008020   Kaur J;Sood Y R;Shrivastava R (NO, , ) : Optimal operation of self-sustainable green microgrid in degrulated power sector. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2016, 6(3), 19-25.

This paper presents the concept of self-sustainable green microgrid consisting of renewable energy sources like wind, solar etc. The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources has been taken into account by using pump storage unit, which stores the surplus green energy. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that green energy has been utilized as, when available, to the maximum of its capacity, and given priority over thermal generation to serve local loads within the microgrid; thus making it self-sustainable. The optimization aimed at maximization of social benefit has been carried out using double auction model considering all loads as dispatchable. The work has been analyzed on 7 bus test system simulated as green microgrid.

008019   Karimu R Y;Azadi S (Biomedical Engineering Dep, Semnan Univ, Semnan, Iran, Email: sazadi@semnan.ac.ir) : Lossless EEG compression using the DCT and the huffman coding. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(10), 615-20.

The telemedicine and ambulatory monitoring development motivates many researchers to focus on the lossless electroencephalogram (EEG) compression in recent years. Nevertheless, most of these studies could not present the potential of compression techniques such as discrete cosine transform (DCT), and Huffman coding due to lack of attention to the signal and technique characteristics. In this work, we developed a lossless hybrid EEG compression method based on the characteristic of DCT frequency spectrum and the Huffman coding. In our method, we calculate the DCT coefficients below 40 Hz (dominant components) of the EEG segments. Then, we code these quantized DCT coefficients using a Huffman coder in the transmitter site. In the receiver site, we add a zero set for the DCT coefficients above 40 Hz, and then reconstruct the EEG segments using the inverse DCT. We applied our method for the five sets (denoted A-E) of the Bone University database. The results indicate that our algorithm can improve the average compression ratio of these sets up to 1.78, 1.94, 2.66, 3.35, and 1.78 times of the best results in the literature, respectively. Therefore, our hybrid method could compress the single-channel signal satisfactory enough.

3 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

008018   Kale S A;Birajdar M R;Sapali S N (NO, , ) : Numerical analysis of new airfoils for small wind turbine blade. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2015, 6(1), 1-6.

Wind energy is the major renewable energy source available easily in abundance. It has become more popular than other renewable energy sources because of its compatible cost with conventional energy sources. The demand of small wind turbine in the market with a reliable, durable and more efficient technology is increasing. Blade is the key element of wind turbine. Performance of wind turbine blade mainly depends on its airfoil. In the present work, new airfoil is developed with the aim of performance improvement of wind turbine. Two different airfoils are designed for root sections and tip sections. Blade Element Momentum theory is used in designing of the small wind turbine blade. The numerical analysis of blade airfoil is carried out by Q-Blade software. The results obtained are compared with NACA 2412 and SG 6042 airfoils. In addition, performances of blades made with individual airfoil are compared by using Q-Blade software. These comparisons are made by keeping the length of the blade and chord lengths of various airfoils constant. The new airfoils have shown better performance than NACA 2412 and SG 6042 airfoils.

008017   Jayapragasan C N;Reddy K J (Universal Heat Exchangers Ltd, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu-641 050, Email: jayapragasan.cn2013@vit.ac.in) : Computational fluid dynamics modeling and experimental investigation of waste collection blower. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(10), 638-42.

Centrifugal fans plays an important role in the proper functioning of cleaning the machine and fluffs collection for industrial travelling cleaner. In this research work, to standardize the Volute and fan for both cleaning and fluffs collection system, it is proposed to analyze the performance and design of radial and forward fan blowers for standardization with better performance. This study presents a design methodology to examine the performance of both fans using computational fluid dynamics approach. The effects of fan geometry at the inlet on performance of the fan have been assessed and the volute dimensions have been kept constant. Total discharge and total pressure are the output parameters calculated. The volute and fans were modeled using SolidWorks and prior to simplification the geometries of the blower models were meshed in ICEM CFD. Analysis is carried out and the solution is obtained using FLUENT V6. The post processing is carried out using CFD POST and the results are presented and discussed in detail. The results obtained were then validated using the experimental method for real application. Result showed that 21.6% Mass flow rate and 4.5% Total pressure increases in Radial fan blower.

3 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

008016   Jayalal M L R S;Jehadeesan R;Madhusoodanan K (NO, , ) : Parallel genetic algorithm for fuel bundle burnup optimization of pressurized heavy water reactor. J nucl Engng Technol 2016, 6(1), 11-24.

In this study, parallel genetic algorithm (GA) was applied to solve an optimization problem of nuclear fuel management pertaining to a 220 MWe pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR). The study aims at finding appropriate values of reference discharge burnups of two zones of the reactor core which gives maximum fuel economy, while satisfying operational and safety-related constraints. This is a multiobjective optimization problem with four objectives and four constraints. Penalty functions-based GA methodology was employed to convert the multi-objective optimization problem to an unconstrained optimization problem by defining a penalty function. Master-slave parallelization method was used to parallelize the GA in order to reduce the computational time by exploring the capabilities of high performance computing cluster. This approach used a single population and evaluation of the individuals of the population was carried out in parallel. In this study, we have run the parallel program by varying the number of CPU cores (processes) and obtained significant performance improvement.

008015   Jangra P;Diwakar C (NO, , ) : Detection and prevention of grey-hole attack in MANET. J Netwk Secur 2016, 4(2), 29-35.

The basic thing for keeping communication between mobile nodes in a harmful environment is security. Due to changing topology of MANET, it is usable to both, pernicious attackers and proper network users. Within the existence of deadly nodes, one of the leading threats in MANET is to outline the robust security resolution that can keep MANET from certain routing attacks. Indeed, these outcomes are not fitting for MANET resource constraints, i.e., battery power and bounded bandwidth, since they prompt heavy traffic load to swap and changing keys. In the wireless MANET, one among security threats that is noted is to disclose and destroy the grey-hole attack. Grey-hole attack causes the harm in a network, and is very much problematic to find it in the network. In this paper, present results are measured and taken up the routing methods that are progressive.

25 ref

008014   Ishpuniani N;Garg N;Aggarwal M (NO, , ) : Study of implementation of VANET network on intervehicular communication system. J Netwk Secur 2016, 4(1), 7-13.

The vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is an application of mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) allowing the communication between road transport vehicles and ensuring safety. The road accidents are increasing day by day leading to some protective measure for road safety. Vehicle to vehicle communication is new concept for traffic safety. VANET provides the communication between the close vehicles or between the vehicles to roadside equipment. The intelligent transport systems (ITS) are used in VANET for the exchange of necessary information between vehicles such as position and speeds to ensure an efficient trip. The main aim is to ensure the drivers' safety and comfort in traffic by providing traffic or weather information. The VANETs are also used in commercial applications such as data downloading, electronic mail (e-mails) etc. The establishment of an ad hoc network between the vehicles and vehicles to road side unit (RSU) where vehicles request the data from RSUs, RSU acts as a representative for providing services from service provider without the connection with the user. Carry-and-forward mechanism is used in VANET for routing. In this paper, cooperative data downloading is discussed for paid users. Vehicles passing by the RSU receive the data and share when they are not in the RSUs coverage area.

008013   Hossain M R;Chowdhury M A (NO, , ) : Study on solar wind battery on off-grid and its status over a day in perspective of Bangladesh. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2016, 7(1), 8-13.

Hybrid energy plays a vital role for the generation of power. Renewable energy in general has major problem because of having uncontrolled and intermittent in nature. Hybrid energy systems solve the problem by combining two or more energy system. In this paper, an attempt has taken to study battery charging by hybrid system (combined of solar and wind energy) and its status over a day. The whole study takes place in off grid process.

008012   Gupta A;Shaina;Bakshi S (ECE Dep, IKG PTU Campus, Jalandhar, Email: amitguptacgc@amitguptacgc@gmail.com) : Maximizing throughput of free space optics communication link array of receivers. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(10), 598-603.

This paper analyse the integration of optical amplifiers and optical filters with free space optics link (FSO) for improving its performance. These components play a crucial role for enhancing and conserving pulse shape of transmitted signal. Different amplifiers and filters are critically investigated to improve the optical wireless link output. The high quality link is analysed to increase its acceptability in terms of bit error rate, Q factor and height of eye diagram. Further, the optimal combination of an amplifier and a filter is chosen so as to give the best output for a particular application of FSO. To further enhance the versatility of the designed optical link the performance of FSO link has also been analysed using array of receivers and under different weather conditions. After simulations it is found that the usage of specific filter - amplifier combination significantly improves the performance of FSO link.

3 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

008011   Guntakal S N;Selvan S (Civil Engineering Dep, SRM Univ, Chennai-603 203, Email: shaikniyazuddin.g@kr.srmuniv.ac.in) : Application of pervious concrete for pavements:. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(1), 32-6.

Pervious concrete also called porous concrete, permeable concrete is a special type of concrete with a high porosity which allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through, thereby reducing the runoff and allowing groundwater recharge. Pervious concrete is made using large aggregates with little to no fine aggregates. The concrete paste then coats the aggregates and allows water to pass through the gap between coarse aggregates. Pervious concrete is traditionally used in parking areas, areas with light traffic, residential streets, pedestrian walkways, and greenhouse. It is an important application for sustainable construction and is one of many low impact development techniques used by builders to protect water quality. Pervious concrete pavement is a unique and effective means to meet growing environmental demands. It is instrumental in recharging groundwater and in reducing stormwater runoff. This paper reviews the research developments in pervious concrete. The experimental investigations performed to know the various properties of pervious concrete like mechanical properties, hydrological properties have been reviewed. It helps to eliminate retention ponds, swales and reducing the cost by not using a huge area for this purpose. Pervious concrete can be used for many numbers of applications, but its primary usage is in pavement industry. It is very useful for rural pavements and has a wide scope for further research, which will be a promising roadway material in future to recharge ground water.

^iia1 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

008010   Gopinath S;Murthy A R;Iyer N R (NO, CSIR - Structural Engineering Research Centre, Taramani, Chennai-600 113, Email: smithag@serc.res.in) : Novel pre-fabrication technology to produce textile reinforced concrete structural and non-stricutural components. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(12), 735-9.

The present paper gives an outline about a novel manufacturing technology developed to produce textile reinforced concrete (TRC) components. Recently, the construction sector has adapted and gained popularity for the use of fiber and textile reinforced concrete in many western countries in many applications. It is convincingly proved that TRC can be used both in standalone applications and also as a repair and retrofitting material. However, the use of these materials in India is yet to be popularized mainly due to lack of awareness about the potential of these materials, lack of codal provisions and guidelines for implementation in site and unawareness of construction technologies. Hence, this paper tries to bring in an insight into the various possibilities TRC can offer along with a ready to use technology, named as textile reinforced concrete prototyping technology (TRCPT) developed at CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre.

3 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

008009   Far A M;Foroud A A (Electrical Engineering Dep, Electrical and Computer Engineering Facult, Semnan Univ, Semnan, Iran) : Cost-effective optimal allocation and sizing of active power filters using a new fuzzy-MABICA method. IETE J Res 2016, 62(3), 307-22.

This article presents a new approach for cos-effective optimal allocation and sizing of active power filters (APFs) in distribution systems. In the proposed method, first, the most suitable locations and initial sizing of APFs are determined using the fuzzy logic. Then, the cost-effective optimal allocation and sizing of APFs using a new modified adaptive binary imperialist competitive algorithm (MABICA) are determined. In the proposed fuzzy model, the harmonic voltages of buses and the injecting harmonic currents into the buses are considered as decision variables. In this paper, the fixed cost for optimal allocation and sizing of active power filters has been considered that gives a better result from the economical point of view. For evaluating the proposed method, it is applied to an 18-bus test system and a 33-bus test system. The effectiveness of the proposed method is compared with the previous literature in this area.

14 illus, 28 ref

008008   Falahati A;Karami M R;Zargar B S (Electrical Engineering (DCCS lab), Science & Technology Univ, Tehran, Iran) : Removal of the OFDM segment without affecting signalling BER to provide higher data rate as well as a cost efficient time processing or a MIMO-OFDM relay network. IETE J Res 2016, 62(3), 339-46.

One of the most serious problems in relay systems is power constraint. Due to this limitation, complex algorithms are replaced by cost efficient techniques. In conventional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems at the relays, signal processing techniques, such as equalization is performed considering signalling in the frequency domain. Employing such techniques, the received OFDM time signals in the first hop have to be converted into frequency domain at the relays, equalized and converted back to time domain again via the next hop for retransmission. In this paper, by employing the Toeplitz matrix structure that converts frequency selective channels into an equivalent channel matrix, the convolution of input signal and the channel is transferred into multiplication of input signal with the equivalent channel matrix causing the removal of the OFDM procedure at the relay. Since the span of the channel is calculated by a channel matrix, the signal length is not increased causing the transmission rate to be increased without the loss of full system BER.

8 illus, 11 ref

008007   El-Din Darwish M M S;Romaih A H;Taka S T; Nassar K (NO, , ) : Analysis and design of cantilevered steel false work systems subjected to earthquake loads. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2016, 6(3), 35-47.

Construction of buildings with non-typical floors has been always problematic in extending the false work all over the height to support non-regular cantilevered slabs extending from upper floors. Cantilevered frames supporting formwork systems with no need for extending the false work along the height of the building have been recently designed in previous studies. However, the need to design such cantilevers in order to withstand dynamic loads has emerged. Within this study, modal analyses of two different designs of cantilevered false works are performed with varying spans and during the different stages of construction. The results are used to judge whether these temporary structures are expected to resonate due to dynamic loads such as winds and earthquakes or not. Furthermore, the behaviors of these structures were studied under an actual earthquake through performing a time-history analysis and the adjusted designs of the members due to the new load combination were performed.

008006   Edwin A;Anand V;Prasanna K (Civil Engineering Dep, SRM Univ, Chennai, Tamil Nadu-603 203, Email: edwinraj91@gmail.com) : Sustainable development through functionally graded materials: an overview. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(1), 149-52.

Composite materials have contributed to a very large extent in solving these complex challenges. The reinforcement phase in composite materials is distributed uniformly, which results in homogenous properties. Recently the concept of functionally graded material (FGM) has arisen, where a new composite material is developed by varying the microstructure from one material to another material with a specific gradient. Functionally graded material (FGM) is a type of material whose composition is designed to change continuously within the solid. Hence it becomes a composite material with good specifications of both materials. The use of structures like beams, plates and shells, which are made from FG materials, is increasing because of smooth variation of material properties along preferred directions. This variation provides continuous stress distribution in the FG structures. Therefore an FGM can be effectively used in avoiding corrosion, fatigue, fracture and stress corrosion cracking. This paper presents a review of the recent developments in research carried out in FGMs. A detailed study of types of FGMs depending on nature of gradient is presented. Discussions are also made about the effective utilization of FGMs for sustainable development. In this regard, the focus is made in understanding the specific application of FGMs in civil engineering.

3 illus, 9 ref

008005   Dukic A;Alar V;Firak M (NO, Zagreb Univ, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Email: ankica.djukic@fsb.hr) : Corrosion behaviour of the nickel based materials in an alkaline solution for hydrogen evolution. Indian J chem Technol 2017, 24(1), 88-92.

Experimental investigations on the nickel based materials in the form of foam and solid plate have been performed. Their application as the electrodes material in an alkaline electrolyzer has been studied. Corrosion potential and Tafels parameters are defined using DC methods, and Ohmic resistance of the electrolyte using AC methods. Active surface area of the foam is defined using BET method. Obtained polarizations curves result in decrease in the resistance to charge-transfer during increasing of electrodes overvoltage. A 1500 times larger active surface of foam insured higher hydrogen evolution at the same overvoltage. As long as it is used high concentrated aqueous media of wt 25% potassium hydroxide solution, corrosion stability of used electrodes material is the first priority.

4 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

008004   Diwaker C;Gogna G (NO, , ) : Attacks in wireless sensor netrowks: security issues and challenges. J Netwk Secur 2016, 4(1), 19-22.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a new development in the field of ad hoc networks. These networks are designed for the post disaster scenarios where end to end connectivity is not possible. In this scenario, sensors are placed to sense the environment and collect information. This collected information is sent to the base station for further communication. Security is a challenging issue in WSN. There are various kinds of attacks which are presented that can cause security of WSN. In this paper, challenging issues and various attacks that cause security of WSN are presented with detailed review of existing techniques.

008003   Dinesh U;Vijayaprabu S;Kazi A (Mechanical Engineering Dep, PESIT South Campus, ) : Properties of epoxy composites reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Int J latest Technol Mgmt appl Sci 2016, 5(8), 64-71.

Plastic composite material has been in to frontier of research as one of the new competitive materials in engineering. Especially, Particle reinforced plastic is a relatively new class of composite material manufactured from particles, nanoparticles and resins, and has proven efficient and economical for the development and repair of new and deteriorating structures. In this project, we report the mechanical properties of epoxy composites strengthened with Multi walled carbon nanotubes. Different composition (0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%) of Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) are mixed with epoxy resin and castings are prepared by moulding technique. The different mechanical properties such as Tensile strength, Flexural strength and Hardness are evaluated at room temperature. One set of samples are immersed in salt water for moisture absorption and strength degradation studies. The mechanical properties are determined and are compared with that of dry specimens. The Results show that the Mechanical Properties increases with the increase in Percentage of MWCNT for the prepared Composites.

15 illus, 9 tables, 14 ref

008002   Dinesh Kumar N;Priyanka M (NO, , ) : Library and auditorium electrical appliances automation. J Elect Des Technol 2016, 7(1), 1-8.

Wireless technologies are used in consumer applications for quite a long while. On the other hand, the operation of radio based communication frameworks in mechanization of applications was viewed as dubious for long time. Basically, the exceptionally fluctuating nature of remote transmission channels, contrasted with wired ones, was responsible for this fact. The use of wireless technology in industrial automation systems offers a number of potential benefits, from the obvious cost reduction brought about by the elimination of wiring to the availability of better plant information, improved productivity and better asset management. It is always difficult in a place like library and auditorium, where we need to monitor the status of the electrical appliances. The aim of this paper is to introduce a wireless automation which is more cost efficient and easy to handle. Because of the progression of wireless innovations, such as, GSM, WIFI, ZIGBEE, and Bluetooth, each of the innovation has its own particular exceptional specifications and applications. Among the four prominent wireless associations that are frequently executed in this work, Bluetooth is being picked with its suitable capability. Bluetooth with all around accessible frequencies of 2400 Hz has the ability to provide network up to 100 m at pace of up to 3 Mbps contingent upon the Bluetooth gadget class. Likewise, a Bluetooth master gadget has the capacity join up to seven gadgets in a Piconet. The abilities of Bluetooth are all that could possibly be needed to be executed in the design outline. Additionally, a large portion of the present tablet/laptop or mobile phones have built in Bluetooth connector. It will in a roundabout way reduce the cost of this framework.

008001   Dimri A;SHarma G;Sheokand A (NO, , ) : Bamboo as reinforcement material in concrete structures. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2016, 6(3), 11-14.

Bamboo is considered to be important building material throughout the world's tropical and subtropical areas. It is mainly used for housing purposes in rural areas. Bamboo has high strength and low weight, and can be easily worked using simple tools. It is widely recognized as one of the most important non-timber forest resources due to the high socio-economic benefits from bamboo based products. It can replace rebar in certain concrete applications, used as pins in straw-bale construction, to create trusses and other structural members, as decorative elements and has even been used as plumbing. This paper presents the various studies that deal with the use of bamboo as a reinforcement in concrete structures.

^iia

008000   Dileep Kumar;Mangalvedekar H A;Mahajan S K (NO, , ) : Fuel cell power conditioning for low power applications. J Elect Des Technol 2016, 7(3), 13-23.

Fuel Cells are the important building blocks of hydrogen based applications. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFCs) are useful for ambient temperature operating conditions. Fuel Cells cannot be interfaced to loads directly owing to many sources of power losses. Power Conditioning and Interface are equally important for driving loads using Fuel Cell generated power. Paper discusses the requirements of power conditioning, types of DC-DC converters, Experimental work performed on DC-DC converter using BJT, IGBT, Voltage Doubler IC and DC-DC converter ICs. The results have indicated promise of interfacing circuits for fuel cell based applications.

007999   Diaw E H B;Lo M L;Ibrahima L Y;Wade M;Sissoko A B G;Laval F (Laboratory of Sciences and Technology of Water and Environment (LaSTEE, Polytechnic School of Theies, BPA 10 Thies, Senegal, Email: gsissoko@yahoo.com) : Relation between particles size distribution and hydraulic conductivity in the aquifer of the river Senegal valley. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2016, 33(1)-37(2), 1-1026-38.

The objective of the present study is to assess a characteristic relationship between the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer in the River Senegal Valley and the particle size distribution.

11 illus, 5 tables, 14 ref

007998   Diao D;et al. (Laboratory of Semiconductors and Solar Energy, Physics Dep, Faculty of Science and Technology, Cheikh Anta Diop Univ, Dakar, Senegal, Email: gsissoko@yahoo.com) : Thermal exchange phenomena in surface of thermal insulation kapok-plaster. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2016, 33(1)-37(2), 1-1018-25.

In this article, we propose to evaluate the heat transfer coefficient from the study of curves of temperature and heat flux density at the surface of a kapok-plaster material subject to climate constraint external in dynamic frequency regime.

7 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

007997   Dhamodaran M;Dhanasekaran R (ECE Dep, Syed Ammal Engineering Collegem, Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, Email: dhamodaranm@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of the capacitance and charge distribution of metallic objects by electrostatic analysis. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(9), 552-6.

This paper presents a numerical analysis for computation of free space capacitance of different arbitrarily shaped conductors like square plate, circular disk and T-shaped plate. Accurate evaluations of electrostatic analysis are essential for spacecraft design techniques to control electrostatic discharge (ESD). Capacitance computation is an important step in the prediction of electrostatic discharge which causes electromagnetic interference (EMI). We specifically illustrated capacitance computation of three electrostatic models. Numerical results on capacitance are presented. The results are compared with other available results in the literature. We used the COMSOL multiphysics software for the simulation. The models are designed in three-dimensional form using electrostatic environment and can be applied to any practical design. The findings of this study show that the finite element method (FEM) is a more accurate method for the computation of electrical capacitance.

3 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

007996   Devi L;Shantharajah S P;Nirmal Kumar A (NO, Bharathiar Univ, Coimbatore, Email: greedaank@gmail.com) : Authenticated and security maintance in wireless sensor network by filtering injected false data. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(12), 713-19.

A large sensor network with the individual sensor nodes focus to the security factor. A node injected into the sensor network for the data forwarding, causes some attacks. Such attacks lead to the injection of false data in the wireless sensor network. Wireless sensor networks are organized at aggressive backgrounds with most vulnerable attacks. In a large scale wireless sensor network, detecting reports injected by compromised nodes is a large research confront. Once a node is compromised, all the security information accumulates in that node turn out to be accessible to the attacker.In such sensor network, the improved authentication system is developed in research work to improve the security level by filtering the injected false data. The WSN focus on removing the injected false data attack and their mitigation technique is developed for high security maintenance. Perform the high security with the filtering of the injected false data should also be executed as early as possible.

4 illus, 10 ref

007995   Das J C;De D (Computer Science and Engineering Dep, West Bengal Univ of Technology, Kolkata) : Reversible comparator design using quantum dot-cellular automata. IETE J Res 2016, 62(3), 323-30.

Quantum dot-cellular automata (QCA) emerge as a research area to design nanometre scale logic circuit. In digital logic design, a comparator is the fundamental building block that performs the comparison of two numbers. This paper deals with the design of reversible building block for 1-bit comparator and its implementation in QCA. An improved QCA layout of Feynman gate is also achieved. The QCA Feynman gate is denser and has low delay than the existing circuit. The proposed reversible comparator has quantum cost 9, whereas the QCA reversible comparator has the quantum cost 0.927. The quantum cost based comparison of the proposed QCA reversible comparator with conventional reversible comparator shows the cost effective circuit design in QCA. The simulation result matched the truth table of comparator which approves the functional capability of the proposed QCA layout of comparator. All the proposed layouts dissipate very low power.

11 illus, 10 tables, 19 ref

007994   Das D K;Santra S;Sahoo S (NO, , ) : Graphene coating on cutting tools can remove the use of coolants. J Nanosci Nanoengng Applic 2016, 6(1), 1-5.

Graphene attracts particular interests due to its unique properties like high temperature operations, high mechanical strength and lubricating properties etc. Recently Arshi and Dighewar have studied to improve surface roughness, tool life and production rate of materials by using a protective covering of titanium nitride (TiN) over steel tools [1]. They have obtained satisfactory results. In this paper, we use graphene as a coating on metal cutting tools and have obtained improved values of the same parameters with some other additional advantages which ultimately increase the performance and efficiency of cutting tools used for mechanical and production engineering sectors.

007993   Dahiya Y;Krishan B (NO, , ) : DC-DC boost converter for energy harvesting. J Elect Des Technol 2016, 7(3), 7-12.

Energy harvesting is an emerging technology used for wireless remote and local devices. For powering these devices such as wireless nodes battery is required which demands replacement after discharging. Energy harvesting technique helps in developing battery-free operation for these devices. To do so we need power management system which itself is power efficient. These power management systems may use many technologies but one of them is DC-DC boost converter using energy or power generated by a thermoelectric generator or a solar energy. In this paper, we design the boost converter which provides the constant DC voltage of 4 V at the input of the 500 mV.

007992   Dabas P;Kumar A K (NO, , ) : Trust based data forwarding in VANET. J Netwk Secur 2016, 4(1), 14-8.

VANET is vehicular ad hoc network in which vehicles can transmit messages to each other via ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems). During data transmission data or information may be accessed by attackers. So security in VANET is a challenging task. Various techniques are proposed by researchers to prevent VANET from attacks. Each technique has its own mechanism as well as pros and cons. In this paper, we discuss various trust management techniques used for forwarding data securely and the proposed mechanism for trust based data forwarding.

007991   Choudhary B;Sharma D (Humanities and Social Sciences Dep, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur) : Decentralized solar power for rural electrification in India. Int J latest Technol Mgmt appl Sci 2016, 5(8), 28-33.

There is manifold challenges of providing electricity to rural areas. The ever rising demand-supply gaps, the transmission and distribution losses, the high cost of electricity for the end user are a few of these. Use of renewable energy technologies for meeting basic energy needs of rural communities has been promoted by the Governments world over for many decades. In the recent past, India took a major step in its pursuit of sustainable development by revisiting and elevating Solar Energy sector. The off-grid solar energy has proved to be a winwin technology for the remote areas without grid connection for electricity. This paper attempts at reviewing and analyzing literature pertaining to decentralized rural electrification by solar energy. In this article, the present scenario of electricity and solar energy in India is discussed as well as the main applications of decentralized solar energy for rural electrification are highlighted. The literature on cost analysis including socioeconomic benefits of the population and diffused policies for promoting solar power is also reviewed in this article. The paper discusses the strategies and future prospects in its concluding remarks.

23 ref

007990   Chen C;Wang X;Xiao J (Electrical Engineering Dep, Logistics Engineering college, Shanghai Maritime Univ, Shanghai, China) : Energy allocation strategy for hybrid ship DC power system based on genetic algorithm. IETE J Res 2016, 62(3), 301-6.

High fluctuating loads incur poor fuel efficiencies of diesel generators in ship electrical propulsion systems. To improve emission and fuel consumption, the battery/super capacitor hybrid energy storage system (ESS), which takes advantage of the two complementary technologies to provide large power and energy capacities, is installed in shipboard DC power system. This paper deals with the model of the hybrid power system and the optimal control of power allocation between energy storage units and diesel generators by using genetic algorithms. Simulation research on the effect of ship electric propulsion system, made by ESS in three modes of operation, is carried out by using the software Matlab. Results show that high frequency load variations are covered with the energy storage and system efficiency increases due to reducing generator power variations.

9 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

007989   Chauhan Krishna K (NO, , ) : Review on design and development of hydrogen production system using HHO dry cell method. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2016, 7(2), 56-9.

The current work aims to review an experimental setup for the production of HHO gas. It involves the production of HHO gas by dry cell method, and selecting an appropriate electrolyte for production of HHO gas. The system involves sizing and selection of components like bubbler, measuring devices, moisture removal dryer and safety device like flash back arrestor. HHO gas thus produced can be used in a brazing, welding and burner touch etc. The experiment proposes the production of HHO gas from renewable sources like PV to enable conversion of energy in desired usable form. Here we have developed a 1 to 1.5 LPM of HHO production by a two cell stack series using 12 plate of SS-316L. The plate size is 7*7 mm which is 1.5 mm thick and produces a flame by varying the concentration of KOH with water.

007988   Chaturvedi Y K;Sandhu K S (NO, , ) : Performance estimation of self-excited induction generator under different power factor loading. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2016, 7(2), 12-16.

The paper presents a model, which has been analyzed using genetic algorithm, in order to estimate the steady state performance of three-phase self-excited induction generator under unbalanced operation. The technique as proposed has been implemented on a 15 KW rating machine to see the effect of variation in load power factor of one phase and two phases simultaneously on phase voltages, phase currents, degree of unbalance, power output, power losses and efficiency of the machine.

007987   Chandrasekhar K;Hamsapriye;Moorthy T G S; Kumar S K;Lakshmeesha V K (Centre for Incubation, Innovation, Research and Consultancy (CIIRC), Jyothy Institute of Technology Campus Thathaguni, Off Kanakapuras Road, Bengaluru-560, Email: kc.sekhar@jainuniversity.ac.in) : RF signal sensing in a wide band spectrum with subnyquist sampling for cognitive radio. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(10), 593-7.

Current trend in Cognitive Radio (CR) technology demands that the CR system not only detects the occupancy of the spectrum to identify any available spectrum opportunity, but should achieve the same dynamically in real time, in order to efficiently exploit the opportunity while leaving the PUs undisturbed. This seemingly contradictory requirement, demands for the CR to have the capability to achieve reliable and quick sensing of the data over the entire spectrum, which the conventional methodologies operating at Nyquist rates cannot meet. Fortunately, the knowledge that the signal spectrum is generally sparse, compressed sensing techniques paves way for meeting the demands. In this paper, subNyquist sampling technique is employed to reduce the computational complexities, still retaining a high rate of probability of detection. This is achieved by computing the correlation matrix of a finite number of noisy samples, and Simplified MUSIC-like (SML) algorithm is adapted to identify the vacant and active cells of the wideband spectrum. The performance of this methodology is evaluated by computing the detection probabilities as a function of number of samples and the SNR of the randomly input signal. Simulation results show that the proposed sensing algorithm is reliable even at lower sampling rates and is robust against noisy (low SNR) environment.

3 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

007986   Bhaskar P C;Karne Y K (NO, , ) : Reconfigurable industrial WSN in IOT environment with smart sensor interface using FPGA. J Elect Des Technol 2016, 7(2), 16-23.

IEEE1451 is set of standards developed by IEEE for connecting transducers to microprocessors, instrumentation systems, or control networks. These standards define TEDs for each transducer connected to system. TED stores transducer related information in memory like EEPROM. Wireless sensor network is network of distributed sensors that monitor environmental parameters and cooperatively pass data to main location through network. IEEE1451 defines standards for connecting actuators to processor in WSN. Internet of things defines the network of objects surrounded by sensors, electronics, software, and network capable processors. Wireless sensor network works at physical layer of IoT. Sensor interface device is required to collect sensor data in internet of things. Traditional sensor interface device are not truly parallel in sensor data acquisition. In this design, FPGA is adopted as a sensor interface device with corresponding IEEE1451 protocols.

007985   Bhagavathi Perumal S;Palanichamy M S;Thamarai P;Balaji Subramanian V (Civil Engineering Dep, R.M.K. College of Technology, Chennai-601 206) : Study on green building techniques to reduced the environmentasl impactsd of buildings on human health and natural environment. Indian J envir Prot 2016, 36(4), 318-23.

A sustainable building or green building is an outcome of a design philosophy which focuses on increasing the efficiency of resource use-energy, water and materials. Many countries have developed their own standards for green building or energy efficiency for buildings. A recent survey by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development finds that green costs are overestimated by 300%, as key players in real estate and construction estimate the additional cost at 17% above conventional construction, more than triple the true average cost difference of about 5%. Green building is interpreted in many different ways, a common opinion is that they bring together a vast array of practice and techniques to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings or human health and the natural environment (Figure 1).

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007984   Berwal A K;Nisha Kumari;Inderjeet Kaur;Sanjay Kumar;Haleem A (NO, , ) : Investigating the effect of spectrakl variations on the performance of monocrystaslline, polycrystalline and amorphous silicon solar cells. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2016, 7(3), 28-36.

The study of spectral variations is very important in the characterization of silicon solar cells. The spectral variations of monocrystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous solar cells is studied through the spectral response with the help of spectral response evaluation meter, CEP-25HS-50SR. PVsyst 6.4.3 software is used to study the variation of air mass throughout the day and the year and to understand that how solar irradiance varies with the changing air mass. As per the findings, the spectral sensitivity of monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon solar lies in the entire visible region and partial UV and infrared region of solar spectrum whereas amorphous silicon solar cells have a narrow spectral range. This is most likely due to partial absorption of the long wavelength photon. It is observed that with the increase in value of zenith angle and air mass there's a continuous decrease in light intensity received in the form of solar radiation. The intensity of solar radiations decreases because of atmospheric refraction which further decreases the spectral response value and hence the power output of the silicon solar cells is affected adversely.

007983   Balasundaram T;Raja K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, CEG Campus, Anna Univ, Chennai-600 025, Email: puthiyaboomi2013@gmail.com) : Development and morphology of titanium nanotubes anode for new generation solar cell by electrochemical anodizing method. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(5), 315-19.

This work investigated the effects of parameters of the anodization process on the geometrical features of the Titanium nanotubes anode. The topography of Titanium nanotube diameter and length had been affected without usage of magnetic stirrer by applying at three different DC voltage. In this study, we had synthesized Titanium nanotube arrays by electrochemical anodization of Ti foil by direct current (D.C.). Ethylene glycol and ammonium fluoride electrolyte was used to study the development of nanotubes above atmospheric temperature with varying D.C voltages. Then the Ti foil was annealed to form anatase for one hour in a muffle furnace. High Resolution Scanning electron microscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the Ti thin film nanotubes anode. HRSEM revealed the topography of the titanium nanotubes anode. At 60 V to 30 V, the mean tube diameter was 57.34 nm. At 50 V to 25 V, the mean tube diameter was 97.64 nm. At 40 V to 20 V, the mean tube diameter was 122.45 nm.

3 illus, 23 ref

007982   Assareh E;Biglari M (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Semnan Univ, Semnan, Iran) : Novel approach to capture the maximum power generation from wind turbines using hybrid MLP neural network and Bees algorithm (HNNBA). IETE J Res 2016, 62(3), 388-78.

Generating maximum possible power by wind turbines at low wind speeds is particularly important. Therefore, in this paper a hybrid method is presented for torque control in wind turbines. According to this method, the torque of wind turbine generator is set through a proportional and integral (PI) controller in such a way that at low wind speeds, the generated power by generator is maximized. In order to set PI controller gains to achieve maximum produced power by generator, multi-layer perceptron neural network is used. The set of optimized data is provided by Bees Algorithm in order to train this neural network. In order to evaluate the results of the proposed method, a 5 MW wind turbine made by NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) is used. The results of simulations indicate the appropriate performance of the proposed method.

11 illus, 15 ref

007981   Askari M;Kaabi H;Kavian Y S;Ajabi S (Electrical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid chamran Univ of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran) : Wideband 5-bit switched step attenuator in 0.18 μm CMOS technology. IETE J Res 2016, 62(3), 295-300.

In this paper, a DC-20GHz 5-bit step T-attenuator including five cascaded single-bit switched T-attenuators is presented. The attenuation can be digitally controlled in steps of about 1 dB. To improve the flatness and insertion loss of the attenuator, nMOS switches with optimized switching performance are used as shunt switches. The circuit is implemented in a standard 0.18 μm CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) technology. Over DC-20GHz, the proposed circuit shows the attenuation flatness of <60>2.6 dB (average of 2.1 dB) and attenuation range of 27-29.5 dB. Its insertion loss is 1.4-2.4 dB in the entire frequency range. Furthermore, the simulation results confirm good impedance matching and reasonable phase imbalance. The worst-case return loss is better than 11 dB with the rms (root mean square) phase imbalance of <60>16° (average of 13.8°).

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007980   Arisa I R;Ali M (NO, , ) : Development of 12V-30W solar cell by local materials of rural Bangladesh. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2016, 7(1), 39-43.

Sustainable social and economic development depends on adequate power generation capacity of a country. In order to increase the power generation by fuel diversification, the development of renewable energy is one of the important strategies. Bangladesh is one of the densely populated countries which do not have sufficient supply of energy. The present crisis in power supply hints at the troublesome time to come ahead. To cope with the exponential growth in demand for power in the country, there is no alternative to renewable energies besides the existing sources. There is a good scope for renewable energies such as solar, wind, biomass etc. for micro/mini hydro power generation in Bangladesh. The possibilities of using solar power are already being tested. The sufficient period of bright sunshine hours daily in Bangladesh proves that there are future prospects for solar energy here. But still, most households in rural area of Bangladesh meet their daily needs with biomass fuel. To make people willing to use solar power to meet the current energy demand, easily available cheap local materials have been tried to construct solar cells. In this study, the local materials available in rural areas of Bangladesh are used to develop12 V-30 W solar battery. The materials are safe, cheap, easy to use, and provide good service. The solar cell made of these local materials can be used for domestic purposes, such as for lighting, running table fans, etc. But this solar battery cannot be used in heavy electronics.

007979   Archana N;Vidhyapriya R (Information Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: archana.nathan31@gmail.com) : Novel SRF based UPFC in grid connected wind and solar hybrid system. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(12), 720-4.

Renewable energy penetration into existing grid system has introduced various power quality problems in the power system. To address this issue, a novel synchronous reference frame based unified power flow controller is proposed for a hybrid power system consisting of wind and solar PV generator integrated with the grid. Wind energy conversion system is designed with constant speed asynchronous generator with pitch angle control and solar PV array is modeled mathematically. Synchronous reference frame technique using d-q theory is used to generate control signals for shunt and series converters of UPFC. The hybrid system consisting of wind, solar and grid, is tested in simulation environment, subject to voltage sag and swell conditions by sudden disruption in load. The results prove the efficiency of the proposed UPFC controller in mitigating voltage sag, swell, reactive power compensation and harmonic reduction.

3 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

007978   Angayarkanny S (NO, , ) : Simulation of Z-source inverter for photovoltaic cell applications. J Elect Des Technol 2016, 7(2), 1-7.

The project is about the implementation of z-source inverter for solving shading problem. The application of photovoltaic cell normally faces the shading problem of solar light, so that it leads to inconsistent power generation and low system efficiency. Z-source inverter overcomes the conceptual and theoretical barriers and limitations of the traditional voltage source converter (abbreviated as V-source converter) and current source converter (abbreviated as I-source converter). The z-source concept can be applied to all DC-to-AC, AC-to-DC, AC-to-AC, and DC-to-DC power conversion. The z-source inverter employs unique LC network to couple the inverter main circuit. The z-source inverter provides both voltage buck and boost capabilities, which cannot be achieved with conventional voltage source and current source inverter.

007977   Anand V;Srivastava V C (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorke-247-667, Email: vimalcsr@yahoo.co.in) : Photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzene and azo dye using zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared by electrochemical method. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(10), 632-7.

Photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzene (NB) and an azo dye (namely azophloxine) was carried out using zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles which were prepared by electrochemical method using zinc electrodes in aqueous oxalic acid solution. Taguchi methodology was applied for studying the effects of four experimental parameters namely catalyst dosage (g/l), time of reaction (h), pH and H₂O₂ dose. Degradation efficiency of NB was found to increase with an increase in H₂O₂ concentration and decrease in catalyst dosage and pH. Maximum NB degradation efficiency of 98% was observed at catalyst dosage=1 g/l, pH=3, H₂O₂ to C₆H₅NO₂ ratio of 7 mol/mol after 5 h of treatment. Similarly, maximum dye degradation efficiency of 58% and color removal efficiency of 78% was observed at catalyst dosage = 1.25 g/l, pH=4, H₂O₂ concentration of 8 mmol/l in 5 h. Overall, prepared ZnO nanoparticles performed better for NB degradation in comparison to azo dye degradation.

3 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

007976   Alagappan M;Prasandh G G;Kandaswamy A (Biomedical Engineering Dep, PSG College of Technology, Peelamedu, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: alagappanpsg@gmail.com) : Development of sound card based dual channel novel bio-signal simulator. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(5), 296-9.

To subside the risk factors as well as the requirements for various age groups of human beings, bio-signal simulators are developed since they exactly mimic the real biological signals. While existing simulators are generating only one bio-signal, this work demonstrates the dual channel simulator capable of producing two bio-signals simultaneously. This task specializes with the simulation of Electrocardiogram (ECG) and Arterial Blood Pressure (ABP) signals from Physionet, the standard database used to generate signals. The sampling frequency for the ECG and ABP signals are 100Hz and 125Hz respectively. These signals are processed and transmitted through the sound card audio output port of the personal computer and can be used for testing and calibrating the medical instruments, research and development and experimental activities in educational institutions.

3 illus, 7 ref

007975   Akbari M;Falahati A (Electrical Engineering Dep, Iran Univ of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak-Tehran, Iran) : On feasibility conditions for linear interference alignment over cognitive interference channel: A DoF analysis with diversity tradeoff. IETE J Res 2016, 62(3), 278-87.

In a multipie-antennas cognitive radio network, the rate of the primary link is maximized by water-filling power allocation along the spatial directions associated with the singular values of primary channel matrix. Due to transmitter power constraint, even when the primary user occupies the entire spectrum, some spatial opportunities remain that can be utilized by secondary users. This scheme is called opportunistic interference alignment (OIA). The feasibility issue of OIA in a genera! symbol-extended system considering the diversity tradeoff, in particular, is the topic that is considered in this paper. An outer bound on the achievable degrees of freedom and also a necessary condition on the feasibility of a multiuser OIA network are presented analytically. In the remaining parts of the paper, the diversity and rate tradeoff is considered. In order to achieve diversity, it is assumed that the paired nodes utilize a space-time coder before the OIA pre-coder. A closed-form relation is presented that relates the minimum achievable diversity to interference alignment quality and code rate.

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007974   Ahsan S M J;Rakin A S (NO, , ) : Analysis of efficiency loss in ALGAAS/GAAS hetero-junction solar cell. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2016, 6(3), 26-33.

Energy conversion efficiency is a major issue for photovoltaic cells. One of the main challenges of modern day research is to improve the efficiency level of photovoltaic devices by introducing new materials and advanced concepts. The target is to reach a high efficiency level within affordable cost, which will lead to a mass generation of electricity using photovoltaic devices. III-V hetero-junction solar cell has been introduced and characterized here, which uses an AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs hetero-junction as the working p-n junction. Energy conversion efficiency for each design was calculated from its corresponding light J-V characteristics curve. Fill factor and efficiency loss was calculated for each mole fraction of 0 to 1 with a gap of 0.01. Here, exclusively an idea of which particular composition of AlGaAs minimizes the effect of defects in GaAs/AlGa AS solar cell has been presented. It also presents a picture of trade-off between efficiency and lifetime, as lifetime is directly related with the amount of defects and thus will open new doors for analyzing different material compositions for efficient solar cells.

007973   Ahmad S;Khan M K;Saqib M (NO, , ) : Flood resistant house. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2016, 6(3), 54-6.

Unusual high stage of river is called flood. In flood, the water level rises to an extent in which water starts spilling over the bank and spreading to the flood plains. The frequency and intensity of floods has intensified in the country over the years primarily due to encroachment of flood plains because of obvious advantages of water supply and irrigation. Flood causes extensive damage to infrastructure, the economy and devastation to human settlements. Heavy rains during the monsoon season lasting between June and September are a common peril hazard in North-East India. Usually 80 to 90 percent of the annual rain falls over most parts of the country, due to monsoon circulation cause severe floods in some of the Indian rivers due to cyclonic precipitation. Out of the total geographical area of 329 mha of India, more than 40 mha is flood prone. In the past three decades, about 481 natural disasters struck India in which 184 were flood disasters affecting millions of people and took over 4000 lives. According to the climate change reports from inter-governmental panel, warn that the climate change in the country will lead to an increase in frequency, intensity, spatial extent, duration, and timing of extreme weather events. For preparing to minimize the flood damages, many techniques can be adopted in which construction of flood resisting houses is an important step to be worked on. Measures to design of flood resistant houses and some case are discussed and described in the present paper.

007972   Adhikari S;Sinha N (Electrical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Imphal, Manipur-795 001, Email: mom_shu@yahoo.co.in) : Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays using bacteria foraging algorithm. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(9), 557-61.

Optimal setting in relay coordination of Directional overcurrent relay (DOCR) is a major challenge for protection engineers. This paper throws light on the application of Bacteria Foraging Algorithm (BFA) in solving problems related to coordination of directional overcurrent relays. The Time Dial Setting (TDS) and pick up current setting or plug setting (Ip) act as decision variables of each relay. The objective function for optimal coordination of the relays is to minimize the summation of operating times of all the primary relays, responding to clear the faults of their corresponding zones. In this study three models are considered namely IEEE 3-bus model, IEEE 4-bus model and IEEE 6-bus model. The results show that the proposed algorithm is competent and efficient to solve such non-linear problems.

3 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

007084   Vinayaka H;Roopa J (Electronics and Communications Dep, R.V College of Engineering, Bengaluru) : Intelligent system for monitoring and controlling grain condition based on ARM 7 processor. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2016, 5(7), 6-10.

Agriculture is the backbone of any nation's economy and there is a dependency between agricultural growth and economic prosperity. As India is an Agriculture country where 70% of the population depends on farming, the storage of grains plays a crucial role in national economy. Due to the seasonality of grain production, the storage of grain is the top priority task for restoring and reusing. In the process of grain storage, temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide concentration (CO2) are major ecological factors that can influence directly on the quality of the Grain. Hence, there is a necessity to monitor the vital parameters continuously during storage and communicate the status to the manger in real time which becomes a challenging. The traditional methods are limited to simple manual temperature and humidity testing which are relatively backward since grain situation analysis are made without any effective means of processing and regulation hence there is a need for smart grain management system with automation which can also avoid hidden security risks. The Real-time monitoring of the grain storage system is designed based on ARM7 and using GSM/GPRS module as lower level Control unit which improves the level of grains storage and reduce the grain losses during storage procedure and also reduce man power and labour intensity. The Experimental results shows that grain condition intelligent monitoring system designed in this paper has several good features such as realtime online detection, easy acquisition and good site stability.

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