044398   NEKKANTI S, MOOGALI A, MAHTANI A, MRUTHYUNJAYA (Orthopaedics Dep, JSS Univ, Mysore, Karnataka,, Email: drsupreethn@gmail.com) : A comparative analysis of morphological parameters in south Indian hip joints with review of literature. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(2), 71-80.

The morphology of the proximal femur is an essential parameter in the design and development of implants for total hip replacement. Inappropriate implant design and size could affect the outcome of the surgery with reported complications such as stress shielding, micromotion, and loosening. Most of these implants are designed and manufactured in the European and North American regions, which are presumably based on the morphology of their respective populations. In this study, we try to demonstrate the significant variation in the morphology of South Indian hip joints compared to other ethnicities. This prospective study includes the study of the morphology of 400 adult hip joints. The patients presented to our hospital with complaints other than that related to the hip joint. Various parameters were studied, comprehensively discussed, and compared with other studies done in different ethnic groups. The hip joints of the South Indian population have a significantly smaller femoral head diameter and offsets, narrower neck width, and medullary canal diameter when compared to other ethnic groups. The neck‑shaft angle was comparable to results from other studies. Gender‑ and laterality‑based variations were observed as well. Our study demonstrated that the South Indian hip joints are significantly smaller when compared to other Asian hip joints. There were significant gender‑ and laterality‑based variations. This study also provides evidence that implants could be modified to replicate the morphology of the native hip joints. 

8 illus, 5 tables, 53 ref

044397   RAI P V S, DUDEKULA A, VENUGOPAL A , MURLIMANJU B V, PAI M, MADHYASTHA S (Radiodiagnosis Dep, Kasturba Medical Coll, Mangalore, Email: murali.manju@manipal. edu) : Radiological study of the adipose tissue at the para-cavernous region of middle cranial fossa. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(2), 67-70.

The cavernous sinus (CS) lesions are difficult to identify on computed tomogram (CT) film, and the subtle changes may help in the diagnosis. The objective of the present study was to examine the para‑cavernous adipose tissue in the CT scan in the Indian population. The study included 100 patients of all age groups, who were examined using a 16 slice multidetector CT. The axial images were analyzed for the presence of adipose tissue on either side of the CS. The intracranial pathology and atrophic changes, if any, were noted. The present study observed that 17 % of the patients had intracranial pathologies. Among the 83 % of patients with no pathology, paracavernous adipose tissue was observed in 85.5 % and 89.2 % over the right and left sides, respectively. It was observed that the paracavernous fat was visualized in higher frequency in elderly adults. It was visualized in all the patients (100 %) of over 60 years. In some patients, with mass effect, the paracavernous fat was obliterated over the ipsilateral side, but it was visualized on the contralateral side. The present study suggests that the CS lesions are difficult to identify on the CT scan, and the subtle signs may help in making a diagnosis. The para‑CS adipose deposit is one among these subtle changes; if there is the presence of adipose tissue on one side and its absence on the other side, then pathology should be suspected.

3 illus, 13 ref

042272   LODHA S, UPADHYAY S, BAGHEL K S, AHMAD Y (Uttarakhand Technical Univ, Dehradun-248 007, Uttarakhand, Email: shivaniveersingh21@gmail.com) : Glutamate receptors in schizophrenia: A review. Free Radic Antioxi 2020, 10(1), 1-3.

The pathophysiology of schizophrenic shows the dysfunction of Glutamate receptors. The inotropic subtypes The NMDA, AMPA and kinate receptors out of various glutamate receptors are most commonly associated. In postmortem brain samples from schizophrenics and controls several levels of gene expression of glutamate receptors were studied. Even though there exist slight inconsistency from various studies certain points. There is an abnormal reduction in the AMPA receptor expression in the schizophrenic hippocampus, including reduced subunit transcript level, protein level and also binding sites. In hippocampus related changes are also seen in the kinate receptor expression. In some cortical regions in schizophrenia NMDAR1 shows abnormal expression. NMDDAR1 is the obligate NMDA receptor subunit. The current review ellustrates the theory of glutamate neurotransmission abnormality in schizophrenia.

24 ref

044382   MATHIVATHANI K, RADHIKA G, ARAVINDAKSHAN T V, GEETHA R, THOMAS M (Animal Breeding Genetics and Biostatistics Dep, Veterinary and Animal Sciences Coll, Mannuthy- 680 651, Thrissur, Email: mathikvathani.mvc@gmail.com,) : Comparative analysis of milk quantity and quality in native goat breeds of Kerala. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 207-13.

Goat rearing occupies an important place in augmenting the economy of our country. In India there are 23 well defined goat breeds and Kerala has two native breeds namely Malabari and Attappady Black, which vary significantly in milk production. Data on quantity of milk was collected from 100 Malabari and 70 Attappady Black goats. There was a significant influence of breed (p≤0.01) and parity (p≤0.05) on milk production. The average milk yield of Malabari goats was, 558.94 ± 4.21 ml per day, while for Attappady Black it was 340.22 ± 4.45 ml per day. Milk samples were collected from 54 Malabari and 35 Attappady black goats and significant difference was observed in fat per cent between two groups. Double digest restriction associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) is a modern reduced representation sequencing technique which is a powerful and inexpensive approach for identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) across populations. This technique was applied on two groups of Malabari and Attappady Black goats with differing milk production and the preliminary evaluation of results revealed SNPs in five major genes affecting milk production.

4 tables, 23 ref

044381   RESHMA R S, ARAVINDAKSHAN T V, RADHIKA G, NAICY T, RAJI K (Veterinary and Animal Sciences Coll, Mannuthy- 680 651, Kerala, Email: naicy@kvasu.ac.in) : Exome wide variant discovery by next generation dna sequencing in Vechur cattle of Kerala. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 201-6.

Vechur, the native cattle breed of Kerala, India is well-known for economically valuable phenotypic traits like disease resistance, adaptability to hot and humid tropical climatic conditions, low feed requirements and high quality milk. However, genomic information underlying these traits is rare. In the present study, the whole exome sequencing of a Vechur cow using Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform is reported. Comparison of sequences with Bos taurus reference genome assembly (UMD 3.1) identified 1,716,847 variants including 1,578,749 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and 138,098 Insertion/Deletions, of which 359,034 variants (20.91 %) were novel. Detailed annotation of the identified variants showed that majority were situated in the intergenic region. Out of the 724,808 variants found inside the gene region, 107,880 were exonic variants. In the exonic variant, substantial proportion of non-synonymous (34.83 %), frameshift (12.47 %), nonsense (0.3 %), start loss (0.06 %) and stop loss (0.0009 %) variants were identified. This information will provide a better understanding of genetic differences responsible for the peculiar phenotypic traits inherent to Vechur cattle.

4 tables, 22 ref

044380   ROSHMA T J, ALLY K, VENKATACHALAPATHY T, SHYAMA K, SHERIN K G (Animal Nutrition Dep, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Kerala, Email: ally@kvasu.ac.in) : Effect of dietary incorporation of ksheerabala residue on nutrient digestibility and blood biochemical profile in Malabari kids. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 196-200.

An experiment was conducted with eighteen weaned Malabari kids of three months of age for 90 days to assess the effect of dietary incorporation of Ksheerabala residue on nutrient digestibility and blood biochemical profile in goats. Kids were divided into three groups (T1 , T2 and T3 ) as uniformly as possible with regard to age, sex and body weight and were offered kid starter containing Ksheearabala residue at 0, 10 and 20 per cent, respectively. Kid starters were made isonitrogenous and isocaloric (24 per cent CP and 70 per cent TDN). Kids were fed as per ICAR standards (Ranjhan, 1998). Green grass was offered as the sole source of roughage. Data on digestibility of nutrients and haematologcal parameters like haemoglobin, plasma protein, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, serum cholesterol and triglycerides were the criteria employed for evaluation and they did not show any significant difference (P >0.05) among the groups. It could be inferred that digestibility of nutrients and haematological parameters of kids were not influenced by the inclusion of Ksheerabala residue in kid starter.

4 tables, 18 ref

044379   KUTTY C I, AZEEZ C P A, PROMOD K, BECHA B B, SUNANDA C, LASNA S, ANI K S (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Kerala- 678 601, Email: ibraheemkutty50@gmail.com) : Influence of thermal stress on feed intake and body condition score during early postpartum period of crossbred cows in Kerala. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 189-95.

Increased milk production and environmental alterations caused by climate change makes dairy animals highly vulnerable to Thermal Stress (TS). Cross bred cattle shows some level of adaptation, characterized by reproductive performance of low level, almost uniformly throughout the year. Hence, objective of the present study was to find out the pattern of feed intake and body condition score of cross bred cows in the context of adaptation to TS across seasons prevailing in Kerala. The study was carried out at Livestock Research Station, Thiruvazhamkunnu, Kerala, in 22 post partum cows between Day 7 and Day 135 of calving. Daily intake of concentrate and weekly body condition score (BCS) were recorded. Blood samples were collected from 10 cows every week for estimation of thermal stress indicators and the climatic variables were recorded daily. Data were analyzed for monthly and seasonal variations and correlations between each other. Temperature Humidity index (THI) and other climatic variables showed exposure of the animals to TS throughout the year. During summer months, ambient temperature and THI were significantly higher to cause moderate TS. Feed intake, BCS and cortisol levels were significantly high during summer, even though there was no significant correlation with climatic stress factors. HSP 70 was elevated throughout the year and significantly high during the period of moderate THI, indicating adaptation to TS. It is concluded that higher feed intake and BCS during summer months is attributable to TS adaptation because of continuous exposure across many years.

3 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

044378   JISHA S, SUJA R S, BIBU J K, SURYA S, AMBILY R, RENI J, THRESIA, VIDYA V K, GAYATHRI P, USHA P T A (Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Pookode, Kerala, Email: jisha792@gmail.com) : In vitro antimicrobial activity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) oil and citral against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) from bovine mastitis. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 184-8.

The mounting tide of bovine mastitis by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses serious threat to efficacy of antibiotic treatment. Therefore, plant derived essential oils and their constituents are gaining great importance in the recent times as promising antimicrobial agents. Hence the present study was conducted to evaluate antibacterial activity of lemongrass oil (LGO) and its active principle, citral against methicillin and oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from bovine mastitis cases. Among the 16 S. aureus organisms isolated, six isolates identified as MRSA by antibiogram against methicillin and oxacillin were selected for further study. The findings of the study indicated significant antimicrobial activity of LGO and citral as evident from their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and diameter of zone of inhibition values.

1 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

044377   CHANDRAN D, RANI K J , SHYAMA K, ALLY K ( Animal Nutrition Dep, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Mannuthy– 680651, Kerala, Email: drdeepakchandran24@gmail.com) : Effect of dietary incorporation of ksheerabala residue on growth performance in wistar rats. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 179-83.

Ksheerabala residue is a by-product obtained during the preparation of ksheerabala oil which is made by incorporating bala (Sida cordifolia), cow milk and gingelly oil (Sesamum indicum). This residue is available in considerable quantity and many farmers use this byproduct for feeding livestock. But the level of incorporation and the effect of Ksheerabala residue on growth in rats are not yet well studied. Hence, the present study was planned to evaluate the effect of dietary incorporation of Ksheerabala residue as a feed resource in the diet of Wistar rats on their performance. Twenty-four male Wistar albino rats weighing 80 ± 5g were used as experimental animals and were allotted randomly to two treatments of six replicates each. Group 1 was fed basal diet as per BIS specification (control-T1 ) and other group was fed a diet containing 5 per cent Ksheerabala residue (T2). The average body weight, body weight gain, dry matter intake, haematological and biochemical parameters were found to be similar in both the groups (P >0.05). The results of the present study indicate that Ksheerabala residue can be included in the rat ration up to five per cent level without any adverse effect on their growth performance.

4 tables, 13 ref

044376   REVATHI K, UNNY N M, PILLAI U N, UMA R, AJITHKUMAR S (Veterinary Clinical Medicine Dep, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Thrissur- 680651, Kerala) : Effect of coenzyme q10 supplementation on total antioxidant status and lipid peroxides levels in dogs with chronic valvular heart disease. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 175-8.

Oxidativestressmanagementhasbeenfoundtohavebeneficialeffects inthemanagement of several disease conditions. A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation on the total antioxidant status and lipid peroxides levels in dogs with chronic valvular heart disease.Total antioxidant status was measured by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay and level of lipid peroxides in serum was determined by estimating malonaldialdehyde level. Ten dogs with chronic chronic valvular heart disease were administered with coenzyme Q10 @ 45mg q12h orally for 60 days along with the treatment for management of valvular heart disease.A significant decline in Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power value was recorded at the end of the study. The malonaldialdehyde levels declined in animals with chronic valvular heart disease by day 60, though reduction was not statistically significant.The administration of Coenzyme Q10 in chronic valvular heart disease may be beneficial in improving the quality of life of the patient.

16 ref

044375   MAYA S, ASHOK N, LUCY K M, INDU V R, SREERANJINI A R, SUNILKUMAR N S, SUMENA K B (Veterinary Anatomy and Histology Dep, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Pookode, Email: maya@kvasu.ac.in) : Anatomical observations on the hair distribution patterns in the deer, goat and sheep. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 170-4.

Hair distribution patterns in the deer, goat and sheep were studied using skin samples collected from spotted deer brought for post mortem at College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, from the Thrissur zoo and forest department and from goats and sheep freshly slaughtered at the Meat Technology Unit, Mannuthy. Samples of 1cm3 were collected from 27 regions of skin, viz. muzzle, infraorbital, horn glands, dorsal face, lateral face, ventral face, ear pinna, dorsal neck, lateral neck, ventral neck, dorsal abdomen, lateral abdomen, ventral abdomen, dorsal forelimb, palmar, dorsal hindlimb, plantar, interdigital part of fore limb, interdigital part of hind limb, forelimb foot pad, hindlimb foot pad, inguinal, preputial scrotal regions of male dorsal thorax, perineum and dorsal nasal regions. The hair arrangement in the three species was simple, but arranged in groups. Mostly two to three hairs formed a group and they emerged out very closely but not from a single orifice unlike in the case of compound hairs. The muzzle region lacked hair on the rostral aspect and sparse wool hairs were found on the dorsal surface. Dorsal nasal and carpal regions consisted of dense population of short, stout hairs. Maximum hair density per microscope field under low power was noticed in the lateral aspect of neck, dorsal abdomen, palmar, interdigital aspect of hind limb, lateral abdomen and dorsal aspect of hind limb in deer. Hair was absent in the muzzle followed by dorsal face region in all three species in the present study. Maximum hair density per microscope field under low power was noticed on the dorsal aspect of fore limb, palmar aspect, pinna of ear, dorsal abdomen and interdigital space of hind limb in goat with minimum hair distribution on the ventral abdomen followed by lateral face region. Maximum hair density per microscope field under low power was noticed on the dorsal aspect of neck, interdigital space of fore limb, lateral aspect of neck and infraorbital in sheep with minimum hair distribution on the ventral abdomen, dorsal face and lateral face. In general, density of hair distribution was more in the deer than the goat and sheep. 

8 illus, 7 ref

044374   KUMAR S K, VASUDEVAN V N, PRAJWAL S, SATHU T, IRSHAD A, SUNANDA C, SILPA S, PAVAN M ( Livestock Products Technology Dep, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Email: kiran2551994@gmail.com) : Physico-chemical and structural attributes of meat from young and spent buffaloes. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 164-9.

The current study was carried out to determine the physico-chemical and structural attributes of buffalo muscles from two anatomical locations obtained from animals belonging to two different age groups. Six each of young (2-4 years) and spent (8-10 years) buffaloes were procured from University Buffalo Farm, Mannuthy and were slaughtered scientifically at Meat Technology Unit, Mannuthy. Each carcass was electrically stimulated. The longissimus dorsi (LNG) and Biceps femoris (BIF) muscles were harvested, connective tissue and fat removed, aged for 72 hours at 4±1 °C and analysed for the parameters. The ultimate pH values did not differ significantly between the muscles as well as the age groups. Hunter L* and a* values were significantly different between the muscles. Hunter L* and b* values had significant difference between the age groups. Myofibrillar fragmentation index and Warner bratzler shear force of LNG and BIF were significantly different between age groups as well as between muscles. With respect to structural characteristics, no significant variation was noticed in sarcomere length between the muscles and the age groups. Between two age groups, muscle fibre diameter of samples from spent animal group showed significantly higher values. Thus, the results indicate important differences in the quality attributes of buffalo meat of two different age groups, which may be reflected in their palatability and processing properties.

3 tables, 16 ref

044373   SONAM K, PROMOD K, CHACKO L, BIPIN K C, JOHN L (Animal Reproduction Dep, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Wayanad, Email: sonamkathane1994@gmail.com) : A study on the factors influencing resumption of postpartum ovarian activity in crossbred cows. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 159-63.

The aim of the study was to identify the factors influencing postpartum resumption of ovarian activity in crossbred cows. Sixty crossbred cows on day 30 postpartum were selected and the details of age, parity, milk yield, peripartum and postpartum complications were recorded. Animals were examined per rectally from 30 to 90 days postpartum at 12 days interval for the presence of corpus luteum (CL) of any stage during the period of study. Serum progesterone concentrations were estimated and cows which resumed ovarian activity (progesterone concentration >1 ng/mL) at early and late postpartum periods were identified. Association of age, parity, BCS, milk yield and reproductive complications with postpartum resumption of ovarian activity (ROA) at varying periods was analysed. No significant association between ROA and variables such as age, parity. milk yield and reproductive complications were observed. BCS was significantly (P<0.01) associated with ROA. The higher number of animals with postpartum complications belonged to not resumed period than that of early and late resumed periods. The odds ratio for BCS indicated 6.46 times risk for ROA for every unit increase of BCS.

3 tables, 11 ref

044372   VIDYA V K, UNNIKRISHNAN M P, KURIEN M O, JAYAKUMAR C, SANKAR S (Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics Dep, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Mannuthy- 680 651, Thrissur, Email: vidyaviswanath22@gmail.com ) : Comparative analysis of closed and opencervix canine pyometra. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 153-8.

Canine pyometra is the most common uterine disease in intact, sexually mature female dogs. The disease is broadly classified as open and closed type, based on the patency of cervix. The study was conducted to evaluate the changes in clinical, physiological and haematobiochemical parameters in open and closed-cervix pyometra. Physiological parameters were not altered among pyometra-affected dogs. Vomiting, dehydration and dullness were more frequently noticed in open-cervix pyometra cases. Significantly higher total leucocyte count and band cell per cent and significantly lower total erythrocyte count was recorded among dogs with open-cervix pyometra than closed-cervix pyometra. The present finding is contradictory to most of the previous reports.

2 tables, 23 ref

044371   PRATHAP G, SIMON S, KURIEN M O, BECHA B B, BUNGLAVAN S J, EMADUDEEN N, GLEEJA V L (f Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics Dep, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Thrissur- 680 651, Email: gayathriprathap31@gmail.com) : Comparison of endometrial cytology and transrectal ultrasonography for the diagnosis of subclinical endometritis. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 146-52.

The objective of the present study was to compare the efficacy of endometrial cytology (EC) and uterine echobiometry by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) for the diagnosis of subclinical endometritis (SCE) in crossbred dairy. A total of 20 crossbred cows, at 30 and 40 days postpartum (DPP), without any clinical signs or abnormal discharge were subjected to transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and endometrial cytology (EC) examination. Among the TRUS parameters, uterine horn diameter (UD) was found to be least useful in the diagnosis of SCE. Cervical diameter (CD) also had poor to moderate sensitivity when compared to EC and less accurate in diagnosing SCE. Fluid in uterus (FIU) had more sensitivity than UD and CD for the diagnosis of SCE but its presence is dependent on the stage of oestrous cycle. Hence, when TRUS is used as a supporting diagnostic aid along with EC, it has promising value in the diagnosis of SCE.

3 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

044370   BABU A, BECHA B B, JAYAKUMAR C, SIMON S, RAJ I V, KURIEN M O ( Animal Reproduction Dep, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Thrissur– 680 651, Kerala, Email: anilababu43@gmail. com) : Occurrence of vaginal hyperplasia among intact dogs. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 142-5.

Hyperplasia of vaginal mucous membrane is an unusual reproductive disorder observed in canines. It is the protrusion of oedematous vaginal tissue into and through the opening of the vulva occurring during proestrus and oestrus stages of the sexual cycle. This study was aimed to find out the overall occurrence of canine vaginal hyperplasia and its occurrence based on breeds, age, parity and stage of oestrous cycle. The occurrence of canine vaginal hyperplasia was 1.02 per cent. The highest occurrence of vaginal hyperplasia within a breed was observed in Labrador retrievers (48.94 %), while the lowest occurrence was in German shepherd, Spitz, and Dachshund breeds (2.13 %). The highest occurrence was recorded in dogs of one to two years old (43.62 %) and the lowest occurrence in dogs of above 4 years of age (13.83%). Highest occurrence of vaginal hyperplasia was found in nulliparous (60.71 %) and in intact dogs (100 %).

1 table, 13 ref

044369   THANKACHAN A, VINODKUMAR K, SHYMA V H, ASHA R, VIJAYAKUMAR K (Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Dep, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Mannuthy- 680 651, Email: ancythankachan2011@gmail.com) : Clinicopathological profile of Babesia canis vogeli infection in dogs. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 136-41.

The clinicopathological profile of Babesia canis infection in dogs presented to University Veterinary hospital, Kokkalai was studied. Eight animals with clinical signs of babesiosis like pyrexia, anorexia, amaemia and lethargy and found positive for Babesia piroplasms in blood smear were included in the study. The organism was identified as Babesia canis vogeli by PCR. Haematological analysis showed highly significant alterations in granulocyte count, monocyte count, Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH), platelet count and significant alterations in total RBC count. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), as per the classification of Matijatko et al. (2010) was noticed in two out of eight animals. This indicate that B. c. vogeli organisms which are considered to be benign in some parts of the world can cause severe complications in a different geographical location.

1 illus, 6 tables, 15 ref

044368   ARUN H D, BECHA B B, JAYAKUMAR C, UNNIKRISHNAN M P, AJITH K S, KURIEN M O (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Palakkad– 678 601, Email: arunhd25@gmail.com) : Occurrence of repeat breeding and prolonged oestrus in crossbred cattle. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 132-5.

Study was conducted to determine the occurrence of repeat breeding and prolonged oestrus among crossbred cattle in organized farms. Data were collected from breeding registers maintained on farms over a period of four years and tabulated in relation to age and parity. Overall occurrence of repeat breeding, prolonged oestrus and occurrence of prolonged oestrus among repeat breeder animals was 25.96 per cent, 25.86 per cent and 55.42 per cent, respectively. Occurrence of repeat breeding, prolonged oestrus and repeat breeding among prolonged oestrus exhibiting animals among cows was 27.35, 30.29, and 61.58 per cent, respectively. Occurrence of repeat breeding, prolonged oestrus and repeat breeding among animals exhibiting prolonged oestrus, among heifers was 23.07, 16.66, and 40.27 per cent, respectively. Among cows, the occurrence of repeat breeding was highest in the age group of 2-4 years and occurrence of prolonged oestrus among repeat breeders was highest in the age group 8-12 years.

3 tables, 10 ref

044367   SUPRITH D S, UNNIKRISHNAN M P, KURIEN M O, BECHA B B, MANI B K (Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics Dep, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Mannuthy- 680 651, Thrissur, Email: suprithraj4@gmail.com) : Assessment of foetal lung surfactant in amniotic fluid of dogs by bubble test, to evaluate foetal maturity. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 128-31.

Study was conducted to determine the reliability of bubble test for assessment of lung surfactant in amniotic fluid and its application in clinical level to judge the foetal maturity. Amniotic fluid samples were collected from the foetuses of dogs undergoing elective caesarean section (Group I) at term and from the foetuses of dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy at different stages of gestation, following misalliance (Group II). All the samples from neonates of Group I were found positive for bubble test, with variable grades ranging from two to four. All the samples from Group II foetuses were found negative for bubble test, with grade of zero and one. The results signify the presence of adequate foetal surfactant in amniotic fluid of mature foetuses when compared to that of immature foetuses and also suggest the potential practical utility of bubble test for foetal maturity assessment, particularly for timing elective induction of whelping or timing of caesarean delivery

2 tables, 8 ref

044366   VINOTH P, RAJEEV T S , JIJI R S, SENTHILKUMAR R, GLEEJA V L (Animal Husbandry Extension Dep, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Mannuthy, Thirssur, Email: vinoth30894@gmail.com) : Constraints in participatory management perceived by the inhabitants of humanwildlife conflict (HWC) affected areas in Kerala. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 123-7.

Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) can be explained as an interaction between humans and wildlife where negative consequences, whether perceived, exists for one or both the parties when the action of one has an adverse effect on the other. The human population residing the forest buffer zones sharing a common geographical border with it are considered to be more affected with HWC. These populations encompassing the tribal and non-tribal communities usually manage the HWC by external assistance and internal efforts by the affected one. The present study was conducted in such a community so as to identify the above type of affect to identify the constraints in management of HWC encountered by tribal and non-tribal the inhabitants associated with the Eastern Palakkad forest circle of Kerala state in India. A total of sixty respondents including thirty non-tribal and tribal families each from the affected people were purposively selected for study various division of Palakkad forest area. The responses were recorded initially with group discussion, pilot study etc., and the final schedule was used as the scale with final statement to analyse the constraints of the respondents using Garret ranking method. The constraints faced by encountering HWC and implementing control measure. Most of the non-tribal and tribal respondents perceived HWCs to be caused by water scarcity during the summer period and inadequate food availability due to climate change and deforestation, shrinkage of grassland/pasture land, lack of proper barriers (solar fence, trench) and proximity to forest land as the major constraints.

1 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

044365   XAVIER M, JANUS A, DEEPA P M, BIPIN K C, HABEEB B P, VIJAYAKUMAR K (Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Dep, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Wayanad, Kerala, Email: drxaviervet@gmail.com) : Antibiogram of Escherichia coli isolates from faecal samples of neonatal calf diarrhoea in Wayanad district. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 119-22.

Thirty faecal samples were collected from diarrhoeic neonatal calves reared in organized farms and households of Wayanad district. The collected rectal swabs were subjected to bacterial isolation and biochemical tests. Based on their cultural and biochemical characteristics isolates were confirmed as Escherichia coli. Based on clinical signs and bacterial isolation calves were diagnosed as affected with colibacillosis. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the isolates were evaluated using standard disc diffusion method in Muller Hinton Agar. Antibiogram revealed susceptibility to Chloramphenicol (70.0 per cent), Trimethoprim/Sulphamethoxazole (60.0 per cent), Ceftriaxone (33.3 per cent), Ampicillin (33.3 per cent) and Tetracycline (3.3 per cent). The sensitivity patterns of the isolates to the three antibiotics viz. Trimethoprim/Sulphamethoxazole, Ceftriaxone and Ampicillin correlated well with clinical response.

1 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

044364   SREEKUTTY S S, MENON K V, LATHA C, SUNIL B, AMBILY R (Veterinary Public Health Dep, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Thrissur- 680651, Email: sreekuttysreekumar810@gmail.com) : Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in cattle in Mannancherry panchayat of Alappuzha district. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 115-8.

Cattle can act as asymptomatic carrier in leptospirosis and can transmit the infection to other animals and humans either by direct contact or indirectly by contaminating the environment with infected urine. Thus, the role of apparently healthy cattle in the maintenance and transmission of the organism needs to be studied. The present study was conducted in 90 apparently healthy cattle in Mannancherry panchayat of Alappuzha district. Serum samples were collected from cattle and subjected to Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) using a battery of serovars. A serum dilution of 1:50 and above was taken as positive. Out of the 90 samples analysed, 47 (52.2 per cent) were found positive. The predominant serovars observed in the study were Grippotyphosa (34.04 per cent), Sejroe (25.53 per cent) and Autumnalis (21.3 per cent). The study revealed the importance of asymptomatic cattle in the maintenance and transmission of the disease.

1 illus, 14 ref

044363   SASI S, SATHU T, SUNANDA C, PAVAN M, VASUDEVAN V N, IRSHAD A, KUMAR S K (Livestock Products Technology and Meat Technology Dep, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Mannuthy- 680 651, Kerala, Email: silpasasi2011@gmail.com) : Effect of jackfruit powder on the physicochemical and sensory attributes of poultry meat cocktail nuggets. J Vet Anim Sci 2020, 51(2), 108-14.

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of jackfruit powder on the physicochemical characteristics, proximate composition and sensory attributes of cocktail nuggets containing 75 per cent chicken and 25 per cent duck meat. Jackfruit powder was added in cocktail nuggets at three different levels i.e., one, two and three per cent over and above the cocktail nuggets formulation and its effect was evaluated against control cocktail nuggets. There was no significant difference in emulsion pH values of control and jackfruit powder incorporated treatment samples. When compared to control nuggets, significant increase was noticed in the product pH of all the three treatment nuggets incorporated with jackfruit powder. No significant difference was observed in the water activity and cooking yield of treatment and control nuggets samples. No significant difference was observed in the moisture, fat, carbohydrate and calorie content of the jackfruit powder added treatments and control nuggets. Protein percentage of treatment samples were significantly lower than the control nuggets. Significantly higher ash content was observed for jackfruit powder incorporated treatment samples when compared to control samples. On sensory evaluation, no significant difference was observed for the appearance and flavour between control and the treatment samples. Functional cocktail nuggets containing three per cent jackfruit powder had significantly lower values for juiciness, texture, saltiness, mouth coating and overall acceptability when compared to other treatment and control samples. The addition of jackfruit powder in the nugget formulations was effective in sustaining the desired sensory attributes besides the nutritional benefits. Hence, acceptable functional cocktail nuggets can be made with the addition of jackfruit powder up to two per cent over and above the cocktail nuggets formulation without affecting the sensory attributes.

3 tables, 11 ref

046322   BAISHYA M, DAS B (Nursing NEMCARE Foundation Coll, Kamrup, Assam, Email: maramibaishya@gmail.com) : Postpartum depression and associated risk factors: A descriptive study in Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital. Open J Psychiatry Allied Sci 2020, 11(2), 121-6.

Postpartum depression is a mood disorder that can affect women after childbirth which may cause feeling of extreme sadness, anxiety, and exhaustion that may lead to hamper of daily care activities for themselves and others. To determine presence of depression and associated risk factors among postnatal mothers. Fifty postnatal mothers, aged between 18-44 years were selected from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Gauhati Medical College Hospital (GMCH), Guwahati, Assam, India. The presence of postpartum depression and maternal bonding with baby were assessed by using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Postpartum Bonding Instrument. The prevalence of postpartum depression among mothers was 26 %. Prevalence was found higher among the Muslim postnatal mothers. ‘Confidence and anxiety’ and ‘aggression to baby’ were found more significant which adversely affected bonding with their babies. Postpartum depression was found in a high number of mothers and it adversely affected bonding to their babies.

5 tables, 23 ref

046321   MAHANTA P, DEURI S P, BANERJEE I (Psychiatric Social Work Dep, LGB Regional Institute of Mental Health, Assam- 784 001, Email: pomimahanta1@gmail.com) : Disability and socio-occupational functioning in persons with schizophrenia. Open J Psychiatry Allied Sci 2020, 11(2), 117-20.

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness which severely affects the functioning of individuals in their daily life. Functional disability in chronic illness is one of the major concerns for mental health professionals. The study aims to assess the disability of persons with schizophrenia and its relationship with age of onset, total duration of illness, and socio-occupational functioning. The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Sixty persons with schizophrenia were selected using simple random sampling from the outpatient department (OPD). Written informed consent was taken from the participants who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Clarifications were made regarding the basic purpose of the study before administration of tools. The study was undertaken with the permission of the Scientific Advisory and Institute Ethics committees. Sociodemographic datasheet, the revised Kuppuswamy scale, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Indian Disability Evaluation and Assessment Scale (IDEAS), and the Social Occupational Functioning Scale (SOFS) were administered. Collected data were analysed using the software (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences [SPSS] 25.0) using the statistical methods of mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage, and Pearson correlation. The findings showed that most of the respondents (71.7 %) were having moderate level of disability and moderate impairment (40 %) in socio-occupational functioning. The global score of disability has a significant positive correlation with total duration of illness (r=0.255, p<0.05) and negative correlation with age of onset of illness (r=-0.075), and there is significant positive correlation (r=0.829, p<0.01) between socio-occupational functioning and global disability. Disability has an impact on socio-occupational functioning in persons with schizophrenia. A higher level of disability can lead to higher level of impairment.

4 tables, 21 ref

046320   OSWAL R M, PAL S, PATEL S V, PATEL A, DOSHI V, GANDHI R R (Psychiatry Dep, Medical Coll, Vadodara- 390 001, Email: drrrgandhi@gmail.com) : Smartphone addiction among undergraduate medical students and its association with academic performance. Open J Psychiatry Allied Sci 2020, 11(2), 111-6.

Smartphones have become an indelible part of a student’s life; but, their effect on academic performance of medical students is unclear with sparse data. The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of smartphone addiction among undergraduate medical students, pattern of its use, and the association of smartphone addiction with academic performance. We conducted a cross-sectional study on all the undergraduate medical students in the Medical College Baroda, Anandpura, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, from second year to internship after getting written informed consent. Sociodemographic details, patterns of smartphone use, and scores of the final examination appeared for, were obtained to assess academic performance using a self-report semi-structured questionnaire. Smartphone addiction was diagnosed using the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI). Out of the 523 students approached, 427 returned completed questionnaires. Ninety five students (22.2 %) had smartphone addiction, with the addicted students being more likely to change their phone often, use it for longer periods and in restricted places. No association was found with gender, age, years of use, and academic performance. Nearly one-fifth of the medical undergraduate students were suffering from smartphone addiction. However, it does not seem to have an association with academic performance among undergraduate medical students.

3 tables, 23 ref

046319   BORGOHAIN L, BHUYAN D, CHANDEL S (Psychiatry Dep, Assam Medical Coll & Hospital, Dibrugarh- 786 002, Email: dr.dhrubajyoti@gmail.com) : Exploration of life events and perceived stress in female patients admitted in the psychiatry department of a Tertiary Care Hospital. Open J Psychiatry Allied Sci 2020, 11(2), 105-10.

Research in past four decades show that recent life events do contribute to the onset of psychiatric illness but exact relationship between stress and psychiatric illness is still unclear and studies on life events are relatively less in North Eastern region of India. To examine the nature of life events, perceived stress, their association with various psychiatric illness and impact on duration of hospital stay in admitted female patients. It is a cross-sectional study on 100 female patients admitted in psychiatry ward in Assam Medical College & Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, India, over a period of one year. Life events were examined using the Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale (PSLES) and perceived stress was assessed by 14-item questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Four most common stressful life events were financial problem/loss, death of a close family member, excessive alcohol use, and illness of a family member. Patients of schizophrenia perceived more stress than mood disorder followed by conversion disorder. Similarly, duration of hospitalisation was also higher in patients with higher perceived stress. The results of current research suggest that higher levels of perceived stress and negative life events are encountered in patients with schizophrenia. Life events in manic patients are usually related to social life while in depressive patients, role of loss is found more important like bereavement, loss of job.

1 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

046318   BARTHAKUR S (Statistics Dep, Cotton Univ, Guwahati- 781 001, Email: sangeetabarthakur@rediffmail.com) : Symptoms of schizophrenia and regularity in treatment: A stochastic analysis. Open J Psychiatry Allied Sci 2020, 11(2), 100-4.

The alarming rise of mental disorders worldwide stimulates the need to study them from a statistical viewpoint. Schizophrenia is one of the most prevalent mental illness which is characterised by various symptoms, the presence of a cluster of which leads to its diagnosis. Regular treatment leads to a remission of the illness which might relapse on discontinuity of medicines. There have been numerous epidemiological studies and clinical trials on the illness. However, schizophrenia also poses a challenge to statisticians in theorising and statistically modeling its different aspects. This is an attempt to study, by developing suitable stochastic models, the behaviour of the symptoms of schizophrenia manifested in a patient in relation to the successive visits to the doctor. The concepts of probability theory, structure functions, binomial distribution, Markov chain, and transition probabilities are the statistical tools used to model the medical facts regarding schizophrenia. By developing probabilistic and stochastic models, a relationship between the number of symptoms at the time of diagnosis and the number of revisits to the doctor has been developed and thereby an important result regarding the expected number of symptoms present at a particular visit to the doctor has been established. A Markovian model studying the pattern of the symptoms in the course to recovery has been presented and its application in the behaviour of the symptoms of schizophrenia has been verified. It is expected that the above results might help doctors in planning out the treatment schedule in advance. It can also lead to a further study on cost benefit analysis of the treatment process.

11 ref

046317   TIRUMANI S R, VENNAM B S V, SEEPANA R (Community Medicine Dep, GITAM Univ, Andhra Pradesh- 530 045, Email: suryasri.t@gmail.com) : A study on prevalence of psychiatric morbidity and substance abuse among prisoners. Open J Psychiatry Allied Sci 2020, 11(2), 96-9.

Studying the psychiatric morbidity among prisoners is important to plan the correctional measures and to understand many related factors. Aim and objectives: 1. To determine the sociodemographic profile. 2. To assess the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity and substance abuse among prisoners. It was an observational study. Two hundred prisoners were included in to the study randomly. Study instrument were the MiniInternational Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.)-Plus and personality disorders according to the American Psychiatric Association’s text revision of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). Mean age of prisoners was 36.45 ± 11.2 years. Most of the sentenced prisoners were Hindu, males, illiterates, and from rural area. Majority (83 %) belonged to lower socioeconomic status. 33.5 % had a history of substance abuse before entering into prison. Majority of them (83.5 %) were diagnosed with psychiatric illness. Predominant type found was mood disorder. High psychiatric morbidity was revealed in the study and there should be screening programme at the point of entry to reveal the undiagnosed psychiatric illness. Training of prison staff is needed to respond and support the prisoners with psychiatric illness.

2 tables, 16 ref

046316   KARLICIC I S, STAŠEVIC M, DORDEVIC V, DUTINA A (Clinic for Mental Disorders, Belgrade-110 00, Serbia, Email: ivanastasevic73@gmail.com) : Clozapine prescribing patterns in hospitalised patients in everyday clinical practice. Open J Psychiatry Allied Sci 2020, 11(2), 90-5.

Clozapine is the gold standard for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Despite clear recommendations for use, under-use and excessive delay in the use of clozapine are an ongoing findings in the literature. The aim of this study was to analyse the clozapine prescribing patterns in hospitalised patients in everyday clinical practice in Serbia. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Clinic for Mental Disorders “‘Dr Laza Lazarević”’ in Belgrade and included a sample of 238 patients, discharged from hospital treatment during 2018. Demographic, data on the clinical characteristics of the subjects, dosage and combination of clozapine with other psychopharmacs were collected retrospectively, from the patients’ medical records. Descriptive and statistical hypothesis testing methods were used to analyse the primary data. The incidence of clozapine administration was 23.5 %. Clozapine was introduced into therapy after average treatment duration of 7.2 years and prior administration of three different antipsychotics. 68.1 % of patients were treated with dual antipsychotic therapy prior to clozapine administration. In 53.8 % of patients, clozapine was prescribed as antipsychotic monotherapy, while only eight per cent were not prescribed adjuvant therapy. The most commonly used antipsychotic in combination with clozapine was haloperidol (34.9 %), while the most prescribed non-antipsychotic adjuvant drug was valproate (66 %). Benzodiazepines were prescribed in 55.9 % of subjects. In most subjects, the dose of clozapine was less than the standard dose. Clozapine is prescribed less frequently than expected and is often used in an irrational manner. Additional research is needed to advance its application in everyday clinical practice.

3 tables, 42 ref

046315   PATIL M K, CHAUDHARI N, BHAVSAR R, PAWAR B V (School of Computer Sciences, Thane (West), Maharashtra, Email: monalismart1981@gmail.com) : A review on sentiment analysis in psychomedical diagnosis. Open J Psychiatry Allied Sci 2020, 11(2), 80-9.

As the research in sentiment analysis (SA) has reached the advanced level of maturity, scientific community is exploring possibilities of applying SA in different domains for which huge descriptive data is available. Researcher has developed tools for SA in commercial domains like feedback from customers, review rating of movie, political domains like exit poll prediction from tweets, etc. In medical science, huge data is available which can be used for predictive modelling. Psychomedical diagnosis is an interesting field which deals with exploring behavioural patterns to potential psychological problems. In the domain of medical science, little amount of work has been done in clinical SA. However, the efforts are at an elementary level in the course of research of SA for behavioural psychology. Hence, there is an opportunity of applying SA as the first step towards automatic psychomedical diagnosis of teenagers’ behaviour patterns. 

4 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

046314   NUKALA S, SINGISETTI S, CHILUKURI S, VINNAKOTA A, NAMBARU L R (Psychiatry Dep, GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Visakhapatnam- 530 045, Email: srinivas.singisetti@gmail.com) : Stigma and discrimination in patients suffering with schizophrenia and depression: A comparative study. Open J Psychiatry Allied Sci 2020, 11(1), 35-9.

Stigma remains a powerful negative attribute in social relationships of people with mental illness. Historically, stigma towards people with schizophrenia or depression has differed. Persons with schizophrenia are seen as violent and dangerous, whereas people with depression are seen as more accountable for their illness. Studies comparing stigma in these two illnesses in a systematic manner are far and few. To study and compare the levels of stigma and discrimination in persons suffering from schizophrenia and depressive disorder. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 30 patients each of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder attending the outpatient department of psychiatry at a tertiary care hospital in Andhra Pradesh, India. Diagnosis was made as part of routine clinical assessment and confirmed using the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria. After obtaining informed consent these patients were subjected to a semi-structured proforma wherein their demographic profiles and additional clinical history was recorded. The main study tool, the discrimination and stigma scale (DISC) was used in all patients. The mean DISC score was found to be significantly higher in schizophrenia patients than depression patients, i.e. p<0.05, indicating higher stigma and discrimination in patients with schizophrenia, compared to those with major depression. For people with mental illnesses, stigma and discrimination adds to the distress and suffering, and hinders their recovery. This plays a greater role in patients with schizophrenia than those with depression.

3 tables, 17 ref

046313   ROHATGI R, AVINASH P R (Psychiatry Dep, Swami Rama Himalayan Univ, Dehradun- 248 016, Email: drpriyaranjan.avinash@gmail.com) : Metabolic syndrome among patients taking second generation antipsychotics: Does obstructive sleep apnoea and sleep quality play any role?. Open J Psychiatry Allied Sc 2020, 11(1), 31-4.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is common among patients who have been exposed to second generation antipsychotics (SGA). Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and sleep quality may also contribute to MetS. To study the contribution of sleep quality and OSA on the development of MetS in patients taking SGA. Total 60 patients taking SGA for more than three months were taken for the study. It was an observational, cross-sectional study. The diagnosis of OSA was done using Hindi translation of Berlin questionnaire. Hindi version of the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index was used to assess the sleep quality. MetS was diagnosed using Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Forty two subjects did not have MetS, out of which 35 had low risk of OSA and seven had high risk of OSA, while 18 subjects had MetS of which nine each had high and low risk of OSA. The results were highly significant with a p-value of 0.007 (p ≤ 0.05). Subjects without MetS (n=42) comprised four good sleepers and 38 poor sleepers. Subjects with MetS (n=18) comprised of one good sleeper and 17 poor sleepers. The results were non-significant with a p-value of 0.525 (p ≥ 0.05). The high risk of OSA had around seven times higher likelihood of contribution to MetS. Sleep quality did not play a significant role in increasing the likelihood of MetS and OSA increased the likelihood of MetS in subjects exposed to SGA by seven times.

3 tables, 22 ref

044362   KAMAL M, AGARWAL D, SINGARIYA G, KUMARI K, PALIWAL B, UJWAL S (Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Dep, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur- 342 008, Rajasthan, Email: geetamanoj007@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of dexmedetomidine on attenuation of hemodynamic response to intubation, skin incision, and sternotomy in coronary artery bypass graft patients: A double‑blind randomized control trial. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2020, 36(2), 255-60.

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery involves various noxious stimuli resulting in stress response, which in turn increases the risk of perioperative myocardial ischemia. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on the attenuation of hemodynamic response to intubation, skin incision, and sternotomy in CABG surgery.  Sixty patients were randomized into two groups of 30 each. GroupD patients received dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg as loading dose over 10 min, followed by continuous infusion of 0.5 µg/kg/h. In group P, normal saline was infused as loading and maintenance dose at similar rate. Hemodynamic parameters, total induction dose of thiopentone, and adverse effects were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0. Chi‑square test and ANNOVA test were used and P < 0.05 was considered significant. The percentage increase in heart rate was significantly lesser in group D than group P after intubation (7.04 % v/s 15.08 %), skin incision (5.91 % v/s 10.11 %), and sternotomy (5.33 % v/s 11.65 %). Similarly increase in systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure were significantly lesser in group D than group P after intubation, skin incision, and sternotomy. There was a significant reduction of mean total of thiopentone in group D in comparison to group P. (1.16 mg/kg v/s 2.44 mg/kg) (P<0.001). Dexmedetomidine resulted in significant attenuation of hemodynamic response to intubation, skin incision, and sternotomy in CABG surgery without significant adverse effects. It also significantly reduced the dose of thiopentone required for induction.

2 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

044361   JAIN D, CHAWALA M, PAUL B S, MITTAL N, JAIN A, PURI S (Neurology Dep, Dayanand Medical Coll and Hospital, Ludhiana- 141 001, Punjab, Email: drbirinder06@yahoo.co.in) : Profile of cerebrovascular accidents in subjects with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus in intensive care units of tertiary care centre. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2020, 36(2), 251-4.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a modifiable and independent risk factor for stroke. As the clinical features, radiological profile, outcome and prognosis of the stroke in type 2 diabetic and non diabetic patients are significantly variable, we proposed to evaluate these variations of stroke in patients with or without Type 2 DM. A prospective study was conducted from January, 2011 to June, 2012 on in-hospital admitted diabetic and non diabetic patients presenting with stroke. Data was recorded on a predesigned Performa. A total of 150 cases were enrolled into the study. Out of these, 66 % of patients had ischemic stroke and 34 % of patients had hemorrhagic stroke. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was present in 52 % patients. Ischemic stroke was significantly higher in diabetics than non diabetics (P = 0.007); however, hemorrhagic stroke was more in non diabetics. Mean age was significantly higher in diabetics (P = 0.04). CAD (P = 0.04), recurrent stroke (P = 0.006) had significant association with diabetes. Large vessel stroke was more common than small vessel stroke. Anterior circulation stroke was more common than posterior circulation stroke. There was significant improvement in morbidity and disability of the patients on follow up with treatment. A greater incidence of anterior circulation ischemic stroke, and recurrent strokes occur in patients with DM.

4 tables, 14 ref

044360   PRAJITH K R, MISHRA G, RAVISHANKAR M, KUMAR V R H (Anaesthesiology Dep, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Puducherry- 607 402, Email: drgayatrimishra@gmail.com) : Hemodynamic changes under spinal anesthesia after elastic wrapping or pneumatic compression of lower limbs in elective cesarean section: A randomized control trial. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2020, 36(2), 244-50.

In spite of adequate fluid loading and left lateral tilt, parturients develop hypotension under spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. Elastic crepe bandage (CB) or pneumatic compression device (PCD) can be utilized to prevent the pooling of blood in lower limbs and thereby it may reduce the incidence of hypotension in these patients. This study was formulated to analyze the hemodynamic effects of leg wrapping with elastic CB and PCD in parturients undergoing for cesarean section under anesthesia. Ninety term obstetric patients posted for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were randomized into 3 groups: Group 1 (control), Group 2 (CB), and Group 3 (PCD). All the parturients had their legs wrapped with an elastic bandage and pneumatic sleeve applied over it. In Group 1 (Control), patients had their legs wrapped with CB loosely and pneumatic sleeve also applied was switched on. In Group 2, patients the CB was applied by stretching the bandage (15 cm width and 4 m stretched length). The PCD was not switched on in this group. In Group 3, the legs were wrapped with the CB loosely. The pneumatic sleeve was applied over the bandage, and the machine was switched on with a preset pressure of 40–50 mmHg after spinal anesthesia. Incidence of maternal hypotension and ephedrine requirement to maintain systolic blood pressure, neonatal Apgar score were recorded. The incidence of hypotension was significantly lower in Group 2 and 3 than the control group. Similarly, the requirement of ephedrine was significantly high in control group compared to CB and PCD. The incidence of hypotension was lower in group CB than group PCD. Meantime to receive the first dose of ephedrine was significantly low in control (7.37 ± 4.94 min) as compared to CB (10 ± 2.8 min) and PCD (13.88 ± 9.23). Leg‑wrapping with CB is cost‑effective, non‑invasive, non‑pharmacological, and effective tool to reduce the incidence of hypotension after spinal anesthesia in a parturient.

7 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

044359   SINGH N, GUPTA S, KATHURIA S (Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Dep, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Email: suneetkathuria@hotmail.com) : Dexmedetomidine vs dexamethasone as an adjuvant to 0.5 % ropivacaine in ultrasound‑guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2020, 36(2), 238-43.

Both dexmedetomidine and dexamethasone have individually been shown to be beneficial as an adjuvant to ropivacaine. We compared the efficacy of combination of ropivacaine with dexmedetomidine and ropivacaine with dexamethasone in ultrasound‑guided supraclavicular brachial plexus (SCBP) block. In this prospective randomised double‑blind controlled trial, 60 ASA physical status I/II patients undergoing elective upper‑limb surgery under ultrasound‑guided SCBP block with 30 ml of 0.5 % ropivacaine were randomised into three groups. Group 1 (n = 20) received 1 μg/kg of dexmedetomidine, and group 2 (n = 20) received 8 mg of dexamethasone in addition to ropivacaine, while group 3 (n = 20) received only ropivacaine. The primary outcomes studied were onset and duration of sensory and motor block. Secondary outcomes included duration of analgesia, total analgesic consumption in 24 h postoperatively and quality of block. ANOVA and Chi‑square test were used to compare results on continuous measurements and categorical measurements, respectively. Onset of sensory and motor block was faster in group 1 (13.5 ± 4.1 and 17.0 ± 4.1 min) and group 2 (15.6 ± 3.6 and 18.5 ± 3.7 min) as compared to group 3 (20.1 ± 5.3 and 24.9 ± 5.6 min; P < 0.001). Block duration was significantly longer in group 1 and group 2 than in group 3. Duration of analgesia was prolonged in group 1 and 2 (1218.0 ± 224.6 and 1128.0 ± 207.5 min, respectively) as compared to group 3 (768.0 ± 273.7 min; P < 0.001). Twenty‑four hours analgesic consumption postoperatively was reduced in the two study groups. Both dexmedetomidine and dexamethasone when used as adjuvants to ropivacaine for SCBP block, block onset time, and prolong' block duration.

4 tables, 24 ref

046312   NAIR V S, MOORKATH F, VRANDA M N (Psychiatric Social Work Dep, NIMHANS, Bangalore- 560 029, Email: vasundharaa.nair@gmail.com) : Effect of socio-cultural factors in therapeutic intervention. Open J Psychiatry Allied Sci 2020, 11(1), 26-30.

Comorbidity and presence of family dysfunction in personality disorders, namely borderline personality disorder have been found commonly with bipolar affective disorder clients. Dialectic behaviour therapy (DBT) though has shown efficacy in treatment of such conditions, at times due to the socio-cultural differences of the models adopted from the western concept, there is a felt difficulty in the formulation of the therapeutic model making it necessary to collaborate with other models for smoother formulation and improvement in the overall functioning in the clients. A 21-year-old female of bipolar affective disorder with emotionally unstable personality disorder traits was referred to a psychiatric social worker for assessment and plan of intervention inclusive of DBT and family-focused therapy (FFT). Twenty sessions, each lasting for one hour were conducted with the client and family, each on an inpatient basis to (1) Assess and grade the problems in hierarchy, (2) Understand the socio-cultural constructs in sessions, (3) Teach DBT concepts and relaxation techniques to ameliorate stress and help her to improve the relationship and dynamics with her family through FFT. At the time of discharge, the client had improved nearly 30 %, and the client and family were more confident in facing social situations, emotional dysregulation, interpersonal issues, distress tolerance goals which has been explained in the context of the socio-cultural factors focusing on alliance, institutions, expectations, and cultural adaptation involved in therapy and the involvement it had in the therapeutic process.

24 ref

044358   EL SHMAA N S (Anesthesia Dep, Tanta Univ, Tanta, Egypt, Email: nagat_elshmaa@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of King’s vision videolaryngoscope and glidescope on hemodynamic stress response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2020, 36(2), 233-7.

We hypothesis that the use of novel airway devices would decrease hemodynamic stress response (HDSR) to laryngoscopy and endotracheal (ET) intubation. The aim of our study was to evaluate the hemodynamic stress response (HDSR) to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation using the King vision video laryngoscope (KVVL) versus glidescope (GLS). A prospective randomized, comparative study that was conducted on 80 patients of both sexes; American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I and II with no anticipated difficult airway, aged 20–60 years; who were scheduled for elective surgical procedure under general anesthesia. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups (40 each). Group I: laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation were carried out using KVVL, Group II: laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation were carried out using GLS. The two groups were compared for noninvasive hemodynamic data such as heart rate and mean arterial pressure. Time to successful intubation and number of attempts were recorded. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded at the preinduction, after induction, at intubation, 1 min, 3 min, 5 min, 10 min, and 15 min. There was significant decrease (P < 0.05) in HR and MBP in both groups just before intubation. In comparison with the baseline, HR and MBP in group I and group II increased but this difference was not significant at 3 min and 5 min after intubation and returned to the baseline at 10 min after intubation and below the baseline at 15 min after intubation. Also, there were no significant differences in the hemodynamic response between the studied groups. Novel airway devices either KVVL or GLS are efficient in reducing HDSR to laryngoscopy and ET intubation.

2 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

046311   SAHITHYA B R, RAMAN V (Psychiatry Dep, Medical Coll Hospital, Bengaluru- 560 034, Email: sahithyabr@gmail.com) : Parenting styles, temperament, and anxiety in children: Preliminary findings in the Indian population. Open J Psychiatry Allied Sci 2020, 11(1), 19-25.

Anxiety disorders are the most frequent mental disorders in children, and contribute to development of secondary complications such as later risks of anxiety disorders, major depression, substance dependence, suicidal behaviour, and other adverse developmental outcomes. Childhood anxiety has been associated with various environmental factors including parenting styles. Temperament influences the way children interact with their parents, and how parents respond to them. The present pilot study was designed to examine the association between parenting styles, temperament, and child’s anxiety. A total of 12 children, six in Clinical Group (CG) and six in Healthy Control Group (HG) were recruited. CG consisted of children who met the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders. HG consisted of healthy children matched on age and gender. Anxiety in children was positively associated with father’s authoritarian and permissive parenting style, and negatively associated with mother’s authoritative parenting style. Anxiety in children was also negatively associated with temperament dimensions sociability and emotionality, and positively associated with distractibility. There were also significant associations between temperament dimensions and parenting styles, specifically permissive parenting style was negatively associated with sociability and emotionality. The effect of parenting styles in Indian context did not differ from those of West as the study finds both authoritarian and permissive parenting style to be associated with child anxiety. Temperament dimensions were also associated with parenting style and child outcome. This study emphasises the importance of examining dyadic parent-child relationships, and demonstrates that father’s parenting style also has a significant effect on the child, and having authoritative mother may be a protective factor against anxiety.

4 tables, 38 ref

044357   AJITHAN S E, PURI A, KAPOOR M C (Anesthesiology Dep, Max Smart Super Speciality Hospital, Delhi- 110 017, Email: mukulanjali@gmail.com) : Comparison of leakage test and ultrasound imaging to validate Proseal supraglottic airway device placement. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2020, 36(2), 227-32.

To validate the placement of ProSeal supraglottic airway device using ultrasound (USG) with leakage test in adult population of both sexes. This single‑arm observational study was conducted on 80 American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) I‑III patients, undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia with ProSeal supraglottic airway device. Leakage pressure test was conducted in all cases. The position of the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway (LMA) was assessed by USG in the pharyngeal, laryngeal, and the cranial‑caudal axis plane. The fiberoptic examination was done to confirm the position of ProSeal if the seal pressure was <27 cm H2 O, to confirm suboptimal placement. The position of the ProSeal in the three USG planes was allocated a predetermined score. This score was compared with the leakage test to determine the strength of the correlation, sensitivity, and specificity for predicting a need for reinsertion. Leakage seal pressure was recorded as <27 cm H2 O in 6 (7.5 %) patients and fiberoptic bronchoscopy was done in these cases to determine the need for reinsertion. ProSeal was reinserted in 5 (6.25 %) cases. Patients with a composite ultrasound score of 0–1 required ProSeal reinsertion while those with a score of 2–3 did not require reinsertion. Seventy‑one patients had seal pressure >27 cm H₂O and a score of 3. USG examination is comparable with leakage test in predicting the requirement of reinsertion (P = 0.003) and a score of 19 equating 0–1 predicted the need for reinsertion with a sensitivity and specificity of 80 % and 100 %, respectively. USG is comparable with the leakage test for confirmation of ProSeal placement.

3 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

046310   UDEY B, NIRANJAN V (Psychiatry Dep, MGM Medical Coll, Indore- 452 015, Email: dr.vijayniranjan@gmail.com) : Physical illnesses among psychiatric inpatients in a tertiary care setup. Open J Psychiatry Allied Sci 2020, 11(1), 14-8.

Rates of undiagnosed and untreated medical illnesses are higher in individuals with severe mental illness, compared to the general population. These comorbid medical illnesses result in poorer outcomes, greater severity of symptoms, increased incidence of non-compliance, increased length of stay, increased mortality and healthcare costs. There is a paucity of literature concerning the prevalence of physical illnesses in psychiatric patients from India. To study the nature and prevalence of physical illnesses in psychiatry inpatients in a tertiary care psychiatry setup. Consecutively admitted inpatients from the psychiatry ward of a tertiary care centre were recruited for study for six months duration. Detailed general physical examination, systemic examination, and various laboratory investigations were done. Referrals were sought from the respective medical or surgical departments for evaluation. Diagnosis of physical illnesses was validated by the consultant physician. The data were compiled on semi-structured proforma and analysed by using descriptive statistical methods. Seventy per cent patients were found to have associated physical illnesses. Metabolic disorders were present among 28.9 % patients followed by endocrinal (25.6 %), haematological (18.3 %), gastrointestinal (15 %), cardiovascular (12.2 %), neurological (9.4 %), and stomatognathic disorders (8.3 %). Conclusion: Index study reports a high prevalence of medical comorbidity in the psychiatric inpatients. There is an urgent need for further research and sensitisation of mental health professionals about recognising the medical comorbidities and their prompt treatment via liaison with physicians and other medical staff.

5 tables, 16 ref

046309   SINGH A, KHESS C R J, MATHEW K J, ALI A, GUJAR N M (Psychiatric Social Work Dep, Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi Regional Institute of Mental Health, Tezpur-784 001, Email: abhijeetsingh141089@gmail.com) : Loneliness, social anxiety, social support, and internet addiction among postgraduate college students. Open J Psychiatry Allied Sci 2020, 11(1), 10-3.

There is little evidence that loneliness, social anxiety, and social support can cause excessive use of internet addiction in college students. The present study is just an attempt to show a relationship between loneliness, social anxiety, social support, and internet addiction among college students. Cross-sectional study design was used to select sample from four departments (History, Philosophy, Hindi, and English) of Ranchi University using simple random sampling. A total of 100 students were included and informed consents were taken for further assessment. Sociodemographic datasheet, the revised UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Loneliness Scale, the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), the Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) were administered. Study was undertaken with the permission of scientific and ethics committee of Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi. Data was analysed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Results: High level of loneliness (92 %), social anxiety in 21 %, social phobia in 22 %, and severe internet addiction was present in 15 % of the respondents. Loneliness has a significant positive correlation with social anxiety (r=0.285, p<0.01). In regression analysis, social anxiety, perceived social support, and internet addiction contributed significantly to the prediction of loneliness among college students [F(3,96)=4.492, p=0.005] accounting at 1.23 % variance. Social anxiety strongly contributes to the variance on the loneliness (Beta=0.358, t=3.389, p=0.001). Conclusion: Social anxiety has a significant relationship with loneliness and act as prominent predictors for loneliness. Prevalence of internet addiction was high among college going students.

4 tables, 20 ref

044356   MALHOTRA R, KUMAR N, JAIN A (Anaesthesia Dep, Lady Hardinge Medical Coll, New Delhi- 110 001, Email: kumarnishant@yahoo.co.uk) : Cost identification analysis of general anesthesia. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2020, 36(2), 219-26.

Rising health costs are challenging anesthesiologists to search for cost‑effective anesthetic techniques. We conducted a study to estimate variable cost per case and cost of drug wastage as percentage of total drug cost associated with different modalities of general anesthesia (GA). This prospective study was carried out after approval by institutional ethical committee in 258 adult patients aged 18–60 years of either sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II, with a surgical duration of 1–4 hours, posted for elective surgery under GA with endotracheal intubation. At the end of surgery, total utilization of each drug, anesthetic gases, and consumables were noted and remaining drug was regarded as wastage. Cost was recorded as per maximum retail price for that particular brand in the market at start of study and total cost was calculated. For purpose of analysis, cases were divided into low flow sevoflurane, high flow sevoflurane, high flow isoflurane, low flow isoflurane, and total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). The mean variable cost was highest with TIVA(₹2713.82±509.57) and lowest with low flow isoflurane (₹1981.62±335.03; P < 0.001). Drug wastage was 13.1 % overall, with highest in low sevoflurane group and lowest in TIVA.  Low flow anesthesia with isoflurane is more cost‑effective as compared to high flow techniques and TIVA even for short duration surgeries. Rational use of drugs and consumables and minimizing wastage can further reduce anesthesia costs.

4 tables, 26 ref

044355   KUMAR A, SHUKLA U, PRABHAKAR T, SRIVASTAVAA D (Anaesthesiology Dep, The Uttar Pradesh Univ of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Email: ushashukla1970@gmail.com) : Hyperbaric oxygen therapy as an adjuvant to standard therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2020, 36(2), 213-8.

Chronic diabetic foot ulcers pose a major problem because of associated limb threatening complications. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) as an adjuvant to standard therapy for treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. A total of 54 patients with diabetic foot ulcer of Wagner grade II–IV were recruited in this prospective, randomized, double blind study. Patients were randomized to receive HBOT along with standard therapy (group H; n = 28) or standard therapy alone (group S; n = 26). Patients were given 6 sessions per week for 6 weeks and followed up for 1 year. Outcomes were measured in terms of healing, and need for amputation, grafting or debridement. Parametric continuous variables were analyzed using Student unpaired t‑test and categorical variables were analyzed using Chi square test. The diabetic ulcers in 78 % patients in Group H completely healed without any surgical intervention while no patient in group S healed without surgical intervention (P = 0.001). 2 patients in group H required distal amputation while in Group S, three patients underwent proximal amputation. The present study shows that hyperbaric oxygen therapy is a useful adjuvant to standard therapy and is a better treatment modality if combined with standard treatment rather than standard treatment alone for management of diabetic foot ulcers.

1 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

046308   DASH S S, RAVAN J R, THAKUR B, PASUMARTHY S, KUMAR S, DAS S K, CHOWDARY P C (Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences Dep, KIIT Univ, Bhubaneswar- 751 024, Email: jpr_219@yahoo.co.in) : Low incidence of metabolic syndrome in patients taking atypical antipsychotic in Eastern India. Open J Psychiatry Allied Sci 2020, 11(1), 4-9.

Atypical antipsychotics, widely used in many psychiatric diseases, are known to cause metabolic syndrome (MetS). But, there is sparse of prospective study to see the effect of atypical antipsychotics causing MetS in drug naïve or drug free patients among the Indian population. This study aimed to determine the incidence of MetS and change in individual risk factor for MetS in schizophrenia and mood disorder patients after three months of receiving atypical antipsychotics. Sixty patients of schizophrenia (n=40) and mood disorders (n=20) were screened at the baseline and all of them were prospectively followed up for the occurrence of MetS after three months. By applying the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (NCEP/ATP III) modified criteria for Asian, the incidence of MetS was found to be 11.66 %. When analysing the individual risk factor for MetS, the mean value from baseline to follow-up was weight (in kg) 58.55 ± 10.03 to 59.80 ± 10.24 (p<0.001), waist circumference (cm) 80.52 ± 6.33 to 81.43 ± 6.42 (p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (mm/Hg) 113.93 ± 8.28 to 117.53±10.89 (p<0.001), diastolic blood pressure (mm/Hg) 74.80±7.31 to 78.32±6.79 (p<0.001), fasting blood glucose (mg/dl) 86.23±12.02 to 91.35±13.04 (p<0.001), triglyceride (mg/dl) 97.32 ± 31.41 to 101.25 ± 34.38 (p<0.001), high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (mg/dl) 48.07 ± 4.98 to 48.05 ± 4.57 (p=0.951). Our study suggests that incidence of MetS in Indian population was 11.66 % after three months of using atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia or mood disorder. The change in mean value in the individual risk factor for MetS was statistically significant. Long-term follow-up studies are required to identify the real burden of MetS after using atypical antipsychotic drugs.

3 tables, 31 ref

044354   PADHY N, MONINGI S, KULKARNI D K, ALUGOLU R, INTURI S, RAMACHANDRAN G (Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Dep, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad- 500 082, Telangana, Email: srilatanims@gmail.com) : Sphenopalatine ganglion block: Intranasal transmucosal approach for anterior scalp blockade ‑ A prospective randomized comparative study. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2020, 36(2), 207-12.

Peripheral nerve blocks in neurosurgical practice attenuate most stressful responses like pin insertion, skin, and dural incision. Scalp block is conventionally the blockade of choice. Further studies for less invasive techniques are required. Intranasal transmucosal block of the sphenopalatine ganglion has shown promising results in patients with chronic headache and facial pain. The primary objective of our study was to compare the gold standard scalp block and bilateral sphenopalatine ganglion block (nasal approach) for attenuation of hemodynamic response to pin insertion. Secondary objectives included hemodynamic response to skin and dural incision. After IRB approval and informed consent, a prospective randomized comparative study was carried out on 50 adult patients undergoing elective supratentorial surgery. The hemodynamic response to pin insertion, skin incision, and dural incision was noted in both the groups. The data was analyzed with NCSS version 9.0 statistical software. The HR and MAP were comparable between the groups. Following dural incision MAP was significantly lower at 1,2,3,4,5 and 10 min in group SPG whereas in group S it was significantly lower at 1 and 2min. (P = 0.02 at T1, P = 0.03 at T2). Concomitant use of bilateral SPG block with general anesthesia is an effective and safe alternative technique to scalp blockade for obtundation of hemodynamic responses due to noxious stimulus during craniotomy surgeries.

3 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

044353   MALAWAT A, VERMA K, JETHAVA D, JETHAVA D D (Anesthesiology Dep, Mahatma Gandhi Medical Coll and Hospital, Rajasthan- 302 022, Email: ddjethava@gmail.com) : Erector spinae plane block and transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia in cesarean section: A prospective randomized comparative study. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2020, 36(2), 201-6.

Erector spinae plane (ESP) block is an interfascial plane block given at the paraspinal region and provides effective visceral and somatic analgesia. Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is also an interfascial block that provides adequate somatic pain control. We conducted this study to compare the analgesic efficacy of ESP and TAP blocks with ropivacaine for 48 h after the cesarean section. Sixty patients scheduled for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia, randomly divided into ESP block (n = 30) or TAP block (n = 30) groups. After completion of surgery, ultrasound‑guided ESP or TAP block was given using 0.2 % ropivacaine (0.2 ml/kg on either side). Postoperatively visual analogue scale (VAS) score and analgesic requirement of each patient was assessed at regular interval for 48 h by a blinded investigator. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 21. Student’s t‑test and Chi‑square test were used for demographic and other data. ESP block provided prolonged analgesia compared to the TAP block, andthe mean time to first rescue analgesia was 43.53 h and 12.07 h, respectively (P < 0.001). The requirement for total analgesic was also significantly less in the ESP group compared to the TAP group (P < 0.001). ESP block provided prolonged analgesia with a significant decrease in analgesic requirement compared to TAP block and can be used as a standard technique for post‑cesarean analgesia.

2 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

044352   ELSHARKAWY R A, FARAHAT T E, ABDELWAHAB K (Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care Dep, Mansoura Univ, Egypt, Email: reemraouf64@gmail.com) : Continuous preperitoneal infusion of ropivacaine for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing major abdominal or pelvic surgeries. A prospective controlled randomized study. JAnaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2020, 36(2), 195-200.

This study was conducted to compare continuous preperitoneal infusion (CPI) with continuous epidural infusion (CEI) of ropivacaine for pain relief and effect on pulmonary functions after major abdominal and pelvic surgeries. Material and Methods: One hundred patients were randomized into two equal groups. Patients in CPI group(n=50) received analgesia by continuous infusion of 0.2 % ropivacaine, whereas those in the CEI group (n = 50) received continuous epidural infusion of 0.2 % ropivacaine. The primary outcome was the first request of analgesia. The secondary outcome was the influence on the pulmonary functions. Results: The time for the first request of analgesia was longer in the CPI group compared with that in the CEI group (7.3 ± 1.6 vs. 4.1 ± 1.1 h with P value = 0.001). The daily dose of morphine was lesser in CPI versus CEI group (11.3 ± 1 against 17.4 ± 0.9 mg). The pulmonary function tests were comparable except peak expiratory flow rate, which was better in CPI (170 ± 5.4) than CEI group (148.1 ± 5.8; with P value = 0.001). Conclusion: Continuous preperitoneal infusion provides a superior analgesic effect than the continuous epidural infusion as regards delayed first request of analgesia, better pain scores, lesser usage of additional analgesics with better respiratory function.

2 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

044351   MITRA S, JAIN K, SINGH J, JINDAL S, SAXENA P, SINGH M, SAROA R, AHUJA V, KANG J, GARG S (Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Dep, Government Medical Coll and Hospital, Chandigarh- 160 030, Email: drsmitra12@yahoo.com) : Does an acute pain service improve the perception of postoperative pain management in patients undergoing lower limb surgery? A prospective controlled non-randomized study. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2020, 36(2), 187-94.

An acute pain service (APS) has been running in our institute since April 2013 and is managed by the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care. However, it is not clear to what extent the patients feel benefited from the APS. The aim of the study was to compare the perception of postoperative pain management in patients receiving care under APS with those receiving routine postoperative pain relief following lower limb surgery. This was a prospective, hospital‑based, controlled non-randomized study. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grades I–III patients with age 18–75 years undergoing lower limb orthopedic surgery were prospectively recruited into APS (index group) or routine postoperative care (control group) (n = 55 each). Postoperatively, American Pain Society Patient Outcome Questionnaire‑Revised (APS‑POQ‑R) and Short Form (SF‑12) were used to evaluate the outcome of postoperative pain management at 24 h and health‑related quality of life after 4 weeks respectively. Both groups were comparable in terms of demographic data. Patients in the index group had statistically significant better perception of care than the control group. Index group scored significantly higher than control group on median patient satisfaction score (9; interquartile range [IQR] [7–10] vs. 5 [3–6]; P < 0.001). In index group, there was significant reduction of worst pain in first 24 h along with decreased frequency of severe pain.  Implementation of acute pain service plays an important role in improving the quality of postoperative pain relief, perception of care, and patient satisfaction.

2 illus, 4 tables, 32 ref