009128   Sherpa M;Lamichaney R;Roy A D (Pathology Dep, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Gangtok-737 101, Email: mingma_sherpa@yahoo.com) : Kimura's disease: a diagnostic challenge experienced with cytology of postauricular swelling with histopathological relevance. J Cytol 2016, 33(4), 232-5.

Kimura's disease is a rare, chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown cause. It is endemic in Asia, affecting more number of males than females, with a ntio of 3:1. The typical clinical manifestations include a triad of painless unilateral cervical lymphadenopathy or subcutaneous masses predominantly in the head and neck region, blood and tissue eosinophilia, and an elevated serum immunoglobulir E (IgE) levels. Variable conditions both benign and malignant may mirnic Kimura's disease both clinically and on fine needio aspirates. The confirmatory diagnosis is established only by histopathological examination. We report a case of Kimura's disease in a patient who underwent multiple investigations in view of her past history and family history of pulmonary Koch's. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed thrice with consistently simitar result of reactive lymphadenitis with numerous histiocytes and eosinophilia. The final diagnosis of Kimura's disease could finally be established only on histopathological examination.

^ccr2 illus, 9 ref

009127   Sharma Y;Parmod Kumar;Rana B K;Das A K (Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Dep, IIT Roorkee, , Roorkee-247 667, Email: akdasfme@iitr.ac.in) : Rotary entrainment in stratified gas-liquid layers: an experimental study. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2016, 82(4), 1293-301.

Rotary entrainment is a phenomenon in which the interface of two immiscible fluids is subjected to external flux in the form of rotation. Present work reports the experimental study on rotary motion of a horizontal cylinder between the interface of air and water to observe the penetration of gas inside the liquid. Experiments have been performed to establish entrainment of air mass in water alongside the cylindrical surface. The movement of tracer and seeded particles has been tracked to determine the speed and path of the entrained air inside water. Simplified particle image velocimetry technique has been used to trace the movement of particles/tracers injected inside the entrainment zone and suspended beads have been used to replicate the particle movement with respect to time in order to determine the fluid flow dynamics along the cylinder. A thorough experimental analysis of air-water rotary entrainment phenomenon and its entrainment trajectories have been presented keeping in interest the extent to which these can be intermixed.

10 illus, 12 ref

009126   Satheeskumar S;Kanagaraj G (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Lathamathavan Engineering College, Madurai-625 301, Email: gkmech@tce.edu) : Experimental investigation on tribological behaviours of PA6, PA6-reinforced Al₂O₃ and PA6-reinforced graphite polymer composites. Bull Mater Sci 2016, 39(6), 1467-81.

This article reports on the preparation, characterization and experimental investigation of polyamide 6 (PA6) reinforced with alumina oxide (Al₂O₃) and graphite composites. The test specimens were prepared in an injection-moulding machine by varying the weight proportions of Al₂O₃ and graphite particles blended with PA6. The tribological properties of the composites were observed by using pin-on-disc wear test rig under dry slidingconditions. The worn surfaces of the composites were examined using scanning electron microscope. The addition of Al₂O₃ and graphite significantly enhanced the tribological properties of PA6. The PA6 containing 30 wt Al₂O₃ and 20 wt graphite revealed the best tribological behaviours due to the stronger interfacial bonding characteristics with improved wear resistance. Further, the thermal stability of Al₂O₃ and graphite particles was studiedthrough thermogravimetric analysis test. It was also found that further addition of Al₂O₃ and graphite in PA6 had no significant improvement in wear resistance, the co-efficient of friction and heat generation.

21 illus, 5 tables, 53 ref

009125   Rezvani F;Parvazian E;Hosseini S A (Textile Engineering Dep, Isfahan Univ of Technology, Isfahan 84156-8311, Iran, Email: e.paravazian@ma.iut.ac.ir) : Dye-sensitized solar cells based on composite TiO₂ nanoparticle-nanorod single and bi-layer photoelectrodes. Bull Mater Sci 2016, 39(6), 1397-1402.

TiO₂ nanoparticle (NP), composite TiO₂ nanoparticle-nanorod (NP-NR) and bi-layer TiO₂ nanoparticle/nanorod (NP/NR) with the optimized diameter of NRs had been prepared as anode layer in dye-sensitized solarcells (DSSCs). Morphology and thickness of anode layers were provided by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) devices. Current density-voltage diagrams were preparedby potentiostat and solar simulator devices at air mass (AM) 1.5. It is determined that DSSCs based on composite NP-NR photoelectrode had the best conversion efficiency of 5.07. Also, the results of the electrochemical modelling of these DSSCs indicated that solar cells based on NP-NR electrode had the highest electron transport time (τ_d) of 312.87 ms, electrons' recombination lifetime (τ_n) of 130.4 ms and the lowest transfer resistance (R_ct) as wellas transport resistance (R_t) of 22.46 and 9.4 Ω, respectively.

7 illus, 4 tables, 32 ref

009124   Prabhakar D;Prasad D;Vidyarthi A S (Bioengineering Dep, Birla Institute of technology, Mesra, Ranchi-835 215, Email: dinesh@bitmesra.ac.in) : Modifying porous silicon with dithizone for environmental applications. J scient ind Res 2017, 76(1), 57-62.

We are introducing electrochemical sensor for the determination of lead (II) ions in aqueous medium based on the immobilization of dithizone over the porous silicon. The porous structure formation is characterized by photoluminescence spectroscopy further supported by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope. Scanning electron microscope and Atomic force microscope studies shows the globular structure covers the porous silicon surface, which further chemically confirmed through FTIR and cyclic voltammetry. The electrode response towards the Pb^{2+ ions is observed through the cyclic voltammetry and their detection limit ranges from 0.1 μg/ml to 10 mg/ml is done by differential pulse voltammetry. These strategies open up exciting new diagnosis for the development of sensing concepts and sensory device in the field of environment.}

3 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

009123   Pendhari S S;Sawarkar S S;Desai Y M;Patil N (Structural Engineering Dep, Veermata Jeejabai Technological Institute, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019, Email: sspendhari@vjti.org.in) : Three dimensional static solutions for simple supported single layer piezoelectric plate. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2016, 82(4), 303-15.

An effort has been made in this paper to analyze a simple diaphragm supported single layer piezoelectric plate for electromechanical loading by using mixed semi-analytical model developed by Kant etal. (2007). The mathematical model consists of defining a two-point boundary value problem (BVP) governed by a set of coupled first order ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed model are assessed by comparing the numerical results with available three dimensional (3D) elasticity solutions. Numerical results for different length to width ratio and for various aspect ratios have been presented for future reference.

12 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

009122   Marandi M;Sani Sabet M N;Ahmadloo F (Physics Dep, Faculty of Science, Arak Univ, Arka 38156, Iran, Email: m-marandi@araku.ac.ir) : Fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells with multilayer photoanodes of hydrothermally grown TiO₂ nanocrystals and P25 TiO₂ nanoparticles. Bull Mater Sci 2016, 39(6), 1403-10.

TiO₂ nanocrystals (NCs) with sizes around 20 nm were synthesized by hydrothermal method in acidic autoclaving pH. The hydrothermally grown TiO₂ NCs and P25 TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) were used in the preparationof two different pastes using different procedures. These pastes with different characteristics were separately deposited on FTO glass plates to form multilayer photoanodes of the dye-sensitized solar cells. The aim of this study was to search how a thin sub-layer of the hydrothermally grown TiO₂ NCs in the photoanodes could improve the efficiency of TiO₂ P25-based solar cells. The highest efficiency of 6.5 was achieved for a cell with a photoanodecomposed of one transparent sub-layer of hydrothermally grown TiO₂ NCs and two over-layers of P25 NPs. Higher energy conversion efficiencies were also attainable using two transparent sub-layers of hydrothermally grown TiO₂ NCs. In this case, an efficiency of 7.2 was achieved for a cell with a photoelectrode made of one over-layer of P25 TiO₂ NPs. This could show an increase of about 30 in the efficiency compared to the similar cell with a photoanode made of two layers of hydrothermally grown TiO₂ NCs.

8 illus, 3 tables, 59 ref

009121   Maan A;Singh A K;Mehra D S;Rattan S (Material Science Div, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi-110 007, Email: artimaan8@gmail.com) : Development and characterization of fly ash/crumb rubber reinforced natural rubber composite. Asian J Chem 2016, 28(4), 859-63.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing fly ash and crumb rubber derived from tyre waste with natural rubber to develop a composite material with improved properties. The composites were evaluated for morphological, thermal and mechanical properties. It was found that with increase in crumb rubber loading, tensile strength, tear strength, abrasion resistance and skid resistance of the composites increased whereas water absorption, compression set, hardness and density decreased up to 120 phr of crumb rubber concentration. SEM micrographs show that fly ash/crumb rubber reinforced natural rubber composites have enhanced rubber-filler interaction to produce more continuous and interlocked structure than fly ash reinforced natural rubber composite.

3 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

009120   Liu J;Li B;Wang H (School of Chemical and Engineering, Nanjing Univ of Science and Technology, Nanjing, P.R. China, Email: libindong@mail.njust.edu.cn) : Regioselective mononitration of aromatic compounds with N₂O₅ by acidic ionic liquids via continuous flow microreactor. Asian J Chem 2016, 28(3), 513-16.

We employed N₂O₅ as highly active nitrating reagents and a host of acidic ionic liquid as catalysts in these reactions which were conducted in a continuous flow microreactor. When we utilized PEG400-DAIL as catalysts, the conversion of toluene was increased to 95.5% and the yield of mononitration product (o/p ratio reached 1.10) significantly improved to 99%, meanwhile the reaction time was drastically shortened to 1/120 of the conventional reactor. Nitration in ionic liquids was surveyed using a host of aromatic substrates with similar reactivity. The ionic liquid recycling procedures had also been devised.

4 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

009119   Le P N;Nguyen N H;Nguyen C K;Tran N Q (Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan Univ, Da Nang City 550000, Vietnam, Email: nckhoavn@yahoo.com) : Smart dendrimer-based nanogel for enhancing 5-fluorouracil loading efficiency against MCF7 cancer cell growth. Bull Mater Sci 2016, 39(6), 1493-1500.

Nano-carriers are not only evaluated as a novel kind of drug delivery, but also expected to bypass the critical bottleneck of conventional cancer chemotherapeutics. Among them, thermo-sensitive nanogel draws muchattention due to its efficacy in the loading and release of hydrophobic drugs. In the study, we developed a promising thermosensitive polymer-grafted dendrimer to enhance drug-loading efficiency, which was prepared from conjugationof thermo-sensitive carboxylic-terminated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) polymer (PNIPAM) with polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer (G3.0). The obtained copolymer structure and molecular weight were confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (^{1H NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), respectively. Morphology of the nanocarrier was observed around 120-150 nm by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and 200 nm by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The nanocarrier exhibited the higher drug loading (DL = 7.79) and entrapment efficiency (EE = 42.25) of 5-FU compared to PAMAM dendrimer G3.0 (DL = 2.25 and EE = 11.52). In-vitro test, the 5-FU-loaded in PAMAM G3.0-PNIPAM could release approximately 40 of the encapsulated drug at pH = 7.4 after 5 days tracking, while the cumulative anticancer drugs achieved nearly two-fold increase (around 75)at pH 5.5 during the same time.Moreover, the cytotoxicity assay results also indicated that the drug-loaded nanocarrier exhibited a significant growth inhibition of the MCF-7 cancer cell. The obtained resulted possibly offered agreat potential of the nanocarrier which may be utilized in delivering other anticancer drugs or dual drugs for chemotherapy in future.}

8 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

009118   Lakhane M;Khairnar R;Mahabole M (School of Physical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada Univ, Nanded-431 606, Email: mpmsrtmunsps@gmail.com) : Metal oxide blended ZSM-5 nanocmposites as ethanol sensors. Bull Mater Sci 2016, 39(6), 1483-92.

Nano-ZSM-5 is synthesized without organic template via microwave-assisted hydrothermal technique. The synthesized nano-ZSM-5 zeolite is blended with metal oxides (ZnO and TiO₂) to have novel composites as ethanol sensors. The composites are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. A study on ethanol sensing behaviour of metal oxide blended composite screen-printed thick films is carried out and the effect of metal oxide concentration on various ethanol sensing features, specifically operating temperature, response/recovery time and active region of the sensor, are investigated. XRD and FTIR confirm the blending of metal oxides in ZSM-5 matrix. Both, ZnO and TiO₂ blended, composite films are sensitive to ethanol. It can be concluded that metal oxide blending improves the preformance of sensor for ethanol detection. The response/recovery time and active sensing regions depend upon the concentration of metal oxide in host zeolite. The ZnO/ZSM-5 and TiO₂/ZSM-5 composite films are the excellent ethanol sensors.

9 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

009117   Joshi M R;Dhanasekaran R (EEE Dep, Sathyabama Univ, Chennai, Tamilnadu, Email: rajmaljoshi@gmail.com) : Power factor improvement in switched reluctance motor drive. J scient ind Res 2017, 76(1), 63-7.

This paper presents Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) has inherent mechanical strength without rotor winding and permanent magnet. The high speed drive systems are much interested in the field of industrial applications due to the compact size, reliability and high efficiency. A new single-phase power factor corrected converter is proposed to improve the input power factor for an efficient Switched Reluctance (SR) motor drive. The power factor correction has been done on the basis of phase current waveform, fourier analysis and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). In order to improve the power quality in terms of Power Factor Correction (PFC), reduce the THD at the input AC side. The need for PFC in SRM systems supplied from single-phase mains. It is shown that for certain applications, a PFC circuit has to be implemented. The developed PFC circuit is connected with input side of SRM. The power factor increases and almost negligible input current THD of 2.62% is achieved. The simulation of switched reluctance motor drive has been done using MATLAB.

4 illus, 9 ref

009116   Jin J (School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hunan Univ of Science and Technology, Xiangtan City Taoyuan Road 401 201, China, Email: jj67123@sina.com) : Novel quadrature voltage controlled oscillator using series transistors coupling. Indian J pure appl Phys 2016, 54(12), 765-70.

In this paper, a novel quadrature voltage controlled oscillator (QVCO) coupled by four transistors has been presented. The proposed QVCO consists of two identical LC negative resistance voltage controlled oscillators (VCO) and four series coupling transistors. Compared with the coupling method using paralleled transistors, the series transistors coupling method has lower power consumption and phase noise. The proposed QVCO is designed and simulated with Global Foundries 0.18 μm CMOS 1P6M RF process using Cadence IC Design Tools. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed QVCO operates from 2.388 GHz to 3.376 GHz by adjusting the control voltage, and its phase noise is -140.6 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. Moreover, the power consumption of the QVCO is only 1.84 mW with 1.25 V supply voltage.

13 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

009115   Gopila M;Gnanambal I (Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dep, Sona College of Technology, Salem-636 005, Email: gretgee@gmail.com) : Detection of inrush and internal fault in power transformers based on bacterial foraging optimization. J scient ind Res 2017, 76(1), 32-7.

Power Transformer protection from inrush current and internal fault current is a critical issue in power system as the obstacle lies in the precise and swift distinction between them. In this paper, the task of detecting inrush and internal fault in power transformers is formulated as an optimization problem and solved using Hyperbolic S-Transform Bacterial Foraging Optimization (HS-TBFO) technique. The Gaussian Frequency-based Hyperbolic S-Transform detects the faults at much earlier stage and therefore minimizes the computation cost by applying Cosine Hyperbolic S-Transform. Next, the Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) technique has been proposed and has demonstrated the capability of identifying the maximum number of faults covered with minimum test cases and therefore improving the fault detection efficiency in an efficient manner.

3 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

009114   Ghosal M K;Mohanty S K;Das R K;Sahoo N;Rath J R (Farm Machinery and Power Dep, College of Agricultural Engineering and technology, O.U.A.T., Bhubaneswar-751 003, Email: mkghosal1@rediffmail.com) : Use of non-conventional energy sources in micro-irrigation. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(1), 235-8.

6 ref

009113   Firmansyah;Armanto M E;Susanto B H;Arliansyah J;Yazid M (Doctoral Study Programs of Environmental Sciences, Graduate Programs, the Univ of Sriwijaya Palembang, South Sumatra-Indonesia, Email: marsidisaid@gmail.com) : Community perception of rural road network in Tanjung lago district of Banyuasin South Sumatra. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(1), 133-8.

The objective of this study was to analyze the community perception of rural road etwork in tidal areas. Districts where the research was conducted was Tanjung lago Banyuasin. The work was undertaken using cross sectional method approach with purposive sampling method. Stages of the study consisted of two stages, namely (1) Obtain the current road network condition, accessibility and mobility of the road. (2) Community perception of rural road network. The collection of data obtained through observation or direct observation of the study sites, interviews and discussions to the farmers by using questionnaires. Information about the current condition of rural roads in the district of Tanjung Lago Banyuasin obtained that the rural road network in the district Tanjung lago is a road network which was made at the opening of tidal land into agricultural land and the location of transmigration. The existing road network is still in the form of a earth road or road that has been hardened by casting or with gravel, so that the road can be traversed in both dry and rainy weather conditions. Community perception on rural roads in the district of Tanjung Lago Banyuasin found that weather condition and road condition affect significantly.

2 illus, 5 tables, 30 ref

009112   Faisal M;Gani A;Mulana F;Daimon H (Chemical Engineering Dep, Syiah Kuala Univ, Jl. Syech A. Rauf, Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Aceh, Indonesia, Email: mfaisal@unsyiah.ac.id) : Treatment and utilization of industrial tofu waste in Indonesia. Asian J Chem 2016, 28(3), 501-7.

Tofu is a popular food for the people because it contains good and healthy nutrition. Furthermore, it is low-cost for many people. The tofu processing industry, which usually is done by the small industries, can be found in almost every city in Indonesia. As a result of the large number of the small tofu industries, the waste gives a lot of impacts towards the environment. The great amount of water used for the tofu processing results in the great amount of the wastewater. The waste from the tofu processing usually has a high amount of organic substances; the BOD level is around 6000-8000 mg/L, the COD is around 7.500-14.000 mg/L. If all wastes are disposed without any treatments at all, this will surely result in polluting the surrounding environment. This article aims to discuss about the treatment process of the tofu waste in Indonesia and some other alternative treatment systems from previous researches. In general, small tofu industries do nothing about their wastes. It is because the price that they need to pay for the waste treatment is considerably high. On the other hand, some bigger tofu industries are usually treating the waste of their tofu processing with the anaerobic system with the treatment efficiency up to 50-70%. Even though the waste has been treated, the organic substances in the waste (BOD and COD) released to the water still has a considerably high level of substances, above 500 mg/L. Therefore, further treatments are needed so that the organic content in the waste effluent meets the wastewater quality standard. Several researches shows that the liquid waste from the tofu industries can be treated by using the anaerobic fix domedigester, fixed bed anaerobic, anaerobic baffle reactor, thermophilic anaerobic stirred tank reactor, up flow anaerobic sludge blanket, up flow anaerobic filter process, anaerobic fluidized bed reactor and several others. All of those anaerobic processes produce methane gas which can be used as a source of energy. Some researchers have also successfully utilized the liquid waste of the tofu industries as the source of hydrogen gas, as well as the media lactic acid production. On the other hand, the solid waste (okara) can be used as snacks, fertilizers and feed for livestock. Okara can also be used as the basic ingredients of isoflavones.

7 illus, 5 tables, 32 ref

009111   Donatus U;Thompson G E (Corrosion and Protection Centre, School of Materials, The Univ of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK, Email: uyime.donatus@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk) : Galvanostatic response of AA2024 aluminium alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution. Bull Mater Sci 2016, 39(6), 1537-40.

Galvanostatic responses of AA2024T3 alloy in de-aerated and naturally aerated 3.5 NaCl solution have been investigated. In the de-aerated condition, two distinct stages of polarization were revealed. From the first stage, the relationships between the pitting incubation time, pitting potential and applied current density for AA2024T3 alloy in the de-aerated condition were established. The curves in the aerated condition showed no particular incubation time-applied current density relationship.

3 illus, 7 ref

009110   Bhosle S M;Ponrathnam S;Tambe S S;Chavan N N (Polymer Science and Engineering Div, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411 008, Email: nn.chavan@ncl.res.in) : Adsorption of strontium (II) metal ions using phosphonate-functionalized polymer. Bull Mater Sci 2016, 39(6), 1541-56.

Diethyl[3-(methoxydimethylsilyl)propyl]phosphonate (DMPP) polymer was synthesized for the strontium (II) metal ion recovery using diethylallylphosphonate as staring material. Diethylallylphosphonate was reactedwith poly(methylhydro)siloxane (MW 1900-2000 g mol^{-1) in the presence of Speier's catalyst. The synthesized monomer was characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy techniques, and the synthesizedpolymers were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and solubility. The synthesized polymer was used for sequestering strontium metal from the aqueous solution. The metal binding was examined by the energy dispersive spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy for the adsorbed Sr(II). Batch adsorption studies were performed by varying three parameters, namely initial pH, adsorbentdose and the contact time. The reaction kinetics was determined by the Langmuir, Freundlich, and pseudo-firstand second-order models. Results of this study indicate that the synthesized polymer DMPP has been effective inremoving Sr(II) from the aqueous solution.}

19 illus, 13 tables, 38 ref

009109   Acuna D;Krishnan B;Shaji S;Sepulveda S; Menchaca J L (Facultad de Ingenieria Mecanica y Electrica, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo, Leon 66455, Mexico) : Growth and properties of lead iodide thin films by spin coating. Bull Mater Sci 2016, 39(6), 1453-60.

In this study, lead iodide (PbI₂) thin films were deposited on glass substrates by spin coating a solution of 0.2 M PbI₂ dissolved in dimethylformamide, varying the deposition time and the spin speed. The thickness of the thin films decreased with increase in spin speed and deposition time, as examined by profilometry measurements.The structure,morphology, optical and electrical properties of the thin films were analysed using various techniques. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the thin films possessed hexagonal structures. The thin films were grown highly oriented to [001] direction of the hexagonal lattice. Raman peaks detected at 96 and 136 cm^{-1 were corresponding to the characteristic vibration modes of PbI₂. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy detected the presence of Pb and I with core level binding energies corresponding to that in PbI₂. Atomic force microscopy showed smooth and compact morphology of the thin films. From UV-Vis transmittance and reflectance spectral analysis, the bandgap of the thin films <126>2.3 eV was evaluated. The dark conductivity of the thin films was computed and the value decreased as the deposition time and spin speed increased.}

8 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

008100   Virupaksha K S;Jayasankar R (NO, , ) : The study on properties of concrete with cement partially repklaced by corn cob ash. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2016, 6(1), 78-83.

In recent times, instead of cement many alternative materials are being used as the binding material in the construction sector. One such binding material that can be used as a partial replacement for cement is corn cob ash. Corn cob is agricultural waste product obtained from maize or corn. Corn cob is the hard thick cylindrical central core of maize. The tests were carried out on the raw materials to check the suitability of the materials to be used for the research purpose and their properties were determined. M30 grade of concrete is adopted for this research. The concrete mix was designed as per Indian Standards. The specimens were cast with cement replaced by corn cob ash varying from 0% to 30% at 5% interval. The specimens include cubes, prisms and cylinders. The results show that the compressive strength of specimens with 10% of corn cob ash yielded almost the same strength as of the specimens with 0% replacement. The split tensile and flexural strength of all proportions are less compared to a concrete with 0% replacement. The overall results show that corn cob ash can be used in concrete with cement being partially replaced. The percentage of replacement should be limited to 10%.

008099   Vijayalaxmi (NO, , ) : Development of a robot for identifying a unique object. J Elect Des Technol 2016, 7(2), 35-40.

Identifying unique object and separating it from other objects is a major task in most industries. The objects can be separated based on colour and shape parameters. In this paper a robot is designed and tested to identify unique object based on shape in a given specified region. It assumed that the object may be a cube or a sphere. A unique object identified will have either different colour or different shape when compared to the remaining object. The robot keeps moving in a specified region, when an obstacle is detected it stops and captures an image through camera which is mounted on robot. This captured image is given to Beagleboard where it performs image processing task to identify type of object. The Beagleboard used to perform image processing task comes with ARM@ CortexTM-A8 processor with 512 MB memory and low power DDR RAM. The robot takes less than 10 ms of time to identify an object.

008098   Velmathi G;Mohan S;Henry R (School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai) : Analysis and review of tin oxide-based chemoresistive gas sensor. IETE Tech Rev 2016, 33(3), 323-31.

Different type of mechanisms of gas sensing, various factors that affect the mechanisms, ways to improve the gas sensitivity, state of the art of fabrication techniques and materials used are reviewed. The work also discusses a novel type of gas sensor derived based on the reviewed mechanisms and materials. The development of semiconductor-based gas sensors using tin oxide which is simple to implement, low cost and offering good stability and sensitivity is discussed.

12 illus, 1 table, 55 ref

008097   Varghese D;Paul D (NO, , ) : Maximum power point tracking using PSO with boost converter. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2016, 7(2), 17-27.

Maximum power point tracking methods are used for extraction of maximum power from solar PV panels. The characteristics of non-line panel hinder the power output from the solar panel. Earlier proposed methods like hill climbing, incremental conductance suffer from steady state and lower efficiency. This proposed evolutionary computation technique assures nearly zero steady state oscillation and faster convergence of tracking maximum power. The PSO algorithm is tested on a DC-DC boost converter and simulation results are compared with incremental conductance and hill climbing methods.

008096   Uchchariya V S;Singh M (NO, , ) : Comparison of different routing protocols by varying transmission power. J Netwk Secur 2016, 4(1), 1-6.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) consist of a collection of wireless mobile nodes which dynamically exchange data among themselves without the reliance on a fixed base station or a wired backbone network. All nodes are mobile and can be connected dynamically in an arbitrary manner. In this paper reactive, proactive and hybrid protocols are compared with varying transmission power in terms of throughput, average jitter and average end to end delay of different routing protocols. So many protocols are available like AODV, OLSR and ZRP etc. and by using the parameters like transmission power and mobility of nodes. Energy model, transmission power of the nodes plays an important role here.

008095   Trivedi A S;Sharma R P (A, B, C) : Experimental study of sulphate attack on steel embedded in reinforced concrete. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2016, 6(3), 25-34.

Corrosion is one of the biggest problems of steel in reinforced concrete (RC) structure, which deteriorates the durability of concrete structure at a considerable rate. In this paper, we have studied the corrosion density, corrosion rate, and resistivity to a solution of 0.78 N H₂SO₄ with the help of electrochemical process to a temperature range of 307-309±1 K by using Stern Geary equation and Tafel slope on 12 and 8 mmφ bar. The current work gives a deep review on the corrosion rate and weight loss caused due to sulphuric acid attack on steel embedded in concrete in existing and new infrastructure as well as building infrastructure. The result obtained shows that corrosion rate of mild steel bar of 8 mmφ in H₂SO₄ is fast as compared to 12 mmφ bar taken periodically.

008094   Towoju O A;Dare A (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Adeleke Univ, Ede, Nigeria) : Modeling of reduced N-heptane combustion in compression ignition engine. Int J latest Technol Mgmt appl Sci 2016, 5(8), 1-8.

Conventional compression ignition engines have high emission rates of Nitric oxides (NOx) and particulate matters (PM) than spark ignition engines despite being the most fuel efficient engines ever developed for transportation purposes thus the interest for research on it to make it more efficient and to meet the stringent legislation imposed by many nations' government. Reduced N-Heptane (29 species, 52 chemical reactions) which is a representative of Diesel fuel was utilized in the model by importing it from the relevant files into the chemical reaction interface using the relevant governing equations and solved with COMSOL 5.0 which employs the finite difference method of solution. The model was used to study the effect of compression ratio and engine speed on the performance of the engine as it relates to species concentration, peak temperature and pressure, and the derived mechanical energy. The derived mechanical energy, peak temperature and pressure increased with increased compression ratio. The concentration of species n2, o2 and co2 also showed an increase with increase in compression ratio. The engine speed affects the period required to complete the combustion process, the time being shortened with increased engine speed. The derived mechanical energy also decreased with increased engine speed, the value being -1370.7J at a compression ratio of 18 and engine speed of 1500rpm and - 1353.6J at the same compression ratio but engine speed of 2000rpm.

12 illus, 10 ref

008093   Thendral R;Suhasini A (Computer Science Engineering Dep, Annamalai Univ, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu-608 002, Email: thendralamutha@gmail.com) : Genetic algorithm based feature selection for detection of surface defects on oranges. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(9), 540-6.

Using machine vision technology to grade oranges can ensure that only good quality of fruits is to be exported. One of the most prominent issues in the post-harvest processing of orange is the efficient determination of skin defects with the intention of classifying the oranges depending on their external appearance. Color, texture, shape and size are the important grading parameters that dictate the quality and value of many fruit products. The accuracy of the evaluation results is increased by proper combination of different grading parameters. This paper present an efficient orange surface sorting system (normal and defect) based on the color and texture features. As a part of feature selection step this paper presents a wrapper approach with genetic algorithm to search out and identify the informative feature subset for classification and then use the classification accuracy of the neural network classifier to determine the fitness in genetic algorithm. The test results showed that the system could be valuable in categorizing the orange surface with better accuracy rate of 94.3%.

3 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

008092   Thakur P;Joshi J H (NO, , ) : Performance enhancement of leach protocol for wireless sensor networks. J Netwk Secur 2016, 4(2), 42-7.

Wireless sensor network has so many applications like in military and civil. Wireless sensor network is made by thousands of tiny and low cost sensor nodes. Sensor nodes work on the battery power, and battery power is limited; that is why our main aim is to reduce battery power. Leach is the one of the hierarchy routing protocols for the energy saving for wireless sensor network. In this paper, we present the proposed work on a new approach. This approach saves the energy of the network and reduces the consumed energy of the node using these three parameters: energy parameter, vicinity and adding a vice-cluster head to each node and cluster for the back-up mode condition.

008091   Temitope A B;Aghimien;Omoregie D;Adegbembo; Fedeke A T (NO, , ) : Reliability of preliminary cost estimates of educational building projects in a developing economy. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2016, 6(3), 1-10.

This study focused on the reliability of preliminary cost estimates of educational building projects in Nigeria with a view to providing more reliable cost estimates and reducing the number of abandoned educational building projects caused by faulty preliminary estimates. Using a case study approach, a total of 33 completed educational building projects were assessed and 31 construction professionals (Quantity Surveyors and Architects) formed the secondary population of the study. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, relative importance index, paired sample t-test, effect size and variance ratio. The study revealed that approximate quantities is the most commonly used method for preparing preliminary cost estimate of educational building projects while there exist a significant difference between the preliminary cost estimate and final cost of construction of educational building projects. Despite this difference, the preliminary cost estimate is still reliable as a considerable level of accuracy was discovered. The major factors affecting the reliability of preliminary cost estimate are variation due to changes in design and specification, experience of the estimator and site condition. The study therefore recommends that care should be taken when carrying out preliminary estimate and estimating should be done by professional with experience in such area. During construction, all works should be carried out according to specification in order to avoid deviation from initial plan and estimate.

008090   Sureshhari H N;Kishan B;Ahmed M (NO, , ) : Comparative studies of three MPPT strategies for solar PV system. J Elect Des Technol 2016, 7(3), 24-39.

The solar power technology is one of the most predominant technologies that serve as a major source of power supply. But, its initial cost is too high and its lesser efficiency has not made its use very attractive as an alternate. Hence, it is quite critical to use maximum power available from the solar PV panel and operate it at its highest energy conversion output. For this, the solar PV system has to function at the highest power output point. MPPT technique is used to make the system operate at MPP. The work proposed here compares the performance of fuzzy logic (FL) control method developed, with that of two other MPPT methods presently used by solar PV system and upholds which MPPT technique has better performance among them. Firstly, a MATLAB based PV array us developed. Then, three MPPT methods (Perturb and Observe (P&O), incremental conductance method and fuzzy logic method) are applied on the PV array model under constant insolation condition. Relative comparison of the performance of these three techniques showed that FL based control method developed is relatively superior and effective for MPPT.

008089   Sudhir A C;Rao B P (Electronics and Communication Engg Dep, JNTU Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, Email: sudhir.ach2@gmail.com) : Priority based resource allocation for MIMO-coperative cognitive radio networks. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(11), 667-70.

Cognitive radio technology is an emerging technology which is very promising and hence is being developed at a rapid rate. In Multi Input Multi Output Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks (MIMO-CCRN) primary users (PUs) recruit some secondary users (SUs) to cooperatively relay the primary traffic. Considering networks with heterogeneous services, it will be difficult to allocate the resources and assign the channel. The selection of secondary users (SU) as relay nodes should satisfy the rate and delay constraints of respective SUs. To overcome these issues, in this paper we develop an efficient resource allocation technique which uses very reliable nodes for data transmission. The resources are allocated only after ensuring that the nodes satisfy the specified constraints. This leads to successful data transmission and hence good network performance.

2 illus, 9 ref

008088   Suchak H H;Mody V H (NO, , ) : Parametric sudy of parabolic though solar collector system. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2015, 6(1), 46-50.

The detailed thermal analysis of a parabolic trough collector (PTC) was carried out to predict the thermal performance. The analysis is based on the established theory of PTC-the radiation absorption, heat loss from the collector, and temperature distribution on the plate. An analytical program, suitable for use on a digital computer is developed for the purpose of studying the hourly behavior of a solar collector. The exergy output is optimized with respect to the inlet fluid temperature and the corresponding efficiencies and most of the performance parameters, such as, the exergy output, exergetic and thermal efficiencies, inlet temperature, ambient temperature etc. are to be optimized. The relation between thermal efficiency & solar intensity is directly propositional to each other and along with it also depends on mass flow rate and concentration ratio.

008087   Srivastava T;Shoudhary A (NO, , ) : Building material selection ideology for sustainability in India. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2016, 6(3), 48-53.

Buildings are largest share of consumer of energy and also one of the major producers of greenhouse gases. Buildings are a topic of discussion on an international platform. Sustainability is one of major demands. It may be true that in the current phase, it is just a demand of academicians and people concerned for sustainable development but sooner or later every client will be demanding for sustainable buildings. It will be responsibility of us, the designers, contractors and planners to provide proper service. Material selection is the key aspect of sustainable construction. The paper discusses the ideology that can be followed while selection of materials for sustainable building construction.

008086   Somasundaram S;Kumar S;Vijayakumar V (NO, , ) : PBE-based drop dynamics simulation in an unbaffled stirred tank reactor. J nucl Engng Technol 2016, 6(1), 25-35.

The population balance equation (PBE)-based model describes the distribution of drop size with respective to its size. In this work, 30% TBP was dispersed in 4N nitric acid solution by turbine impeller. Drop-size distributions were measured with a 630 nm laser-based particle size analyzer. For daughter drop density function, a normal distribution function was considered. For breakage rate, Voigt model of Chen et al. was used in the simulation [1]. For coalescence, model of Coulaloglou and Tavlarides was used [2]. The population balance equation was solved and simulation results were compared with experimental results. It was observed that the breakage model of Chen et al. could reproduce the experimental results with good accuracy [1]. In this paper, detailed results of these investigations would be presented.

008085   Sivakumar S;Venkatesan R (Information Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: sivas_cbe@yahoo.co.in) : Performance evaluation of hybrid evolutionary algorithms in minimizing localization error for wireless sensor networks. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(5), 289-95.

Localization is considered as one of the most significant research issues in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The objective of localization is to determine the physical co-ordinates of sensor nodes distributed over the sensing field. Location information plays a vital role for coverage, deployment of sensor nodes, routing and target tracking applications. Initially, the localization of sensor nodes can be performed by Mobile Anchor Positioning (MAP), a range-free localization method. To further enhance the location accuracy obtained by MAP, we propose three algorithms, viz. Differential Evolution with MAP (DE-MAP), Ant Colony Optimization with MAP (ACO-MAP) and Simulated Annealing-Differential Evolution with MAP (SA-DE-MAP). The scope of this work is to compare the performance of these three algorithms. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) has been used as the metrics for comparing the performance. Simulation result demonstrates that out of the proposed algorithms, SA-DE-MAP algorithm achieves better performance in minimizing the localization error when compared to DE-MAP and ACO-MAP algorithms.

2 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

008084   Singh V P;Nand Kishor;Samuel P;Mohanty S R (Electrical Engineering Dep, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad) : Impact of communication delay on frequency regulation in hybrid power system using optimized H-infinity controller. IETE J Res 2016, 62(3), 356-67.

A communication infrastructure is essential for safe monitoring and control of isolated hybrid power system. For the hybrid system, integration of different renewable resources is required, such as wind turbine generator, diesel engine generator, aqua-electrolyser, and fuel cell along with storage unit. However, impacts of communication delay on dynamic performance on the hybrid power system, mainly load frequency control have not been reported by researchers. This paper presents the impact of communication delay profile in isolated hybrid distributed generation (DG) system for minimization of frequency deviation profile. The communication delays are one of the major problems and always present in a system during transmission of signal from remote terminal unit to control centre to individual unit. The frequency control problem is addressed for the hybrid DG system with communication delay. The delay is modelled by the second-order Pade approximation method. Particle swarm optimization (PSO)-tuned H-infinity loop shaping controller is used in this study for minimization of frequency deviation profile and compared with genetic algorithm (GA)-tuned H-infinity loop shaping controller and proportional integral-tuned H-infinity controller for different load conditions and change in system parameters. Performance of controllers is also validated with introducing nonlinearities in the system, such as generation rate constraints, time varying delay, and uncertainties. The results show that frequency deviation in presence of delay is found to be minimum for controller design by PSO-tuned H-infinity loop shaping of controller.

15 illus, 28 ref

008083   Singh S P;Bhat V (NO, , ) : Modeling the variation in specific heat of phase change materials during phase transition. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2016, 7(2), 28-33.

Specific heat of phase change materials varies significantly during phase transition. Accurate knowledge of variation in specific heat is vital for proper numerical simulation of heat transfer in such materials. Specific heat of phase change material (PCM) during phase transition has been modeled as delta, triangular and Gaussian function by researchers. In the present work, variation of specific heat is presented in the form of Fourier series. Fourier coefficients are calculated by considering the specific heat as periodic function of temperature within specific temperature range. Results of the presented model are validated using the experimental data available from published literature.

008082   Singh S (NO, , ) : Implication of topological quantum field theory for the integrable structure of nuclei pertaining to anisotropic nuclear decay. J nucl Engng Technol 2016, 6(1), 40-3.

In the present paper, the basic rules of AdS theory have been lent in order to comprehend the composite structure of the cosmic nuclei. Super Yang-Mills theory indirectly gives us an idea of nuclear decay as a result of change in the topology of the nuclear structure. The variation in topology changes the viscosity of the cosmic nuclei. Finally, using Sakai-Sugimoto model the nuclear decay is shown as a result of fluctuations in the values of cosmic parameters.

008081   Singh S (NO, , ) : Gauge-gravity dualities pertaining to nuclear asymmetry and disorder in the cosmic framework. J nucl Engng Technol 2016, 6(1), 36-9.

Gauge-Gravity dualities impart a big role in nuclear asymmetry. Hence, the non-equilibrium BIS fabric of spacetime foam arises. An ordered cosmic state becomes unstable leading to cosmic disorder. In our present paper, we have given a theoretical description of the disordered spacetime foam in terms of Gauge-Gravity dualities.

008080   Singh J B;Ruhi G;Modi O P;Singh M (NO, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Process Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal-462 026, Email: ibsingh58@yahoo.com) : Oxidation behaviour of sol-gel zirconia coated 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel in air atmosphere. Indian J chem Technol 2016, 23(6), 533-7.

The oxidation behaviour of sol-gel derived zirconia coated 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel has been examined at 700-900°C in air atmosphere. X-ray elemental mapping of the coated surface detected a continuous band of zirconium and oxygen, attributing to the presence of zirconia coating of around 2 μm in thickness. Oxidation kinetics indicates that the oxidation rate constant of the coated substrates decreases an order of magnitude lower as compared to uncoated substrates. Measurement of a noticeable increase in activation energy of the coated surface is further evidence towards the improvement of the oxidation resistance of the steel after coating development. Microstructural examination through field emission scanning microscope (FE-SEM) of the oxidized substrates show the presence of comparatively thin, less porous and compact scale at the coated surface than uncoated surface.

7 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

008079   Singh D;Sood Y R (NO, , ) : Capacity estimation of pump storage system for microgrid with resourceful use of RES in degregulated power sector. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2016, 7(3), 37-51.

Ocean, bio, etc; since these sources plentifully available, pollution free, zero noise. Power shortages in rural, as well as remote areas, encourage the development of green energy sources. To meet the demand by dissimilar configurations such as standalone or grid interconnected microgrid. Standalone green energy microgrid provides the most appropriate solution for electrification of rural and remote areas. This paper has been presented a proposed approach for energy storage system through pumping in the form of water potential. A standalone microgrid with storage system has capable to provided continuous and reliable supply by a little loss of load. The two case studies have been proposed for continuous power supply operation of the standalone microgrid. The first case has been considered without pump storage system and the second case considered with the storage system. The optimal capacity of the pump storage has been determined. The work has been validated 3-microgrid interconnected system with green energy generation.

008078   Singh B P;Karar N (Division of Materials Physics and Engineering, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr.K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110 012, Email: nkarar@nplindia.org) : Detection of nitrification in amine modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes by TOF-SIMS ion imaging. Indian J chem Technol 2016, 23(6), 478-84.

Nitrification of multiwalled carbon nano tubes (MWCNT) by mild oxidation with nitric acid has been reported. These acid functionalized tubes have been further refluxed with thionyl chloride leading to addition of amide groups followed by aromatic di-amine treatment. Formation of such nitrated material have been initially confirmed by SEM, HR-TEM, Raman and Infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Such nitration are further cross-checked and confirmed using Time of Flight Secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) based ion imaging, which revealed presence of different nitrogen related groups. TOF-SIMS also detected traces of some of the residues and impurities created during the process steps.

6 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

008077   Shirvastava M;Vigneshkumar C;Uma Maheshwari J (NO, , ) : Managerial strategy for controlling hazards in building construction projects. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2016, 6(1), 53-6.

The construction site is always associated with man power intensive and hazardous work environments. Even today, controlling/minimizing hazards at any construction site is a challenging task. Hazard is defined as an inherent property of a substance or an occurrence, which has the potential to cause loss of injury to property, person or environment. The different sources of hazard at construction site includes physical, chemical, biological, natural, electrical and radiant energy which can cause harm in any one of the three modes-dormant, armed or active. It is evident that these hazards do not cause damage to people or property with the same potential and hence need not be addressed together. On the other hand, if these hazards are not managed properly, they can cause injuries or accidents. Thus the objective of this paper is to identify the potential hazards that may cause harm to people or property at site and subsequently to suggest control measures to those hazards. In this study, the risks associated with hazards were evaluated by using FMEA method. Subsequently, an attempt was made to propose the control measures to the hazards for the construction projects. Case data were collected from four building projects, for a period of six months through discussions and interactions with design experts and site supervisors. The initial result of this experiment was quite convincing.

008076   Sharma M;Choudhary N (NO, , ) : Maximum power point tracking for solar PV system. J Elect Des Technol 2016, 7(1), 14-21.

There is an ever increasing demand for energy in today's world. The photovoltaic (PV) systems are the suitable options for satisfying an ever increasing need for energy and thus are being used widely around the globe. Some special methods are required for extracting the maximum available power out of PV systems because they are nonlinear in nature. The nonlinear characteristic of the IV curve of PV module has a unique single point of maximum power. Electronic converters are required to work at that power point. These power electronic converters are controlled with the help of algorithms known as Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques. Various unique algorithms are found in the literature with their specific pros and cons. By keeping in mind that an efficient tracking of Maximum Power Point (MPP) can increase the use of a PV system by many times, in this paper we presented a comparison of widely used MPPT techniques such as, i) Fractional Short Circuit Current (FSCC), ii) Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV), iii) Perturb & Observe (P&O), and iv) Incremental Conductance (IC) MPPTs etc. The comparative analysis provides the advantages and disadvantages of each MPPT with a resistive load.

008075   Sharma A;Bardalai A (Electronics & Communication Engineering Dep, Tezpur Univ, Tezpur) : Technique to determine the optimized harmonic switching angles of a cascaded multilevel inverter for minimum harmonic distortion. IETE J Res 2016, 62(3), 288-94.

Multilevel inverters have received considerable attention from industries and researchers for its high power and voltage applications. Various switching techniques have been suggested for improving the quality and performance of inverters. One of the conventional techniques for implementing the switching algorithm in these inverters is optimized harmonic-stepped waveform. However, this technique involves the major problem of solving non-linear and complex equations, which indicates a possibility of multiple solutions. This paper describes a novel technique that uses the simple arithmetic sequence of natural numbers to determine the optimized switching angles of a single-phase cascaded multilevel inverter of any number of levels and fed by equal dc sources. The basic objective was to avoid the laborious process of solving the non-linear equations using complex switching algorithm for finding the optimal solution of the switching angles. This technique is implemented to calculate the optimized switching angles of a nine-level cascaded inverter that reduces the total harmonic distortion to below 9%.

4 illus, 33 ref

008074   Shah M S;Chetan N;Vinutha M;Soumya C;Shobha G (NO, , ) : Power generation from kitchen and industrial waste water using microbial fuel cells(MFCs) with graphite cathode and anode. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2016, 7(1), 14-22.

Degradation of fossil fuels and increased accumulation of waste water has become the major issue in the world over decades. Microbial fuel cells are one such advancement that makes use of renewable waste sources like dhobi ghats, pond water, domestic kitchen waste water and industrial waste water; and directly convert it into electricity. Microbial fuel cells are electrochemical cells that directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy using microorganisms as a biocatalyst. The two chambered or the H configuration MFC's were used to carry out the voltage studies. Agar medium was used as a salt bridge for the transfer of free electrons from the anode to cathode. Graphite rods were chosen as anode and cathode due to its amorphous nature. SEM analysis was done to check the morphological structure of graphite rods before and after introducing into the MFC's and observed for scaling. The voltages created across the electrodes were tabulated, initially without any substrate observed over a period and later with substrate, the readings thus obtained were compared for increase in voltage created by the waste water considered. The current and power generated by MFC's were evaluated using ohms equations. The power generated was then stored into rechargeable batteries.

008073   Shah D;Kothari D K (NO, , ) : Implementation of FSO link for full duplex short range communication. J Elect Des Technol 2016, 7(2), 8-15.

Extensive data transfer is a need of all modern communicating devices. Wired communication requires lots of bulky wires to be laid everywhere. To setup a small ad hoc network, it is not advisable to lay down long wires. Other than requirement of wires, one also needs very good communication speed to withstand the need of very high bandwidth for multimedia data transfer. A communication link that satisfies both the requirements is free space optical (FSO) communication. The paper aimed the setup of FSO link that is capable of carrying full duplex data at more than 100 kbps speed and can also transfer real time audio data. Three transceiver modules are designed for communication purpose. The link is first simulated using Optsim tool and then implemented using standard microprocessors. The link is reliable and can achieve the BER of 10-7. The setup is tested for stored images, videos and real time audio data.

008072   Sendilvelan S;Rajan K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research Institute, Chennai-600 095, Email: sendilvelan.mech@drmgrdu.ac.in) : Effect of butanol-diesel blends in a compression ignition engine to reduce emission. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(1), 190-4.

In this investigation butanol was added to diesel with known percentages to improve the performance of a diesel engine. To avoid separation, Span 80 emulsifier added to the oxygen enriched fuel with water to get suitable blends. The experiment has been conducted in a four stroke, single cylinder diesel engine having different loads at constant speed were investigated. The oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and smoke opacity were found to be minimum for D70 (70:29:1) blend compared with the other blends. The effect of butanol diesel blends is found to reduce smoke density and nitrogen oxide emissions from a diesel engine. The brake thermal efficiency of the butanol blends decreases with increase in butanol percentage in the blends. CO emission decreased by 42% and 14% for 80D and 75D blends respectively at full load. The HC emissions decreased by 30% and 31% for D80 and D75 blend at full load compared with neat diesel fuel. Smoke density decreased 20 HSU at full load for D70 due to a complete combustion. The maximum NOx emission reduction of 29% for D65 and followed by 16%, 11% and 6% for D70, D75 and D80 blends respectively at full load.

7 illus, 16 ref

008071   Sendilvelan S;Bhaskar K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, University, Chennai-600 095, Email: sendilvelan.mech@drmgrdu.ac.in) : Chemical and experimental analysis of fumigation process to reduce emission without affecting the performance of an engine. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(1), 111-16.

Diesel engines have been widely used for better efficiency and low emissions, but diesel engine produces more smoke, particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen and reducing all these emissions simultaneously is not possible as on today due to trade of between oxides of nitrogen and smoke. Engines emission can be decreased by employing fumigation. Using fumigation process emission composition can be reduced when compared to normal operation. In this work an attempt has been made to reduce oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide using methanol fuel in the combustion chamber. The chemical behaviors and reactions of methanol over hydrocarbons also analyzed. A single cylinder four stroke, 5hp, direct injection, engine test rig was used for experiment purpose. From the experimental analysis, it was found that alcoholic fuels can effectively be used in diesel engines with methanol fumigation using EFI kit that normally operates at high power outputs. The result shows that brake thermal efficiency is slightly decreased when compared without modification at all flow rates.

5 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref