000069   KHAKIMOV Z Z, RAKHMANOV A K, MAVLANOV S R O (Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Email: dr.ali.fl@mail.ru) : Study of certain mechanisms of anti-edema action of dry extract of medicinal plants. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(1), 89-95.

An actual problem of pharmacology is the search and development of new medications for treatment inflammatory diseases. Aims and Objectives: The mechanism of the anti-edema action of dry extract of medicinal plants (DEMPs) was established in experiments using various phlogogens. Experimental models of aseptic arthritis were reproduced by subplantar injection of dextran, histamine, and formalin in a volume of 0.1 ml into the hind paw of rats. The preventive effect of DEMP (50 mg/kg) was studied in comparison with diclofenac sodium (10 mg/ kg) and LIV-52 (100 mg/kg). It is believed that its mechanism is largely associated not only with the antioxidant property of the medication but also with the stimulation of the production of glucocorticoid hormones in the adrenal gland, as well as regulation of the level of pro- and anti-inflammatory interleukins, cortisol, and suppression of the formation of arachidonic acid.  The multicomponent mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of DEMPs determines its high antiexudative, antiproliferative, and antialterative properties in inflammation with different etiologies.

5 tables, 25 ref

000068   SINHA H P, DEEP A, PANDA S K (Physiology Dep, Manipal Tata Medical Coll, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, Email: deepy.manish@gmail.com) : Effect of body mass index on vital capacity in young adults – A cross sectional study. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(1), 84-8.

Childhood obesity is rising at an astonishing rate over the last decade globally making the individual highly susceptible to various diseases. It has transformed into a major public health issues in India. These changes may reduce the compliance of the lungs and the thoracic cavity and increase the load on the respiratory muscles. This may end up with the reduction in lung volumes, especially vital capacity (VC). The aim of the study is to see the effect of body mass index (BMI) on the VC in young adults.  This cross-sectional analytical study was undertaken over a period of 12 months in the Physiology Department of Sridev Suman Subharti Medical College on 300 healthy individuals with age of 18–35 years old to determine the baseline anthropometric measurement followed by measurement of one stage VC using a student’s spirometer. Subjects having cardio or pulmonary condition were excluded from the study. Two separate groups were assigned according to BMI normal (Group A) with BMI 25 kg/m2 . Mean ± SD of BMI and VC for both groups were calculated. The VC showed a statistically significant decline in overweight/obese individuals. The mean BMI in Group A (normal) was 20.80 ± 2.28, whereas in Group B (obese) was 29.27 ± 2.77. The mean VC was 3.83 ± 0.84 L in normal BMI group as compared to 4.05 ± 0.64 L in obese BMI group. The VC showed a compromised status in overweight/obese individuals. This difference can be attributed to the presence of adipose tissue around the ribcage, in the abdomen and visceral cavity loading the chest wall, leading to small airway collapse and subsequent lowering of the VC.

10 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

000068   SINHA H P, DEEP A, PANDA S K (Physiology Dep, Manipal Tata Medical Coll, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, Email: deepy.manish@gmail.com) : Effect of body mass index on vital capacity in young adults – A cross sectional study. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(1), 84-8.

Childhood obesity is rising at an astonishing rate over the last decade globally making the individual highly susceptible to various diseases. It has transformed into a major public health issues in India. These changes may reduce the compliance of the lungs and the thoracic cavity and increase the load on the respiratory muscles. This may end up with the reduction in lung volumes, especially vital capacity (VC). The aim of the study is to see the effect of body mass index (BMI) on the VC in young adults.  This cross-sectional analytical study was undertaken over a period of 12 months in the Physiology Department of Sridev Suman Subharti Medical College on 300 healthy individuals with age of 18–35 years old to determine the baseline anthropometric measurement followed by measurement of one stage VC using a student’s spirometer. Subjects having cardio or pulmonary condition were excluded from the study. Two separate groups were assigned according to BMI normal (Group A) with BMI 25 kg/m2 . Mean ± SD of BMI and VC for both groups were calculated. The VC showed a statistically significant decline in overweight/obese individuals. The mean BMI in Group A (normal) was 20.80 ± 2.28, whereas in Group B (obese) was 29.27 ± 2.77. The mean VC was 3.83 ± 0.84 L in normal BMI group as compared to 4.05 ± 0.64 L in obese BMI group. The VC showed a compromised status in overweight/obese individuals. This difference can be attributed to the presence of adipose tissue around the ribcage, in the abdomen and visceral cavity loading the chest wall, leading to small airway collapse and subsequent lowering of the VC.

10 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

000067   DESAI H A, SHAH R B, SHAH H, THAKKAR K (Pharmacology Dep, Parul Univ, Vadodara, Gujarat, Email: rima_1223@yahoo.co.in) : Prevalence and medicinal practices for osteoarthritis in Western India. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(1), 78-83.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disorder of joints worldwide, the study of regional specific prevalence and management of OA would provide a deep insight toward implementation of better preventive strategies. The objective of the study was to evaluate prevalence of OA and its current management practices followed in western India. Materials and Methods: A total of 221 patients of ≥40 years were enrolled in a cross-sectional observational questionnaire-based study. Their demographic and disease-related parameters such as duration of disease, type and number of joints involved, symptoms, clinical presentation, and treatment-related details such as type of therapy, drugs used, fixed-dose combinations (FDCs), use of complementary and alternative system of medicine (CAM), and reasons for its use were recorded and analyzed. OA was found to be prevalent in 82 % of the study population with significantly higher 57.93 % patients in the age group of 61–70 years and female preponderance (64.63 % vs. 35.37 %; P < 0.05). Housewives of urban area were significantly more affected by OA (P < 0.05). The most common symptoms were joint pain (100 %), restricted movement (60.98 %) followed by swollen joints (36.59 %) and knee joint was most frequently affected (75.61 %). Mean visual analog scale score for the satisfaction of the treatment for OA is 6.67 ± 1.12. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were used by 97.5 % of patients, and FDCs of NSAIDs were used by (50 %) which is irrational. Self-medication was practiced by 17.01 % and nearly 75 % of OA patients were using allopathy and CAM medication simultaneously. The most common reason for using CAM was perceived fear of development of side effects by long-term use of allopathic medications. OA is a highly prevalent disease with progressive age and female preponderance with no complete satisfactory results with any existing therapies. Combined approach with allopathy and CAM can be an effective strategy for OA patients.

1 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

000066   ALAM N, SINGH K, TYAGI R (Physiology Dep, SVSU Univ, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drruchityagi268@gmail.com) : Sleep deprivation and its correlation with obesity. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(1), 74-7.

Sleep plays a key role in good health and well-being throughout life. Sleep has been known to influence the physical and emotional well-being by causing substantial biological and psychosocial changes.  Few studies have examined the association of sleep duration with body composition in a representative sample of young adults. This is the age group where primary prevention plays the most vital part. Through our study, we decided to investigate the effect of sleep duration and body composition and suggest lifestyle modifications if any.  After the ethical clearance from institutional ethical committee 62 healthy young adults aged 18–25 years were studied was to explore the effect of sleep on body composition with the help of Bodystat Quadscan 4000. The study showed statistically significant differences in anthropometric as well as body composition parameters. Sleep duration has a significant role in altering body composition.

2 tables, 22 ref

000065   SANDEEP B, BANERJEE B, SURAJ B (Pharmacology Dep, Chamarajanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Chamarajanagara, Karnataka, Email: biswadeep2307@gmail.com) : Study of self-reported adverse drug reactions and factors influencing it among human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients on antiretroviral therapy. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(1), 68-73.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV/AIDS is a significant worldwide medical issue. Patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) generally encounter adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Various aspects of HAART such as adherence of the patient to the therapy, results of the therapy, and their treatment alternatives are considerably influenced by the presence of ADRs. To estimate the commonly encountered self-reported ADRs among the patient on HAART, to know the various factors which influence the ADRs, the reasons behind missing ART doses and to know the relationship among ADRs and different factors to HAART. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in HIV/AIDS patients on HAART attending ART center at Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences, Raichur, after getting the ethical clearance. This was a cross-sectional, observational study conducted among the two hundred and seventy HIV/AIDS patients on HAART during the 12-month study period from December 2013 to November 2014. After obtaining the informed consent, the information pertaining to the sociodemographic profile of the patient, ADRs to HAART, and explanations behind missing ART dose were collected using a semi-structured interview questionnaire. The patient treatment record was used to collect the information regarding variables related to HAART and the laboratory values. Data were interpreted by applying descriptive analysis after collecting in Microsoft Excel sheet. The relationships of dependent variables to ADRs were determined by logistic regression analysis. Of 270 enrolled patients, 135 (50 %) patients aged less than 40 years, 190 (70.4 %) were literate, 142 (52.6 %) were male, and 194 (71.9 %) were from rural background. Zidovudine based regimens 117 (43.3 %) were the most commonly prescribed regimen in this study. The most frequently self-reported ADRs were burning sensation in stomach 40 (14.8 %). The two most normal explanations behind missing ART dosages were simply forgot 35 (70 %) trailed by ADRs 17 (34 %) to HAART. Two variables were found to have a significant relationship to the self-reported ADRs on bivariate analysis. These were patients on HAART who aged more than or equal to 40 years (24.4 %, P = 0.04) and when the duration of HAART was under 2 years (17.8 %, P = 0.028). The most common self-reported ADR was a burning sensation in stomach. The ADR encounter was more common when the duration of HAART was lesser than 2 years. Aside from the age of the patient, no other sociodemographic variable has an impact on ADR occurrence. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the health care service providers to have the knowledge of frequently occurring ADRs and the factors influencing it to enhance the effectiveness of HAART.

6 tables, 17 ref

000064   CHAUDHURI A, PAUL S, MONDAL T, GOSWAMI A (Physiology Dep, Burdwan Medical Coll, Burdwan, West Bengal, Email: arunimachaudhuri4u@gmail.com) : Online teaching-learning experience among medical students in a developing country during the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic: A pilot study. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(1), 62-7.

Coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic has brought a sudden change in education across the globe. To ensure social distancing, Medical Colleges in India also started online medical teaching since Nation Wide lockdown from 24 March 2020. Aim and Objective: To assess the impact and effectiveness of online teaching program provided by the Department of Physiology in Burdwan Medical College, West Bengal, among the first Prof. M.B.B.S students. Materials and Methods: This pilot study was conducted in a time span of 3 months after obtaining Institutional ethical clearance. Two hundred students enrolled in 1st year participated in this study. Mode of teaching was Flipped Class Room Assisted Self-directed Learning. Multiple assessments were conducted. Two surveys to assess stress level with the perceived stress scale of Sheldon Cohen and three feedback surveys to assess and modify the online teaching program were conducted. Results: Academic activities carried by the majority of students were 5 h or more. About 77.1% were satisfied with the online support, 86.1% felt that regular assessment and feedback provided to them were beneficial, and 11.4% had difficulty in studying physiology in online mode. About 87% students wanted the online support to continue along with offline mode in the near future. Students performed significantly better in post-test sessions (65.155 ± 4.74 vs. 53.378 ± 5.4; P = 0.0045**) as compared to pre-test sessions. There was no significant difference in performance between traditional lecture (even with revision) classes and online sessions. No significant difference in stress scores was observed between two surveys conducted in consecutive 2 months. Conclusions: It is evident that online teaching is an effective tool in teaching physiology to undergraduate medical students and may be taken into consideration in future teaching-learning and assessment program.

2 tables, 19 ref

000063   KHARE R, MAHOUR J, OHARY R, KUMAR S (Biochemistry Dep, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical Coll, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, Email: drshailesh05@gmail.com) : Impact of online classes, screen time, naps on sleep, and assessment of sleep-related problems in medical college students during lockdown due to coronavirus disease-19 pandemic. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(1), 56-61.

The blue light emitted from the screens of smartphones, tablets, and laptops (short wavelengths enriched devices) is known to suppress/delays endogenous circadian melatonin release. This is can lead to increase in evening alertness, sleep latency, and timing of rapid eye movement sleep. This study aims (1) to assess the effect of screen time and naps on sleep of the students and (2) to study the sleep problems among students and asses the student’s perspectives about the online classes during lockdown period.  The study was by providing questionnaire online to the 1st year MBBS students. The information about naps and screen time of students during college days and lockdown period, sleep problems faced during lockdown period, and student’s perception about online classes was also recorded. A total of 760 students enrolled in the study. Six hundred and fifty-three (85.9 %) were taking nap during lockdown period. Four hundred and thirty (56.6 %) reported to have faced sleep problems during lockdown period. Six hundred and fifty-five (86.2 %) preferred classes in lecture theatre as better method of teaching as compared to online classes. Four hundred and eight students reported that the screen time has increased during lockdown due using electronic gazettes for entertainment and attending online classes. The screen time increased and higher percentage of students were taking naps during lockdown. It can be concluded that the time spent by students in front of screen has increased nowadays which could have adverse effect on sleep health. To avoid negative impact of naps on nocturnal sleep, the naps must be restricted in terms of duration and frequency.

11 tables, 12 ref

000062   SMILEE JOHNCY S, SAU M, VIVIAN SAMUEL T ( Physiology Dep, JJM Medical Coll, Davangere, Karnataka, Email: smileevivian@yahoo.co.in) : Impact of handedness on mental and neuropsychological performance in young adults. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(1), 51-5.

Handedness is predominance of one hand over the other. Factors such as prenatal environment, genetic factors, cultural influences, and person’s environment contribute to handedness. Each cerebral hemisphere is responsible for different tasks that are not usually carried out by opposite hemisphere. Hence, handedness may have notable impact on neuropsychological capacities. The main purpose of this study is to find out there any differences in mental and neuropsychological performance in left-handed and right-handed individuals using standard tests of cognitive function. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on thirty right-handed and thirty left-handed males under the age range of 18–25 years. Subjects were chosen by simple sampling, by applying criteria for inclusion and exclusion. Standardized tests have been used to assess the various aspects of mental and neuropsychological performance. We compared the findings using student’s Unpaired “t-test.” The left-handed subjects took less time than the right-handed to finish the trail making test. No difference was found in the Digit Span test score between the groups. In Folstein mini-mental status examination, no significant differences were found in memory score but the memory score duration was less in left-handed subjects. Most of the right-handed have auditory as style of learning while majority of the left-handed have visual as style of learning. Our study showed that left-handed individuals showed high mental and neuropsychological performance than right-handed individuals.

5 tables, 19 ref

000061   KUMAR A, SARVOTTAM K, VISHWAKARMA S, YADAV U (Anaesthesiology Dep, Indira Gandhi Institute of Cardiology, Patna, Bihar, Email: kumarsarvo@gmail.com) : Blood group- and gender-wise comparison of big five models of personality among medical students. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(1), 47-50.

Blood group has been found to associate with different traits, behavioral types as wells as proneness to certain diseases. Gender-wise differences in personality and behavior are also likely.  In this study, we have compared personality factors of medical students of different blood groups using big five models of personality. We have also studied gender-wise differences in personality of medical students. In total, 246 medical students were recruited to participate in this study. Personality traits were assessed by NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI), consisting of five subclasses: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Blood group- and gender-wise comparison of five personality factors were performed using one way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey HSD and independent t-test, respectively. There were no significant differences of personality scores of the big five personality factors among students of different blood groups. Females had a higher score than male participants in agreeableness (P = 0.002). Scores of other personality factors were comparable in both groups. We conclude that blood group-wise differences in personality factors may not be observed in medical students, but females may be more agreeable than male students.

3 illus, 19 ref

000060   PAUL R K, PANDEY S, CHITTAWAR S, SHRIVASTAV K (Physiology Dep, Gandhi Medical Coll, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Email: pandeysubodh689@gmail.com) : A comparative study of cardiac autonomic function tests in hypothyroid patients and euthyroid subjects. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(1), 37-40.

Thyroid hormone has very deep effects on the heart and can cause sympathovagal imbalance. Sympathovagal imbalance can lead to cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in hypothyroid patients. The study aimed to assess the CAN in hypothyroidism and compare CAN in hypothyroid patients and euthyroid subjects. Fifty hypothyroid patients and 50 euthyroid subjects were selected for the study after satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Autonomic function tests were performed as per Ewing’s and Clarke criterion including three parasympathetic (deep breathing test, 30:15 ratio, and Valsalva ratio [VR]) and two (sustained handgrip and postural hypotension test) sympathetic tests. On comparing the mean of the test between euthyroid and hypothyroid patient, VR in parasympathetic and both sympathetic tests were statistically significant. There is an increased prevalence of CAN in hypothyroidism in comparison to the controls.

3 tables, 18 ref

000059   JOSHI P K, BODKHA P G (Physiology Dep, B.K.L. Walawalkar Rural Medical Coll, Sawarde, Maharashtra, Email: drprema83@yahoo.co.in) : A comparative evaluation of students’ insight of face to face classroom lectures and virtual online lectures. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(1), 28-33.

Online virtual lectures have the advantages of mass communication from any location and can be recorded and repeated as long as computers and internet access are available. The medical students here had never been offered online virtual lectures until now. Taking the advantages of online virtual teaching and the need of the hour, the present study was conducted with the following aims and objectives. To study, evaluate and compare the effectiveness and satisfaction of students in two modalities of teaching-learning (T-L) technique – (1) face to face classroom lectures versus (2) virtual online lectures.  The present observational study was conducted in 93 undergraduate medical students of the second year. A series of 10 face to face classroom lectures and then a series of 10 virtual online lectures were conducted on different topics of forensic medicine and toxicology at a frequency of 1 lecture/week. A well-designed and -structured questionnaire was forwarded to the students through “Google form.” The students could fill in the form and submit only if willing. The statistical analysis of the descriptive variables was expressed as mean ± SD and percentage separately. The comparison of the variables for both modalities of T-L technique was done by unpaired - t test. The attendance of the students was highly significantly increased in online virtual lectures as compared to face to face classroom lectures. The impact of online virtual lectures on knowledge, the connectivity with the teacher, attentiveness, and satisfaction grades as experienced by students and rated on a 5 point Likert scale was statistically significantly low as compared to face to face classroom lectures. The online virtual lectures were experienced as significantly more monotonous as compared to face to face classroom lectures. After so many years of pedagogical nature of medical education, the students will require time to adapt to the selfdirected learning protocol. It is the role of the educator to keep the students motivated and use multimedia and social media to make the online virtual lectures more interesting, informative, interactive, and hence more effective.

3 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

000058   METHRE S T, JAYAKUMAR R, METHRE T S, JOSHI P S (Physiology Dep, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical Coll, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, Email: drseematanaji@yahoo.co.in) : Correlation of interarm blood pressure difference with family history of hypertension, anthropometric parameters, and mean arterial blood pressure in normotensive people. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(1), 23-7.

Blood pressure (BP) measurement is routinely done and often, the values obtained from the left and right arms of patients differ. Difference between left and right arm BP relates to delayed diagnosis of hypertension. Failure of considering higher value for diagnosis results in the delayed institution of treatment. The objective of the study was to determine the correlation of interarm difference (IAD) of BP with anthropometric parameters and mean arterial BP and its association with family history. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 300 healthy subjects in the age group of 18–60 years after approval of the ethical committee. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and BP were measured after written informed consent. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s coefficient of correlation analysis and Chi-square test. About 51.91% of people showed large IAD (≥10 mmHg) with 38.03% of systolic IAD (SIAD) and 13.88 % of diastolic IAD (DIAD) χ2 = 39.892 with 3 degrees of freedom; P = 0.000). SIAD showed significant and positive correlation with weight (r = 0.205**; P = 0.000), BMI (r = 0.184**; P = 0.001), WC (r = 0.127*; P = 0.03), and left arm mean (LAM) arterial pressure (r = 0.278**; P = 0.000). On the other hand, DIAD showed significant and positive correlation only with LAM (r = 0.181**; P = 0.002) and right arm mean arterial pressure (r = 0.244**; P = 0.000). Positive correlation of increased IAD in BP with adverse values of anthropometric parameters and mean arterial pressure was confirmed.

6 tables, 26 ref

000057   KUMAR R, KATARIA N, RADHAKRISHNAN D M, KUMAR N (All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, Email: rajeshrak61@gmail.com) : Clinico-epidemiological profile of stroke patients in the Himalayan Subcontinent – A retrospective study. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(1), 17-22.

The use of the raw and naturally available substance is increasing in the Himalayan region of the Indian subcontinent. Strikingly, not a single study points out the magnitude of substance abuse among stroke patients. This record analysis aims to study the sociodemographic, clinical profile, and magnitude of substance abuse among stroke patients.  A retrospective record analysis was conducted using 48 medical records of stroke patients admitted during the period of June 1, 2018,–May 1, 2019, in a newly established tertiary care public hospital, North India. Records were studied for the clinical profile, epidemiological details, and other relevant investigations at the time of admission. Appropriate statistics was applied to generate the results. Majority (70.8 %) of patients were old (>50 years) with a mean age of 55.25 (±1.322) years. Of the 48 medical records, ischemic stroke (79.16 %) patients reported substance abuse (80.6 %) and rehospitalization (31.25 %) within a year of stroke. Patients with alcohol use as compared to non-users had significantly lower good cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein) (P < 0.003), lower diastolic hypertension (P < 0.032), higher pulse rate (P < 0.037), and higher creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) (P < 0.005) status. Further, substance abuse found a significant association with the type of stroke (P < 0.01), dyslipidemia (P < 0.018), and stroke recurrence events (P < 0.031). Smoking and alcohol are an alarming stage among stroke patients in the Himalayan region. Stroke patients should be routinely screened and counseled regarding abstinence from substance abuse, if present, as it may be associated with poor control of vascular risk factors and contribute to recurrence.

3 tables, 33 ref

000056   MEGHANA D, KAMATH L, REVATHI T N (Pharmacology Dep, Bangalore Medical Coll and Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: meghakvg94@gmail.com) : Evaluation of efficacy and safety of topical 1% terbinafine versus topical 2 % sertaconazole in patients with tinea cruris – A randomized controlled trial. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. 2021, 11(1), 13-6.

Dermatophyte infections are very common and they manifest as tinea corporis/cruris. Among the various topical antifungal drugs available, the first option being terbinafine and new generation azoles as sertaconazole professes superior activity. The objective of the study was to evaluate efficacy and safety of topical terbinafine versus topical sertaconazole in tinea cruris patients. We conducted a randomized control trial from May 2019 to September 2019 in the Department of Dermatology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute. Over 60 patients with tinea cruris randomly divided into two groups of 30 each. Group A applied topical 1 % terbinafine cream and Group B applied topical 2 % sertaconazole cream for a period of 4 weeks. Follow-up visit of patients was at 2 and 4 weeks to assess efficacy parameters (mycological and clinical cure) and safety assessment done by recording adverse reactions. Thirty patients were analyzed in each group. About 98.3 % in the terbinafine group and 99.4 % in the sertaconazole group showed significant improvement in signs and symptoms from baseline to 4 weeks (P < 0.001). The mean difference of the total score of all parameters (baseline to 4 weeks) for the terbinafine group was 4.06 ± 0.79 and the sertaconazole group was 4.60 ± 0.95, respectively. Mycological cure was achieved by all patients. Both drugs were well tolerated and there were no serious adverse drug reactions noted in both the groups. Terbinafine was equal in efficacy and safety to newer azole – sertaconazole in treating patients with tinea cruris. However, sertaconazole has showed a better response to therapy as compared to terbinafine.

3 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

000055   DOYIZODE A R, HERLEKAR S S, SIDDANAGOUDRA S P (Physiology Dep, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Univ, Dharwad, Karnataka, Email: drashwinilokre@gmail.com) : Comparative study of cardiovascular autonomic function among blind and normal sighted children – A cross-sectional study. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(1), 9-12.

Childhood blindness has a great impact on overall growth and development of the child. The child suffers from stress, reduced physical activity which increases autonomic discharge. Aim and Objective: The present study was done to find for any variation in cardiovascular autonomic functions in blind children which are likely to affect their health later. A cross-sectional study was carried out including 60 blind children (cases) and 60 normal sighted children (controls) of age group 10–17 years. Exclusion criteria: Children with a history of any medical illness, parental history of medical illness, and dominant hand deformities. Institutional ethical clearance and informed written consents from the parents/guardians were taken. Isometric handgrip test was used to assess the cardiovascular autonomic function.  Z-test was done using SPSS software. Z ≥ 1.96 and P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. There was increase in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) during isometric handgrip exercise among blind children and particularly in male children compared to their normal sighted counterparts. Female blind children showed increase in the baseline DBP. Our study showed that there was increase in DBP during isometric handgrip exercise among blind children and particularly in male children and the female blind children showed increase in the baseline DBP when compared to normal sighted counterparts which could be suggestive of borderline cardiac autonomic impairment.

1 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

000054   SHENOY U G, ASHWATHAPPA J, SHIVRAM R, PRIYA S (Physiology Dep, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical Coll, Kolar, Karnataka, Email: ushaudupi@gmail.com) : Effect of learning modalities on visuomotor performance and mental flexibility in professional students. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(1), 5-8.

The style of learning in an individual is the preferable choice of processing and transforming knowledge. The modalities of learning styles are unimodal, bimodal, and multimodal learning style. Trial making test (TMT) is a neurocognitive test which measures the domain of cognition, its speed of processing, its sequencing order, mental flexibility, and visuomotor skills. To compare visual-motor skills and mental flexibility in different learning modalities in professional students. Institutional ethical clearance and written informed consent was obtained. Cross-sectional observational data were collected. VARK questionnaire was administered to professional students between the age group of 18 and 25 years. 55 unimodal, 56 bimodal, and 36 multimodal students who volunteered for the study performed the TMT consisting of Trial A an index of mental skills and Trial B an index of mental flexibility was measured in time (seconds). TMT composite score (B-A) was used to remove the speed content from the test evaluated, resulting in a more refined index of mental flexibility. Significant differences in visual-motor skills (TRIAL A) and flexibility (TRIAL B) were seen between groups by one-way ANOVA (F [2.144] = 53.8 l, P < 0.001) and (F [2.144] = 69.26 P < 0.001), respectively. Tukey’s post hoc test showed that the visual motor skills was significantly prolonged (P = 0.001) in multimodal students compared to bimodal and unimodal groups and between uni and bimodal groups, while mental flexibility was decreased significantly in multimodals when compared to unimodals. The composite score was statistically significantly different between groups by one-way ANOVA (F [2.144)] = 27.28 P < 0.001) and Tukey’s post hoc test showed that multimodal participants composite score were prolonged compared to unimodal participants (P = 0.001).  Visual-motor skills and mental flexibility was significantly prolonged in multimodal compared to unimodal and bimodal learning style.

4 illus, 15 ref

000053   PAUL R K, PANDEY S, CHITTAWAR S, DAVE R (Physiology Dep, Gandhi Medical Coll, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Email: pandeysubodh689@gmail.com) : A comparative study of blink reflex in hypothyroid patients and euthyroid subjects. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2021, 11(1), 1-4.

Thyroid hormone has very strong effects on the central nervous system and causes central craniopathy in hypothyroid patients.  The study was aimed to assess the central craniopathy in hypothyroidism and compare central craniopathy in hypothyroid patients and euthyroid subjects. The study population comprised of 50 hypothyroid patients and 50 euthyroid subjects aged above 20 years. Subjects with a history of demyelinating disorders, head injury, or facial pain were excluded from the study. Blink reflex (BR) latencies were recorded bilaterally using RMS EMG MKII machine. On comparing the mean of the test between euthyroid and hypothyroid patients, BR latencies were delayed in hypothyroid patients. There is an increased prevalence of central craniopathy in hypothyroidism in comparison to the controls.

3 tables, 17 ref

000052   KATKE R D (Obstetrics and Gynaecology Dep, Grant Government Medical Coll, Mumbai- 400 008, Maharashtra, Email: drrajshrikatke@gmail.com) : Placenta percreta and its successful outcome : A rare and difficult case report and with review of literature. Natl J Integr Res Med 2021, 12(1), 91-4.

Placenta  Percreta  is  one  of  the  most  serious  complications  of  placenta  previa,  the  incidence  of which  has  been  on  a  rising  trend  and  is  frequently  associated  with  severe  obstetric hemorrhage  usually necessitating hysterectomy. lacenta Previa complicates 0.3–0.5 % of all pregnancies and is a major cause of third-trimester  hemorrhage  which  is  on  the  rise  due  to  rise  in incidence of  cesarean  sections.  Significant maternal  morbidity  in  form  of  increased  incidence  of  fetal  malpresentation,  cesarean  delivery,  increased blood  loss,  and  peripartum  hysterectomy  have  been noted  in  cases  of  placenta  previa  and  can  lead  to prolonged hospitalization in these women. Premature deliveries can occur which lead to higher admission to neonatal intensive care unit and stillbirths. (1).We present a case of placenta previapercreta in a case of previous  cesarean  section ,  managed excellently  with  a  surgical  expertise.

3 illus, 9 ref

000051   GUPTA V, SHAH P (Homeopathy Pharmacy Dep, GHMC-Dethli, Siddpur, Email: drguptavivek@gmail.com) : Utility of pulsatilla nigrican and sepia in leucorrhoea. Natl J Integr Res Med 2021, 12(1), 85-90.

Now  a  day  with modern  civilized  life  a  report  suggests  that  women  are  probably  dying  because incidence is increasing due to change of life style. Women’s health is compromised at practically in every step.The statement has been amplified to include the ability to lead a ‘socially and economically productive life’. Among the people the health of women requires high attention. There are several medical disorders from  which  women  suffer,  from  puberty  to  till  after  menopause like  leucorrhoea,  painful  menses, menstrual  irregularities;  dysfunction  uterine  bleeding,  cancer  of  genital  organ, cervical  and  endometrial polyposis  etc  are  chief  problems.  Many  of victims  suffer  from  among  all  this,  but  leucorrhoea  is  universal problem of all women. Type of sampling:  random  sampling. These  prove  when  homoeopathic  medicine  selected  on  bases  of Totality  of  symptoms,  causation, constitutionally  and  on  bases of  individualization,  it  gives  permanent improvement without recurrences.

5 tables, 29 ref

000050   DOSHI J J, PATEL G, SHA P (Government Homeopathic Dispensary, Ahmedabad- 380 008, Email: adcahmedabad@gmail.com ) : Understand the role of susceptibility in acute disease. Natl J Integr Res Med 2021, 12(1), 80-4.

Day in and day out we come across acute diseases in our practice. It is observed in clinic practice of  almost  all  physicians  that  majority  of  the  cases  are  of  acute  origin  and  the  rest  are  chronic  in nature. Usually acute disease presents to us with distinct characteristic form which suggest acute remedy. In order to treat as early as possible acute cases becomes the prime need of the physician. We have noted that an organism  is  constantly  required  to  adapt  itself  to  its  environmental  conditions  so  that  harmony  is maintained.  This  process  of  adaptation  can  take  lace  on  account  of  the susceptibility. To undertake such study we need to examine acute diseases. We need to understand the role of susceptibility and miasm in every  case.  In  developing  countries  like  India,  infectious diseases  are  the  commonest  cause  of  mortality. Especially  diseases  like  Typhoid  fever,  Acute  Viral  Hepatitis  and  Pneumonia  are  very  frequent  cause  of admission and also a frequent enemy to encounter in O.P.D.

6 tables, 19 ref

000049   SONI A, PATEL G, SHA P (Community Health Center, Surendranagar, Gujarat, Email: dr.soni73@gmail.com) : Homeopathic approach in iron deficiency anaemia. Natl J Integr Res Med 2021, 12(1), 77-9.

In present global worming most common disease in women is anaemia.This condition also seen in during pregnancy also. In my study also find out which miasmas are more prominent during pregnancy may be responsible for iron deficiency anaemia.

19 ref

000048   SHAH D, PATEL G, SHAH P (Government Homoeopathic Dispensary, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, Email: rudrikdenish@yahoo.co.in) : A prospective observational study to ascertain the role of homoeopathic therapy in management of rheumatology. Natl J Integr Res Med 2021, 12(1), 74-6.

On day to day practice most problems in all over the world is joint pain. Especially in female joint pain  more  common  after  climacteric  period  and  old  age.  On  these  base  my  study  of  homeopathic therapeutic effect on joint pain. In my study use homeopathic medicines which are regularly use and easy availability for patient, and benefit to relive the complaint but not completely cure all joint pain. With help of homeopathic medicine improved his/her daily routine  work and enjoy his/her life without  pain in joint.

3 tables, 30 ref

000047   BAXI H D, SHETH M S (SBB Coll Of Physiotherapy, Ahmedabad- 380 006, Email: hdbaxi710@gmail.com) : Patient’s adherence to physiotherapist prescribed self - management strategies: A physical therapist’s perspective. Natl J Integr Res Med 2021, 12(1), 68-73.

Few studies have been done in India about factors which can influence patient’s adherence to self-management protocol and a physiotherapist’s view on subject of adherence. This  cross-sectional  study was conducted via a  self-made questionnaire  consisting  of  20  items. Fifty final BPT and 1styear post graduate students were asked to choosethemost appropriate answer from options  given. Descriptive  analysis  was  done  using  Google  Forms. 62 %  strongly  agreed  that  self-management  is  important.  Good  self-management  strategies  should  have  clarity  of  instructions  (66 %), beproper   and   should   be easy   to   follow   (50 %). 86 %   believed   proper   communication   skills,   strategy prescription,  knowledge,  monitoring  and  follow  up  by  therapist  will  help  patient  adhere to  strategies. Willingness  to  exercise  (48 %),  Positive  belief  in  exercise(44 %)  and  Age(56 %)  were  thought  to  influence patient  adherence.  Stigma  associated  with  disability  (52 %),  poor  inter-professional  relation  (86 %),  are barriers. Properly educating the patient about his condition(96 %), involving the family members(92 %) were believed to be facilitators. 46 % therapists agreed that a passive approach should not be used. 54 % strongly disagreed they don’t have time to assess patient adherence. Physiotherapists  agree  that patient’s adherence to physiotherapist prescribed self-management  strategies  is  essential  for  clinical practice. There is a need to use different approaches to increase patient adherence.

1 illus, 21 ref

000046   SHAH D S, VAISHNAV K, PATEL P, ACHARYA P, PATEL Z, CHAUDHAR D (Prosthodontics Dep, Karnavati School Of Dentistry, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, Email: zalakpatel521@gamil.com ) : An evaluation of the retention property between cream type and strip type denture adhesive with and without salivary substitutes: An In vitro study. Natl J Integr Res Med 2021, 12(1), 62-7.

Patients with xerostomia complain of not only dryness of mouth but also discomfort during  routine  normal oral  functions  like  speaking  and  swallowing. These  complainis  worse  in  individuals wearing  removable  intraoral  dental  prosthesis.  In  such  situations,  when  salivary  flow  decreases,  denture adhesives  and salivary substitutes are  recommended; which aid in denture  retention and improve  patient comfort. A  total  150  samples  were  prepared  using  heat-cure   acrylic  resin  of 30mm×30mm×5mm.  All  samples  were  equally  divided  in  A,B,C,D,E  groups,wherein Group  A  was  control group with salivary substitutes. Group B was denture adhesive cream without salivary substitutes.Group C was  denture  adhesive  cream  with  salivary  substitutes.Group  D  was  denture  adhesive  strips  without salivary substitutes.Group E was denture adhesive strips with salivary substitutes.The retentive force was measured  for  all  samples  usinguniversal  testing  machine. Data  was  collected  and  statistical analysis was done by one-way ANOVA test followed by post hoc test. The significant difference was found between  the  retentive  forces  of  cream  type  and  strip  type  denture  adhesives  withor  without  salivary substitutes. From this study, it is concluded that denture adhesive will definitely increases the denture retention. The cream type denture adhesive with salivary substitutes has the most retention than among all groups.

8 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

000045   SINGH P, TIWARI C S, URAIYA D, PANDE R (Medicine Dep, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barrabanki, UP, Email: chandrashekhartiwari64@gmail.com ) : Ophthalmic manifestations in HIV patients - A case series study from North India. Natl J Integr Res Med 2021, 12(1), 57-61.

The  ophthalmological  problems  occur  in  approximately  half  of  the  patients  with advanced  HIV  infection  when  the  CD4  T  cell  count  is  usually  well  below  50/ul  and  the  increasing  number and  prolonged  survival  of  AIDS  patients  means  that  the  ocular  lesions  associated  with  this  syndrome  will become more frequent problem. This was a case series study with no controls. All HIV positive patients were included in this study with or without ocular involvement.50 known HIV positive cases attending OPD and/or admitted in GM and Associated Hospitals, KGMC, and who were willing to take part in study were enrolled after proper counselling.Detail history of the cases is taken including personal data, occupation, history of any risk factor, detail history of systemic disease and ocular symptom with their duration  and  course. In  our  study  33  patients  did  not  have  ocular  symptoms  and  signs  and  the remaining 17 patients were found to have ocular involvement. Among them 6 patients were asymptomatic, but they had ocular signs. Amongst various symptoms 7 patients presented with diminution of vision, one had headache, other visual symptoms including watering itching and foreign body sensation were found in 5  patients. More  than  half  of  the  cases  in  this  study  were  either  illiterate  or  had  attended primary  schooling  and  mostly  from  rural  area.  In  view  of  this  there  is  a  need  to  intensify  primary  health education programme and awareness about AIDS through mass media and education regarding adaptation of  safe  sexual  practices. The  role of  Govt.  program and  various  NGOs  has  become  more  important  in  this respect to restrict this 21st century epidemic

2 tables, 19 ref

000044   PARIKH B, PARIKH J, PATEL V, NAYAK A, PANCHA V (Community Medicine Dep, Smt. NHL Municipal Medical Coll, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Email: bansariparikh.2016@gmail.com) : A record based study on various factors affecting the choice of intra - Uterine contraceptive device in Ahmedabad City. Natl J Integr Res Med 2021, 12(1), 52-6.

Unplanned  pregnancy  may  be  the  reason  of  many  neonatal  and  maternal  adverse effects.  The  objective   is  to  study  various  factors  affecting  IUCD  (temporary  contraceptive  method) preference. A record based study of data of 483 couples selecting IUCD, during the one year period was collected with permission from tertiary care hospital. The most common group preferring  IUCD  was  21-30  years  (mean  age-females-26  years  and  males-30  years). Majority  having  2 children opted for IUCD while only 1 couple opted for IUCD without any child. Out of the total, 42 % opted PPIUCD,  42 %  interval  IUCD  and  16 %  PAIUCD.  Among  lower  age  and  up  to  primary  educated  groups, majority  opted  for  PPIUCD.  Among  higher  age  and  educated  groups,  majority  opted  for  interval  IUCD. PAIUCD  proportion  was  higher  in  less  educated females. Majority of Muslims  preferred  PPIUCD  while Hindus, interval IUCD. The association of type of IUCD with age, number of children and religion was found significant  while  with  education,  it  was  in-significant. The  use  and  type  of  IUCD  preferred depends  on  various  factors  such  as  age  of  male  and  female,  number  of  children and religion  of  couples.

2 tables, 16 ref

000043   KALE G, BISEN R, RANADE P (Neuro Physiotherapy Dep, Smt. Kashibai Navale Coll Of Physiotherapy, Pune- 411 041, Email: gaurimkale09@gmail.com) : Effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on selective motor control of lower extremity in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: An experimental pilot study. Natl J Integr Res Med 2021, 12(1), 46-51.

Cerebral  palsy children  have limitations  in  motor  function  resulting  in  diminished selective motor control. Selective motor control (SMC) is essential for independent control of joint motion. Impaired  SMC  is  interrelated  to  neuromuscular  deficits  in  CP.  In  this  study  PNF  approach  was used  with different  patterns  and  techniques  which  help  to  evoke  motor  responses  and  improve  neuromuscular control and function.To assess the effect of PNF along with conventional treatment, To assess the effect of Conventional treatment and Tocompare the effect of PNF along with conventional treatment and  conventional  treatment  on  selective  motor  control  of  lower  extremity  in  children with  hemiplegic cerebral  palsy. Study  included  22  hemiplegic  cerebral  palsy  children which  were divided  into  two  groups. Experimental  group  received  PNF  and  conventional  treatment and  control  group received  conventional  treatment.  SMC  of  lower  extremity  was  assessed  using  SCALE.  Pre  and  post treatment scores were measured. There was statistically significant difference noted within group and between groups on Total SCALE score. Differencewas seen greater in experimental group than control group. This  study  suggests  that  PNF  have  an  effect  on  selective  motor  control  of  lower extremity in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.

4 tables, 18 ref

000042   SHAH M, BHATNAGAR N, SHAH S, PANDAV F, SONI S (IHBT Dep, B. J Medical Coll, Ahmedabad, Email: drflpanadv8895@gmail.com) : Blood grouping with abd pad - efficacy and comparison with standard method– A pilot study. Natl J Integr Res Med 2021, 12(1), 42-5.

In transfusion service,it is very important to carry out blood group with perfection. Blood  grouping  is a  fast  and easy  way to  ensure  that you  receive  the  right  kind of  blood  for  right  patient.There  are  many methods  we  usefor  blood  grouping  like  Slide  method,test  tube  method,column agglutination method anderythrocyte magnetic technique. Test tube method is gold standard method for blood  grouping. We  need  to  verify donor  blood  groupin  blood  bank  or  at  camp  site,  for  patients  at  bed side,  at  the  time  of  issue  of  blood  unit  or  at  the  time  of  dire  emergency  so  to  verifythe  blood  group in Blood centres we require the results of blood grouping urgently. ABD PAD®   is a new device for the quick confirmation of the ABO  blood group. In this Pilot study, 200 samples were  taken  of which 100 were donor samples and   100  were   patient samples. Blood grouping was performed on the ABD PAD, and results were compared  with conventional tube technique and automate platform, Qwalys 3 (Diagast)  EMT  technique. All  200  tests  performed  on  the  ABD  PAD  were  concordant  with  other standard  methods,  namely  the  Test  Tube  technique  and  automated  platform,  Qwalys  3  (Diagast).The results   of   ABD   PAD   were   quicker(within   30   seconds)   and   easy   to   interpret. The   manual confirmation    of  the  ABO  group  and  RH-rhesus    is  a  repetitive  and  time  consuming  task.  It  requiresfollowing a procedure handling several reagents. In this context, the ABD pad is a ready to use device using the  latex  technology  M-TRAP,  facilitating  the  procedure  intendedfor  the confirmation  of  ABO/Rh. The only drawback is that we are not able to perform reverse grouping. ABD PAD is very useful for blood grouping in donors in the blood bank as well as in outdoor blood donation camp and at the time of issue of blood unit when we want to re-check the blood group of the issue bag. It is easy to interpret, fast, reliable and results are comparable with standard methods

4 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

000041   PATEL P A, SHAH S J, GOHEL N R, DAMOR D (Obestic & Gyncology Dep, Medical Coll, Maninagar, Ahmedabad, Email: patelpallavi411@icloud.com) : Prospective study of efficacy and perinatal outcome of hydrotherapy in oligohydroamnios patients. Natl J Integr Res Med 2021, 12(1), 36-41.

Oligohydramnios means a low level of amniotic fluid during pregnancy. It is defined by  an  amniotic  fluid  index  that  is  below  5th percentile  for  the  gestational  age.  It  may  cause  IUGR,  fetal anomalies,  malpresentations  and  fetal  distress  in  labour.  Oral  or  intravenous  fluid  therapy  may  increase the amount of amniotic  fluid and may  improve  perinatal outcome. To study efficacy and   perinatal   outcome   of   hydrotherapy   in   patients   with   oligohydamnios. A prospective  observational  study  was  carried  out  at  tertiary  care  centre  for  6  months.  30  cases  of oligohydramnios were  enrolled in this study. In present  study, maximum (50 %) patients admitted for   oligohydramnios   were   between   28 –32   weeks   gestational   age   and   66 %   were   having   severe oligohydramnios.  After  giving  hydration  therapy,  difference  in  AFI,  was  2.57±0.13,  which  was  statistically significant.  83.3 %  patients  were  delivered  after  36  weeks  and  80 %  were  delivered  by  normal  vaginal delivery.  53.3 %  babies  were  live  healthy,  whereas  others  needed  resuscitation  and  admitted  to  NICU. Oligohydramnios  has  higher  impact  on  perinalal  outcome  due  to  antenatal  and  intrapartum complication. Because of early diagnosis by ultrasonography or clinical analysis, fluid therapy is an option to increase amniotic fluid volume and so perinatal outcome may be improved.

8 tables, 27 ref

003015   NAIK S B T, PURUSHOTHAMAN M, CHANDRASEKHAR K B (Pharmaceutics Dep, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univ, Ananthapuramu - 515 002, Email: thirunaikatp@gmail.com) : Fabrication and evaluation of mini tablet filled capsules to treat transient ischemic attack. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 89 - 96.

In this work, mini tablets filled hard gelatin capsules were fabricated for a fixed-dose therapy for transient ischemic attack (TIA). Clopidogrel besylate (CB)-75 mg and acetyl salicylic acid (ASA)-75 mg were utilized in this work. Among the mini-tablets (MTs) clopidogrel besylate, was uncoated conventional mini-tablets, whereas acetyl salicylic acid was enteric-coated. Acetyl salicylic acid gastric irritation was overcome by using Plantago ovata seed mucilage as a binder in all mini-tablets. Both types of mini-tablets were filled in hard gelatin capsules. Clopidogrel besylate and acetyl salicylic acid compatibility with excipients used were evaluated, all the mini-tablets were judged for post-compression constraints. The prepared mini-tablets confirmed no interaction by FTIR and DSC studies. All the minitablets passed the physico-chemical constraints. Clopidogrel besylate was released from the dosage form within 45 min, whereas entericcoated acetyl salicylic acid mini-tablets resist to release in an acidic environment and released within 45 min in an alkaline buffer. Even the filled capsules were also passed all the parameters evaluated. The study concludes that by using P. ovata as a binder in making tablets will resolve the issues related to gastric irritation.

8 illus, 13 tables, 35 ref

000040   HAFEZJI H M, GUPTA D S (Anatomy Dep, Surat Municipal Institute Of Medical Education And Research (, Surat- 395 010, Gujarat, Email: dr.hamzah_786@yahoo.com) : An osteological study of morphometric variations of suprascapular notch in south Gujarat region. Natl J Integr Res Med 2021, 12(1), 30-5.

Thesuprascapular notch is a depression in the lateral part  of  superior  border  of scapula. The suprascapular ligament bridges the notch. The suprascapular nerve passes below the ligament and  corresponding  artery  above  the  ligament.  Variation  in  size  and  shape  of  suprascapular  notch  is identified as one of the  causes  of suprascapular nerve  entrapment.Aim Of Study:To study morphological variations  of  suprascapular  notch  in  dry  scapulae  of  South  Gujarat  (Indian)  population  and  compare  data with  studies  in  other  ethnic  populations. Materials  And  Methods:Total  200  dry  human  scapulae  were obtained  from  Anatomy  departments  of  three  medical  colleges  of south  Gujarat.  Three  dimensions  were defined and measured for each suprascapular notch (SSN) using classical osteometry: maximal depth (MD), superior transverse diameter (STD) and middle transverse diameter (MTD). Based on Michał Polguj’s classification  SSN  was  classified  into  five  types.  The  results  of  the  present  study  were  compared  with previous  studies  in  different  populations. The  proportion  of  Type  III  SSN  is  highest  (46.5  %) followed by Type V (26 %), Type I (16 %), Type IV (6 %) and Type II (5.5 %). For Type III SSN, proportion of subtype  III  c  is  highest  (36.5  %),  followed  by  subtype  III  b  (6  %)  and  subtype  III  a  (4  %).  For  Type  I  SSN, proportion  of  subtype  I  c  is  highest  (8.5  %),  followed  by  subtype  I  a  (4  %)  and  Subtype  I  b  (3.5 %).Conclusion:The  suprascapular  nerve  entrapment  syndrome,  in  most  cases  is  due  to  morphological variations  of  suprascapular  notch  particularly  complete  ossification  of  suprascapular  ligament.  So  the knowledge of such variations is essential for clinicians, to make a proper diagnosis of shoulder pain and to plan the most suitable surgical intervention.

2 illus, 6 tables, 20 ref

000039   TAVIYA A L, BARIY H J (Obs & Gynec Dep, AMC Met Medical Coll, Ahmedabad) : Study of maternal and perinatal outcome in patients with abruption placenta. Natl J Integr Res Med 2021, 12(1), 17-21.

Abruptionplacenta is one of a serious obstetrics emergency. It is defined as partial or complete separation of normally implanted placenta after 28 weeks of gestation, prior to delivery of the fetus. Placental abruption complicates about 1 % of pregnancies and is aleading cause of vaginal bleeding in the  latter  half  of  pregnancy. To  study  maternal  outcome  in  patients  with  abruption  placenta.  To study  perinatal  out  come  in  patients  with  abruption  placenta. A  prospective observational  study  was  carried  out  at  tertiary  hospital  for  6  months  from  September  2019  to  February 2020. 30 cases of abruption placenta were enrolled in this study. Maximum patients (56.6 %) were from  26 –30  year  age  group.  (63.3 %)  were  having  second  gravida.  Maximum  (56.6 %)  patients  admitted were  between  33 –36  week  gestational  age  group.  Most  of  (60 %)  patients  were  having  revealed  type  of bleeding.  (52.3 %)  patients  were  having  grade  2.  Major  maternal  morbidities  were  PPH  (36.6 %),  severe shock  (23.3 %)  and  DIC (6.6).(26.6 %)  babies  had  birth  asphyxia,  (16.6 %)  developed  ARDS.  Sepsis  and  ICH was  seen  in  (10 %)  each  whereas  necrotizing  enterocolitis  and  stillbirth  was  found  in  (13.3 %).  Perinatal death  was  seen  in  (6.6 %). Abruption  placenta  is  associatedwith  poor  maternal  and  fetal outcome.  Early  diagnosis  and  prompt  resuscitative  measures  are  essential  to  prevent  both  perinal  and maternal morbidity and mortality.

9 tables, 16 ref

000038   NIPANAL A V, NAGAPPA H (General medicine Dep, Bangalore Medical Coll & Research Institute, Bangalore) : Critical cerebrospinal fluid adenosine deaminase activity in tubercular meningitis. Natl J Integr Res Med 2021, 12(1), 12-6.

Tuberculosis  of  the  central  nervous  system accounts  for  ~5 %  of  extrapulmonary cases  in  the  United  States.  It  is  seen  most  often  in  young  children  but  also  develops  in  adults,  especially those infected with HIV. If unrecognized, tuberculous meningitis is uniformly fatal. This disease responds to chemotherapy.Cerebrospinal fluid  (CSF)  evaluation  is  the  single  most  important  aspect  of  laboratory diagnosis of meningitis. Basic studies of CSF that should be  performed in meningitis include measurement of  pressure,  cell  count  and  differential  count,  estimation  of  glucose  and  protein  levels,  Gram's  stain  and culture. To  evaluate  the  diagnostic  significance  of  CSF  adenosine  deaminase  (ADA)  activity  in tuberculous  meningitis. 70 Tubercular Meningitis  patients  who  were  admitted  in Department   of   Medicine,   Victoria   hospital   were   included.   The   study   was   approved   by   the   Ethical Committee  of  Bangalore  Medical  College  and  Research  Institute,  Bangalore.  Patients  were  selected  after fulfilling the following inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mean ageof the 70 patients studied was 39.82+16.48 years. The youngest patient was 18 years old and oldest patient was 70 years.The mean value of ADA activity in tubercular meningitis was 18.07±8.03IU/L. Cut-off value of ADA in our study was 10 IU/. The  result  was statistically  significant  with  a  p  value<0.001. The  test  for  ADA  in  CSF  is  simple and can be carried out in a central laboratory with a rapid diagnosis, thus reducing unwarranted or harmful therapy  for  patients.Elevated  CSF-ADA  level helpsin differentiating  tubercular from  non-tubercular meningitis.

6 tables, 12 ref

000037   GOUDA G, BHARATH G, RAGHU G, MANOJ KUMAR B K, RAJOO U (General medicine Dep, G B Pant Hospital, Delhi, Email: raghugangadar6@gmail.com) : A study of platelet indices and angiographic profile in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Natl J Integr Res Med 2021, 12(1), 1-6.

CHEMIC HEART DISEASES continues to be a major public health problem becoming an  increasingly  important  problem  in  developing  countries  constitutes  around  12.8 %  of  total  deaths  (7.2 million). To evaluate the clinical course of ACS patient’s admitted to KIMS HUBLI ICCU. Patients  admitting to ICCU KIMS, HUBLI diagnosed as Acute Coronary  Syndrome.The study included 156  patients  admitted  to  ICCU  KIMS  Hubli who diagnosed as ACUTE CORONORY SYNDROME. There wassignificant  difference  in  the  platelet  indices  between  the  three  groups. The  platelet Indices -mean  platelet  volume,  platelet  distribution width  and  platicrit  were significantly  higher  in  STEMI and  NSTEMI groups  when  compared  to  the  USA group  and  severity  of  CAD  more  in  patients  who  were having higher platelet  indices. The  platelet indices: mean platelet volume (MPV),  platelet distribution width (PDW) and platecrit are significantly higher in STEMI and NSTEMI groups when compared to USA group.

5 tables, 25 ref

045747   ALHARGANEE A, ALMAAWI S, HASSAN Z M, ALABOODI M (Baghdad Medical City Hospital National Centre of Cancer, Baghdad) : Public awareness on complementary/ alternative medicine as a modality of therapy in advanced cancer patients, a survey from Iraq. Int J Sci Nat 2020, 11(2), 36-7.

Recent advances in therapeutic options for treating advanced malignancies have increased the survival levels to higher figures. However, public conception on these colossal changes is still limited. Complementary and alternative medicine is still a popular mode of therapy among many patients and their caregivers especially in many countries around the world and Iraq is considered one of them. In this survey we tried to measure the level of awareness among sample population about the effect of alternative medicine as a therapeutic substitute to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy in advanced malignancies. A questionnaire survey was designed to assess the level of awareness in three different scenarios where advanced malignancy was one of them. Surprisingly, high rates were documented to consider complementary therapy as a successful alternative to the standard of care among advanced cancer patients. Besides, in many countries around the world alternative medicine options are not discussed properly with the consulting oncologist and in sometimes creates discomfort in treatment decision meetings with the patient. It is crucial to discuss alternative options of therapy with treating physicians and to advertise more the recent advances in cancer management and the impact of personalized medicine and genomic profiling researches on survival rates and the quality of life.

6 ref

045745   SONI P, SWAMY M, VERMA Y, DUBEY A (Veterinary Pathology Dep, NDVSU, Jabalpur) : Toxoplasmosis in cats: A zoonotic threat. Int J Sci Nat 2020, 11(2), 24-30.

Toxoplasmosis is a protozoan infection of animals and humans caused by Toxoplasma gondii. T. gondii is one of the most well studied parasite because of its medical and veterinary importance. Toxoplasma is used extensively as a model for cell biology of apicomplexan organisms. It is an obligate intracellular parasite that has a characteristically polarized cell structure and a complex cytoskeltal and organellar arrangements at the epical end, the conoid involved in cell invasion and numerous secretory organelles rhoptries (ROPs), dense granules and micronemes. Cats are the definitive host where the mature parasite divides sexually in intestinal mucosa. Three infectious stages of T.gondii are found in all host comprising oocysts, bradyzoites and tachyzoites. Infection of cat occurs after ingestion of any of three life stages. The estimated seroprevalence for T. gondii in domestic cats, worldwide is 30-40 percent whereas in india, the overall prevalence of toxoplasmosis in cats varied between 2.2% and 4.8%. Toxoplasma gondii attacks most organs with predilection for the reticuloendothelial and nervous system. T. gondii may spread locally to mesenteric lymph nodes and to distant organ by blood. T. gondii may persist longer in the spinal cord and brain because immunity is not able to penetrate the nervous tissue in comparison to visceral organs. Clinical signs in cats are depression, weakness, incoordination, tremors, circling, paresis and blindness. Pneumonia is the main sign of generalized toxoplasmosis. Acute respiratory distress syndrome and septic shock may occur in febrile cats. Chronic, sublethal toxoplasmosis has also been observed in cats. In cats, clinical toxoplasmosis is more severe in transplacentally infected kittens. Among companion animals, fatal toxoplasmosis may occur in dogs that are immunosuppresed. T. gondii infection is widespread among humans in different geographical areas. Human acquire their infections from ingestion of oocyst contaminated soil and water, from tissue cyst, by organ transplantation, blood transfusion, laboratory accidents or congenitally.

1 table, 55 ref

045740   BAINS V (Rajshree Medical research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh) : Evaluation of histopathological changes of liver in agricultural poisoning. J Adv Med Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(1), 94-6.

Children have a different physiological response to major trauma compared to adults. The present study was conducted to assess traumatic injuries in children. The present study was conducted in the department of Forensic Medicine. It comprised of 130 children of both genders. Data such as name, age, gender etc. was recorded. In all cases, type of injury was recorded. Results: <2 years had 20 patients, 2-5 years had 40, 5-10 years had 45 and 11-15 years had 25 patients. Major cause of injury was RTA in 35 cases, poisoning in 25, fall from height in 20, burn in 16, physical assault and sports injury 12 each and sexual assault in 10 cases. The difference was significant (P < 0.05). Out of 80 male patients, 14 died and out of 50 females, 10 died. Authors found that major cause of injury was RTA poisoning, fall from height, burn, physical assault and sports injury.

3 tables, 10 ref

045739   MUSHTAQ S, KAUSHAL P, SHAKYA D, KHANAM R J P (Periodontics Dep, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh) : Evaluation of serum lipid levels in periodontitis patients. J Adv Med Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(1), 251-4.

Periodontitis is one of the most ubiquitous diseases and is characterized by the destruction of connective tissue and dental bone support following an inflammatory host response secondary to infection by periodontal bacteria. Hyperlipidemia or hyperlipoproteinemia, involves abnormally elevated levels of any or all lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood. Hence: the present study was conducted for evaluating the serum lipid levels in periodontitis patients.  A total of 30 patients with chronic periodontitis (Group 1) and 30 healthy controls (Group 2) were enrolled. Complete demographic details of all the patients were obtained. All patients were called in the morning and blood samples were obtained and were sent to laboratory. In the laboratory, autoanalyzer was used for evaluating the serum lipid profile. Following parameters were recorded: serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and LDL (low density lipoproteins).  Mean LDL levels and mean total cholesterol levels were raised significantly in periodontitis patients. Mean HDL levels and mean VLDL levels were non-significantly altered in periodontitis patients. Mean lipid profile of the periodontitis patients is significantly raised in comparison to healthy controls.

1 table, 13 ref

045738   GADHWAL A K, SETHI S, RAM K, CHAHAR K (Medicine Dep, S.P. Medical Coll, Bikaner, Rajasthan) : A study of migraine headache spectrum in patients treated in tertiary care hospital. J Adv Med Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(1), 52-4.

Headache is a very common symptom with multifactorial origins. They are broadly classified as primary headache, secondary headache and other headaches. Material and Methods: We included patients who newly presented with primary headache were identified and were subjected to a detailed history and examination to find out who among them were cases of migraine. This was carried out from October 2015 to 0ctober 2016. The diagnosis was made according to the ICHD-2 criteria (International Classification of Headache Disorders). 437 cases of primary headache were identified within the time period of the study. Of these, 107 cases (24 %) were diagnosed as migraine spectrum disorders. 72 cases were female (67 %). 35 cases were male (33 %). 32 % of the cases belonged to the age group of 15-25 years, and 36 % of cases belonged to the age group of 45-55 yrs. This shows a bimodal distribution of the disease.  migraine is an important cause for primary headache in the study population of southern part of Tamil Nadu and has higher prevalence in women and among adolescents and the middle aged. Drug therapy is effective in 70 % cases.

10 ref

045737   PATEL G P, KHUNTE P, KHUNTE S, RANGARI P (Medicine Dep, Government Medical Coll & Hospital, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh) : Lipoproteins and C- reactive protein abnormalities in hiv positive patients and their correlation with CD4 cell counts. J Adv Med Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(1), 45-51.

The study has been carried out to find the any correlation between changes in Lipoproteins and C - reactive protein with CD4 cell counts in HIV Positive patients.  The study was conducted at Department of Medicine, Pt. J. N. M. Medical College And Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Memorial Hospital, Raipur during the period of September 2012 to October 2013 on 100 HIV positive patients, of which 62 were males and 38 were females. Lipid profiles, C-reactive protein, CD4 cell count and other routine investigations were also done for all the patients.  In this study, of 100HIV positive patients, are grouped according to the CD4 cell counts in four groups, group I CD4 count 500/μL. Most patients with decreased CD4 count were found increased CRP level. Shows there is significant inverse correlation between CRP and CD4 count, as there is CD4 count decreases, the CRP level increases. It indicates as increase in severity of HIV infection associated with reduction in CD4 count, CRP level increases. We also observed serum level of total cholesterol, High density lipoprotein, were found to be decreased in HIV positive patients and on the other hand, the level of Very low density lipoprotein is increased as there is reduction of CD4 cell count. There is no significant change found in serum Triglycerides and low density Lipoprotein in relation with CD4 cell count.  In the present study, lipid profile and C-reactive protein was altered in HIV positive patients with decreased CD4 count. Monitoring of lipid profile and C-reactive protein can be a good index of disease progression, management and cardio vascular risk assessment in HIV/AIDS patients in the absence of CD4 cell count facility.

4 tables, 24 ref

045736   FATIMA E (Radiodiagnosis Dep, Career Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P) : Assessment of role of colour doppler values as predictors of preeclampsia in 18-24 weeks of gestation: A radiological study. J Adv Med Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(1), 38-41.

Uterine artery Doppler ultrasonography may be performed via the transvaginal or transabdominal route in the first or second trimester. Uterine artery waveforms are reported to be readily obtainable in more than 95 % of patients. Hence; the present study was conducted for assessing the role of Colour Doppler values as predictors of preeclampsia in 18- 24 weeks of gestation. A total of 25 patients with gestational age between 18 weeks to 24 weeks were enrolled in the present study. Complete demographic details of all the patients were obtained. Complete clinical examination of all the patients was carried out. Colour Doppler was carried out in all the patients. Patients were followed up to delivery and examination of the neonate was done. True incidence of pre-eclampsia was assessed and was compared with colour Doppler findings. Pre-eclampsia was found to be present in 4 patients (16 percentages of patients). However; Doppler findings were found to be abnormal in 4 patients, while it was found to be abnormal in 21 patients. Out of 4 patients with abnormal Doppler findings, pre-eclampsia was found to be present in 2 patients, while it was found to be absent in 2 patients. By identification of the high risk patients & anticipating preeclampsia patients, close monitoring can be done to reduce the morbidity and improve the outcome of pregnancy

4 illus, 12 ref

045735   GAUTAM V (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, UCMS Coll of Dental Surgry, Bhairahawa, Nepal) : To compare shaping ability of different rotary nickel titanium single file systems in root canals of mandibular molars: An in-vitro study. J Adv Med Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(1), 30-3.

In the root canal treatment, the important and chief procedure is the cleaning and shaping of the canal system. The main objective of cleaning and shaping is proper irrigation of the root canal system while preserving the original root canal anatomy. The aim of the present study was to compare the shaping ability of different rotary nickel titanium Single File Systems in Root Canals of mandibular molars. The present study was conducted from August 2019 to October 2019 among sixty freshly extracted mandibular first molars. The molars were extracted due to poor periodontal status, during orthodontic and prosthodontic treatment. After sealing the apices with wax, the canals were mounted in the muffleblock using self-cure acrylic resin. After complete polymerization of the resin, the block was removed from the model. The blocks were sectioned horizontally at three sites (coronal, middle and apical). The disk was mounted on an electric saw for cutting the blocks. Photographs were taken of all three cross-sections of each tooth. The sections were reassembled in the muffle. The specimens were randomly divided into the following two groups: Group 1: Prepared using Reciproc rotary files. Group 2: Prepared using OneShape rotary files. Statistical analysis was done using software SPSS (version 20.0) Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post hoc Tukey-HSD test were used for analysis of data. P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 60 samples, 30 from each groups were taken. Group 1 contain Reciproc rotary files and Group 2 contains OneShape rotary files. At coronal level, middle level, apical level Reciproc showed better canal centering ability than OneShape. At coronal level, middle level, apical level Reciproc showed less canal transportation than OneShape. Our study concluded that Reciproc instruments were better than Oneshape instruments by maintaining the original canal curvature and by less canal transportation.

2 tables, 20 ref

045734   THAKUR R K, YADAV B K (Periodontology Dep, Uttar Pradesh Univ of medical Sciences, Etawah, UP-206130) : Assessment of prevalence of early periodontitis in adolescents: A cross-sectional study. J Adv Med Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(1), 27-9.

Periodontitis is one of the highly prevalent conditions affecting humans. Age is a recognized risk determinant for periodontitis. The children and adolescents are universally affected with milder forms of the disease. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of early periodontitis in adolescents. The present study was conducted among 540 adolescents of age group of 15-17 years over the period of 6 months. Oral examination and data collection was done. Socio-demographic and oral health behavioural data were collected. For diagnosing periodontal disease, gingival bleeding (BOP) and periodontal pockets (PD) around all teeth according to the modified CPI criteria (WHO, 2013) were employed. Mean and standard deviation was estimated. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. In the present study, males (53.70 %) were more than females (46.29 %). 57.40 % adolescents belong to urban area where as 42.59 % belong to rural area. 66.66 % adolescents belonged to government/aided schools. Within 1 year only 22.77 % adolescents visited to the dentist. In 76.85 % adolescents no gingival bleeding was present. Periodontal pockets were not present in 85.18 %. The present study concluded that, 76.85 % adolescents had no gingival bleeding and 85.18 % adolescents had no periodontal pockets. Only 14.81 % adolescents were suffering from periodontitis.

15 ref

045734   THAKUR R K, YADAV B K (Periodontology Dep, Uttar Pradesh Univ of medical Sciences, Etawah, UP-206130) : Assessment of prevalence of early periodontitis in adolescents: A cross-sectional study. J Adv Med Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(1), 27-9.

Periodontitis is one of the highly prevalent conditions affecting humans. Age is a recognized risk determinant for periodontitis. The children and adolescents are universally affected with milder forms of the disease. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of early periodontitis in adolescents. The present study was conducted among 540 adolescents of age group of 15-17 years over the period of 6 months. Oral examination and data collection was done. Socio-demographic and oral health behavioural data were collected. For diagnosing periodontal disease, gingival bleeding (BOP) and periodontal pockets (PD) around all teeth according to the modified CPI criteria (WHO, 2013) were employed. Mean and standard deviation was estimated. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. In the present study, males (53.70 %) were more than females (46.29 %). 57.40 % adolescents belong to urban area where as 42.59 % belong to rural area. 66.66 % adolescents belonged to government/aided schools. Within 1 year only 22.77 % adolescents visited to the dentist. In 76.85 % adolescents no gingival bleeding was present. Periodontal pockets were not present in 85.18 %. The present study concluded that, 76.85 % adolescents had no gingival bleeding and 85.18 % adolescents had no periodontal pockets. Only 14.81 % adolescents were suffering from periodontitis.

15 ref

045733   AHMED Y T, AL-FKEIH A F, ALREJAIE L M, BARAZI J G A, ALHAFFAR D R, ALQARNI G S, ALHAJIBRAHIM D A (Restorative Dep, Riyadh Elm Univ, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) : Evaluation and knowledge in choice of at home dental bleaching versus inoffice bleaching in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Adv Med Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(1), 23-6.

The aim of this study was to evaluate residents’ attitude towards in-office versus over-the-counter bleaching and to assess their awareness of indications and side effects of over-the-counter dental bleaching products. A crosssectional survey was conducted among residents of Riyadh city, KSA. A closed-ended questionnaire was developed that contained an informed consent form and 13 questions. An online version of the questionnaire using created using survey monkey and was distributed through emails and social media such as WhatsApp and Facebook. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 23.  A total of 678 participants responded to the survey. Most of the participants have done over-the-counter at home dental bleaching rather than in-office dental bleaching and stated that they were influenced by advertisements. The majority reported teeth sensitivity as side effects of bleaching. Most of the participants in this study reported that they have undergone home dental bleaching. However, they were not aware of the safety of home over-the-counter dental bleaching products.

2 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

045732   MAHESH H V, RAMYA K S (Dentistry Dep, Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya, Karnataka) : Screening the periodontal status in a group of population by using periowise® periodontal screening and recording system. J Adv Med Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(1), 11-8.

Assessing the periodontal status in a group of population in and around Davangere district, Karnataka state, India by aid of Periowise Periodontal Screening and Recording system.  A group of population aged between 18- 64 years of in and around Davangere District, were selected for periodontal screening and recording. The selected group was residents of both urban and rural locality consisted a total of 946 subjects, out of 617 were male and 329 were female. A total of 5745 sextants of 946 subjects were screened by Periowise periodontal screening and the criteria’s such as age, gender, diet, locality, oral hygiene practice and oral habits of the subjects were recorded. Following the observation, the data subjected to statistical analysis. Based on obtained data it can be concluded that, the subjects of older age, male gender, on complete vegetarian diet, rural locality were more prone for periodontal disease and the factors such as poor oral hygiene practice, habits like smoking, betel nut and tobacco chewing act as contributing factors for the severity and prevalence of periodontal disease.

7 illus, 6 tables, 22 ref

045731   KAKTI A, ALAJLAN S S, ALGHUNEEM R A, ALZAHRANI E I, ALKHARISI A M (Preventive Dentistry Dep, Riyadh Elm Univ, Riyadh) : Knowledge on patient gag reflex among pedodontists in Saudi Arabia. J Adv Med Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(1), 9-10.

The gag reflex (GR) is an innate healthy defence mechanism that helps prevent foreign bodies from entering the trachea. Aim and Objectives: This web based cross‐sectional survey was done to assess the awareness level and prevention of patient gag reflex among pedodontists in Saudi Arabia. The survey was conducted on 150 pedodontists of Saudi Arabia via mail, out of which only 128 completely responded; thus, response rate was 85.33 %. A list of 10 questionnaires was developed that explores the above‐mentioned objectives with subcategories. Anxiety and fear was found to be the main reason for gag reflex (59 %), impression procedures constituted maximum to gagging (95.4 %), behavioral methods were considered as the best way to prevent gagging (65.7 %), and 73.9 % of patients considered gag reflex as a hindrance in clinical dental practice. The study clearly pointed out that the level of awareness regarding management of patient’s gag is significantly low among pedodontists in Saudi Arabia and illuminated that patient gag is a major hindrance in the clinical practice.

2 illus, 11 ref

045730   RAMEEZ M, KIRAN H, ALLE R S, BHARATHI V S, DHARMESH H S (Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Dep, Rajarajeswari Dental Coll, Bangalore, Karnataka) : Comparison of SBS of colour changing adhesives - transbond plus, blugloo, grengloo. J Adv Med Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(1), 1-8.

The aim of the study is to compare and evaluate the shear bond strength of color changing adhesives Transbond Plus, Grengloo and Blugloo when contaminated with saliva. One hundred and twenty premolars extracted for orthodontic purpose or due to periodontal involvement was collected, rinsed thoroughly and stored in 0.1 % (wt/vol) thymol. The teeth were divided into three groups; group I- transbond plus, group II- grengloo, group III-blugloo. Each group was subdivided into: A. No Contamination, B. Contamination with saliva before application of bonding agent, C. Contamination with saliva after application of bonding agent, D. Contamination with saliva both before and after application of bonding agent. All teeth were mounted on the acrylic jig individually. The procedure of etching and priming of the teeth was carried out according to manufacturer’s instruction. Contamination of the mounted teeth with artificial saliva was performed in the order of the above-mentioned categories. The metal premolar brackets were then bonded using color changing adhesives Transbond Plus (n=40), Grengloo (n=40), Blugloo (n=40). After 24 hours the brackets were tested for shear bond strength using a Universal Testing Machine. The results obtained were analysed with ANOVA test followed by Tukey's HSD post hoc Analysis. The bonding performance of Grengloo and Blugloo was comparable. However, the bond strength of Grengloo and Blugloo was relatively higher than Transbond Plus. This may be due to the sealant, Ortho Solo, used in these groups. All three color changing adhesives can be used safely in orthodontic practice since they show acceptable bond strengths. Even though Transbond Plus showed acceptable bond strength during saliva contamination procedures, it was less than that of Grengloo and Blugloo. In situations where extra bond strength is needed, Grengloo and Blugloo may be preferred.

12 illus, 17 ref

045729   SAINI H K, SUMERIYA N K, SAINI H (Medical Surgical Nursing Dep, Univ Coll of Nursing, Faridkot, Punjab) : Assessment of perceived stress, coping strategies and emotional intelligence among nursing students. J Adv Med Dent Sci Res 2020, 8(1), 247-50.

Stress in medical students has been associated with increased levels of depression, use of drugs and alcohol and increased anxiety and attrition. The present study was conducted to assess perceived stress, coping strategies and emotional intelligence among nursing students. The present study was conducted among 140 nursing students. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Brief COPE and the Schutte self-report emotional intelligence test was used. There were 60 males and 80 females. 90 were in bachelor’s degree and 50 were in master’s degree. 40 were in first year, 35 in second, 45 in third, 20 in 4th year. 90 were unmarried, and 50 were married. The mean PSS score of students was 18.34. Brief COPE: Adaptive score was 44.7, brief COPE: Maladaptive score was 23.9 and EEEIT score was 128.4. Perceived stress was positively correlated with maladaptive coping and negatively associated with adaptive coping. EI was negatively correlated with perceived stress and with maladaptive coping and positively correlated with adaptive coping. Authors found that interventions aimed at increasing emotional intelligence may help to lessen perceived stress for students in the helping disciplines.

3 tables, 11 ref