040503   AGRAWAL T, BHATTACHARYA S, LAHARIYA C (International Business Economics and Finance Dep, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune, Maharashtra, Email: c.lahariya@gmail.com) : Pattern of use and determinants of return visits at community or Mohalla clinics of Delhi, India. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 45(1), 77-82.

Mohalla or Community Clinics of Delhi, India, have made primary care accessible, equitable, and affordable for women, elderly, and children in the underserved areas. To understand the population subgroups which use these clinics and to analyze why people use these facilities and the determinants of the return visits for health seeking. This was a community‑based cross‑sectional study, with primary data collection from 25 localities across Delhi. A pretested semi‑structured interview schedule was used for data collection. Two regression models were used for data analysis: a linear probability model to understand the factors contributing to the use of these clinics and a probit regression model to understand the determinants of return visits to these facilities. Four hundred ninety‑three ever‑married women residing in study settings were included. The age of beneficiaries, marital status, distance from the clinics, and awareness about the services were found to be positively associated with the use of Mohalla Clinics. The proximity to households, waiting time at clinics, interaction time with the doctor, perceived performance of doctor, and effectiveness of treatment influenced the decision on a return visit for care seeking. Improved information on service provision, proximity to the facility, assured provision of doctors and laboratory services, and increased patient–doctor interaction time have the potential to increase the use and return visits to these Community or Mohalla Clinics. The lessons from this study can be used to design government primary health‑care facilities in urban settings, for increased use by the target populations.

4 tables, 23 ref

040502   BEGUM J, ALI S I, PANDA M (Community Medicine Dep, Great Eastern Medical School, Srikakulam - 532 484, Andhra Pradesh, Email: irfanrocksmbbs@gmail.com) : Introduction of interactive teaching for undergraduate students in community medicine. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 72-6.

There is lack of interest in the subject of community medicine among undergraduate MBBS students leading to poor understanding of community problems and drastic fall in preventive, promotive component of health care. To evaluate effectiveness of interactive teaching learning (ITL) over traditional teaching learning (TTL) methods in creating interest in the subject. 1. To identify the need of interactive teaching among students. 2. To know the perception of students towards it.3. To know the views and opinion of faculties towards it. An interventional study at NRIIMS, Vishakhapatnam. After need assessment survey, under graduate MBBS students were randomly allocated to study (A) and control groups (B). 2 topics were taught using ITL 1& 2 in group A and TTL in group B. After a washout period of 15 days, 2 other topics were taught using ITL3 & 4 in group B and TTL in group A, which was followed by assessment. Feedback from students and faculties were taken at the end of session. 82 % of students felt significant need of interaction in classroom. There was an increase in performance of students in the intervention group in terms of better scores (>75 % score) which was found to be statistical significant in all the four sessions (P value are 0.0230, 0.0058, 0.0075, 0.0034 for TPS, BS, CBS, PTP respectively). Students were satisfied, so as the faculties with the implementation of ITL module. Student performance was increased. Overall satisfaction was good among students and faculties

3 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

040501   MISHRA D K, TRIATHY N K, MAHANTY B, BUDA B, BEHERA M K (Community Medicine Dep, Hi?Tech Medical Coll and Hospitals, Bhubaneswar - 751 025, Odisha, Email: drnkt1979@yahoo.com) : To study smoking violations through global positioning system enabled mobile app, in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 66-71.

The Government of India has formulated the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) to implement measures to ensure that effective protection is provided to nonsmokers from involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke. Bhubaneswar is the capital city of Odisha, India, was declared as “Tobacco Smoke Free City” in 2010. For strengthening the implementation of the COTPA Act, an effective regular assessment is needed, and hence, an observational study was planned to assess the current violations of Tobacco Smoking in Bhubaneswar. In this observational study, 416 different places were chosen from four different zones of Bhubaneswar. Data were collected with the help of Mobile enabled global positioning system (GPS) technology and pretested structured questionnaire. In this study, 52.88 % places were found to be having smoking violations. The study shows maximum violations have occurred in public places(90.89 %) followed by transit places (75 %). Violations were found to be very low in government buildings, educational, medical institutes, and hotel/ restaurants. The average number of smokers in the city was found to be 4.90/place and the average number of smokers was found to be 4.37/ public place. In this study, GPS‑enabled Mobile App can be used to identify the different locations, where a violation of law occurs. This may help administrators to properly plan and implement the law. Even though Bhubaneswar was declared “Tobacco Smoke free city” in 2010, it is still lacking behind in fulfilling the implementation of law, to reduce Second Hand Smoking.

4 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

044462   SARIN A, SARIN A (MR International Institute of Research and Studies, Delhi-NCR, Email: dr.anilsarin@gmail.com) : Coronavirus disease (covid-19): Spread, awareness and strategic containment. J Commun Dis 2020, 52(1), 22-31.

Whenever, there is introduction of new medicine, medical intervention, new technology, studies, research, etc., world feels excited. The reason for this excitement is that everyone feels that lives will become better on this earth. On the contrary, the world of 21st century has been caught unaware from the dreadful Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), that is killing thousands of people every day irrespective of their economic or social status, and affiliation to developed, developing and under-developed countries.  While writing this paper, the unfortunate death toll due to COVID-19 is highest in USA, known as strongest nation of the world due to its economic, military and technological development. This paper is an attempt of understanding the awareness level of people towards the precautions for containing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in India through the engagement and integrated approach of Indian Government; based on the factors - social distancing, washing hands effectively and frequently, staying at home. On the basis of conducting survey and analyzing the data related to awareness (towards the precautions to combat this dreadful virus) of people in India, the results show that the government was able to make people aware in the shortest time. The awareness of public about the precautions and utility of lockdown proved useful resulting in much lessor causalities in India in comparison to the countries which delayed in taking these initiatives. Indian model of confining the virus seems to be valid till the appearance of COVID-19 treatment.

17 tables, 33 ref

040500   SHENOY R D, SINDGIKAR S P, SHENOY V, UPPOOR R, RAO R, SINGH S (Paediatrics Dep, NITTE (Deemed to be Univ), Mangalore, Karnataka, Email: rathika.shenoy@nitte.edu.in) : Pregnancy outcome in occupational tobacco exposure: A cohort study from south India. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 54-9.

Women constitute a significant labor pool in the Indian tobacco industry as bidi (hand‑rolled cigarette) rollers. On an average, they roll around 600 bidis/day and are exposed to 120 g of tobacco and 3 g of nicotine. Bidis do not have chemical preservatives or stabilizing agents, and therefore, the rollers are exposed only to nicotine by handling and inhalation. The study objective was to assess pregnancy outcome in these women with occupational tobacco exposure. A prospective cohort study of bidi‑rollers(n = 177) and women with no tobacco exposure (n = 354), followed up for pregnancy outcome, neonatal anthropometry, and nicotine absorption by cotinine assays. Adjusted risk and adjusted mean differences with a 95% confidence interval were derived. Outcomes included increased adjusted risk for gestational hypertension (3.54 [1.21, 10.31]; P = 0.021) and fetal growth restriction (2.71 [1.39, 5.29]; P = 0.004). Risk for prematurity was not statistically significant (1.81 [0.74, 4.45]; P = 0.194). Lower adjusted mean difference of birth weight (−104 g [−177, −31]; P = 0.005), length (−0.4 cm [−0.8, −0.1]; P = 0.006), and head circumference (−0.4 cm [−0.6, −0.1]; P = 0.002) were seen with increased risk for small for gestational age (1.75 [1.12, 2.73]; P = 0.015). Nicotine absorption was evident in one‑third of maternal and cord blood estimations. Occupational passive tobacco exposure results in adverse pregnancy outcome.

2 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

040499   JANARDHANA N, MANJULA B (Psychiatric Social Work Dep, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: janardhannimhans@gmail.com) : Parental group interventions for parents of children with mental health problems admitted in a tertiary care center: An experience from India. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 48-53.

Families play a critical role in their children’s development and learning. Parents’ understanding of their child’s illness has a significant impact on the parent–child relationship and helps them to have realistic expectations. The objective of this study is to understand the use of parental‑group intervention for making parents understand the problems of the children and to develop skills to deal with the problems. A six‑session parental‑group intervention module was developed and tested. Data from the group session were collected for 6 months and have been analyzed. Majority of the parents appreciated the intervention program as it led to skill‑building and understanding of the mental health problems among children. Demonstration was liked most of the parents (74) parenting skills and stress management (71 parents); 68 parents liked session on school‑related issues; 60 parents liked session on developmental disorders; 54 parents liked session on emotional and behavioral problems. Group‑based parenting programs are found to be effective in improving the overall psychosocial health of parents and the emotional and behavioral problems of children and adolescents as a result of better parenting.

3 tables, 25 ref

040498   WARDANI D W S R, WAHONO E P (Public Health Dep, Lampung Univ, Bandar Lampung 35145, Indonesia, Email: dyah.wulan@fk.unila.ac.id) : Spatio temporal dynamics of tuberculosis clusters in Indonesia. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 43-7.

Stratification of social determinants leads to clustering of low socioeconomic communities, which then leads to spatio‑temporal tuberculosis (TB) clusters. While previous studies have investigated spatio‑temporal TB clusters, few have reported on the dynamics of them and the characteristics of social determinants. To investigate the spatio‑temporal dynamics of TB clusters in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia, from 2015 to 2016, and to identify the characteristics of population density and percentage of poverty of the clusters. A cross‑sectional study was performed to analyze the spatio‑temporal dynamics of TB clusters. The sample consisted of 705 TB patients (2015) and 1134 TB patients (2016), registered in 30 community health centers in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. Geographical coordinates of the TB patients’ residence were collected using Geographical Positioning System. Secondary data, consisting of population density and the percentage of poverty, were obtained from the subdistrict office in the region under investigation. Data were analyzed with space–time permutation model using SaTScan software. Spatio‑temporal dynamics of TB clusters were found in 2015 and 2016, including the number of significant clusters, TB cases within the clusters, as well as locations and sizes of the clusters. All the clusters were found to have similar social determinant characteristics: medium–high population density and low–medium percentage of poverty. TB control programs in countries with a high TB burden and low social determinants should consider the spatio‑temporal dynamics of the TB cluster and its social determinant characteristics for a better TB’s intervention.

4 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

040497   SAMUDYATHA U C, CHAUDHARI V, CHAUHAN N, DAMOR R, KOSAMBIYA J K, MUNSHI R (Community Medicine Dep, Government Medical Coll, Surat, Gujarat, Email: ucsamudyatha@gmail.com) : Restructuring the modified faine’s criteria for the diagnosis of leptospirosis in monsoon: A study from south Gujarat. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 36-42.

Clinical and epidemiological variables in the modified Faine’s criteria offered low validity in our study setting. Restructuring and validating modified Faine’s criteria for leptospirosis to better suit health scenario of south Gujarat. Clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory features of derivation cohort (1216 suspected leptospirosis cases) admitted at a tertiary care hospital of south Gujarat (2007–2015) that significantly correlated with confirmed leptospirosis were used in binary logistic regression to derive scoring models and receiver operating characteristic to determine cutoff values. Validity and net reclassification improvement (NRI) were estimated in validation cohort (82 cases, 2016–2017) and algorithm for diagnosis was prepared. Screening model consisted of the presence of conjunctival suffusion, calf tenderness, raised serum creatinine, headache with conjunctival suffusion and/or jaundice, and dyspnea/meningism. Area under curve (AUC) for screening model was 0.590 (standard error [SE] ±0.017) and cutoff score $\ge$ 9 gave sensitivity 79.16 %, specificity 50%. The confirmatory model consisted of laboratory parameters, namely polymerase chain reaction, immunoglobulin M ELISA, and microscopic agglutination test and gave AUC 0.998 (SE ± 0.001), sensitivity 89.58 %, specificity 85.29 %, positive predictive value 89.58 %, and negative predictive value 85.29 % at cutoff score ≥ 100. Net sensitivity of algorithm was 98.27 % at the point of screening (screening model and rapid test) and net specificity 87.89 % at the point of confirmation (screening followed by confirmatory model) in validation cohort. Simultaneous use of screening model and rapid test gave NRI 81.25 % and sequential use of confirmatory test gave NRI 47.18 % compared to corresponding parts of the modified Faine’s criteria.

2 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref

040496   KOKIWAR P R, NIKITHA P (Community Medicine Dep, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad - 500 055, Telangana, Email: kokiwar@gmail.com) : Efficacy of focused group discussion on knowledge and practices related to menstruation among adolescent girls of rural areas of RHTC of a medical college: An interventional study. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 32-5.

Learning about menstrual hygiene is vital part of health education for adolescent girls so that they can continue to work and maintain hygienic habits throughout their adult life. The aim is to study the efficacy of focused group discussion (FGD) in comparison to didactic lecture method (DL) on knowledge and practices related to menstruation among adolescent girls of rural areas. Community‑based interventional study was carried out among 260 adolescent girls. Knowledge and practice were assessed with the help of questionnaire preintervention. During intervention, 130 girls in DL group were given DL and 130 girls in FGD received FGD. After 2 months, all 260 girls were contacted. Their knowledge and practices were assessed using same questionnaire. Yates corrected Chi‑square and Student’s t‑test was used. Both methods were equally effective in increasing mean knowledge and practices score (P < 0.05). On comparison of mean postintervention scores between the two groups for knowledge, the FGD method was found to be superior (P < 0.05) but not for practices (P > 0.05). FGD was more effective than DL method for knowledge related to menstruation but not for practices.

3 tables, 11 ref

040495   STALIN P, MANIKANDAN M, ANTONY V, MURUGAN N, SINGH Z, KISKU K H, PURTY A J, VASUDEVAN K, CHERIAN J, BABU V et al (Community Medicine Dep, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry - 605 014, Email: stalinmedico@gmail.com) : Identifying and addressing factors contributing to pretreatment loss to follow up of tuberculosis patients referred for treatment from medical colleges in Pondicherry: An implementation research. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 27-31.

In India, there is no feedback regarding 34 % of tuberculosis (TB) patients diagnosed and referred from medical colleges for treatment to peripheral health institutions (PHIs). The aim of this study is to measure the effectiveness of the new intervention package, developed based on qualitative study in reducing pretreatment loss to follow‑up (PTLFU) of all TB patients diagnosed and referred for treatment from medical colleges to PHIs. An intervention was developed based on the findings of in depth‑interviews conducted among different stakeholders such as TB patients who did/did not report, service providers working in four medical colleges in Pondicherry. Intervention consisting of phone calls, home visits, etc., was implemented for a period of 6 months. The baseline and endline proportion of TB patients for whom feedback received was determined from the available records (Revised National TB Control Program State Task Force Quarterly reports). Patient’s ignorance, lack of faith in healthcare system, side effects and social stigma, unpleasant experience in hospitals, poor accessibility to directly observed treatment, short‑course centers, drugs shortage, poor coordination between program and hospital staff were the risk factors for PTLFU. At baseline, the proportions of feedback received about TB patients referred for treatment from medical colleges to PHIs was 46 %. After the initiation of interventions, it increased to 61 % and 66 % in the first and second quarters of 2017, respectively. Risk factors for PTLFU were multi‑factorial related to both patient and health system. Simple, feasible interventions such as phone calls and home visits to TB patients were effective in reducing PTLFU.

4 tables, 11 ref

044460   SHARMA S N, SINGH S K (Ministry of Health & FW, 2 Sham Nath Marg, Delhi, Email: drsns.nvbdcp@gmail.com) : Challenges and threats due to deadly corona virus in India and dealing it with social vaccine (distancing)- The only weapon. J Commun Dis 2020, 52(1), 7-13.

The whole world is, presently, reeling under a serious crisis due to wide spread of a very unique and deadly corona virus. It is said to have originated from China and spread over more than 200 countries across the world. There have been reports of high mortality and morbidity in China, Spain, Italy, USA, UK and France due to wide spread of this dangerous and contagious disease. Unfortunately, this war is being fought by the frontline warriors i.e. doctors, nurses, health workers, sanitary staff but, with no real weapon presently, as no drug or vaccine has been found effective to deal with this deadly virus. The spread/ transmission cycle is very fast due to its very highly contagious nature and fast multiplication. Though, India has made all concerted efforts from the very beginning with all proactive actions and preparedness to deal with the situation due to coronavirus, yet it is becoming a Challenging task in some hotspots due to lack of social distancing or lockdown by some people in the community. The first phase of lockdown in the whole country started on 25th March for 21 days in order to break down the chain of transmission. However, due to its spread in some hotspots, it has been extended for another 19 days so as to well control the clusters and to prevent further spread. In an address to the Nation, Dr. Harsh Vardhan, Hon. Health Minister of India stressed the need of social distancing and lockdown as comprehensive strategy for prevention and break the chain of transmission for coronavirus and term social distancing as “social vaccine” besides other measures being taken for diagnosis and treatment. An attempt has been made in this manuscript to describe the challenges and threats caused by deadly corona virus in India with the benefits of social vaccine (distancing)-the only weapon to prevent and break the transmission.

21 ref

040494   GOWDA G, THENAMBIGAI R (Community Medicine Dep, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru - 560 070, Karnataka, Email: thena1488@gmail.com) : A study on respiratory morbidities and pulmonary functions among traffic policemen in Bengaluru city. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 23-6.

Air pollution is a major public health problem in the present Indian cities, due to unplanned urbanization and increased use of vehicles. Traffic policemen, due to the nature of their job and working atmosphere, are more prone to develop respiratory problems such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rhinitis, recurrent respiratory tract infections, and others. The objective was to find out the respiratory morbidities and to assess their pulmonary function using computerized spirometry among traffic policemen in Bengaluru city. A cross‑sectional study was conducted for a period of 6 months (from January 2018 to June 2018) in randomly selected traffic police stations in South Bengaluru, Karnataka. A pretested, semi‑structured questionnaire was used to collect information on the demographic profile, duration of exposure, smoking history, allergy/asthma history, and the use of personal protective measures. Pulmonary function test (PFT) was done to assess the lung function using computerized spirometry. Data were entered and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2016 version. A total of 217 traffic policemen were included in the study. The mean duration of working in the traffic department was 5.9 ± 6.6 years (mean ± standard deviation). Among them, 101 (46.5 %) used personal protective measures. Allergic rhinitis was reported by 38 (17.5 %) individuals, and 28 (12.9 %) individuals had chest symptoms(cough and breathing difficulty). Among them, 44 (20.3 %) experienced exacerbation of these symptoms at the workplace. Observed mean values of all parameters in the PFT were less than their predicted (expected) values. There was increased burden of respiratory problems and lower lung volumes and flows among traffic policemen.

1 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

040493   CHAUHAN P A, BHALANI K D (Community Medicine Dep, Government Medical Coll, Bhavnagar - 364 001, Gujarat, Email: kdbhalani@gmail.com) : Evaluation of maternal health services being provided to the high risk mothers of Bhavnagar District, Gujarat. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 18-22.

Despite substantial progress on maternal and child mortality, neither the Millennium Development Goal 4 nor 5 targets could be met. The global maternal mortality ratio declined by 44 % between 1990 and 2015, short of the targeted 75 % fall. The objective of the study is to evaluate the maternal health services being provided to the high‑risk mothers (HRMs) of Bhavnagar district. It was a cross‑sectional study conducted among the HRMs of Bhavnagar district during the period from March 2017 to August 2018. A total of 90 HRMs were selected and interviewed. All the HRMs were measured for blood pressure and weight; tested for hemoglobin, blood group, and HIV; and examined for pedal edema. None of the HRMs were tested for sickle cell anemia. In the best performing primary health centers (PHCs), all the HRMs were tested for venereal disease research laboratory and hepatitis B surface antigen as against 79.5 % of the HRMs from the worst‑performing PHCs. About 47.7 % of the HRMs from the worst‑performing PHCs and 13.3 % of the HRMs from the best‑performing PHCs made <4 antenatal care (ANC) visits. For most of the ANC services, reason for nonreceipt of the service as given by the HRMs was “service not offered.”

4 tables, 7 ref

044459   PAUL A S, VINCENT J, SAJU C R, RAFI M M ( Community Medicine Dep, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, Email: chippyme93@gmail.com) : A study on larval indices of aedes and risk for dengue outbreak in a rural area of Thrissur District, Kerala. J Commun Dis 2020, 1-6, 1-6.

Mosquitoes are one of the deadliest animals in the world. Their ability to carry and spread disease to humans’ cause millions of deaths every year. Knowledge regarding the bionomics of mosquito is utmost important for developing control measures. Dengue is one of the most important and fastest re-emerging arboviral diseases, with 2.5 billion people living in areas of risk. The larval indices are easy to assess and gives the mosquito density. This study was done to calculate standardized larval indices over a period of 5 months, to determine the major breeding sources for mosquitoes, to study the seasonal trends in larval indices in a rural residential area under Kaiparambu Panchayat of Thrissur district, Kerala. A cross sectional study was conducted over a period of 5 months (June-October) in the houses under ARCH (Amala Rural Community health) programme of Amala Institute of Medical Sciences-Kaiparambu  panchayat  of  Thrissur  district.  A  house  to  house  survey  was done and every water holding container-indoor and outdoor were counted,  searched  for  larval  presence,  collected  and  assessed.  Each  Larvae collected was examined and species identified. Descriptive statistics was done manually to quantify the percentage of positive containers obtained. A total of 581 houses were surveyed, 223 had larval presence. The entomological indices were respectively accounted as Container Index=29.03; House Index=49.1; Breteau Index=80.3 in June and CI=19.8; HI=32.6; BI=34.7 in October. There was seasonal variation in the indices. The commonest species of mosquito identified was Aedes albopictus. The area has high risk for mosquito borne disease outbreaks, with seasonal variations and rainfall patterns. With adequate preventive measures, it can be avoided.

4 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

040492   SINGH S K, SHARMA S K, SIDDHANTA A (Mathematical Demography and Statistics Dep, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai - 400 088, Maharashtra, Email: santoshiips88@gmail.com) : Major correlates and socioeconomic inequalities in hysterectomy among ever married women in India. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 12-7.

This article focuses at the prevalence of hysterectomy, its major correlates, and the socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of hysterectomy among women in India. It used data from 527,865 ever‑married women interviewed in 2015–2016 National Family Health Survey‑4 from 601,000 households across 640 districts in the country. The economic inequalities in the prevalence of hysterectomy have been analyzed using poor–rich ratio and the concentration index (CI) in addition to the adjusted effects of major correlates through multiple logistic regression. Unadjusted (9.3 %) and adjusted prevalence of hysterectomy (odds ratio [OR] =7.3; P < 0.001) are significantly higher among women aged 40 and above. Women from rural areas (OR = 1.2; P < 0.001) and those who were formerly married (6 %) were more likely to have undergone hysterectomy. Over two‑thirds of hysterectomies were conducted in private health‑care facilities, where 51 % reported that excessive menstrual bleeding was the main reason for hysterectomy. The value of poor–rich ratio (0.79) and CI (0.121) clearly depicts that hysterectomy is more inclined to be concentrated among middle‑to‑richer class of women in India. Private health‑care sector should have standard regulatory practices to deliver more efficient, accountable, and sustainable maternal health‑care services.

1 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

040491   YADAV A, DEVGAN A, SHAW S C, DUDEJA P (Pediatrics Dep, Armed Forces Medical Coll, Pune - 411 040, Maharashtra, Email: drscshaw@rediffmail.com) : Maternal ability to correctly detect significant jaundice in Indian neonates. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 8-11.

The ability of mothers to correctly detect jaundice in their newborns is largely unknown. The objective was to ascertain the ability of mother to correctly detect the presence of significant jaundice in her newborn. This cross‑sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in eastern India from February 2015 to July 2016. All inborn neonates more than 34 weeks’ gestation were included. Congenital malformations, perinatal asphyxia, neonatal sepsis, readmission after discharge, and isoimmunization were excluded. A total of 505  inborn newborns were independently assessed by the mother and the treating pediatrician for significant jaundice every day till discharge. Each newborn underwent total serum bilirubin estimation on suspicion of significant jaundice by either of the two or at discharge, whichever was earlier. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value of maternal detection of significant jaundice was 51.47 %, 88.33 %, 39.29 %, and 92.12 %, respectively. Mothers have poor sensitivity and PPV to detect significant neonatal jaundice in the Indian population.

1 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

042358   KULKARNI S, ADHIKARI S, SUNIL KUMAR K S, MUKKANNAVAR P (SDM Coll of Physiotherapy, Karnataka, Dharwad) : Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorder among postmenopausal women: A cross sectional study. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

Postmenopausal women are subjected to various health issues amongst which the musculoskeletal conditions are most prevalent. Various studies have been done to find out the prevalence of numerous menopausal symptoms but, there are very few studies done especially in India to evaluate the burden of various musculoskeletal disorders using standardized questionnaire. To find out the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain among postmenopausal women. A total 351 postmenopausal women were screened as per inclusion and exclusion criteria from S.D.M College of medical sciences and hospital, Dharwad. Data was obtained on sociodemographic and region wise musculoskeletal pain using standardized Nordic questionnaire. The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain among postmenopausal women was found to be 56 % with mean age of onset of menopause as 46 yrs. Region wise analysis of musculoskeletal pain among postmenopausal women showed back (57 %) and knee (72 %) pain to be most prevalent. Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in postmenopausal was considered to be higher in this part of India. Most of the postmenopausal women are affected with musculoskeletal pain mainly in the back and knee regions and the causes for the same are multifactorial among Indian population.

1 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

042357   SAKUNKARUNA S, SAKUNKARUNA Y, SAKULSRIPRASERT P, MONGKONPATTARASUK A , YOTSUNGNEON S, LASKIN J J (Mahidol Univ, MT, USA, Email: sutida.min@mahidol.ac.th) : The effect of kinesio taping on gait parameters in osteoarthritic knee patients: randomized controlled trial. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

To evaluate the effect of Kinesio taping facilitating technique on Vastus medialis oblique and gracilis muscles regarding gait parameters in osteoarthritic (OA) knee patients. Twenty-six OA knee patients randomly assigned into two groups; Kinesio taping group (50 % tension facilitating technique applied on vastus medialis oblique and gracilis muscles) and placebo groups. Subjects were assessed gait parameters with the modified six-minute walk test by self-adjusted speed on the force distribution measurement systems (FDM-T) for three occasions: before, immediately and 48 hours after taping. Two-way repeated ANOVA was used to analyze the data. Significant increases of step length, stride length and cadence were found immediately after Kinesio taping with p-value 0.008, 0.015, 0.042 respectively. As well as after 48 hours the Kinesio taping group had significant improvement (p-value < 0.001). The results of this study demonstrated that the Kinesio taping for osteoarthritic knee can improve walking pattern as shown in gait parameters and speed. The Thai Clinical Trial Registration (TCTR) number: TCTR20180503003.

2 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

042356   KIATKULANUSORN S, LUANGPON N, TUDPOR K (Burapha Univ, Muang, Chonburi, Thailand-20131) : Increased upper and lower trapezius muscle activities during rest in side-lying position in young adults with forward head posture. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

Forward head posture (FHP) is a problem with muscle imbalance around neck and shoulder girdle. The FHP might be a silent threat for young adults in their later stages of life. An impact of the FHP on muscle activities in upright posture has been well established; however, how it influences neck and shoulder muscle activities in side lying-position has been still elusive. This study was aimed to investigate electrical muscle activities (% maximum voluntary contraction, % MVC) on both upper and lower sides of 4 neck and shoulder muscles—sternocleidomastoid (SCM), upper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius (MT) and lower trapezius (LT) using surface electromyography (EMG) in 34 participants (normal head posture (NHP) group, aged 21.24±0.97 years old, n=17; and FHP group, aged 20.83±1.20 years old, n=17). Each participant performed side-lying position with a self-selected pillow for 5-min of acclimatization and another 12-min for EMG recordings. Results showed that there was no significant difference between %MVC on upper and lower sides of all muscles in both groups. In contrast, the % MVC of the trapezius muscles on the upper side of the FHP group were significantly higher than the NHP group i.e., 1.26±0.76 vs 0.79±0.44 in UT; and 3.06±1.86 vs 1.74±1.14 in LT, respectively. Despite symmetrical activation of bilateral muscles can be seen in both groups; however, the FHP could induce over activation of UT and LT while resting in side-sleeping position. Therefore, selective technique to minimize muscle activation during resting position might be required as preventive regimen for this group of young adults.

3 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

042355   ESCALERA G C, OZAMIZ N, GARCÍA S R D A (Neuroscience Dep, Basque Country Univ, Barrio Sarriena, s/n, 48940 Lejona, Vizcaya, Spain) : Effects and benefits of physical therapy in the mood, quality of life and cognition psychological and cognitive effects of physical therapy. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

The objective of this study is to quantify the effects of aerobic physical exercise program in the affective, quality of life and cognition aspects. This study included a sample of 40 participants with some physical pathology. All patients answered some questionnaires about clinical symptomatology (STAI, BDI, EUROqOL - 5D) and cognition (WAIS – IV). This battery test was performed before the intervention and after 10 weeks. The intervention was aerobic physical exercise consisting of an elliptical bicycle and walking on a static tape for a total of 45 minutes, three days a week. To evaluate the results, the statistical software IBM SPSS 23 was used. Values indicated a significant improvement in the affective and quality of life tests as well as higher scores in the cognitive tests once the physical exercise was performed. The results showed that aerobic physical activity improves cognitive qualities, affective status and perception of quality of life. The results show very positive possibilities for this field and for its more assiduous implementation as complementary therapy in some physical pathologies.

1 tables, 25 ref

042354   TAN D, BALARAMAN T (INTI International Univ, Putra Nilai 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, Email: bthirumalaya@gmail.com) : Working posture and musculoskeletal pain among restaurant chef. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 0.37506/ijpot.v.

Among the workers in the catering industry, the chef is reported to have the highest prevalence of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSD).Even though working posture was documented as one of the risk factors, the analysis of working posture and musculoskeletal pain was not extensively studied in Malaysia. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal painand to assess the working posture to determine the risk of getting musculoskeletal disorders among restaurant chef. This cross-sectional study was completed with convenience sampling of restaurant chef from Johor and Melaka state. Musculoskeletal pain was recorded using aGeneral questionnaire of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and working posture was assessed by the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Total of 126 participants were analysed in this study. Ankle and foot pain (59.5 %), Lower back pain (52.4 %) and shoulder pain (48.5 %) was the most prevalent pain among restaurant chefs. The majority (64.3 %) of the participants having a medium risk of getting musculoskeletal disorders as per the REBA score. All the chefs in this study reported musculoskeletal pain. As the majority of them are having a medium risk of developing WMSD proper ergonomic education and job modification has to be considered for the prevention of musculoskeletal pain.

4 tables, 29 ref

042353   ODEH C E (Northern Illinois Univ, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA, Email: codeh@niu.edu) : An infant’s recovery from bacterial meningitis: Navigating care internationally. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

Bacterial meningitis is an infection that requires immediate medical management. If contracted as an infant, he or she is unable to report the symptoms. This report describes a 2-month-old male who was diagnosed with Group B streptococcal meningitis. Initially, he presented with a fever that continued to rise. He was transferred to a neonatal intensive care unit and diagnosed with meningitis. The infant was administered intravenous antibiotics, glycerol and phenobarbital as an anticonvulsant and was discharged to go home with his parents. Over the course of months, the infant received early intervention physical therapy to improve head and trunk control and positioning, as well as facilitating transitions and mobility. The infant did recover and achieve normal developmental milestones by 12 months of age. The parents of the infant were not in their native country at the time of the infant’s infection and thus experienced confusion. A physiotherapist acted as the translator between the parents and nursing staff and assisted the parents in understanding his current status, plans for intervention and discharge at the hospital and recommendations for follow-up medical care.

18 ref

042352   DEPRELI O, ANGIN E, ERDEN Z (Eastern Mediterranean Univ, Mersin 10 Turkey, Mersin 10 Turkey, ‘Northern Cyprus’-99450, Email: ozde.depreli@emu.edu.tr) : Is there a relationship between proprioception and vibration sense on the shoulder?. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between shoulder proprioception and vibration sense in healthy individuals. 23 individuals of age 18-25 years participated in the study. Shoulder proprioception sense was evaluated with an isokinetic dynamometer. And also 128 Hz tuning fork was applied to evaluate vibration sense and the vibration perception time (VPT) was measured with a chronometer. The study included 10 women (43.5 %) and 13 men (56.5 %) in total. The relationship between proprioception sub-parameters the threshold to detect passive motion,reproduction of passive and active positioning and the VPT time was not found significant (p>0.05). This is the first study to evaluate the proprioception and vibration sense relationship in the shoulder joint and these findings will guide other studies in the future. In addition to various known proprioceptive sense measurement method, the diversification and objectification of the vibration sense measurement technique is gaining importance. Whether the vibration threshold time results are affected by different pathologies should also be investigated.

2 tables, 28 ref

042352   DEPRELI O, ANGIN E, ERDEN Z (Eastern Mediterranean Univ, Mersin 10 Turkey, Mersin 10 Turkey, ‘Northern Cyprus’-99450, Email: ozde.depreli@emu.edu.tr) : Is there a relationship between proprioception and vibration sense on the shoulder?. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between shoulder proprioception and vibration sense in healthy individuals. 23 individuals of age 18-25 years participated in the study. Shoulder proprioception sense was evaluated with an isokinetic dynamometer. And also 128 Hz tuning fork was applied to evaluate vibration sense and the vibration perception time (VPT) was measured with a chronometer. The study included 10 women (43.5 %) and 13 men (56.5 %) in total. The relationship between proprioception sub-parameters the threshold to detect passive motion,reproduction of passive and active positioning and the VPT time was not found significant (p>0.05). This is the first study to evaluate the proprioception and vibration sense relationship in the shoulder joint and these findings will guide other studies in the future. In addition to various known proprioceptive sense measurement method, the diversification and objectification of the vibration sense measurement technique is gaining importance. Whether the vibration threshold time results are affected by different pathologies should also be investigated.

2 tables, 28 ref

042351   SINGH S, ARORA S (Occupational Therapy Dep, GGSIP Univ, Ashok Vihar, Delhi 52) : Correlation between socioeconomic status and quality of life in cerebral palsy children between 4 to 12 Years of age. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

To analyze the correlation of socio-economic status and quality of life of cerebral palsy children. 98 subjects of age group “4-12” were selected. They were briefly interviewed by their age, sex and socioeconomic status. It was statistically analyzed and it was found that there is positive and significant correlation between socioeconomic status and quality of life. Quality Of Life of patients with cerebral palsy depends on socioeconomic status of family. 

1 tables, 7 ref

042350   PAVANA, BHAVYA SHREE P (R.V. Coll of Physiotherapy, Karnataka- 560 011, Email: pavana.holla@gmail.com) : Correlation of obesity and peak expiratory flow rate in young adult females. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

Pulmonary functions are determined by respiratory muscle strength, compliance of the thoracic cavity, airway resistance and elastic recoil of the lungs. Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) is the maximum rate of airflow achieved during a forced expiration after maximal inspiration. Obesity can affect diaphragm, thoracic and abdominal muscles. Increased respiratory effort and impairment of gas transport system can result in altered pulmonary functions. In India, obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the 21st century, with 5 % of the country’s population being affected with morbid obesity. The prevalence of obesity among Indian women has increased from 10.6 % to 12.6 %, i.e. an increase by 24.52 % in a seven year period. Markers of obesity such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) may be correlated to PEFR. Thus, the aim of this study is to correlate the effects of obesity on pulmonary functions. To assess the effect of BMI on Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) in young adult females. To assess the effect of WHR on Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) in young adult females.To compare BMI and WHR as a measure of obesity in terms of correlation with PEFR. Correlational study. 45 subjects between the age group of 20 to 40 years were recruited for the study. Written informed consent and institutional ethical clearance were obtained. Anthropometric measurements were obtained using the Quetelet index for BMI and WHR was derived by dividing the waist circumference from the hip circumference. PEFR was obtained using the Wright’s portable peak flow meter in standing position.Data has been derived using SPSS 16.0 software. Pearson’s correlation coefficient test was used to find the correlation between BMI and PEFR and WHR and PEFR. Correlation coefficient for BMI and PEFR was r = -0.48 and is statistically significant (p < 0.001). The correlation coefficient between WHR and PEFR was r = -0.074 which is not statistically significant (p = 0.31). Conclusion: PEFR was found to be significantly influenced by BMI, irrespective of the type of body fat deposition. Thus, the study concluded that there is a reduction in the lung volumes as the BMI increased.

2 illus, 4 tables, 29 ref

042349   KUMAR Y P, JAISWAL L, PRAVEEN Y P (V. S.P. M.’s Coll of Physiotherapy, Digdoh Hills Nagpur, Email: praveenkwhy@gmail.com) : Mental health in physiotherapy students during internal examination. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

Stress is a complex dynamic process even in student life & physiotherapy students are not spared which may adversely affect academic achievements, personal well beings and long-term professional capabilities. Student’s stress is an established phenomenon worldwide. Stress is matter of perception, because not all are equally affected. Physiotherapy education is changing and educators are increasingly concerned about
mental health. So, study was aimed to measure the current mental status with general health questionnaire during internal examination in physiotherapy students. Descriptive study on 100 physiotherapy students appearing for internal exams who volunteered to participate in the survey based on a general health questionnaire (GHQ). GHQ-12 as suggested by GOLDBERG & WILLIAMS was used for measuring current mental health. GHQ focuses on two major areas, inability to carry out normal function and appearance of new and distressing experiences. Each item is rated on 4- point scale that is from 0-3 and the responses were taken from the respondent. 22 % students were not able to concentrate, 37 % lost much of sleep over worry and 26 % were unhappy or depressed, 14 % losing confidence, 5 % thinking of themselves as a worthless person. Students were Unhappy or depressed, losing confidence, feeling worthless and indicating poor mental health during internal exams.

6 ref

042348   MENON V V, BABA M R, PAVANKUMAR , SURESH S (Yenepoya Deemed to be Univ Deralakatte- Mangalore, Karnataka, Email: menonvivek2019@yenepoya.edu.in) : Effects of diaphragmatic training on posture and stability in asymptomatic subjects: A randomized clinical trial. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

Diaphragm plays an important role in breathing and postural control and the potential factors are potentially involved with suboptimal respiration and suboptimal (faulty) posture and may be associated with musculoskeletal complaints. The zone of apposition is important because it is controlled by the abdominal muscles and directs diaphragmatic tension. The smaller the zone of apposition, there will be less inspiratory action of the diaphragm on the rib cage. To determine the efficacy of diaphragmatic training on posture and stability in asymptomatic subjects. A randomized clinical trial. 38 asymptomatic subjects were randomly assigned in the age group of between 20 to 55 years with poor posture and stability. All the participants were recruited on voluntary basis. The participants were divided into an experimental group (n=19) who were given Diaphragmatic training, Deep Cervical Flexor Strengthening, Thoracic Extensor strengthening and a control group (n=19) who were treated with Deep Cervical Flexor Strengthening, Thoracic extensor strengthening. To evaluate the subjects, two parameters were used photographic measurement to evaluate cranioveterbral angle and star excursion balance test to evaluate dynamic balance. All subjects were evaluated pre intervention and post intervention after the 4 weeks of treatment. Independent t test was used to compare the outcome between the groups and paired t test was used to compare the outcome with in group. Out of the (n=58) participants, 38 participants met with an inclusion criteria . This study concluded that there was a significant difference between the two groups in posture and dynamic balance at 4 weeks. In the experimental group, significant improvements were demonstrated for Star excursion balance test and Craniovertebral angle measurement (P<0.01), compared to the control group where craniovertebral angle was not statistically significant (P>0.01). The effect of diaphragm training along with deep cervical flexor training and thoracic extensor strengthening improve the dynamic stability and balance significantly.

4 tables, 14 ref

042347   KEERTHI T, DOWLE P, MOHAN L (Physiotherapy Coll, Hyderabad–500 082, Telangana, Email: saipraveen_d@gmail.com) : Effectiveness of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation as an adjunct to conventional therapy in conservatively managed distal radius fractures: a randomized controlled trial. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

Distal radius fractures are most common injuries and cast immobilization being the method of traditional treatment. Thereby post immobilization wrist joint stiffness, swelling and pain are seen in patients. Rehabilitation with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques (PNF) activates motor units of muscles improving strength, promote movement and return of optimal function. The purpose of the study was to find out whether PNF and conventional therapy can bring better functional outcomes in patients with conservatively managed distal radius fractures when compared to conventional therapy alone. 54 subjects with conservatively managed distal radius fractures were selected randomly. The study included 2 groups, control group and experimental group, the outcomes measures included were Numerical rating pain scale (NRPS), range of motion (ROM), Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation Questionnaire (PRWE), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (DASH). Both the groups showed statistically significant difference, in all parametric values (P <0.05) at 12th week. The mean difference, chi-square test values and paired t-test values of experimental group were greater in comparison to control group, at the end of 12 weeks. This study concludes that there were significant improvement seen in both the groups in NPRS, ROM, PRWE, DASH but the experimental group treated with PNF along with conventional therapy showed better results than control group treated with conventional therapy alone.

4 tables, 18 ref

042346   KUMAR T S, KILANI K, SWATHI G (GSL Coll of Physiotherapy, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh) : Effectiveness of ground walking versus stair climbing on exercise capacity in subjects with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

The purpose of this study is to find the effectiveness between ground walking and stair climbing on improving exercise capacity in subjects with moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 75 subjects who were clinically diagnosed of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease were assessed and only 60 were recruited who are willing to be in the study and they were randomly allocated into two groups. In Group A (n=30) subjects were trained with ground walking along with conventional physiotherapy, with duration five days a week for 4 weeks, where in Group B (n=30) subjects were trained with stair climbing along with conventional physiotherapy. The outcome of this intervention was Six minute walk test (SMWT) this was recorded before and after the session of 4 weeks intervention. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that in within group comparison both group showed significant improvement whereas in between group comparison showed there is no significant improvement in between groups. It was concluded that ground walking and stair climbing are equally effective in improving exercise capacity in subjects with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

3 tables, 22 ref

042345   SHETTY S S, SHAH R R (Community Health and Sciences Dep, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be Univ, Karad, Maharashtra, Email: ruchishah779@gmail.com) : Effect of maitland technique (posterior glide) with muscle energy technique for subscapularis muscle on adhesive capsulitis. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

Adhesive capsulitis is the very common in people with diabetes and people between the age group of 40 – 65 years of age. It is essential to design a treatment protocol which reduces pain and improve ROM and functional activity of the shoulder in least possible. As this condition is very painful and hampers the functional activity of the shoulder. Objectives of the study were to determine the effect of posterior glide with MET for subscapularis muscle on adhesive capsulitis in reducing pain, improving ROM and functional activity of the shoulder. In this experimental study, the subject with adhesive capsulitis were assessed with VAS, ROM and SPADI, the subjects were given Maitland Technique (posterior glide) along with MET for subscapularis with conventional treatment. Statistical analysis was done of VAS, ROM and SPADI in 40 subjects in which it was seen that post treatment showed extremely significant results in all the outcome measures. The current study concluded that Maitland technique (posterior glide) along with MET for subscapularis is effective in the management of Frozen Shoulder. Maitland technique (posterior glide) along with MET for subscapularis given with Conventional Treatment is significantly effective in reducing pain, increasing range of motion and functional status of Shoulder and thus Alternate Hypothesis accepted.

6 tables, 15 ref

042343   DASH S S (Narayana Hrudayalaya Institute of Physiotherapy, Bangalore) : Efficacy of supine, sitting and standing hamstring stretch positions on flexibility in college students: A randomised experimental study. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

Decreased hamstring flexibility is suggested to be one of the predisposing factors for hamstring strains and hamstring stretches are routinely used as part of a pre-exercise routine, usually after an aerobic warm-up.
Static self-stretch is proved to be the most effective stretching for increasing hamstring flexibility; but the hamstring muscle, stretch can be done in a variety of positions. 60 with hamstring tightness, both male and female satisfying the inclusion criteria were included in the study (age 20-26 years). Their AK-ROM was measured prior to the stretching protocol and then once again three weeks post stretching protocol (which included warm up, protocol & cool down). The subjects showed an improvement in ROM after stretching and that supine and sitting position of hamstring stretching showed significant improvement as compared to standing hamstring stretch. The subjects showed an improvement in ROM and hence increase in flexibility of the hamstring muscle. The supine position showed better improvement than the sitting and standing hamstring stretch.

2 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

042342   SUTANTAR S, KAVITA K, VEERPAL K (Adesh Univ, Bathinda. (PB.), Email: dr.sappalpreet@gmail.com) : Comparison of efficacy of static stretching and sports massage on the removal rate of blood lactate level after static cycling in female individuals. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

The Muscle soreness is a result of lactate accumulation after sub maximal exercise done by the athlete. It is necessary to clear the lactate for optimum performance. Hence the current study has been done to see the effect of static stretching and sports massage on removal rate of Blood lactate. The study was conducted on 60 female college students who fall into selection criteria. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups; Static Stretching was given to group A and Sports massage was given to group B to check the clearance rate of blood lactate after 20 minutes of static cycling. 3 readings of blood lactate level were taken i.e. first reading before the static cycling, second reading after the static cycling and the third after the interventions. The measurements were analyzed to check the efficacy of static cycling and sports massage on blood lactate removal rate. The results of the study showed both the techniques are effective with p value of 0.0001 to remove blood lactate where the static stretching improves the clearance with mean value of 1.0906 and sports massage improves with mean value of 0.0357. It is concluded from the study that the static stretching and sports massage both the techniques are effective in improving blood lactate clearance rate but static stretching is more effective than sports massage.

2 tables, 11 ref

042341   VOOLA S I, HEMA S (SRMIST, Chennai) : Effectiveness of tele rehabilitation on manual dexterity and its impact on quality of life in patients with parkinson’s disease: A pilot study. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

Patients with Parkinson’s disease exhibit disturbed manual dexterity. This impairment leads to difficulties in activities of daily living, such as buttoning a shirt or hand-writing. Recent advances in telecommunication technologies have boosted the possibility to deliver rehabilitation via the internet (i.e. telerehabilitation). The aim of the present pilot study was to investigate the effectiveness of Tele Rehabilitation to improve manual dexterity and its impact on quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s Disease. This study was based on Quasi-experimental design and Convenience sampling method was used in Older Adults with Parkinson’s disease of 60 to 80 yrs age. The sample size is 10 (n=10) Experimental group (Tele Rehabilitation) (n=5) and Control group (resistance training) (n=5). The study was conducted at home for the patients referred from SRM hospital and Research centre. Screening was done using UPDRS and MoCA. Outcome measures were analysed using Purdue peg board test, Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory(CAHAI-13), Parkinson’s Disease Questionaire-39(PDQ-39). The results revealed that the experimental group has shown significant difference at 5 % level in all the metrics “Right, Left, Bi-manual, Assembly tasks of Purdue Peg Board test, CAHAI 13 and PDQ39. But comparing between the experimental and control groups significant difference at 5 % level was observed only in bi manual task of Purdue Peg board test. Task specific Tele rehabilitation-based dexterity program significantly improved fine motor skills in Parkinson’s disease. Neuro Tele Rehabilitation is considered as an alternative effective mode of service delivery connecting the people in need with health care practitioners by providing effective interventions with minimal inconveniences.

2 tables, 31 ref

042340   BHURAN S L, HONKALAS P (Dpo’s Net Coll of Physiotherapy, Thane, Mumbai, Email: priyankahonkalas@gmail.com) : Correlation of cognitive impairment with activities of daily living in elderly individuals. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

To correlate Cognitive Impairment with activity of daily living in elderly individuals. Cognitive Impairment is usually seen in Individuals above 75 Years. Activity of Daily Living can be affected in elderly individuals. MOCA and Modified Barthel Index has been used for the investigation. This was an correlational study. 60 elderly individuals between the age group of 75-85 were included in the study. First, assessment of cognition was done by using Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MOCA). If the score is below 26, in those individuals Modified Barthel Index was taken to check Activity of Daily living. If the score is below 100, it indicated decline in ADL’s. The data was stastically analysed using Pearson Correlation Test. MOCA has a negative correlation between MBI. There is a negative correlation between Cognitive Impairment and Activity of Daily living in
elderly individuals. 

2 tables, 19 ref

042339   PALLAVI S, YAMINI S, MEGHA Y, JYOT S2, MANGALAM K, SAKSHI A (Physiotherapy Dep, Galgotias Univ, Uttar Pradesh - 203 201,Greater Noida) : To compare the prevalence of plantar fasciitis among females wearing flat foot wear and heels in young adults. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

The purpose of this research is to check whether there is any co-relation between the footwear and the foot alignment (foot position) for example there is decreased dorsiflexion of foot in females wearing high heels as compared to females wearing flat foot wears and whether it makes people prone to develop plantar fasciitis or not. 100 subjects were taken for the trial. The study included a total of 100 girls from Galgotias University out of which 2 groups were made of 50-50, that is, 50 girls who were regular heel users and 50 girls who wear flat foot wear. Subjects were tested in department’s lab room. The subjects were informed to sit upright on plinth with their one leg crossed over the other to make figure of four and the subjects were informed to look straight. Then, manual plantar fascia stretch test was performed by grasping and stabilizing the heel with one hand and dorsiflexing the ankle and toes together with the other hand of the researcher, which in turn stretched the plantar fascia of the foot. Then the subjects were asked if there was any pain experienced or not at the heel or in the sole of the foot while the test was performed. Next step was to perform the windlass test with the subject maintaining the same sitting position and then coming in standing position. The result showed that out of total sample 20 % subjects felt the plantar fascia stretch, 7 %, subjects with positive windlass test, 27 % of population in sample was prone to develop plantar fasciitis out of which 19 % of the subjects were those who wear high heels. The 7 % population who had positive windlass test were the females who were wearing heels.

1 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

042338   E. S S, S. M E V, REGHUNATHAN A (Laxmi Memorial Coll of Physiotherapy, Mangalore, Karnataka, Email: athirareghunathan1@gmail.com) : Physical activity in diabetic elderly. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

In India there is a rising trend of prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) since many years. DM causes several complications in affected individuals by their physical, psychological and social aspects of quality of life. Moderate physical activity performed at 3 to 6 METS has been recommended for good health and optimal physical function of older adults. 43 older adults with diabetes mellitus were included for the study according to the inclusion criteria. International physical activity questionnaire-short form (IPAQ-SF) was used to find out the level of physical activity. Physical activity was categorized based on IPAQ levels. Correlation between age and physical activity was also estimated using Pearson correlation coefficient test. About half of the subjects had low physical activity (46.5 %), 41.9 % had moderate physical activity and 11.6 % had high physical activity. Pearson correlation coefficient test was used and found weak negative correlation (r= -0.29) between age and physical activity in the population studied. A significant rate of physical inactivity was found in community dwelling older adults with diabetes mellitus. Age related decline in physical activity was seen in the population studied but the correlations were weak.

3 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

042337   SEQUEIRA R, PALKAR A (Dpo’s Nett Coll of Physiotherapy, Thane, Email: anaghap23@gmail.com) : Evaluation of functional capacity in asymptomatic school teacher using 6 minute walk test. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

School teachers are exposed to different types occupational and environmental hazards resulting to various respiratory problems that can have an effect on their functional capacity, 6 MWT is an ideal measure used to analyze the cardio-pulmonary endurance. In this studya total of 93 asymptomatic school teachers between the age group of 30-40 years and with a BMI of 24.9 or less were included in this study. Prior to the test conditions that could interfere with the walking were asked for. A 6- minute walk test was performed and the total distanced covered was recorded. The data collected was statistically analyzed using Wilcoxin test. The test performed showed a significant reduction in the total distance covered by them, as compared to the age predicted distance. (p = <0.0001). The decrement in functional capacity of asymptomatic school teachers an be due to the exposure of their occupational environment.

1 table, 11 ref

042336   SHETYE R H, SHINDE S B (Musculoskeletal Sciences Dep, KIMS “Deemed to be” Univ, Karad, Maharashtra) : Correlation between body mass index and postural changes in postmenopasual women. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

In women age 50 to 59 (typically the early menopausal years) the present age considered obese (BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2) has increased by 47.3 %. overweight and obesity are known risk factors for insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, sleep apnea, arthritis, gall bladder disease and certain type of cancer. Therefore, it is important to determine the relationship between BMI and percentage of total body fat. Objectives of the study were to find out and determine the correlation between Body Mass Index and postural changes in postmenopausal women. This was an observational study with 40 subjects as a sample. subjects were selected as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria included female subjects of postmenopausal women in between age group 45 to 60 years. Subjects having an body mass index grading obese above > = 30 kg/m2 were excluded from study. Exclusion criteria were Presence of neurological diseases with balance alteration. Musculoskeletal disorders with deformity of lower extremities. History of lower limb or spine injuries or illness. Medication that can change balance sedative and hypnotic agent. Statistical analysis of postural assessment chart stated that there is higher risk of obesity due to higher change of postural changes subjects of postmenopausal women. The study concluded that there are high problems of postural changes in postmenopausal women and there is high problem of obesity in postmenopausal women.

18 ref

042335   JANI R, TANK K (Shree D. M.Patel coll of Physiotherapy, Amreli -365 601, Gujarat, Email: rachanajani15@gmail.com) : Immediate effect of dynamic cupping on pain in teachers with mechanical neck pain: an experimental study. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

Mechanical neck pain occurs due to prolonged loading on neck, poor posture, stress and changes in connective tissues. Cupping therapy is ancient medical treatment, which use suction on skin. Dynamic cupping gives combine effect of cupping and massage. Which relive muscle tension by increasing microcirculation. To find immediate Effect of dynamic cupping on pain in teachers with mechanical neck pain. 40 male and female teachers with mechanical neck pain were included in the study and treated with dynamic cupping. Numeric Pain Rating Scale and Pain Pressure Threshold were taken for pain intensity Measurement. Paired t test was used for Intra group analysis. Significant difference was observed in pain intensity bychanges in score of in Numeric Pain Rating Scale and Pain Pressure Threshold (p< 0.05) immediately and after 280 minutes of treatment. Hence, we conclude that there is a significant reduction in pain after the treatment with dynamic cupping in teachers with mechanical neck pain. So, dynamic cupping can be used clinically in patients with mechanical neck pain.

2 tables, 35 ref

042334   KARTHIGA R (Narayana Hrudayalaya Institute of Physiotherapy, Bangalore-560 099, Email: karthiraja88@gmail.com) : The effect of visual feedback assisted bicycle ergometry in improving functional activities of lower extremity among post stroke patients-quasi experimental study. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

The most common and widely recognised impairment caused by stroke is motor impairment. Motor impairments of lower limb limits the patient’s ability in standing and walking. The motor recovery of the lower limb canbe enhanced by repetitive trainingat the early phase of rehabilitation. The aim of this study is to find out the effect of visual feedback assisted cycle ergometry training in improving the lower extremity function among post hemiparetic stroke patients. Two groups pre test and post test Quasi experimental study design. 30 patients of age group between 40‑70 years who had a first stroke were randomly assigned into two groups, experimental cycling (N=10) group and conventional physiotherapy (N=10) group. Patients of two groups received conventional physiotherapy training for 50-60 minutes a day. Additionally experimental group patients received 30 minutes of leg cycling training. The motor function of the lower extremity was assessed by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment. dynamic standing balance was assessed by Step test and the functional ability was assessed by functional ambulation category scale. In the with in-group comparison, both the cycling group and the conventional therapy group had improved significantly with respect to Fuglmeyer lower extremity score, step test score and functional ambulation category score. In between group comparison, experimental cycling group patients demonstrating better performance in both Fuglmeyer lower extremity score, step test score and functional ambulation category scale than the conventional therapy group patients. This study shows that there is a significant improvement in lower limb function among the experimental group patients after an early short duration of cycling training.

2 tables, 20 ref

042333   PAWAR P G, ANANDH S (Krishna institute of medical sciences deemed to be univ, Karad, Maharashtra, Email: anandh73@gmail.com) : Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in small scale food industry in Karad. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

Musculoskeletal Disorders or MSDs are injuries and disorders that affect the human body’s movement or musculoskeletal system (i.e. muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, discs, blood vessels, etc.). Work activities that involve heavy lifting, awkward postures, bending, twisting or stooping, prolonged sitting or standing and repetitive motions may contribute to the development of these problems. Industrial workers are more prone to develop musculoskeletal disorders. Objectives of the study were to the prevalence of common musculoskeletal disorders and survey among the workers. To find out the severity of specific musculoskeletal disorders prevailing in the food industry in Karad. Material and Method: In this observational study, 60 subjects were assessed using Visual analogue scale (VAS), Posture assessment and Nordic questionnaire. Statistical analysis of VAS were found to be extremely significant with a P value of <0.0001. The current study concluded that there are chances of musculoskeletal disorders in small scale food industry workers. The musculoskeletal disorders which appears with maximum duration initiates with neck pain followed by low back pain and knee pain.

1 tables, 18 ref

042332   PAWAR P, GIJARE S (Paediatrics Dep, IMS “Deemed to be univ” karad, Maharashtra - 415 110, Email: praju5757@gmail.com) : Effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation verses electrical stimulation on gait parameters in subjects having plantar fascitis. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

1. To investigate the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation verses electrical stimulation on gait parameters in subjects having plantar fasciitis 2. To investigate the ratio of the effect in both males and females.
3. To compare the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation verses electrical stimulation on gait parameters in subjects having plantar fascitis Method: Total 30 subjects were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria aged between 40 to 60 years. The outcome measures were foot and ankle ability measures scale, gait parameters - stride length, step length and cadence. The subjects were divided into two groups,group A was treated with Electrical Stimulation and group B with Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation. Result: The result was extremely significant within the group on foot and ankle ability measured scale
and gait parameters post 4 weeks for Group A. The neuromuscular electrical stimulation on gait parameter in individual having plantar fasciitis there result was extremely significant (p=˂0.0001) post 4 weeks for Group B. Between the group comparison: Post test there was significant difference between outcome variables in FAAM (p=˂0.001) and gait parameters. Following are the p values which lead to analysis of improvement in stride length (0.0021), step length (0.0378) and cadence (p=˂0.001). The result from the statistical analysis of present study support the null hypothesis is rejected which stated that there will be beneficial effect to the subject treated with neuromuscular stimulation than electrical stimulation Conclusion: Based on the statistical results and interpretation it was concluded that Neuromuscular electrical stimulation showed reduction in pain and improvement in gait parameters in individual having plantar fasciitis. Both the groups showed significant results but, post intervention Neuromuscular electrical stimulation group showed extremely significant effect than the electrical stimulation group.

6 tables, 15 ref

042331   PAVANA, RUPESH PRAJAPATI R (R.V. Coll of Physiotherapy, Bengaluru, Karnataka-560 011, Email: pavana.holla@gmail.com) : Effectiveness of countermovement jump and drop jump on leg muscle power in young college athletes: A comparative study. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506.

Plyometric [PT] refers to performance of stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) movements that involve a high intensity eccentric contraction immediately after a rapid and powerful concentric contraction. PT have consistently been shown to improve the production of muscle force and power and enhancement of performance. Plyometric training includes in various type of jumps like Drop jump (DJ), countermovement jumps (CMJ), squat jump, alternate-leg bounding especially for lower body. Drop jump and countermovement jump are simple, practical and effective plyometric exercises. When done with proper technique and effort, both results in an increase in lower body power. So, it is important to know which exercises produce the greatest power output or what technique have must be used to induce changes in specific sport actions. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of countermovement jump and drop jump to improve leg muscle power. 30 subjects volunteered to participate. Written informed consent and institutional ethical clearance was obtained. Anthropometric measurements were obtained and subjects were assigned to one of two groups: Group A: DJ training group (n=15) and Group B: CMJ training group (n=15). They performed either DJ or CMJ training three days a week for 6 weeks. The training program included four sets of 5 repetitions DJ (from the height of a 12-inch box) or CMJ exercise. Standing Long Jump Test (SLJT) was used as outcome measure which was performed a day before and following the 6-week training period. Both the groups showed improvement in standing long jump test. The mean±SD of preand post standing jump test of Group A was 68.63±16.64 and 77.80±14.19 respectively and Group B was 65.83±14.61 and 72.43±13.70 respectively. But the mean±SD difference between the group A and group B was 77.80±14.19 and 72.43±13.70 respectively. The results showed there is significant improvement within Group A and Group B(p<0.01) but there is no significant improvement between both groups (p=0.150). Thus,the study concludes DJ and CMJ plyometric are worthwhile training activities for improving leg muscle power in young athletes.

5 tables, 19 ref

042330   BHAT O A, ARORA S (Occupational Therapy Dep, GGSIP Univ, 120/B Deep Enclave Pocket-D Phase 3 Ashok Vihar Delhi 52) : A comparative survey to find out which domain is affected the most in health related quality of life in parents with cerebral palsy. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 122-5.

Cerebral palsy affects quality of life of parents with cp children whether it is mother or father . In this study it is analysed that which domain of quality of life is affected the most in father and mother. Rand Sf 36 Questionnaire was used for this study and it was analysed that pain and physical functioning is affected the most in fathers where as pain and social functioning is affected the most in mothers in relation to Indian context.

11 ref

044446   OZKAN M C, KAYMAZ B T, GUNES A, CAN B K, SOYER N A, YILMAZ A F, VURAL F, SAHIN F, SAYDAM G (Hematology Dep, Ege Univ, Izmir, Tukey, Email: meldacomert@ hotmail.com) : Investigating the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of sunitinib upon K‑562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line and assessment of gene profiling. J Can Res Ther 2020, 16(1), 150-6.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) which efficiently inhibit BCR‑ABL are highly effective for clinical treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), but development of resistance to TKIs is a big challenge to treatment. Sunitinib is a multitargeted TKI targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and is defined a safe and effective candidate target, but its effect on other signaling pathways is unknown. To investigate the cytotoxic and apoptotic effect of sunitinib in CML cell model K‑562 on JAK‑STAT signaling pathway components, suppressor genes and oncogenes, hematopoiesis‑related genes, cell cycle and VEGF pathway components, and mRNA level expression changes was aimed. Sunitinib’s effective dose cytotoxic IC50 was determined by trypan blue and WST-1 cell proliferation assay tests. Expression levels of target genes were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction simultaneously after sunitinib application. Protein expression analysis was determined by “Western Breeze Chromogenic Kit‑Anti‑Rabbit” based on the principles of the application kit by Western blot analysis. Assessing the cytotoxicity of K‑562 cells following sunitinib treatment revealed that sunitinib decreased cell proliferation in a time‑ and dose‑dependent manner. According to the sunitinib inhibition curve, IC50 dose was calculated as 3.5 µM at 48th h for K-562 cells and apoptosis assays pointed that sunitinib induces apoptotic cell death of leukemic cells at moderate levels. Our study supports that sunitinib might be used as a novel therapeutic target to trigger apoptosis in CML cells which in turn might accelerate therapeutic response in regard to inhibiting oncogenes and enhancing tumor suppressors in cooperation with cell cycle regulatory genes.

3 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

042329   NAGRALE O (Community Physiotherapy Dep, R.V. Coll of Physiotherapy, Bangalore) : Treatment of plantar fasciitis: A review. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 118-21.

Plantar fasciitis is a disorder of the connective tissue which supports the arch of the foot. It results in pain in the heel and bottom of the foot that is usually most severe with the first steps of the day or following a period of rest. Pain is also frequently brought on by bending the foot and toes up towards the shin. The pain typically comes on gradually and it affects both feet in about one-third of cases. The researches review the literature pertaining to types of treatment and their efficacy. This article presents on overview on current knowledge on plantar fasciitis and focuses on etiology, diagnosis and treatment strategies, conservative treatment.

24 ref

042328   DASH N P, PRADHAN D K, ANISHA (Srinivas Coll of Physiotherapy and Research Centre, Mangalore, Karnataka, Email: deepakphysio09@gmail.com) : Immediate effect of mobilization vs myofascial release on pain and range of motion in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome: A pilot randomized trial. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 112-7.

Shoulder Impingment Syndrome (SIS) is a generic term for injury of structures in the subacromial space, regarded as anatomic abnormalities of the coracoacromial arch or humeral head. SIS is thought to be associated with articular or myofascial dysfunction, various researches have been done on rehabilitation of shoulder impingement by addressing either osseous structure or myofascial structure and found to be effective. But no studies could retrieve to compare these two. Objective: To compare the immediate effects of mobilization vs myofascial release on pain and range of motion in subjects with shoulder impingement syndrome. A pilot randomized trial. 20 subjects with SIS of both the genders were randomly divided into two groups: group 1 (n=10), which received MFR on active muscle trigger points and group 2 (n=10), received mobilization of AC joint along with Thoracic spine for four sessions. The outcome measures shoulder pain and range of motions measured at the baseline, end of 1^st session and 1^st week. The result of this present study showed that participants of both the groups experienced significant improvement in all the outcomes (p<0.05), but the MFR group was superior in reducing pain intensity. The study concluded that MFR can be used as an initial treatment for pain reduction among SIS individuals.

1 tables, 24 ref

044445   WALVEKAR S S, MOHITE V R, MOHITE R V, KAKADE S V (Medical Surgical Nursing Dep, Krishna Institute of Nursing Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, Email: shreyaswalvekar 53@ gmail.com) : Effectiveness of self‑instructional module on awareness on screening regarding breast cancer with intelligent breast examination among primary school teachers in Karad. J Can Res Ther 2020, 16(1), 139-43.

As Breast cancer is most common in developed and developing world. Despite of seriousness & importance of breast cancer the awareness is low. This Study highlights the primary screening of breast cancer with the device Intelligent Breast Examination. The objectives of this study are to assess the knowledge regarding awareness on screening of breast cancer with Intelligent Breast Examination (IBE), to develop a self‑instructional module (SIM) on awareness on screening regarding breast cancer with IBE, and to assess its effectiveness on awareness about screening breast cancer with IBE. Evaluative research approach was used. The study used preexperimental research design. The samples (60 primary schoolteachers) were selected by the use of two sampling techniques, i.e., random sampling (for schools) and purposive sampling (study participants). Data were collected in two phases (pre and post) using structured questionnaire followed by the administration of SIM. The results revealed a significant increase in mean knowledge scores (mean pre 11.16 standard deviation [SD] = 2.631 to mean post 21.2 SD = 1.842) regarding awareness on screening of breast cancer with IBE. The calculated paired t value (23.902) is greater than the table value (t = 1.67) at 0.05 level of significance. The study concluded that the SIM prepared proved to be effective in increasing the awareness regarding screening with IBE in breast cancer.

1 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

042327   NOUSHAD N, ASHIQ M, BANU S A, ARSHAD M , NIGAT FATHIMA P.A. (Yenepoya Univ, Nithyananda Nagar, Derlakatte-575 018) : Prevalence of breathing disorders and effect of lying positions on heart rate and blood pressure among pregnant women. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 107-11.

Estrogen induced hyperemia and nasopharyngeal mucosal edema leading to upper airway congestion with hypervolemia of pregnancy increases the risk of Sleep disordered breathing (SDB). Milder
degree of SDB can also have adverse impact in pregnant women. The exact prevalence of OSA in pregnancy is not known.Cardiac output increases during pregnancy. Very few studies have been conducted to investigate the response of postural changes on cardiac output. Screening the pregnant women for SDB and monitoring of heart rate and blood pressure can prevent any associated mortality and morbidity. Hence this study was designed to assess the prevalence of breathing disorders and the effect of lying position on heart rate and blood pressure among pregnant women. This was a cross sectional study conducted in 90 normal pregnant women selected by purposive sampling. They were included into three groups based on their trimester. Standardised and validated BERLIN questionnaire was given to the subjects based on which diagnosis of SDB was made and counted. The subjects were asked to lie in different positions (supine, left lateral, right lateral and semi fowlers) and relax for five minutes. After which heart rate and blood pressure were measured. ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation was used for statistical analysis. Breathing disorders were highest during third trimester of pregnancy (43.3 %) when compared to second and third (26.7 %). There was a significant difference in mean Left lateral SBP (1^st Trimester: 92.20±10.96; 2nd Trimester: 104.40±17.84; 3^rd Trimester: 108.83±11.98) and DBP (1^st Trimester: 53.90±10.65; 2nd Trimester: 54.77±15.56; 3^rd Trimester: 64.87±11.7) between trimesters. Mean Left lateral SBP (p<0.001) and DBP (p=0.002) were significantly higher in third trimester. There was no significant difference in mean Supine, Right lateral and Semi fowlers SBP and DBP between trimesters. Mean Left lateral SBP and DBP were lower than other SBP and DBP. The prevalence of SDB increased in third trimester. Left lateral SBP and DBP were lower than others.

4 tables, 12 ref