042308   KAUR S, CHANDEL S, CHANDEL S (Anthropology Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 007, Email: vs.shivani@gmail.com) : The relationship between body mass index and blood pressure: A study among school going children of Rajasthan, India. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2020, 64(3), 236-41.

Hypertension has become common in children and generally remains undiagnosed and untreated. The present study aims to find the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) and examines the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and BP among school going children. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 240 school going children aged between 10 years and 17 years of Udaipur district of Rajasthan. Data were collected using interview schedules and somatometric measurements were taken based on standardized protocols established by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 20. Hypertension is considered when BP (systolic BP [SBP] and/or diastolic BP [DBP]) level is ≥95th percentile for height, age, and sex according to the Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High BP in Children and Adolescents (2004). It was found that 49 % children were underweight, 3 % were overweight, and 2 % were obese. Hypertension was seen in 39 (16.2 %) children (5.4 % systolic hypertension, 5.8 % diastolic hypertension, and 5 % both systolic and diastolic hypertension). Children who were overweight/obese were more likely to have hypertension than those who were normal or underweight. The findings of the present study indicate that BMI is a crucial factor affecting BP levels. Simple measurements of body weight and height to determine BMI as a routine assessment in schools would help in controlling BP levels in children that might cause adulthood morbidity and mortality due to hypertension.

1 illus, 5 tables, 38 ref

042307   METKARI A, PHADKE L (Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College and General Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, Email: leena_phadke@hotmail.com) : Cardiac autonomic modulation during yoga postures and cycling: An “Acute State Effect”. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2020, 64(3), 229-35.

Health benefits of aerobic exercises and Yogaasana (Yoga Postures) in lifestyle diseases are well known. There are pointers that these health benefits may be mediated through cardiac autonomic modulation. “Acute State effects” of autonomic modulation during aerobic exercise is fairly established; however there is relative dearth of information about it during Yogasana (Yoga Postures). The purpose of present study is to explore “Acute State Effect” of cardiac autonomic modulations during Yogasana (postures) and mild aerobic exercise (cycling) using heart rate variability (HRV) a cardiac autonomic marker in Yoga naïve volunteers. Thirty consenting volunteers between eighteen to twenty five years, of both genders performed test protocol comprised of four blocks of modified yoga postures, one block of cycling each of five minute duration and a block of supine rest that served as baseline. High sampled ECG (1 KHz) was recorded during protocol for HRV analysis. Friedman test for multiple blocks comparison and Wilcoxon signed rank test for pair wise comparison was employed. P < 0.05 considered as significant. Multiple block comparison of HRV indices (P < 0.0001) and for breathing rate (P < 0.0004) were highly significant. Compared to resting baseline a pattern of vagal withdrawal (decrease in HF nu) with increment in average heart rate was observed during modified yogasanas and cycling. Shavasana showed pattern of parasympathetic reactivation with decrement in average heart rate. The pattern of autonomic modulation in Yoga naïve performing modified yogasanas was similar to mild intensity cycling. Shavasana showed pattern of post exercise recovery. 

6 illus, 3 tables, 36 ref

042306   SAXENA Y, GUPTA R, KOTWAL A, OJHA A (Physiology Dep, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan Univ, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, Email: drysaxena@rediffmail.com) : Relation of interleukin-17 and high-sensitivity C-reactive proteins with sympathetic reactivity in pre-hypertensive young adult. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2020, 64(3), 221-8.

Recent studies have shown that both innate and adaptive immunity response contributes to vascular dysfunction by vascular remodelling and later hypertension. Furthermore, the sympathetic activity mediates the vascular dysfunction through pro-inflammatory activity of immune system. In context to insidious onset hypertension, the study was planned to observe the association of immunity with the increased sympathetic activity in pre-hypertensive adults. Thirty healthy pre-hypertensive (as per JNC VII) non-smokers, non-alcoholic and nonobese male adults volunteers were recruited from the study area. Equal numbers of normotensive controls were taken for comparison. On reporting day, they were subjected to the recording of demographic and anthropometric measurements, hand grip dynamometry and later investigated for serum levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and high-sensitivity C-reactive proteins (hsCRP) after written informed consent. The data collected were analysed for differences in mean and association of immune and inflammatory markers with sympathetic activity by statistical tests. Significantly higher values of weight, BMI, % BF, visceral fat, resting heart rate and IL-17 and a lower sympathetic reactivity was observed in pre-hypertensive subjects. Values of hsCRP was higher in prehypertensive but was not statistically significant.. IL-17 was a positive significant predictor with 4.7 times (P = 0.02) increase in odds of being pre-hypertensive, whereas sympathetic reactivity was a significant negative predictor (OR = 0.75; P = 0.001). SBP and DBP are both related negatively and significantly (P < 0.05) to the sympathetic reactivity suggesting that blood pressure is related to sympathetic nervous system. Furthermore, the hsCRP is observed to be related positively to the % BF and to only SBP and RHR, complimenting link of adiposity as an inflammatory process to blood pressure. IL-17 levels in blood are observed to be positively and significantly related to DBP. Elevated IL-17 levels are significant predictor of pre-hypertension along with lower sympathetic reactivity. No direct association was observed between IL-17 and sympathetic system except with raised DBP. Immune mechanism is part of pathogenesis of increased blood pressure in pre-hypertensive with enhanced baseline sympathetic activity.

1 illus, 4 tables, 33 ref

042305   SHARMA M, BAGALI S, PATIL S G (Physiology Dep, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, Email: sathupatil@yahoo.co.in) : Relationship of breathing pattern with vascular tone and arterial stiffness in young healthy individuals. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2020, 64(3), 215-20.

A dynamic interaction exists between respiration, cardiovascular system, and autonomic nervous regulatory mechanisms as demonstrated by respiratory sinus arrhythmia. The vascular tone might also demonstrate a similar variability during inspiration and expiration. The breathing patterns by influencing the sympathetic outflow may have an impact on the vascular tone and hence cardiovascular system at large. The present study was undertaken to assess the quiet breathing pattern and its relation with vascular tone, hemodynamics, and arterial stiffness in normal young healthy individuals. The study involved 46 young healthy adults (both males and females) aged 19–25 years. Breathing parameters included were respiratory rate (RR), inspiration time (IT), expiration time (ET), and inspiration-expiration ratio (I/E ratio). Vascular parameters included were reflection index (reflects vascular tone) and stiffness index (reflects arterial stiffness). Blood pressure (BP in mmHg) and heart rate (bpm) were measured. IT and ET were almost equal with no significant difference. ET was weekly correlated with diastolic BP (r = −0.410; P = 0.058) in females but not in males. Breathing pattern was not significantly associated with vascular tone and arterial stiffness. IT, ET, I/E ratio, and RR were not significantly correlated with vascular tone and arterial stiffness suggesting that breathing does not influence the arterial health and function in young healthy individuals. There was a weak negative correlation between ET and diastolic BP in females but not in males, implicating the existence of fundamental differences in basic BP regulation between the sexes.

3 tables, 23 ref

044421   DABAS G, MAHESHWARI V, KUMAR K (Clinical Research Dep, Galgotias Univ, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, Email: kaushalendra.kumar@galgotiasuniversity.edu.in) : Placebo: An effective investigational new drug over an investigational product and associated ethical implications. J Biol Engg Res & Rev 2020, 7(2), 19-23.

There is always a bright side behind the use of placebo as a controlled treatment in the clinical trials. The aim of this work was to define the beneficial impact of the placebo rather than of investigational products in certain health conditions and its need to be proceeded for prescription after approval by the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) above negligible ethical implications. Neurobiological, psychological or perceived effects of placebo came out as some advanced mechanistic responses seen in varying trials. Exponential decrease in the graph of new drugs approval by the FDA, placebo being the major factor behind the phase 3 failures and drop out of drugs from the pipeline. Researchers made the application of use of placebo in cancer trials despite earlier ethical issues. Advanced mechanistic responses and efficacy of placebos as seen in Phase 3 trials led to dropping out the Investigational Product (IP) and to process the placebo as an Investigational New Drug (IND) Application. 

3 illus, 24 ref

042304   PAL S, CHAKI B, BANDYOPADHYAY A (Physiology Dep, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata - 700 009, West Bengal, Email: abphys@caluniv.ac.in) : High intensity exercise induced alteration of hematological profile in sedentary post-pubertal boys and girls: A comparative study. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2020, 64(3), 207-14.

High-intensity exercise induces intensity dependent leukocytosis due to increased trafficking of white blood cells in circulation and also causes red blood cell (RBC) damage and hemolysis due to osmotic and mechanical stress. The present study was aimed to investigate the high-intensity exercise-induced perturbations of hematological profile in sedentary post-pubertal boys and girls. Blood samples were collected from sedentary post-pubertal boys (n = 22, age = 16.10 ± 0.74 years) and girls (n = 22, age = 16.04 ± 0.63 years) before and immediately after exercise to assess hematological parameters such as RBC Count, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration (Hb), total leukocyte counts, and differential count. Pre- and post-exercise RBC count, Hb and hematocrit had no significant inter-group variation. Pre- and post-exercise hematocrit and Hb were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in post-pubertal boys. Leukocyte count had insignificant intergroup variation before the exercise but it increased significantly (P < 0.001) following exercise in both the groups. Monocytosis and neutrophilia were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in post-pubertal boys. Percentage change in monocyte, eosinophil and basophil did not depict significant inter-group variation while percentage increase in neutrophil was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in boys as compared to girls. Post-exercise absolute lymphocyte count as well as percentage increase in this variable was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in girls as compared to boys. Absolute eosinophil count increased significantly in both the groups but its relative count declined substantially probably due to higher rate of mobilization of lymphocyte and neutrophil. Basophil count was also perturbed following exercise. Gender appeared to have insignificant impact on exercise-induced perturbation in hematological profile at post-pubertal stage except for neutrophil and lymphocyte.

3 tables, 33 ref

042303   CHADHA V, SHIVALKAR S S, RAMRAJE N (Physiology Dep, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: vineetachadha9@gmail.com) : A cross-sectional study on nerve conduction velocity in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2020, 64(3), 201-6.

This study was undertaken with the aim to find out possible presence of subclinical peripheral neuropathy in patients of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its association with advancing severity of disease. Changes in nerve conduction parameter values in these patients have been presented. Median, ulnar, peroneal motor, and sural sensory nerve conduction latency, amplitude, and velocity were recorded in 100 known cases of COPD in the age group of 25–65 years as per the standard protocol. On analysis, statistically significant lowering of sural nerve conduction velocity (P = 0.002) and amplitude (P = 0.003) was found with decreasing FEV1 % in the three stages of COPD. Decrease in ulnar sensory conduction amplitude and velocity was also noted but it was not significant. Fall in sural nerve conduction velocity was found to be strongly and positively correlated (P = 0.029, r = 0.444) with decrease in FEV1 %. These findings suggest that with increasing severity of disease, airflow limitation enhances polyneuropathy in COPD patients. It is predominantly axonal and mainly involving sensory nerve.

1 illus, 7 tables, 21 ref

044419   HENDSUN, FIRMANSYAH Y, FELICIA, JULITA E (General Medicine Dep, Depati Hamzah Regional Public Hospital, Pangkalpinang, Indonesia, Email: hendsunh@ymail.com) : Neutrophils-Lymphocytes Ratio (NLR) and Platelet-Lymphocytes Ratio (PLR) as Predictors of NSTEMI events. J Biol Engg Res & Rev 2020, 7(2), 1-9.

ACS is a manifestation of a complex process known as atherosclerosis. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is formed not only from cholesterol but also from the inflammatory response. NLR represents a balance between two essential response pathways, the regulation reflected by neutrophilia and the body's stress response, discussed by lower lymphocyte counts. platelet-lymphocytes (PLR) also showed that inflammation markers could be an independent predictor of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with NSTEMI. Data analysis or statistical tests conducted in this study constitute the Independent T-Test to calculate the differences between the two data in standard data and an alternative test consisting of Mann-Whiney data that is not normal. The given ROC or AUC value has an excellent predictive ability if the angle deviation is above 45 degrees and the p-value <0.05. Statistical test results obtained mean differences representing the NSTEMI and Normal groups on the age variable, NLR, and PLR (p-value <0.05). NLR and PLR have the best predictor abilities in predicting NSTEMI opportunities (AUC> 0.80 or with a good predictive ability). NLR and PLR have an excellent predictive ability to predict NSTEMI events.

9 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

042302   RAI N, SHARMA H B, KUMARI R, KAILASHIYA J (Biochemistry Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, Email: jyotsna.kailashiya@gmail.com) : Assessment of obesity indices for prediction of hyperglycemia in adult population of Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh), India. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2020, 64(3), 195-200.

Obesity is a known risk factor for diabetes mellitus. Multiple obesity indices are available to assess and classify obesity status, including Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), and Waist-Height Ratio (WHtR). The present research was conducted to assess these obesity indices for their usefulness in predicting hyperglycemia. BMI, WC, WHtR, and Random Capillary Blood Glucose (RCBG) levels were measured in total 188 adult volunteers from Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Pearson correlation, unpaired Student’s t-test, and Chi-square tests were applied to assess associations and difference of measured parameters among different categories. Receiver operating curve analysis was performed to find best obesity indices to predict hyperglycemia (RCBG ≥140 mg/dl) and to find optimal cut off values for prediction. Age of subjects, WC and WHtR (but not BMI) were found significantly correlated with RCBG levels. WHtR classified highest number of subjects as obese, compared to BMI and WC. WHtR was also found to be the best obesity index to predict hyperglycemia in both male and female subjects. WHtR can be used as cost effective, non-invasive, and convenient obesity index for screening and prediction of hyperglycemia in apparently healthy adult subjects. Thus, identified subjects can further be advised to undergo blood glucose testing for the early detection of diabetes and prediabetes.

1 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

040397   KUMAR R, KUMAR A, KUMAR A, TYAGI S P (Veterinary Surgery and Radiology Dep, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, Himachal Pradesh, Email: drasingla@gmail.com) : Comparison of atracurium and vecuronium as muscle relaxants for ocular and orthopaedic interventions in dogs. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 106-9.

Twenty adult dogs of either sex, divided into 2 equal groups were used for evaluation of atracurium (0.5 mg/kg IV) and vecuronium (0.1 mg/kg IV) in atropine-butorphanol-diazepam premedicated and propofol (till effect IV) induced dogs which were further maintained on isoflurane with controlled IPPV mode of the ventilator for positive pressure ventilation. A total of 13 ophthalmic and 7 orthopaedic interventions were done in both the groups. Pulmonary parameters were measured at baseline (pre-operative), just after induction and at 5, 15, 30 and 45 minutes after the administration of NMBA and the recovery parameters were recorded after weaning from the anaesthetic gas. The eyeballs deviated to the ventro-medial position after the induction with diazepam and propofol and resumed the central position within 30 seconds of atracurium or vecuronium administration thus, proving highly beneficial for the eye globe and corneal interventions. On a comparative basis, atracurium and vecuronium provided muscle relaxation for 40.1 ± 4.71 and 37.7 ± 1.01 minutes respectively. Uniform and pronounced muscle relaxation along with excellent sedation was found in both the groups. All pulmonary parameters remained within normal range. Following discontinuation of the isoflurane, the time taken to bear weight was 38.88 ± 1.45 and 39.63 ± 4.08 minutes in the atracurium and vecuronium groups respectively.

1 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

042301   RAMAKRISHNA K, SRINIVASAN K, SHARMA S S (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali - 160 062, Punjab, Email: sssharma@niper.ac.in) : Chronic treatment of 4-phenylbutyric acid ameliorates cognitive impairment after focal cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion injury in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2020, 64(3), 188-94.

Stroke, apart from causing physical disabilities, it also often leads to cognitive impairment in patients. At present, there is no effective drug available for the treatment of post-stroke cognitive impairment. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the ameliorative effect of 4-Phenylbutyric acid (PBA) against cognitive and memory deficits due to focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats. Focal cerebral I/R injury was achieved by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. PBA (100 and 300 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered once daily for 2 weeks. The neurological score was counted to evaluate the severity of neurological motor deficits. The cognitive functions, including learning and memory, were assessed using various paradigms such as Y-maze, passive avoidance task and Morris water maze. The chronic treatment of PBA (100 and 300 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently improved the neurological motor deficits as shown by significant decrease in neurological score in MCAO-treated rats. Besides, PBA (100 and 300 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment markedly improved working memory as shown by significant increase in the relative percentage alternations compared to untreated control MCAO rats in Y-maze. PBA also significantly decreased the transfer latency in the acquisition trial and increased in probe trial in passive avoidance task suggesting an improvement in learning and memory in MCAO rats. There was also a significant improvement in spatial learning and memory, as evidenced by the reduced escape latency in acquisition trial and the increased number of entries into the platform zone, time spent in the platform quadrant and track plot in probe trial PBAtreated MCAO rats during Morris water maze task. This study, thus, demonstrates the potential of PBA in ameliorating cognitive dysfunctions in focal cerebral ischemia. Since PBA is already available for the treatment of urea cycle disorders, it may also be investigated for repurposing its use in the treatment of post-stroke cognitive impairment.

6 tables, 32 ref

042300   KACHROO U , KANTHAKUMAR P (Physiology Dep, Christian Medical Coll, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, Email: upasana_k@hotmail.com) : An electrophysiological comparison of freshly isolated caprine articular chondrocytes versus cryopreserved chondrocytes. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2020, 64(3), 181-7.

Cryopreserved chondrocytes find numerous applications in reconstructive surgery, tissue engineering, and cell-based therapy. Cryopreserved chondrocytes may behave differently due to a change in cell biology. To assess phenotype maintenance, the electrophysiological profile of the cells can be studied. In this study, a comparison between freshly isolated and cryopreserved chondrocytes was made by recording ionic currents using patch clamp. Caprine articular chondrocytes were harvested and cryopreserved for 7–15 days and divided into two groups. Percentage cell viability was assessed, following which both fresh and cryopreserved cells were subjected to analysis in whole cell configuration using depolarizing voltage steps. Outwardly, rectifying currents were recorded in both groups. Comparison of current densities at all potentials above the threshold, revealed no significant difference between fresh and cryopreserved chondrocytes. As electrophysiological properties of cryopreserved chondrocytes appear to be maintained, they may be readily utilized in place of fresh cells.

5 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

042299   SINGH S K , MANDAL M B (Physiology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, Email: maloy_mandal@yahoo.com) : Intra-arterial injection of bradykinin produces reflex cardiorespiratory changes involving histamine receptors in anesthetized rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2020, 64(3), 174-80.

It is well known that intra-arterial injection of nociceptive agent produces vasosensory reflex responses altering cardiorespiratory parameters. The role of various inflammatory mediators is also implicated in the regulation of these reflex responses. However, the role of histamine in this regard is not clear. This study was performed to understand the role of H1 and H2 receptors in modulating the cardiorespiratory responses evoked after i.a. injection of bradykinin (BK). Male albino rats were anesthetized with an intra-peritoneal injection of urethane (1.5 g/kg). Tracheostomy was performed to keep the respiratory tract patent. The femoral artery was cannulated proximally by pediatric i.v. cannula (24 G, double ported). This cannulation was used for the blood pressure (BP) recording as well as for the drugs instillation as it contains double port with injection valve. The effect of BK (1 µM) on BP, electrocardiographic, and respiration was recorded for 30 min. The respiratory frequency, respiratory minute volume, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate were computed from the original tracings and the data were presented as mean ± SEM. Intra-arterial injection of BK produced immediate hyperventilatory (50 % from initial), hypotensive (40 % from initial), and bradycardiac responses (17 % from initial) of shorter latency (5–8 s) indicating the neural mechanisms in producing the responses. Pre-treatment with pheniramine maleate significantly attenuated the BK-induced hyperventilatory (11 % from initial), hypotensive (8 % from initial), and bradycardiac responses (2 % from initial). Our data provide evidences for the involvement of H1 and H2 receptors in producing the BKinduced vasosensory reflex responses modulating the cardiovascular parameters in anesthetized rats.

3 illus, 22 ref

042298   YOUSSEF M E , MOUSTAFA Y , ABDELRAZEK H (Pharmacology and Biochemistry Dep, Delta Univ for Science and Technology, Mansoura 35511, Dakahlia, Egypt, Email: mahmoodelsaid@hotmail.com) : Molecular mechanisms of α7-nAchR-mediated anti-inflammatory effects. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2020, 64(3), 158-73.

The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is described as an interaction between the nervous system and the immune system. This interaction is regulated by the α7 subtype of cholinergic nicotinic Ach receptors (α7-nAchR), which leads to a marked decrease in the inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor α. Several ligands that interact with α7-nAchR have been recently discovered. These ligands vary in their source, chemical structure, selectivity, potency and efficacy. Activation of α7-nAchR either selectively or non-selectively showed an anti-inflammatory effect that could be due to the inhibition of inflammatory signalling pathways such as Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B inflammasome and mammalian target of rapamycinmediated autophagy pathways. In addition, it was proved that continuous activation of α7-nAchR could stimulate several anti-inflammatory signalling mechanisms, including Janus activated kinase-2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/HO-1 and adenosine monophosphateactivated protein kinase signalling. In this review, we focused on the recent discoveries of α7-nAchR agonists and antagonists and their anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

3 tables, 175 ref

044417   NAIN S, JAIN A, KUMAR K (Clinical Research Dep, Galgotias Univ, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, Email: kaushalendra.kumar@galgotiasuniversity.edu.in) : Intermittent fasting (if): An approach to a healthy body. J Biol Engg Res & Rev 2020, 7(1), 24-32.

Fasting helps the vital energy to remove the toxic matter from the blood and purify the system. Fasting awakens the mind and enhances inner tranquility. In today’s world many people are living a very unhealthy, sedentary lifestyle where no such physical activities are involved. Sedentary lifestyle and meals three times per day (breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks in between) often leads to metabolic morbidities that lead to many diseases that they are unaware of. In these situations, the concept of Intermittent Fasting gained much popularity globally. Intermittent fasting (IF) is basically a banqueting mosaic and not a diet, one has to follow. IF in general is a regimen where one can refrain themselves from eating for some fixed consecutive hours mainly more than 12 hours fasting and rest is eating time period. The objective of this review paper is to summarize and bring out the fruitful wellness benefits of Intermittent Fasting that have shown clinical results from human studies as well as from animal studies. IF can counteract many diseases and functional improvement was shown in various experimental models with a wide range of diseases and disorders. IF can be paradigmatic in developing new approach to weight loss, reduction in inflammation, deduction and prevention in skin disease, decrease in Hypertension, metabolic switching, diabetes prevention and maintenance, maintaining insulin level and increase insulin sensitivity, prevention and help in cardiovascular disease and stroke, increase in wound healing process, boosting immune system, promoting autophagy, help in treating neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimer disease and Vascular Dementia and Seizures.

2 illus, 1 table, 71 ref

042297   GOLLABA R M J, SUMALAPAO D E P, CHIONG-PEREZ M E M (Epidemiology and Biostatistics Dep, The Philippines Manila Univ, Manila, Philippines, Email: dpsumalapao1@up.edu.ph) : Post-operative residual neuromuscular blockade after the administration of a single intubating dose of intermediate-acting non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agent in adult elective surgical procedures. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2020, 64(2), 142-6.

Post-operative residual neuromuscular blockade may result in life-threatening conditions if not properly managed making it a common and significant concern among anaesthesiologists. Among adult elective surgeries requiring single intubating dose of intermediate-acting non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agent, the study determined the incidence and risk factors associated with post-operative residual neuromuscular blockade during early post-operative period. A prospective, open-labelled, non-randomised observational study conducted in an operating room and post-anaesthesia care unit. A total of 175 ASA-PS Class I and II patients admitted in the surgical wards scheduled for elective surgical operation and were administered of a single intubating dose of intravenous intermediate-acting non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking drug. The train-of-four (TOF) method of peripheral nerve stimulation detects the presence of post-operative residual neuromuscular blockade. A significant post-operative residual paralysis was identified in specific age groups (26–35, 46–55 and 56–65), in surgical procedures in the orthopaedic service, and among patients who were given a reversal agent. Residual neuromuscular blockade is still present even if the interval between the last dose of muscle relaxant and the measurement of TOF ratio at the post-anaesthesia care unit was long, however, less than that observed in short interval surgeries. Clinical importance of residual neuromuscular blockade is still evident up to the present time and the present study recommends routine monitoring of neuromuscular blockade and pharmacologic antagonism in the reversal of non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking drugs.

1 table, 10 ref

042296   KERWANI T, GUPTA S, EPARI V, SAHOO J (Physiology Dep, Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital, Bhubaneswar - 751 003, Odisha, Email: sandhyagupta.physio@gmail. com) : Association of skipping breakfast and different domains of cognitive function among undergraduate medical students: A cross-sectional study. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2020, 64(2), 137-41.

To find out the prevalence of skipping breakfast and its association with different domains of cognitive function. Using inclusion and exclusion criteria, a representative sample of 184 under graduate students were included. Cognitive function was assessed using previously validated scales of measurement like FDS (Forward Digit Span) and BDS (Backward Digit Span) for assessing short-term and working memory respectively and MMSE (Mini Mental Scale Examination) for assessing global cognitive function. Categorical variables were expressed as a percentage and continuous variables were expressed in terms of mean and median. Mann Whitney U test was used to compare the medians. A P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Almost three-quarter of the study participants were found to have skipped breakfast either once or more than once in a week. All the three scores (FDS, BDS and MMSE) were higher among those who took breakfast. However; only the differences in BDS and MMSE scores were statistically significant. It was observed that those who took breakfast had higher BDS and MMSE scores indicating positive association between having breakfast and certain domains of cognitive function. Further, studies with robust study designs are needed to elicit the association of skipping breakfast and cognitive function, which would contribute further to our existing knowledge.

3 tables, 23 ref

042295   KAR M, PANIGRAHI M, MAHAPATRA S C (Physiology Dep, AIIMS Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar - 751 019, Odisha, Email: aiimsbhubaneswar.edu.in) : Age-associated changes in physiological and biochemical arterial stiffness markers in apparently healthy individuals. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2020, 64(2), 129-36.

Arterial stiffness occurs with increasing age and it is an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) are relatively new physiological and biochemical parameters to ascertain arterial stiffness. We determined age-associated changes in physiological and biochemical parameters of arterial stiffness. It was a cross-sectional, observational study conducted on apparently healthy 118 male and 114 female subjects of age group 30–>60 years without any cardiovascular or peripheral vascular disease or on any antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy. Brachial systolic blood pressure (bSBP), brachial diastolic blood pressure, central systolic blood pressure (cSBP), central diastolic blood pressure (cDBP), heart rate, augmentation index (AIx[%]) and baPWV were recorded after 10 min of rest. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP) and PP ratio (PPR) were derived from the recorded data. Serum samples were analysed to estimate OPG level and lipid profile. Kruskal–Wallis test was performed to compare the differences of the parameters. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to determine any association between baPWV and other parameters. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with baPWV. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Males had significantly higher value of height, weight and PPR than females. Females had significantly higher values of BMI, AIx (%), cSBP, cPP and brachial PP than males. Aged males had significantly higher AIx (%), cPP and brachial PP in comparison to younger males. Aged females showed significantly higher AIx (%), cPP, brachial PP, serum cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) and very LDLc (VLDLc) in comparison to younger females. Serum OPG level was found to be a major factor influencing the values of baPWV in both males and females. Other cardiovascular parameters such as cSBP, cDBP, cMAP, brachial SBP and MAP influenced baPWV values in both genders, but biochemical parameters such as serum cholesterol, LDLc influenced baPWV values in the male participants in the present study. Regression analysis revealed that serum TG and OPG levels were strongly associated with baPWV in both genders. With increasing age, cardiovascular parameters such as central blood pressure, peripheral blood pressure and AIx (%) were increased in both genders, and PPR was decreased in males. The values of baPWV also exhibited an increasing trend with age. Serum cholesterol, TG, LDLc and VLDLc levels in females were increased with age. Serum OPG level and serum TG levels emerged as major influencing factors of baPWV values in both genders irrespective of age.

3 illus, 5 tables, 25 ref

042294   LAKSHMI J N , BABU A N , NADENDLA R R (Pharmacology Dep, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guntur - 522 034, Andhra Pradesh, Email: 1985nagalakshmi@gmail.com) : Evaluation of anti-psoriatic activity of selected phytochemicals on UV-induced psoriasis in mouse tail model. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2020, 64(2), 123-8.

To evaluate anti-psoriatic activity of Phytochemicals on UV-Induced psoriasis in mouse tail model. Anti-psoriatic activity of selected phytochemicals on UV-Induced psoriasis in mouse tail model. The animals were dividing into 05 groups and each group contain 5 animals. Disease control group did not receive any treatment only exposure to UV-light, vehicle control treated with simple ointment, standard group treated with salicylic acid (1 %w/w) ointment, remaining group are treated 1 % and 2 % selective phytochemical at two concentrations of ointment to topically on the tail skin. And the data were analysed using one way ANOVA followed by two-way ANOVA (Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test). There was significant decrease in epidermal thickness (P < 0.05) as compared with control group. In 2 % phytoconstituents has shown a significant reduction in the total epidermal thickness 8.4****±0.748, 7.6**±0.6781 and 8*±0.8366 in geraniol, glycyrrhizic acid and ellagic acid treated group, when compare to the disease induced animal, there was no lesion of Munro’s microabscess, capillary loop dilation along with elongation of rete ridges in the section of skin of rats. Psoriasis Severity Index was reduced in test treated groups as compared with that of disease control group. It was slowly reduced to 2^nd week, totally (55-70 %) reduction in PSI is observed at the time of third week of treatment period. The result of the study showed that the 2 % of geraniol, ellagic acid, glycyrrhizicacid and hesperidin, exhibited significant activity on UV-induced psoriasis in rodents. The study implies that selected phytoconstituents are a promising research for further investigations to prove its anti-psoriatic activity.

3 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

042293   DIXIT A , SINGH Y R , MITRA P , SHARMA P (Physiology Dep, AIIMS, Jodhpur - 342 005, Rajasthan, Email: abhinavdr@gmail.com) : Smoking induced alterations in auditory pathways: Evidence from evoked potentials. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2020, 64(2), 118-22.

Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABR) are used for assessment of integrity of auditory pathway. Given the widespread prevalence of smoking, interpretation of ABR data must be done in light of smoker/nonsmoker status. The present study was done on 30 normal, healthy non-smoker males and 30 healthy, smoker males in the age group of 18-40 years. Approval of Institutional Ethics Committee and written informed consent was taken from all volunteers. ABR was recorded using Biopac MP 150 system. The recordings were done in a state of abstinence of 12 hours (chronic smoking state) and 10 minutes after smoking (acute smoking state). In the non-smoker group, only one set of recordings were done. The peak latencies and amplitudes of the ABR waves were analyzed. Analysis of data revealed a significant prolongation of the latencies of wave I and II and Inter-peak latency I-III in chronic smoking state as compared to non-smoking state. The amplitudes of waves I, II and V were also significantly reduced in chronic smoking state. A comparison between the non-smokers and acute smoking state revealed significantly prolonged latency of waves I and II in the acute smoking state accompanied by a significant decrease in the amplitudes of all waves of ABR. There were no significant differences in latencies and amplitudes of the chronic and acute smoking state. Smoking led to an increase in latency and decrease in amplitude, thereby indicating that it adversely affected the auditory pathway. Thus, interpretation of data of ABR should consider smoking as a confounding variable. 

3 tables, 21 ref

042292   SARVOTTAM K , RANJAN P , YADAV U (Physiology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi - 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, Email: kumarsarvo@gmail.com) : Age group and gender-wise comparison of obesity indices in subjects of Varanasi. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2020, 64(2), 09-17.

Deposition of body fat may differ in different age groups and gender-wise differences are also likely. The present study aims to evaluate age- and gender-wise differences in obesity parameters in healthy subjects of both genders of Varanasi. Anthropometric measurements were performed in 346 subjects reported in health check-up camp. Parameters were compared between each age group for males and females separately as well as gender-wise comparison for each age group was also performed. Regression analysis was performed to observe the relationship of age with obesity parameters and body mass index (BMI) with other parameters of obesity Both males and females had central obesity with males having higher waist circumference (WC) than females (P = 0.002) while females had higher body fat (fat %) (P = 0.000). Obesity indices of males of age group of 18–29 years were lesser as compared to other age groups. Obesity indices of female subjects were comparable in 18–39 years of age. Age group of 30–39 and 50–59 years males had higher WC than females (P = 0.002, 0.016, respectively) while fat % of females in each age group were significantly higher than males of corresponding age groups. Positive correlation of age with obesity parameters and BMI with WC and fat % was observed. Gender-wise differences in BMI, WC, WHtR and fat % tend to increase with age, indicative of increase in adiposity and central obesity with progressing age. Males in general have higher WC than females but lesser fat %. Gender differences in obesity may show age group specific variations. Findings of the study may be useful for identifying age specific distribution of obesity indices in males and females. 

6 tables, 39 ref

040388   HUSSAIN M, MAHMUD A, HUSSAIN J, QAISRANI S N, MEHMOOD S, AHMAD S, REHMAN A U (Poultry Production Dep, Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Lahore, Pakistan, Email: munawar.manais@gmail.com) : Effect of dietary amino acid regimens on growth performance and body conformation and immune responses in Aseel chicken. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 53-8.

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of different levels of Lysine (Lys) on early growth, body conformation and immune response of three varieties of Aseel chicken. Five hundred and forty day old chicks were used in this experiment. Experimental treatments were three verities i-e Mianwali (MW), Peshawari (PW) and Lakha (LK) and three level of Lys i-e L1 (1.35), L2 (1.30) and L3 (1.25 %). Treatments were arranged in factorial arrangement under randomized complete block design (RCBD) with sex as block. Each experimental group was replicated 6 times with 10 birds in each. Results indicated that PW variety showed a greater feed intake (FI) throughout the experiment, however, body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were remained unchanged within varieties. Lower FI was observed in birds fed diets containing 1.35, 1.30 % digestible Lys. Birds fed diets containing 1.35, 1.30 % digestible Lys showed higher (BWG (P<0.05) and improved FCR (P<0.05). Mianwali variety with 1.35, 1.30 % digestible Lys diets, showed (252.0±17.4 and 251.4±7.15; 2.37±0.17 and 2.35±0.06) an interaction for BWG and FCR. Birds fed amino acid dense diets depicted improved body conformation traits (length of body, drum stick, shank keel bone, circumference of drumstick and shank, wing spread and breast width), whereas immune responses (were not influenced by the dietary treatments. In conclusion, it was found that 1.30 % digestible Lys level with ideal amino acid ratio was better for improving early BWG and FCR in Mianwali Aseel.

1 illus, 4 tables, 38 ref

040386   RANA J, BANUBAKODE S B, NANDESHWAR N C, KURKURE N V, KORDE J P, PATEL S K (Veterinary Anatomy and Histology Dep, Nagpur Veterinary Coll, Nagpur-440 006, Maharashtra, Email: rana.jigyasa@gmail.com) : Histochemical changes during development of Harderian gland in chicken. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 41-6.

The present study was aimed to examine histochemical changes in the Harderian gland of pre and post hatched chicks from 11 day of incubation to 24 days of age. In pre hatched groups, the gland was in the developing stage. There was no well defined parenchyma, septa and capsule in early embryonic stage. Histochemical observation revealed that weak or negligible activity of PAS, AB/PAS and Sudan black B was seen in epithelial lining of Harderian gland on 18^th and 20^th day of incubation. The gland was compound tubuleacinar type at 20^th day of incubation, consisted of capsule, parenchyma and stroma. PAS activity was seen in the capsule, septa, epithelial lining of acini and tubule and interstitial connective tissue cells. PAS activity was aggregated towards the apical part of the tubular epithelium as well as at the free luminal surface epithelium of the acini. PAS activity increases with the development of connective tissue component of Harderian gland with the advancement of age. The Harderian gland was predominantly mucus and lipid secreting gland. All epithelial cells of the glandular unit of Harderian gland contain both neutral and acidic mucin. Intense ABpositive activity was seen at the apex of tubule with the advancement of age. Sudan black B activity was recorded in the cytoplasm of epithelial lining of tubule and acini of the Harderian gland and their presence increases with age.

12 illus, 20 ref

042291   ALSHEIKH M H (Physiology Dep, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Univ, AlKhobar-36277, Saudi Arabia, Email: msheikh@iau.edu.sa) : Effect of exercise on glycaemic control and pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A review. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2020, 64(2), 102-8.

The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing and is known for its adverse effects on maternal and neonatal health. Physical exercise during pregnancy has been demonstrated to be useful for women without diabetes. However, it is unclear whether exercise can improve glycaemic control, and thereby prevents the unwanted effects of GDM. This review examines the evidence from recent literature, in which various exercise interventions were used to improve glycaemic control and the pregnancy outcomes of women with GDM. For this purpose, literature was searched through Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus, and relevant studies published between 2009 and 2019 were retrieved. In total, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. The findings collated consistently suggest that exercise in women with GDM is not only safe but also is strongly recommended, providing there are no other complications. Exercise for 15–30 min in low to moderate intensity improves glycaemic control and reduces maternal or neonatal complications. However, despite its reported benefits, it is advisable to perform exercises under supervision. In addition, certain intense exercises should be avoided as they can create complications for the mother and/or the foetus.

1 table, 49 ref

042290   MUSTAFFA F, PARASURAMAN S, SAHGAL G (Pharmacology Dep, Asian Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology (AIMST) Univ-Kedah, MALAYSIA, Email: fazlina_harris@yahoo.com) : Wound healing activity of herbal ointment containing the extracts of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers and Curcuma longa rhizomes. Free Radic Antiox 2020, 10(2), 86-8.

To evaluate wound healing activity of herbal ointment containing the extracts of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers and Curcuma longa rhizomes.H. rosa-sinensis flowers and C. longa rhizomes were extracted using 95 % ethanol. H. rosa-sinensis and C. longa ointment were prepared using paraffin wax, lanolin and petroleum jelly. Ointment formulation was applied once daily on the excision wound made on Sprague Dawley rats for 20 days. Results: On day 20, the treatment group showed a significant increase in wound contraction which was 93.52 ± 1.38 % when compared to control (87.62 ± 1.48 %). Herbal ointment exhibited significant wound healing activity in rat excision wound model. Key words:Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Curcuma longa, Wound healing.

1 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

042289   WONDIMNEW T, GENET S, GNANASEKARAN N (Medical Biochemistry Dep, Health Sciences Addis Ababa Univ Coll, Ethiopia P.O.Box 9086, ETHIOPIA, Email: ngsbio2@gmail.com) : Green tea (Camellia sinensis) ameliorate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induced by highly active antiretroviral therapy. Free Radic Antiox 2020, 10(2), 77-85.

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) has significantly enhanced the life expectancy of HIV-infected patients. However, utilization of HAART has been identified with adverse events including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The Objective of this experiment was to explore the conceivable protective effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) hydro-methonolic extract (GTE) on highly active antiretroviral therapy-induced NAFLD in albino Wistarrats. Thirty adult rats of comparative weights were chosen and divided into 5 groups of six rats each. Group-1 was a control group, Group II was given HAART and served as negative control, Groups III, IV and V were given HAART and 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of GTE, respectively for sixty days. At the end of experiment day, the rats were fasted overnight sacrificed by cervical dislocation and blood was taken via cardiac puncture. Serum was separated and liver function test was assessed. Liver were excised from the rats, histopathological studies and lipid profiles were also investigated. Elevated levels of serum TGL, total cholesterol, ALT, AST and liver TGL, TBARS and decreased levels of TAC was seen in HARRT treated rats. The amelioration potential of GTE was observed in a dose-dependent manner, the highest dose 400mg/kg more potently ameliorated HAART affected parameters near to the normal control. This consequence of HAART induced NAFLD may be due to oxidative stress by mitochondrial ROS that leads to increased hepatocellular oxidative damage. This may progress to hepatic inflammation and the development of NAFLD. The effect of GTE against NAFLD and oxidative stress might be due to its antioxidant activity and scavenging of reactive oxygen species induced by HAART.

8 illus, 1 table, 62 ref

040376   PANDOR1 M A, CHAUDHARI N F, MODI L C, JANMEDA M, DINIZ W V, KUMAR D (Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics Dep, Navsari Agricultural Univ, Navsari- 396 450, Gujarat) : Effect of vitamin e supplementation on plasma membrane functional integrity in surti buck semen preserved at refrigeration temperature. Indian J Anim Hlth 2020, 59(2), 183-8.

The present research work was carried out on four Surti bucks maintained under All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Goat at Livestock Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari during December 2019 to March 2020 with the objective to evaluate the effect of vitamin E supplementation in tris egg yolk citrate extender on plasma membrane functional integrity in Surti buck semen preserved at refrigeration temperature. The pooled semen from all four bucks was diluted with the tris egg yolk citrate extender to make a final concentration of 200 x 10⁶ sperm/mL. The diluted semen was divided into five equal aliquots and each aliquot was treated with 0 mM (Control), 1 mM (T1), 2 mM (T2), 3 mM (T3) and 4 mM (T4) of vitamin E and preserved at refrigeration temperature (4-5ºC) up to 48 hours to access the plasma membrane functional integrity at 0, 24, 36, and 48 hours. The significantly (p<0.01) highest percentage of hypo osmotic swelling (HOS) reacted and lowest percentage of HOS non-reacted sperm count (%) irrespective of preservation time was found in T3 (73.63±0.6 and 26.38±0.6) followed by control (68.47±0.9 and 31.53±0.9), T1 (67.89±0.85 and 32.11±0.85), T4 (66.53±0.67 and 33.47±0.67) and T2 (63.97±0.93 and 36.03±0.93) groups. It can be concluded from the present study that plasma plasma membrane integrity of Surti buck semen was well maintained at refrigerated temperature up to 48 hours when extended with 3 mM of vitamin E.

1 table, 15 ref

042285   SAXENA P K, UPADHYAY S, LODHA S (Pharmacy Dep, Government Kalaniketan Polytechnic Coll, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, Email: dubeyshagun25@gmail.com) : Sphaeranthus indicus: A promising antimicrobial agent. Free Radic Antiox 2020, 10(2), 52-5.

The aim of the present study was to determine the antimicrobial property of the solvent extracts of flowers and aerial parts of S. indicus. The flowers and the aerial parts of Sphaeranthus indicus were extracted with n-hexane, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate and acetone respectively. The extracts were analyzed for the antimicrobial effect by disc diffusion method at concentrations of 5, 2.5 and 1.25 mg/disc. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was tested using broth micro dilution method at concentrations ranging from 5 to 0.039 mg/ml. There was a significant antibacterial and antifungal activity in hexane extract of flower and aerial parts. The MIC was seen at 0.15 mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and the highest MIC (5 mg/ml) was noted for S. epidermidis. The n-hexane extracts of flower and aerial parts showed MIC as 0.15 and 1.25 mg/ml respectively against Candida albicans. Concluding it can be said that the S. indicus flower n-hexane extract showed promising antimicrobial agent.

3 tables, 16 ref

040371   AHMED , DOLEY S, BARLASKAR S A, NATH A J, YADAV S N (Assam Agricultural Univ, North Lakhimpur -787 051, Assam) : Lumpy skin disease: An emerging bovine viral infection in India. Indian J Anim Hlth 2020, 59(2), 137-42.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious emerging viral disease of cattle and buffaloes in India. The main source of transmission of the disease is arthropods (mosquitoes, biting flies, Culicoides midges and three blood sucking hard ticks) which act as mechanical vector. Major clinical signs include skin nodules all over the body, fever, lacrimal discharge, nasal discharge, anorexia, decreased milk yield, emaciation, depression and reluctance in movement. Since the first report of lumpy skin disease in India, it is spreading rapidly across the country causing a possible threat to the cattle and buffalo population in terms of productivity and mortality.

6 illus, 32 ref

042275   SINGH R, PARASURAMAN S, KATHIRESAN S (Pharmacology Dep, AIMST Univ, Bukit Air Nasi-08100 Bedong, Kedah, MALAYSIA, Email: parasuraman@aimst.edu.my) : Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of methanolic extract of bark of cinnamomum zeylanicum in diabetic rats. Free Radic Antiox 2020, 10(1), 16-23.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum or Ceylon cinnamon is used for the management of dyspepsia, dysmenorrhea, memory loss and tremor. It is also traditionally recommended for the management of diabetes. Further studies are required to explore the antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of various extracts of bark of C. zeylanicum. Hence, the present study is planned to investigate the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of methanolic extract of barks of C. zeylanicum. Bark of C. zeylanicum was extracted with methanol, ethanol and acetone and its antioxidant activity was studied using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) free radical scavenging assays. Acute toxic effect of methanolic extract of C. zeylanicum (MECZ) studied as per the method described in OECD Guideline for testing of chemicals (Test Guideline 423). MECZ was studied for its antidiabetic effect using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In both DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assay, methanolic and acetone extracts exhibited free radical scavenging activity, respectively. In acute toxicity testing, MECZ did not show any significant toxic signs up to 2000 mg/kg, hence the antidiabetic activity of MECZ was carried out at the dose levels of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg. MECZ showed antidiabetic activity from 2^nd week of the experiment onward. In the biochemical analysis, MECZ treated animals showed significant decreases in the levels of ALP and urea when compared with control. In lipid profile analysis, diabetic animals and diabetic animals treated glibenclamide showed significant increases in the levels of total cholesterol when compared with normal control and MECZ prevented the STZ-induced hyperlipidemia. At the end of the study, diabetic animals and diabetic animals treated with glibenclamide and MECZ showed significant decreases in the level of insulin when compared with the control group. In the histopathological analysis, sections from the liver, pancreas and kidney of the diabetic animals showed mid-to-moderate toxic effects and glibenclamide and MECZ 500 mg/kg prevented the STZ-induced cellular changes. The MECZ exhibited significant antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. 

2 illus, 4 tables, 41 ref

042283   DEEPENDRA K RAI1 , SANJAY K PANDEY (Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Dep, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, Email: sashisanjaysashi@ gmail.com) : Pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Indian J Phys Med Rehab 2020, 31(1), 14–18.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as a common, preventable, and treatable disease that is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation that is due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities usually caused by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases. Pulmonary rehabilitation is an essential component in management of COPD, which improves dyspnea, fatigue, and betters the quality of life. A literature review was performed using different database with search words COPD, pulmonary rehabilitation and it combination.Pulmonary rehabilitation is not only beneficial in severe disease COPD rather it should be administered to mild cases of COPD also. Patients should be referred to pulmonary rehabilitation early during the course of the disease in order to minimize the consequences of COPD. Rehabilitation start with thorough assessment of the patient followed by individualized therapy, which includes not only exercise but also education, nutritional advice, and psychological therapy.

3 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

040362   KUMAR S, DUTTA T K, ROYCHOUDHURY P, DAS H, AKTER F, SUBUDHI P K (Veterinary Microbiology Dep, Central Agricultural Univ, Selesih, Aizawl - 796 014) : African swine fever: An emerging threat to pig husbandry in India. Indian J Anim Hlth 2020, 59(1), 11-6.

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and deadly viral disease spreading rapidly in more than 50 pig rearing counties in the world. Warthog and other wild suids act as a reservoir host of the virus and the disease can transmit via direct contact or indirectly through vectors or fomites. Soft ticks under the genus Orinthodoros acts as a biological vector, but it can also be mechanically transmitted through Stomoxys calcitrans fly. First outbreak of ASF had been reported from China during January, 2019. Since emergence of ASF outbreak has also been reported in North Eastern Region of India, adjoining to China during April, 2020, the possible threat to pig husbandry in North Eastern States of India is discussed in this article.

28 ref

040361   BISWAS R, DEBNATH C, SAMANTA I, BARUA R, SINGH A D (Veterinary Public Health Dep, West Bengal Univ of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata - 700 037, West Bengal) : COVID-19: Panic vis-a-vis pandemic. Indian J Anim Hlth 2020, 59(1), 01-10.

The pandemic of COVID-19 was caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) showed an exceptional challenge to the human population over the globe. The purpose of this review is mainly to review the organism, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19 and also to remark concisely on the epidemiology and pathology based on the present experience in the world as well as Indian perspective. We focused in this review on the origin, epidemiology, clinical symptoms and preventive measures of the disease. This review has compiled the updated information about COVID-19 with the hope that it will be helpful to the public health professionals in their knowledge.

2 tables, 46 ref

042282   KUMAR D , GHOSH S , GUPTA A K , MISHRA S , YADAV G (Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Dep, King George’s Medical Univ, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: ghoshsrutarshi@gmail.com) : A demographic study of lower limb amputees in a North Indian tertiary rehabilitation center. Indian J Phys Med Rehab 2020, 31(1), 11–13.

Rehabilitation of amputees is a challenging in a developing country like India because in order to provide better rehabilitative facilities and to formulate specific rehabilitation guidelines, efficient record keeping and proper analysis of data are essential. Records of different epidemiological parameters of amputees are rarely found in Indian medical literature, which warrants an investigation for the same. To assess the age, sex, and cause-wise distribution of the amputees in the study group and to correlate the incidence of revision amputation with that of bad stumps and the level and cause of amputation. Retrospective data analysis of 132 patients with 141 lower limb amputations above the level of ankle admitted in the inpatient setting from 2015 till 2018 was performed. Upper limb amputees and amputations below the level of ankle were excluded. One hundred and thirty-two patients with lower limb amputations were taken, of which 123 (93.18 %) were unilateral and 9 (6.82 %) patients were bilateral, with 110 males (83.3 %) 22 females (16.66 %) overall. In the trauma group, there was a strong preponderance for young males (64.22 %) with a mean age of 32.49 ± 12.62 years among unilateral and 26.5 ± 7.78 years. Our study determined that young males are the biggest victims of traumatic amputations, much of it which could be preventable by implementing better road safety measures and avoiding hazardous activities. As there are very limited data available regarding amputee rehabilitation in existing literature, this study will help in future meta-analytical studies to formulate strategies to alleviate the socioeconomic burden of amputations.

2 illus, 14 ref

042281   PANDEY J , GUPTA A K , KUMAR D (Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Dep, King George Medical Univ, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: jyotipandey@gmail. com) : A case of perthes disease in cerebral palsy patient. Indian J Phys Med Rehab 2020, 31(1), 8–10.

Perthes disease is a disorder of femoral head that affects 5–10 per 100,000 children. There is a transient disruption of the blood supply to the femoral head followed by collapse and subsequent remodeling. The majority of cases present between the ages of 4 years and 10 years. We are reporting the unusual case of a child with cerebral palsy who developed a left-sided limping gait. In cerebral palsy patients, spasticity can result in femoral head and acetabular deformities which leads to limping. The possibility of Perthes disease in such patients cannot be ignored. So, another radiological investigation can help to reach an appropriate diagnosis as was considered in our patient.

2 illus, 3 ref

042280   KATARUKA M , SAINI M , PATTNAIK M R , MOHITEY K (Radiodiagnosis and Imaging Dep, Military Hospital Kirkee, Pune, Maharashtra, Email: mandyneelam@hotmail.com) : Physical exhaustion unmasking underlying diseases. Indian J Phys Med Rehab 2020, 31(1), 4–7.

Physical exhaustion is the temporary physical inability of the muscles to perform optimally. The onset of muscle fatigue during physical activity is gradual and can be reversed by rest and replenishment of electrolyte and hydration. For maximal physical fitness, one should require optimal function of all the body parts and system. It is our humble attempt to find out the underlying disease in patients who presented to us with signs and symptoms of physical exhaustion. The study was conducted at medical center located at southern part of India from March 2017 to February 2019, and 213 healthy individuals from a physical training institute aged between 18 and 21 was selected, and pre- and post-run blood parameters were measured. In our study, more than 20% persons have more than 2-fold rise in blood creatine phosphokinase level which ultimately comes to normal within 48 hours. Eighty-one people among the study population have increase in serum AST/ALT level, and most of them come to normal within 48 hours. For optimal performance and to avoid major catastrophe, it is suggested that before undergoing exhaustive physical exhaustion, one should be properly evaluated.

3 tables, 12 ref

042279   SRIVASTAVA A , PANDEY S K , KUMAR S , MALLIK A K (Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Dep, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, Email: sashisanjaysashi@ gmail.com) : Rehabilitation outcomes in stroke: An observational study. Indian J Phys Med Rehab 2020, 31(1), 1–3.

Stroke is the sudden occurrence of permanent damage to an area of the brain caused by a blocked blood vessel or bleeding within the brain. To assess the outcome of rehabilitation in stroke survivors in various parameters at regular intervals. This prospective randomized control study was performed in a tertiary-care teaching institution of North India. One hundred patients fulfilling World Health Organization criteria for stroke were selected for this study. Subjects were assessed by computed tomography scan findings and Barthel index at time of admission and follow-up. Better recovery pattern was found in hemorrhagic patients (24) rather than ischemic patients (76) and in right-side lesion when compared to left side. 

3 tables, 11 ref

044416   MAHESHWARI V (Clinical Research Dep, Galgotias Univ, Uttar Pradesh, Email: vanshmaheshwari14@gmail.com) : Phytochemicals effective in lowering low-density lipoproteins. J Biol Engg Res & Rev 2020, 7(1), 16-23.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the globe. The key risk factor of cardiovascular diseases, hypercholesterolemia is expected to increase in the future. Phytochemicals, are natural compounds found in plants, having antioxidant properties. These antioxidant properties can be utilized to reduce the occurrence of chronic diseases and provide many health benefits in humans. Phytochemicals such as Indoles, plant sterols, flavonoids and lignans have been extracted and studied widely. It is because of their antioxidant properties they can be used in preventing hypercholesterolemia. This review illustrates and summarizes various phytochemicals and their mechanisms in lowering LDL cholesterol levels. The progress and the results achieved in studies relevant to the hypocholesterolemic effects of these phytochemicals are also illustrated. It was interpreted that on the availability of sufficient and confirmatory data about the efficacy of phytochemicals in lowering LDL cholesterol levels, plant-based diets or drugs containing extracts of phytochemicals can then be deployed in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.  

7 illus, 1 table, 55 ref

044414   HTWE K M, MAW A M, THURA W, OHNMAR KHIN S, THI A, THIN N Y, MYO A S, MYINT Y Y (Medical Research Dep, Yangon General Hospital, Myanmar, Email: kyaehmon.htwe.dr@gmail.com) : Biochemical, cardiovascular parameters and weight status among a rural population in mandalay division, Myanmar. J Bio Eng Res Rev 2020, 7(1), 1-7.

Overweight and obesity are increasing public health problems recognized worldwide and rural population is not less affected. Early detection of overweight and obesity as well as cardiovascular and biochemical data are important for rural populations to prevent and control of obesity related cardio-metabolic diseases. This study aimed to determine biochemical, cardiovascular parameters and weight status among a rural population in Mandalay Division. This cross-sectional study of 263 subjects, age ranging from 18-86 years, was conducted at Pin-Tee village in Pyin-Oo-Lwin Township in 2015. Anthropometry, cardiovascular and biochemical parameters were determined. Weight status was assessed by Body Mass Index (BMI) and classified according to WHO adult Asian BMI criteria. There were 110 males (41.8%) and 153 females (58.2%), respectively, with mean age was 44.8 ± 16.0 years. Current smoking and current betel chewing were found in males (58.2% and 34.6%) and females (4.6% and 4.6%), respectively. Current alcohol drinking was observed in males (41.8%). Overweight (16.4% males; 19.6 % females) and obesity (10.9% males; 29.4 % females) were found in this study. Existence of hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia (Fasting Blood Glucose≥126mg/dl) and electrocardiographic abnormalities were detected in 39.9%, 32.3%, 9.5 % and 30.8%, respectively, among all respondents. Hypertension, abnormal electrocardiography, dyslipidemia and high alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly associated with increase in BMI. The magnitude of obesity was quite high in this study population. Most of the cardio-metabolic risk factors were more common in females. Hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia were more frequent in this rural community.

32 ref

040340   DITTIMI T V, SUEN C Y (Concordia Univ, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1M8, Canada, Email: t_dittim@encs.concordia.ca) : Mobile phone based ensemble classification of deep learned feature for medical image analysis. IETE Tech Rev 2020, 37(2), 157–68.

This research proposes a pre-trained mobile application for medical image diagnosis; it examined the benefit of deep learning approaches for white blood cell and chest radiography analysis. The feature extraction network comprised three convolutional layers using several filters with varying dimensions containing two max-pooling and batch normalization layers. The Relu layer was implemented in all the Convolutional Networks, and the learned feature output is extracted using the fully connected layers based on nodes constructed at each layer. While the Ensemble Classifier consists of a Principal Component Analysis based feature reduction, and five base learners using bagging to classify medical image datasets. The front end was designed using Unity 3D while the backend is programed using MATLAB; a comparative analysis showed the effectiveness of the proposed Convolutional Neural Network ensemble for pathological diagnoses and classification bias caused by handcrafted feature sets. The results proved that deep models could potentially change the design structure of the Computer Aided Design systems while excluding the rigorous task of development and selection of problem-oriented features.

6 illus, 8 tables, 35 ref

040334   JAIN S K, RAY R K (Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, Email: rajendra@iitmandi.ac.in) : Non-linear diffusion models for despeckling of images: Achievements and future challenges. IETE Tech Rev 2020, 37(1), 66–82.

Speckle noise is a principal and unavoidable source of visual degradation in several real world images obtained from coherent imaging systems such as ultrasound, SAR, and laser. Over the last few decades, several mathematical models have been used to study despeckling and have influenced policy. This paper review and compare the partial differential equation-based non-linear diffusion models for despeckling of digital grey scale natural and real images, available in the literature. First, we present a detailed study of different classes of partial differential equation-based models namely, logarithmic transform, anisotropic diffusion, and total variation based models, which have different assumptions about noise removal and explore the effect of treatments. Then, to test the effectiveness of different discussed classes of PDE-based models, a set of natural images with different geometric regions, three real ultrasound images and two real SAR images are used. Also, to assess the quality of considered test images after despeckling using numeric metrics, three with-reference and two without-reference indexes are used in the experimental study. A few experiments with natural and real images reveal that the filters based on logarithmic transformation are cost effective with low noise suppression capability. Whereas, the anisotropic diffusion and total variation-based approaches show the good filtering performance with high computational cost. Therefore, rigorous qualitative and quantitative studies confirm that the seemingly subtle variation in model assumptions can have remarkable impact on despeckling.

8 illus, 3 tables, 78 ref

040324   RATHEE N, GANOTRA D, RATHEE A (Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology, Janakpuri, New Delhi, Email: neeru1rathee@gmail.com) : Facial action unit intensity detection by extracting complimentary information using distance metric learning. IETE J Res 2020, 66(2), 214–23.

Facial action unit intensity detection is the key concern of researchers as it gives a much broader information about facial expressions of the individual. In the proposed work, an attempt is done to detect the intensity of the facial action unit by combining geometric deformations and appearance deformations of facial features. Thin plate spline is adopted for extracting geometric deformations, and Gabor filters are adopted for extracting appearance deformations. To combine both the description mentioned above, a metric learning method is used to combine the descriptors in such a way that complimentary information is extractedfrom them. Moreover, it also maps thefeatures to higher discriminative space. The features are applied to support vector machine for the facial action unit intensity detection. The proposed approach is evaluated on the popularly accepted database: DISFA database and UNBC shoulder pain database. The results are compared with the state-of-the-art approaches to prove the efficacy of the suggested approach.

15 illus, 14 tables, 17 ref

044409   KASTAMONI Y, ANIL A, PEKER T, ANIL F (Anatomy Dep, Suleyman Demirel Univ, Isparta- 32260, Turkey, Email: yadigarkastamoni@ hotmail.com) : Evaluation of vascular and neural anatomy of the hand in adult cadavers. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(3), 171-7.

We aimed to investigate the vascular and neural anatomy of the hand in adult cadavers and to determine the normal anatomical structure and variations of these structures.  Twenty hands of adult cadavers were examined by the dissection method. After the superficial palmar arch (SPA), the ulnar nerve (UN), median nerve (MN), and deep palmar arch (DPA) were identified, their anatomical structures and variations were evaluated. Then, they were classified according to the number of branches they give off and the course of these branches. When the number of the common palmar digital arteries emerging from the SPA was examined, four branches were observed to emerge from the arch in 80 %, and five branches in 20 %. When the innervation of the MN and UN was evaluated, 3.5 + 1.5 fingers innervation was observed in 90 %, 3 + 1.5 fingers innervation and 3 + 2 fingers innervation were observed in 5 % of the samples. When the DPA samples were examined, four metacarpal palmar arteries were observed to emerge from the arch in all of the samples. According to the number of branches they gave off and the course of these branches, the SPA was gathered under seven groups, the nerves were gathered under four groups, and the DPA was gathered under three groups. We believe that the data obtained in our study will be used, especially in anatomy education and will guide neurologists, surgeons, orthopedists, radiologists, and anatomists in their studies, diagnosis, and treatments.

10 illus, 5 tables, 30 ref

044408   GOLPINAR M, DEMIR E (Anatomy Dep, Hitit Univ, Çorum, Turkey, Email: golpinarmurat@hotmail. com) : Global research output of the cerebellum: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(3), 155-65.

The cerebellum has been regarded as a valuable research topic over the years because of its numerous roles in motor and nonmotor functions. The aim of the current study was to provide a comprehensive and holistic evaluation of publications concerning the cerebellum over the last 40 years which can be a potential guide for future research related to the cerebellum. The Web of Science database was used to identify the publications relating to the cerebellum between 1980 and 2019. The identified publications were analyzed using the bibliometric approaches. The number of the publications concerning the cerebellum to be published between 2020 and 2028 was predicted using the linear regression analysis.  The literature review revealed a total of 33,186 publications. The top three active countries were found to be the USA (7362), Japan (2987), and the UK (1994). A positive and significant correlation was found between the number of cerebellum articles produced by the countries and the development indexes of the countries (r = 0.743, P < 0.001; r = 0.676, P < 0.001, r = 0.656, P < 0.001). The top three productive journals were found to be the Journal of Neuroscience, Brain Research, and Cerebellum. The total number of cerebellum publications is expected to continue in an increasing trend and reach a total of 891 publications at the end of 2028. Recent studies on the cerebellum have mostly focused on the cerebellar degeneration, functional connections of the cerebellum, and its relationship with various diseases such as ataxia, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, autism, and aneurysms.

7 illus, 4 tables, 32 ref

044407   SINGH R, SRIVASTAVA B, GUPTA N (Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry Dep, Santosh Deemed to be Univ, Delhi NCR, Email: drsinghrashi@gmail. com) : Prevalence and pattern of molar incisor hypomineralization in Delhi region. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(3), 150-4.

Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is currently the most prevalent of developmental defects of enamel among children. Molar incisal hypomineralisation presents itself as a serious clinical dilemma for pediatric dentists and clinical practitioners. It is a global endemic. However, its prevalence in India remains uncertain to find prevalence and pattern of MIH in Delhi Region. A total of 649 children aged between 7 and 10 years were randomly selected from various schools in Delhi National Capital Region (NCR). The teeth were examined moist under natural light. The developmental defects of enamel were graded using the modified European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry judgment Criteria given by Ghanim et al. 2015.  A total of 97 subjects presented with MIH of 649 subjects examined. MIH presented with a prevalence of 15 %. Creamy white opacities were the most common of defects present, followed by yellowish‑brown opacities. The prevalence of MIH in the Delhi NCR region is 15 %.

4 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref

044403   ROHITH M M, ROY J, JOHNSON A (Gujarat Forensic Sciences Univ, Gandhinagar 382 007, Gujarat, Email: drabrahamjohnson4000 @yahoo.com) : Morphometric variations of nasal parameters in Gujarati population: An anatomical study. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(3), 127-32.

Nasal morphology is an important factor in forensic investigations and facial reconstructive procedures. Found to be strongly related to ethnicity and environmental factors, and known to be sexually dimorphic, the study of nasal parameters is useful in forensic facial reconstruction. The aim of the study is to evaluate the nasal morphological characteristics of the Gujarati population as an indicator for personal identification and to assess the prevalent nasal morphology of the study population determined. The study involved randomly selected 180 healthy subjects (90 males and 90 females) between three age groups. Nasal width and nasal height were measured using a digital vernier caliper, and nasal index was calculated along with other parameters. The data were statistically analyzed. The mean nasal width for male and female was 38.23 mm and 34.94 mm while the mean nasal height was 47.59 mm and 44.35 mm, respectively. The mean nasal index for male subjects (81.08) was also higher than for female subjects (77.30). The morphological classification showed the mesorrhine nose type as the most prevalent among both the males (58.88 %) and females (66.66 %). The population under the study exhibits mesorrhine type of the nose and shows sexual dimorphism in the values of nasal measurements. Thus, the current study is valuable not only in forensic facial reconstruction but also as an added method for determining the gender and ethnicity of an unidentified individual.

5 illus, 8 tables, 20 ref

044402   SIVAKUMAR M, MOHAPATRA D P (Plastic Surgery Dep, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, Email: devimohapatra1@gmail. com) : A review of flaps and their uses in reconstructive surgery. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(2), 103-9.

The field of reconstructive surgery is rapidly advancing with advances in the techniques of anatomical dissection, understanding of the neurovascular physiology, and improvements in surgical instrumentation. Flaps are composite units of tissue which have their own blood supply or an intact arteriovenous system to receive vascular inflow when transferred to a site of defect. Due to a wide array of flaps being used in reconstructive surgery, numerous terminologies can be found in use by reconstructive surgeons. Skin flaps are flaps that are composed of skin and subcutaneous tissues. Composite flaps are those which contain more than one component within the flap substance, and perforator flaps are those based on a cutaneous perforator. The angiosome concept has aided in understanding the vascular basis of flaps and increases their utility. Further research and insights are needed at the moment to have a finer understanding of the tissue neurovascular anatomy and flap behavior.

6 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

044401   ALAM M T, KAMATH V G , HEMA N, SRIVASTAV A K, PATIL S (Anatomy Dep, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Ambala- 133 203, Haryana, Email: drvenkateshkamath@ gmail.com) : A study on differences in the obliteration of cranial sutures and their clinical significance. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(2), 97-102.

There are very few studies on the patency of cranial sutures, and this study analyzes the difference in sutural patency. The objective was to study the difference in the patency of coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures in Indian human adult skulls. This study involved 120 Indian human adult skulls. The suture patency was graded in accordance to a classification proposed by Sabini and Elkowitz on a scale of 0–4. An open suture was classified as 0; fused but not obliterated as 1; and Grades 2, 3, and 4 represented <50 %, >50 %, and 100 % of obliteration, respectively. The lambdoid sutures were observed to be the most patent and least obliterated. Grade 1 sutures were observed to be 44.71 % in lambdoid, 8.4 % in sagittal, and 7.3 % in coronal sutures. Grade 2 sutures were observed to be 42.6 % in lambdoid, 49.3 % in sagittal, and 46.7 % in coronal sutures. Grade 3 sutures were observed to be 10.1 % in lambdoid, 32.1 % in sagittal, and 36.2 % in coronal sutures. Grade 4 sutures were observed to be 2.6 % in lambdoid, 10.2 % in sagittal, and 9.8 % in coronal sutures. No open sutures were observed. Lambdoid sutures are more patent than coronal and sagittal sutures. This can be attributed to the presence of more muscular contractile forces acting on the lambdoid suture when compared with other sutures. The mechanisms involved in suture closure are complex and involve genetic and environmental factors, age, and tissue interactions. Therefore, more advanced research is essential for a clearer insight on this subject, which has immense clinical implications in neuroscience.

7 illus, 3 tables, 38 ref

044400   ZIVIC M Z, VASOVIC M R, ACOVIC A B, LUKOVIC A Z, ZIVANOVIC-MACUZIC I K, VELICKOVIC M M, KANJEVAC T V (Dentistry Dep, Kragujevac Dep, Kragujevac, Serbia, Email: zivicmilos5@gmail.com) : Assessment of accessory mental foramen using cone-beam computed tomography and its clinical relevance. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(2), 91-6.

Accessory mental foramen (AMF) is defined as any additional opening on the anterior surface of the mandible body that is connected to the mandibular canal. The presence of AMF is an important anatomical parameter when planning the therapy to avoid neurovascular bundle injury and other complications. Cone‑beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides an accurate, three‑dimensional determining of the position, its dimensions and the relation of AMF to the mental foramen (MF), as well as the distinction from nutritive openings. The research was carried out at the Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, as a retrospective study where 148 CBCT images were analyzed. The analysis of the position of AMF, the relation to and the distance from the MF were made on cross‑sectional and axial images. Only those openings that have had a clear connection with the mandibular canal were counted as AMF.  AMF was present in 12 (8.11 %) patients. In most cases, AMF was positioned superior to MF, in 27 % of patients. There was no significant statistical difference between sex and the jaw side. The average distance of AMF from MF was 4.52 ± 2.21 mm. In most cases, AMF is round shaped (60 %). The average value of the surface area is 1.62 ± 1.14 mm2. Timely detection of AMF using CBCT contributes to the diagnosis and planning of appropriate dentures, surgical technique, preventing possible damage to adjacent anatomical structures, or some other therapy.

5 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

044399   ZEYBEK A, TOSUN K, U?UZ GENCE C, KALEMCI S, ÖZ N, ÇALI?KAN S, BOZDA? H G (Thoracic Surgery Dep, Mugla Sitki Koçman Univ, Mugla, Turkey, Email: arifezeybek@mu.edu.tr) : Association between the pectoral muscles and rib anomalies in Poland syndrome. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(2), 81-90.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between pectoralis major muscle (PMj) and rib defects in Poland syndrome (PS) and to evaluate the clinical findings and variabilities by the systematic review of all/current published articles on PS. Based on our inclusion criteria, 86 patients were decided to be eligible for participating in this study. The data of the reviewed studies were classified according to the date of publication, age, sex, side of the deformity, defect type of PS, presence of other muscle or chest wall abnormalities, and dextrocardia. Further, other coexisting deformities and abnormalities were recorded. A logistic regression statistical analysis was carried out. Results: According to the reviewed cases, both left‑sided presence‑multiple muscle defects and left‑sided presence‑rib anomalies were found to be statistically significant (P = 0.007 and P = 0.04, respectively). The strength of the relationship between these two parameters was evaluated by binary logistic regression analysis, which revealed that multiple muscle defects and rib anomalies were associated with left chest side presence (P = 0.005 and P = 0.02, respectively). When the relationship between rib anomalies and PMj defect was analyzed, the association was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.03). Furthermore, the result of the strength analysis was also supported this association (P = 0.04).  Molecular and embryological development processes of the ribs and pectoral muscles are investigated to assess the presence of a structural relationship considering the causal connection between ribs and PMj in PS. As a supportive element to our study, the presence of a myogenic regulatory factor–Hox gene link was asserted in the animal experiments done by some researchers, showing a common development process of the rib and pectoral muscle. We believe that with the outcomes of this study, the clinical diversity and the etiopathogenesis of PS could be explained comprehensively.

5 illus, 2 tables, 87 ref