtained in Dallas, Philadelphia, Attentown, Montreal, Toronto, and presents a discussion of the number of leaks, their volume, and their distribution, with a comparison to the expected results. Cost/benefit analysis will be presented as well when possible.

1 illus, 10 tables, 10 ref

005673   Ingeduld P;Pradhan A;Vijay Kumar (NO, , DHI a.s. Na vrsich 5, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic) : Modelling intermittent water supply systems. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 328-34.

Moddeling such networks with intermittent water supply systems is a challenging task because these systems do not have fully pressurized pipeline networks but networks with very low pressures, with restricted water supply hours per day, and with thousands of ferrule points and roof tank connections. The alternate emptying and refilling of water pipelines makes it problematic to apply standard 'EPANET based or similar hydraulic networking models because of low pressures and pipes without water. To model such systems, EPANET source code was adjusted to allow for modeling pressure dependent demands, for dealing with low pressure and "dry pipe" situations. A configurable tool was developed for incorporating roof tanks into the water supply analysis and for better formulation and schematization of the system hydraulics. The experience from using and adjusting the EPANET engine for the modeling of intermittent water supply systems is discussed in this paper. Two case studies have been presented, for Indian towns, namely, Shillong, Gangtok and Port Blair. The adjusted EPANET has been found useful to model the intermittent water supply systems.

7 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

005672   Horng M F;Liao B Y;Kuo Y H;Hung Y H (Inst. of Computer Science and Information Engineering, She-Te Univ, Kaohsiung, Taiwan) : Fast-startup TCP mechanism for VolP services in long-distance networks. J Digital Inf Mgmt 2008, 6(2), 219-23.

Fast-startup TCP (fsTCP) mechanism for long-distance VoIP services is proposed. Most VoIP applications using UDP/IP protocol have some weaknesses. For example, no congestion control and no adjustment of voice packet rate are available. Although classic TCP protocol can control adaptively flows, the slow-startup feature of TCP causes a low Initial throughput of VoIP connections not able to meet the bit-rate requirement of long-distance VoIP Codec. Jo improve the deficiency, fsTCP using dynamic initial window and a RTT-measurement based congestion control is proposed to adapt the packet rate and to prevent possible packet lose. In simulations, there are three popular VoIP codecs, including G.711, G. 726 and G, 729, to be evaluated to verify the throughput performance. fsTCP demonstrates the throughput improvement of VoIP connections by adjusting TCP parameters before transmission. Consequently, the modified TCP protocol will be beneficial to offer a loss-free a rate-adaptive transport service for VoIP connection in response to time-varying network dynamics.

6 illus, 2 tables

005671   Hamilton S (NO, , Hydro Tec Ltd, The Barn, Thorpe Underwood, Northamptonshire, UK, NN6 9PA, Email: shamilton@hydrotec.ltd.uk) : When is a DMA not a DMA?. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 283-9.

How many times do we think that we have considered all the dependencies necessary to demonstrate to various regulatory bodies that all our data is validated and proved to be correct only to find that a reported burst main does not appear to manifest on the Daily Measured Flow (DMF) or even worse, that the burst when repaired does not significantly reduce or impact on Minimum Night Flow (MNF). This paper aims at making engineers think of "When is a DMA not a DMA" and the associated improvements that should be considered in an attempt to demonstrate that 100% of all DMFs into an area are captured effectively and more importantly if the MNF does not reduce after a burst has been repaired within a District Metered Area (DMA) then what maybe the cause.

2 illus, 6 ref

005670   Hamilton S (NO, , Thorpe Underwood, Northamptonshire, UK, NN6 9PA, Email: shamilton@hydrotec.ltd.uk) : ALC in low pressure areas-it can done. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 233-40.

1 ref

005669   Hamilton S (NO, , Hydrotec Ltd The Barn Thorpe Underwood Northants United Kingdom NN6 9PA, Email: shamilton@hydrotec.ltd.uk) : Economic active leakage control policy without a performance indicator is not a Myth. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 201-7.

City of Calgary - Water Services instigated a leakage study of certain parts of the city to estimate the time period to compete a survey of Calgary. This paper explains the technique used and the findings from the study. The paper shows that regardless of the level of water losses reported, it is still possible to perform Active Leakage Control (ALC) and develop new techniques to increase water loss savings. Some of the findings from this study are as follows: There is a correlation between an acoustic numeric value recorded on the ground microphone and the size/type of water leak; the size and type of leak can be estimated by the analysis of data sets and from confirmed leaks. In assessing the impact of leaks on the infrastructure fitments, indications within the Calgary distribution system are that the numeric value of 45 (using the Gutermann Aqua Scope 3 -AS3) and above is the 'intervention' level for conducting additional investigation on metallic mains and surrounding infrastructure. It should be noted that whenever a survey such as this is to be considered an acoustic calibration exercise should be completed. The propagation of sound values (using the AS3) on the non-metallic material mains and infrastructure appear to much less to that of metallic, therefore without the addition of supplementary data sets taken from confirmed leak types on this material type the methodology established cannot be supported. This technique has proved successful and more investigation is required to obtain a generic footprint for non metallic pipe-work. This shows that some form of ALC can be performed with success from an unskilled operator with minimum training.

4 tables, 1 ref

005668   Dahasahasra S V;Shirase K N;Naik U S;Golapkar R G;Idnani R C;Haval R G;Bapat M V N;Zoad P;Patil M V (NO, , Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran, Mumbai) : Enabling 24x7 water supply-recent endeavours. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 183-8.

Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (MJP) has transformed intermittent water supply of its eight wards of the Badlapur city into 24x7 system. The transformation was achieved just by making these wards hydmulically discrete and removing the visual leaks. Essential metering and pressure management was not carried out earlier. Hence, it was not possible to assess performance of the system. Now the meters are installed and the pressure regulating valves have also been installed to accurately record the status of pressure and flow within the system. Objective of this paper is, therefore, to present the improved performance of the system. A case study of district metering area (Sh₁D₁) encompassing ward 34 of the city is presented here.

17 illus, 3 ref

005667   Constantinides D (NO, , Hydro Comp Enterprises Constantinos Hadjigeorgiou, Hydro Comp Enterprises) : Latur network optimisation. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 299-304.

Proposed methodology for network optimisation / rehabilitation, used successfully in many Utilities employed. The optimisation of the existing network makes use of the network and demand management EDAMS systems to effectively rezone and optimise the system in order to balance the pressure distribution and ensure proper flow conditions. A properly zoned, optimised network automatically will reduce existing leakage, minimise the likelihood of future leaks, make leakage control easier and prolong the effective lifespan of the network. Latur network with the proposed changes can cope with the 2031 demands assuming continuous supply. Advanced engineering techniques were used along with latest IT technology in order to properly model and analyse the network. Water modelling provides the means of understanding the operational behaviour of the network and enables the engineer to come up with right to the point recommendations.

3 illus, 2 tables

005666   Cohen O (NO, , India Territory Manager, Bermad Evron, 25235, Israel) : Pressure management in 24 X 7 continous water supply. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 296-7.

005665   Clarke B V (NO, , Avenue, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada, V3W 3H9, Email: brad@singervalve.com) : Water loss reduction through pressure management. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 251-9.

Water loss, also known as non-revenue water (NRW), is a significant problem worldwide in potable water distribution systems. System losses vary by utility; however, water losses ranging from 15% to 70% are common. The Ontario Sewer and Water Association recently stated that in Canada up to 30% of treated water goes into the ground. The City of Toronto (population +2.5 million excluding Greater Toronto) loses 8% of its water to leakage; that's equivalent to 15 Olympic-sized swimming pools per day. This water loss also contributes to non-revenue water because you cannot gain revenue from the has. This loss results in wasted energy, decreased efficiencies at pump stations and treatment plants and it may create the need for new or increased storage facilities. When looking at real losses as they relate to non-revenue water, these losses can be divided into three main areas: 1) Leakage on transmission and/or distribution mains 2) Leakage and overflows at a utility s storage tanks 3) Leakage on service connections up to the point of customer metering. Typilcally, a water loss management consultant would review a utility s distribution system and develop numerous control zones with a single source of water (if possible). These zones are referred to as DMAs or District Metered Areas. Each DMA requires a meter as well as a pilot-operated control valve. Assuming residential, commercial and industrial users are being metered you now have measured flow into the DMA as well as flow to your users. There is a direct correlation to pressure and leakage; if you reduce pressure by l% you will reduce leakage by approximately 1.15% (subject to variation). The goal then is to develop multiple smaller DMAs within a utility and give clients just enough pressure to serve their needs while eliminating over pressures. It is common knowledge that a good pressure management approach is one of many solutions to reducing water loss but it is typically the most economical approach mill Immediate results.

10 ref

005664   Chaware M (NO, , VAG Aramturen GmbH Anton Rienmuller Senior Technical Sales Manager) : VAG pressure management solution. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(3-4), 310-15.

6 illus, 9 tables, 19 ref

005663   Chavda V;Naveen Kumar (NO, , Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Email: tilak_chavda@yahoo.co.in ) : Solar refrigerator. Energy Fuel Users J 2009, 59(2), 33-4.

005662   Andey S P;Kelkar P S (NO, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Nagpur-440 020, Email: sp_andey@neeri.res.in) : Silt management in run-of-the-river hydroelectric project. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(2), 131-42.

Study evaluated the options of silt disposal from Beas Satluj Link (BSL) Hydroelectric project in Himachal Pradesh in India. BSL project is basically a run-of-the-river power project, envisages diversion of about 4700 MCM per annum of Beas river water into Sutlej river falling through an elevation difference at about 320 m. The present practice of silt disposal from BSL project into nearby Sukheti Khad has created some aquatic environmental, agricultural and social problems due to flat topography of the Khad preventing the free flow of the silt during non monsoon period. Afresh touch was given to the issue of options for silt disposal. The topic was treated in two sub-sections namely (a) reduction in silt load entering the balancing reservoir and (b) removal and disposal of silt sediment from the balancing reservoir. Merits and demerits of the various options were evaluated and the most preferred option was suggested for proper disposal of silt from the BSL project.

3 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

004832   Zaroog O S;Ali A;Sahari B B;Zahari R (Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Dep, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia) : Relaxation of compressive residual stress. Part 1: Relaxation of stage I. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(12), 1035-37.

2024-T351 aluminum alloy specimens were shot peened into three shot peening intensities condition to induce compressive residual stresses (RSs). Fatigue test was performed for the first and second cyclic load. Initial RSs at initial condition and after first and second cycle of fatigue loading were measured using X-ray diffraction method. Relaxation for first cycle was found to reach over 40% of initial RS and it depended on load amplitude.

004831   Vinarma G;Kumar A;Rai P K;Ghosh A;Mukherkee S;Chattopadhyaya S;Sarkar P K (Mechanical Engineering Dep and Mining Machinery Engineering, ISMU, Dhanbad) : Analysis of the influence of the heat input and bead volume on HAZ hardness for submerged arc welding process of mild steel plates. Indian Weld J 2008, 41(3), 46-51.

Attempt has been made to find out the influence of the heat input and bead volume on HAZ Hardness for Submerged Arc Welding Process of Mild steel plates. Mild steel plates are welded by changing input variables (current, voltage, trolley speed, i.e. heat input) and Rockwell hardness no. has been observed on welded portion and at the zone adjacent to the welded portion. A detailed analysis of the microstructure changes is carried out to understand the HAZ softening phenomenon.

11 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

004830   Vijay R;Sohony R A (Environmental Systems Design and Modelling Div, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), CSIR, Nehru Marg, Nagpur-440 020, Email: r_vijay@neeri.res.in) : GIS based site and structure selection model for groundwater recharge: a hydrogeomorphic approach. J envir Sci Engng 2009, 51(4), 311-4.

Groundwater in India is facing a critical situation due to over exploitation, reduction in recharge potential by change in land use and land cover and improper planning and management. A groundwater development plan needs a large volume of multidisciplinary data from various sources. A geograhic information system (GIS) based hydrogemorphic approach can provide the appropriate platform for spatial analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in groundwater recharge. Presents development of GIS based model to provide more accuracy in identification and suitability analysis for finding out zones and locating suitable sites with suggested structures for artificial recharge. Satellite images were used to prepare the geomorphological and land use maps. For site selection, the items such as slope, surface infiltration, and order of drainage were generated and integrrated and in GIS using Weighted Index Overlay Analysis and Boolean logics. Similarly for identification of suitable structures, complex matrix was programmed based on local climatic, topographic, hydrogeologic and landuse conditions as per artificial recharge manual of Central Ground Water Board, India. The GIS based algorithm is implemented in a user-friendly way using are macro language on Arc/Info platform.

5 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

004829   Tiwari S K;Satyanarayana B S;Gopalkrishna Pai A;Trivedi K K (NO, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal-576 104, Email: electshail@yahoo.com) : Circular capacitance micromachined ultrasonic transducer. Def Sci J 2009, 59(6), 627-33.

Capacitance micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) have become an attractive alternative to the piezoelectric transducers, especially in air-coupled nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and ultrasound medical imaging flow metering, micro/nanoelectronics, and industrial cleaning, etc. These are similar to other capacitance transducers as these employ a vibrating membrane to send and receive ultrasound in air and water. Describes the theory and design of a circular micromachined ultrasonic transducer which could lead to a CMUT with many advantages, including less loading effect. The software programs (Intellisuite 8.2 and MATLAB 7.0) were used to model a single cell of CMUT. The simulations-based studies of the critical parameters like collapse voltage and snapback voltage, which influence the operation of the CMUTs to a large extent, has been discussed. Small signal equivalent circuit model for the circular CMUT has been discussed and the program (SPICE) has been used for the simulation of the small signal equivalent circuit.

12 illus, 10 ref

004828   Ting H T;Abou-El-Hossein K A;Chua H B (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Curtin University of Technology (Sarawak Campus), 68006 Miri, Sarawak) : Prediction of etching rate of alumino-silicate glass by RSM and ANN. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(11), 920-4.

Responses surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) were applied to predict material removal rate in chemical etching process of alumino-silicate glass (SiO₂ 57/Al₂O₃ 36/CaO/MgO/BaO). New models were able to predict etching rate of alumino-silicate glass, with a great confidence. Input parameters analyzed were temperature, etching period and type of setup with and without condensation.

004827   Thomas K A;Akash Singh;Natarajan V (NO, Naval Physical and Oceanographic Lab, Thrikkakara, Kochi-682 021) : Fabrication of polymeric microcantilevers. Def Sci J 2009, 59(6), 616-21.

Polymer cantilevers are used widely in sensing applications using different transduction methods. In the study polymer microcantilever is made using microstereolithography (MSL). The MSL is the latest technology emerged from applied optical instrumentation by which the micron-size structures can be created by the photopolymersation of monomers. Cantilever length, breadth, thickness, and seismic mass attached at the free end of the cantilever decide the output voltage generated by the sensor. The effect of these design parameters on the output voltage of the sensor has been studied. The microstructure fabrication process is optimised by studying the effect of laser wavelength, laser energy, scanning speed, and photoinitiator concentration on curing width and depth, that are the critical parameters that control the resolution of the fabricated structure. A cantilever design is made of 10 x 2 x 1 mm size in CimCAD and the cantilever structure is fabricated from the CAD design using the optimised values obtained from analytical and experimental study.

13 illus, 11 ref

004826   Tay F E H;Yu L;Iliescu C (Mechanical Engineering Dep, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119 260) : Particle manipulation by miniaturised dielectrophoretic devices. Def Sci J 2009, 59(6), 595-604.

Presents a review of dielectrophoresis (DEP) devices which provide an effective way to manipulate and separate micro- or nano-bioparticles automatically and quickly by polarisation effects in a nonuniform electric field. A detailed review for designs and operation principles of various microfabricated DEP devicesis given and some advantages and disadvantages of current devices are noted to the final system to attain the unprecedented levels of performance.

^iia15 illus, 93 ref

004825   Suwas S;Gurao N P (Materials Engineering Dep, Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: satyamsuwas@materials.iisc.ernet.in) : Crystallographic texture in materials. J Indian Inst Sci 2008, 88(2), 151-77.

Many naturally occurring as well as man made materials comprise of large number of crystallites with a preferred orientation. The preferred orientation, popularly known as texture, governs various structural and mechanical properties of these materials. Texture may develop during variety of processes like solidification, plastic deformation, annealing and phase transformation. It is, therefore, possible to tailor texture in materials to enhance a particular property. Traditionally, X-ray and neutron diffraction had been used to study texture in materials. It has been very recently that other techniques based on synchrotron X-rays and SEM based Electron Backscattered Diffraction have been developed for complete characterization of texture in materials. In the review, the authors discuss the pole figures and more comprehensive orientation distribution function methods for texture analysis. In addition, a brief account of texture evolution in various technologically important materials, ranging from common metals and alloys to intermetallics, ceramics and polymers along with some naturally occurring materials like rocks, ice, bones etc. has been given. The review is particularly aimed at readers newly initiated in this field rather than the experts.

23 illus, 2 tables, 155 ref

004824   Somasundaram R;Kanagaraj R;Kalakkath P (NO, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004) : Dynamic characteristics of drop-substrate interactions in direct ceramic ink-jet printing using high speed imaging system. Def Sci J 2009, 59(6), 675-82.

Solid freeform fabrication has the potential to construct ceramic parts, directly from computer aided design (CAD) data, without a mould or a die by the addition of material. Direct ceramic ink-jet printing is one of the techniques used in freeform fabrication. Ceramic tiles used in space vehicles can be produced by this method wherein a porous ceramic substrate (Al₂O₃/SiC) can be filled with a ceramic ink and processed subsequently. The success of this process depends on the systematic preparation of ceramic inks and the deposition of the ceramic ink on the substrate. Photographic studies were made on the characteristics of ceramic ink droplets when these are deposited on a porous ceramic substrate from a burette under gravity. For this investigation, ceramic inks were prepared using different amounts (0.25.3.0 vol. %) of an organic dispersant (oleic acid) added to a ceramic composition containing different amounts: (a) (7.5. 17.5 vol. %) of alumina and (b) (7.5.15.0 vol. %) of zirconia with ethyl alcohol as a carrier. The drop formation, sedimentation in the drop, spread of drop on the substrate, splashing of drop impinging a previous ceramic ink layer on the substrate, and merging of droplets after deposition, are observed. This method is useful for manufacturing of parts with ceramic fibres filled with ceramic particles and the study can provide inner details on the behaviour of ink drops.

^iia12 illus, 15 ref

004823   Singh D;Santosh Kumar (Horticulture Dep, College of Agriculture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: DeeptiSinghGenetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and correlation in marigold. J ornamental Hort 2008, 11(1), 27-31.

Forty four germplasm of three species of marigold Tagetes erecta, T. patula and T. minuta) were evaluated during 2002-2003 under Tarai conditions of Uttarakhand, to ascertain genetic parameters such as variability, heritability, genetic advance and correlation. These germplasm depicted significant variations in all the studied characters. Highest range of variation was reported with number of flowers/plant. Heritability estimates were high for all the characters except days taken to bud initiation. Significant positive correlation was found between number of primary branches/plant, plant spread and number of flowers/plant, days taken to bud initiation and flower diameter; days taken to flowering and weight of seeds/peduncle and between flower diameter, average fresh weight of flower and weight of seeds/peduncle. Significant but negative correlation was observed between number of primary branches/plant and plant height, plant spread and days taken to flowering, flower duration and number of flowers/plant and between flowering duration and flower diameter.

2 tables, 8 ref

004822   Singh B K;Singh A K;Prasad S C (Civil Engineering Dep, BIT, Ranchi, Email: bk4bit@yahoo.co.uk) : Modeling sulphur dioxide due to vehicular traffic using artificial neural network. J envir Sci Engng 2009, 51(4), 277-82.

Dispersion characteristics of vehicular exhaust are highly non-linear. The deterministic as well as numerical models are unable to predict these air pollutants precisely. Artificial neural network (ANN), having the capability to recognise the non-linearity present in the noisy data, has been used in the present work to model the emission concentration of sulphur dioxide from vehicular source in an urban area. ANN model is developed with different combinations of traffic and meteorological parameters. The model prediction reveals that the artificial neural network trained with both traffic and meteorological parameters together shows better performance in predicting SO₂ concentration.

20 illus, 4 tables, 57 ref