010591   Rashed A A;Nawi M N M;Sulaiman K (Nutrition Unit, Cardiovascular, Diabetes and Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: aswir@imr.gov.my) : Assessment of essential oil as a potential anti-obesity agent: a narrative review. J essential Oil Res 2017, 29(1), 1-10.

Several species of medicinal plants have long been used for the complementary treatment of obesity-diabetes in various systems of medicine. Among them are the plant-derived essential oils which are rich sources of volatile organic compounds. The objective of this review is to assess the effectiveness of essential oils as anti-obesity agents. All the literatures were extracted from three databases (PubMed, EBSCO Discovery Service and Ovid) from year 2000 to 2015 using the Medical subject heading (MeSH) terms 'essential oil', crossed with the term 'obesity', 'anti-obesity' or 'antiobesity'. Nine articles were selected and divided into five broad categories of experiments. The attenuation effects of essential oils on obesity may be mediated by several possible mechanisms that include anti-lipase activity, increasing the plasma glycerol concentration and suppressing fat accumulation. Only one randomized controlled trial (RCT) study on essential oil was identified so far and these data were not conclusive to provide evidence-based health claim on this issue.

1 illus, 1 table, 45 ref

010590   Rao P S;Mohan G K (NO, Sri Venkateshwara College of Pharmacy, Madhapur, Hyderabad-81, Telangana, Email: sailajarao476@gmail.com) : Protective profile of hydnocarpus laurifolia on streptozotocin induced oxidative stress in rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 231-5.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the anti-oxidative defence system of Hydnocarpus laurifolia in diabetic rats and its potential effect against the β-cell damage induced by oxidative stress. Hydnocarpus laurifolia is a plant which belongs to the family Flacourtiaceae. According to the Indian system of traditional - 89 - medicine it is used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Also literature reveals that the plant possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-leprotic and anti-oxidant property. Type II diabetes was induced in Wistar rats (180-250 gms) by intra peritoneal injection of Streptozotocin (STZ) at 30 mg/kg body weight. Diabetic rats were orally administered with ethylacetate extract of H.laurifolia (EEHL) at two different doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight. Serum glucose and insulin levels were determined. The in vivo anti-oxidant study was determined by evaluating enzymatic anti-oxidants such as Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Lipid peroxidase (LPO) and Catalase (CAT) in hepatic tissue of STZ induced diabetic rats.The MDA levels were depleted and SOD and CAT enzymes were restored in diabetic rats treated with EEHL at the dose of 300 mg/kg body weight. These findings revealed that H.laurifolia seeds possess potent anti-oxidant and anti-lipid peroxidative activity, thus mitigates STZ-induced oxidative stress and exhibits anti-diabetic properties.

17 ref

010589   Rajanikanth A;Damodharam T (Biotechnology Dep, Sri Venkateswara Univ, Tirupati, Email: thotidamodharam@yahoo.co.in ) : Screening of marine soils from Bay of Bengal near Chirala coast of Andhra Pradesh for isolation of lipolytic actinobacteria and characterization of the most potent isolates. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 182-90.

Three marine soil samples collected at various seashores of the Bay of Bengal near Chirala Coast of Andhra Pradesh were screened for the isolation of lipolytic Actinobacteria by tributyrin agar clearing method. The isolates were cultured under submerged fermentation conditions and assayed for their extra cellular lipase producing capabilities using olive oil as substrate. Enzyme profiling of the selected strain was done by incorporating the respective substrates in the media. The different parameters namely, morphological, biochemical, physiological and molecular were used for the characterization and identification of actinomycetes isolates. The secondary structure and restriction site of selected actinomycetes were predicted using bioinformatics tools available online. Results indicated that all the isolates showed lipolytic activity after primary screening. These isolates were subjected to secondary screening and lipase activity is estimated quantitatively. Morphological, cultural, physiological and biochemical characteristics as well as enzymatic activities suggested that all the isolates belonging to the genus Streptomycetes. The marine isolate RPBS-A4 was the most active one and thus was selected further identification. The 16S rDNA amplification for phylogenetic study revealed that the isolate was highly related to Streptomyces fungicidicus (~97%), so it is designated as Streptomyces fungicidicus RPBS-A4. The RNA secondary structure showed that the free energy of the structure is -124.0 kcal/mol. Threshold energy is -4.0 with cluster factor 2, conserved factor 2 and compensated factor 4 and conservativity is 0.8. It showed restriction sites for 50 enzymes, GC and AT content of 61 and 39%, respectively.

23 ref

010588   Prihanto A A;Jaziri A A;Perwira I Y (Fishery Prodyct Technology Dep, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, Brawijaya Univ, Veteran Street, Malang, 651345, East Java Indonesia, Email: asep_awa@ub.ac.id) : Purification and characterization of neural protease from Bacillus substilis UBT7 isolated from terasi, Indonesian fermented fish. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(3), 1409-13.

Neutral protease producing bacterium Bacillus substilis UBT7 strain isolated from Terasi, an Indonesian fermented fish grew in shake flask and fermenter, and produced protease at 37 øC, pH 7 for 24 hour. After three purification steps, the enzyme was successfully purified. This neutral protease had an apparent molecular mass of 32 kDa as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme was active optimum on 50 °C. This indicated that the enzyme was slightly thermozyme. The stability was decreased on 40°C. The enzyme was optimum in pH 7. The enzyme was somehow enhanced with Fe²⁺ and K²⁺ metal ionsbut not by the addition of Ni²⁺.

4 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

010587   Poornia R;Pushpa V H;Reddy D;Bashir S;Firdose N (Pharmacology Dep, JSS Medical COllege, S. S. Nagar, Mysore-570 015, Email: poornimarprasa@gmail.com) : Evaluation of effect of roflumilast on blood glucose levels in streptozotocin induced diabetic albino wistar rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 165-9.

Objective is to Evaluate hypoglycemic effect of Roflumilast in streptozotocin induced diabetic albino wistar rats. 18 albino rats were divided into 3 groups each group containing 6 animals, Group-1 (Diabetic Control): Distilled water 10ml, Group-2 (Standard): Glibenclamide 1.35mg, Group-3 (Test): Roflumilast 0.045mg/kg. A freshly prepared solution of Streptozotocin (45mg/kg body weight) in 0.1ml citrate buffer, pH 4.5 was injected intraperitoneally in a volume of 1ml/kg body weight to overnight fasted rats. After 48 hours of STZ administration, rats with moderate diabetes were selected for the experiment. A base line Capillary Blood Glucose was checked just before giving streptozotocin. All along the course of study animals were provided with water and food ad libitum. On the 3rd day animals were evaluated for the diabetic status by checking CBG. Only diabetic rats were used for further study. They were given above drugs for a period of 28 days starting from 3rd day after giving streptozotocin. Blood glucose levels and body weight were measured on 0, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days. Roflumilast has significant and sustained oral hypoglycemic activity in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats compared to diabetic control group, and also being statistically significant and comparable to the hypoglycemic effect of glibenclamide. These findings suggest that the hypoglycemic potential of the test compound Roflumilast is promising and found to be more significant than the diabetic control group.

16 ref

010586   Parameswari P;Devika R (Biotechnology Dep, Sathyabama Univ, Chennai-600 119, Email: eshwari_2007@yahoo.com) : Phytochemical screening and evaluation of Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) pamp by GC-MS. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 222-5.

The phytochemicals of various parts of the plants mainly the secondary metabolites are well known for its high potential therapeutic values such as antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiplasmodial, antioxidant, insecticidal etc. In the present investigation an attempt was made to analyze the various phytochemicals present in Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp which is wide spread and commonly grown for its religious importance and fragrance through GC-MS. Methanolic leaf extract of the A.nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp revealed eight different compounds and the structures were predicted and recorded. The phytoconstituents of the target extract revealed high medicinal values in the pharmaceuticals industries. These compounds were separated by column chromatography for further authentication of the therapeutic values.

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010585   Pandey M;Qidwai A;Rajesh Kumar;Pandey A; Shukla S K;Pathak A;Dikshit A (Biological Product Laboratory, Botany Dep, Allahabad Univ, Allahabad-211 002, Email: anupambplau@rediffmail.com ) : Pharmacological and antibacterial aspect of Psidium guajava L. against acne vulgaris. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 145-150.

Acne is a cutaneous pleomorphic disorder of the pilosebaceous unit involving abnormalities in sebum production and is characterized by both inflammatory (papules, pustules and nodules) and noninflammatory (comedones, open and closed) lesions. A lot of factor viz; hormone, increased sebum production and diet causes Acne vulgaris but bacteria are the chief causal organism in which Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis are considered as the major skin bacteria that cause the formation of acne. The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava L. leaves essential oil against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Extraction of essential oil was carried out using Clevenger's Apparatus. Antibacterial activities of essential oil of leaves were investigated using broth micro dilution methods recommended by CLSI. The results showed that Guava leaves oils more effectively inhibit the growth of P.acnes (MIC: 0.321, IC50:0.309 mg/ml) as compared to S. epidermidis (MIC: 0.486, IC50:0.416 mg/ml). The readings were compared by - 87 - standard drug tetracycline.

34 ref

010584   Mishra S K;Suseela M R (Algology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226 001, Email: mr.suseela@gmail.com) : Production, partial purification and characterization of extracellular, alkalophilic, carboxy methyl cellulase from Baccilus megaterium. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2016, 5(1), 65-71.

A total of five bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples of Selakui area of Dehradun, India, and were subjected to screening for their carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) hydrolysis activity. Results revealed that, MJSH 1205 have maximum exocellulase activity and after fermentation at temperature 27øc, pH 7 and 1.5 % CMC concentration and 0.5% of urea as nitrogen source, bacterial strain MJSH-1205 showed the highest CMC hydrolysis activity of 0.01038 ñ 0.000504 U/ml/min. The enzyme produced is stable at varied range of temperature and pH, but the optimum temperature and pH was found to be 30øC temperature pH 9 respectively. This alkalophilic property of enzyme makes it industrially important. Presence of Mg⁺² ions enhance the activity of enzyme while reduction in the activity of enzyme was found in the presence of SDS.

32 ref

010583   Mishra S K;Srivastava S K (Biochemistry & Biochemical Engineering Dep, JSBB, SHIATS, Allahabad, Email: sarveshmicro@gmail.com) : Production of extracellular laccase from bacterial strain Bacillus subtilis MTCC 1039 using different parameter. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(3), 1645-50.

Laccase is the model enzymes for multi-copper oxidases can be used in bioremediation, beverage processing, ascorbic acid determination, baking, as a biosensor and to improve food sensory factors. An attempt was made to screen, optimize and production laccase enzyme produced by the consortium of laccase producing Bacillus subtilis. To date, laccases connect mostly been unaided and characterized from flora and fauna and fungi, and unaided - 86 - fungal laccases are used currently in biotechnological applications. In contrast, tiny is known just approximately bacterial laccases, although recent immediate assume ahead in the combined genome analysis suggests that the enzymes are widespread in bacteria. Since bacterial genetic tools and biotechnological processes are skillfully conventional, therefore developing bacterial laccases would be significantly important. Laccase activity was determined by measuring the oxidation of guaiacol at 530 nm. Laccase activity was maximum when manage at the following conditions, 60 hrs incubation, 30 °C temperature, and pH-5, 2% nitrogen sources, 3 % peptone and beef extract and 2 % carbon sources, glucose and sucrose in the production medium. This research summarizes the distribution of laccases among bacteria, and able to producing maximum laccases at the most favorable conditions.

6 illus, 22 ref

010582   Mahmoudvand H;Mirbadie S R;Sadooghian S; Harandi M F;Jahanbaksh S;Dezaki E S (Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan Univ of Medical Sciences, Kohrramabad, Iran, Email: saedi1358@gmail.com) : Chemical composition and scolicidal activity of Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil. J essential Oil Res 2017, 29(1), 42-7.

Zataria multiflora Boiss (Lamiaceae) commonly grows in Iran is a popular medicinal plant with various pharmacological activities mentioned in traditional Iranian medicine and modern phytotherapy. This study was designed to evaluate the chemical composition and scolicidal effects of Z. multiflora essential oil on the protoscoleces of hydatid cysts on an in vitro model. The components of the Z. multiflora essential oil were identified by GC/MS analysis. Protoscoleces were aseptically aspirated from the livers of naturally infected sheep. Various concentrations of essential oil, thymol and carvacrol were used for 5-30 minutes. Eosin exclusion test was used to determine the viability of protoscoleces. The main components were thymol (41.8%), carvacrol (28.8%), and p-cymene (8.4%). Findings showed that essential oil at the concentrations of 12.5 and 6.25 μL/mL killed 100% protoscoleces after 5 and 20 minutes of exposure, respectively. In addition, thymol and carvacrol at the concentrations of 100 μg/mL and 100 μL/mL killed 100% protoscoleces after 10 minutes incubation, respectively. Obtained results in this investigation for the first time demonstrated that Z. multiflora essential oil and its main components might be a natural source for the production of new scolicidal agents.

2 illus, 4 table, 28 ref

010581   Llorens-Molina J A;Vacas S;Castell V; Nemeth-Zamborine E (NO, Mediterranean Agroforestry Institute, Universitat Politecnica de Valen, Valencia, Spain, Email: juallom2@qim.upv.es) : Variability of essential oil composition of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) affected by plant organ. J essential Oil Res 2017, 29(1), 11-21.

The essential oil composition of leaves and roots of twenty individuals of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) belonging to - 85 - different chemotypes has been investigated. They were obtained from two accesions coming from Hungarian and Spanish wild populations. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FID. Results showed a great individual variability of wormwood accesions. Based on leaves, three chemotypes (sabinene + myrcene, α-thujone and new sesquiterpene type accounting up to 80.8% of sesquiterpenic fraction) were found in the Hungarian population and two chemotypes ((Z)-α-epoxyocimene and (Z)-α-epoxyocimene + (Z)-chrysanthemyl acetate types) were present in the Spanish one. The composition of EO of the roots from both locations was predominated by monoterpenic esters (14.5-80.2% and 59.9-90.3%, in Hungarian and Spanish samples respectively) but characteristic quantitative and qualitative differences were present. No relationship was found between the composition of EO of roots and leaves of the same plant.

4 illus, 2 table, 30 ref

010580   Kunde S D S;Bhilegaonkar S P (Pharmaceutics Dep, PES' Rajaram and Tarabai Bandekar College of Pharmacy, Farmagudi, Ponda, Goa, Email: siya.kunde14@gmail.com) : Self micro emulsifying drug delivery system for combination of hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 191-6.

Improvement in the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs is one of the challenges faced in the formulation development of the drugs. One of the most admirable and viable formulation approaches for this is self micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS). A combination of clarithromycin and amoxicillin has been proved effective for treatment of H. pylori which are available only in tablet dosage form. Hence, the aim of the present study was to prepare SMEDDS of amoxicillin and clarithromycin for better patient compliance. SMEDDS were prepared using Peceol, Cremophor EL and Transcutol as oil, surfactant and co-surfactant respectively. Prepared SMEDDS were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, water dispersion properties, saturation solubility and in-vitro drug release. Dilution study by visual observation showed that there was spontaneous micro emulsification and no sign of phase separation. Study concluded that SMEDDS can be an effective alternative for tablet therapy with enhanced dissolution rate and bioavailability.

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010579   Khulbe P;Shrivastava B;Sharma P;Tiwari A K (NO, , 90/66 sector 9 Pratap Nagar, Sanganer Jaipur, Rajasthan-302 033, Email: khulbe.preeti@yahoo.in) : In-situ buffered formulation: an effective approach for acid labile drug. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 54-44.

"Acid labile drug" means a drug that is easily destroyed in acidic environment, Stomach is the main site for drug absorption mainly by oral rout. The pH of the stomach is acidic so the absorption of acid labile drugs through stomach is difficult. For this resign the drugs should be formulated as enteric coated or may be administered through parenteral rout. These approaches are effective but they increase the cost of the dosage form. So for making the acid labile drug effective in acidic environment one of the best approach is in-situ buffer formulation. These are the formulation containg agents which immediately buffer the internal environment of the body and increases the stability of acid labile drugs inside the body. This article covers the possible approaches for buffer formulation, formulations could be possible, method of preparation and evaluation of in-situ buffer formulation. The articles the examples of agents can be used as buffers.

^iia31 ref

010578   Kapoor A;Jaspreet Kuar (Biochemistry Dep, Rajshree Medical College, Bareily, Uttar Pradesh) : Usefulness of acid phosphatase level in malarial patients- a clinical study. J advd med dent Sci Res 2017, 5(1), 123-6.

Acid phosphatases are a family of enzymes that are widespread in nature and can be found in many animal and plant species. The greatest concentration of acid phosphatase (ACP) activity occurs in liver, spleen, milk, erythrocytes, platelets, bone marrow, and the prostate gland. The present study was conducted to evaluate the levels of acid phosphatase in patients with malaria. In present study subjects were divided into 3 groups. Group I- included 20 patients suffering from (7 P. falciparum malaria), 7 with P. vivax malaria and 6 with mixed malaria. Group II- included 20 non malarial fever patients. Group III- included 20 healthy subjects. For detection of malarial parasite, a finger prick sample was taken. The hemoglobin (Hb) content of erythrocytes was determined by the Cyanmethaemoglobin method. Out of 60 examined subjects, 30 were males and 30 were females. The difference was statistical non significant (P-1). Subjects were divided into 3 groups. Group I included 20 malarial patients, group II (non malarial fever) had 20 patients and group III had normal healthy subjects. The mean age of 7 patients suffering from P. malaria was 30.24 years, P. vivax 34.65 years, mixed malaria 35.11 years. The mean age of patients in group II was 36.27 years and in group III was 32.29 years. The difference was statistical non significant (p <62> 0.05). ACP level in P. falciparum is 7.21, in P.vivax is 6.78, in mixed malarial is 7.82, in group II patients 3.46 and in group III 2.12. The difference was significant (P <60> 0.05). Hemoglobin (Hb) level in patients suffering from P. falciparum was 10.11 gm%, in P. vivax was 10.69 gm%, in mixed malarial was 10.01 gm%, in group II patients was 11.86 gm% and in group III subjects 13.42 gm%. The difference - 84 - in Hb level was significant (P <60> 0.05). There is increase in acid phospahatase level in patient with malaria. This is used as a diagnostic marker. The level of Hb was decreased in all malaria patients which indicates that malarial parasite uses host erythrocytes Hb as major nutrient source.

1 table, 12 ref

010577   Kamfiruzi S;Jahromi H K;Ashrafzadeh A;Abedi H A (Student Research Committee, Jahrom Univ of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran, Email: hossein.kargarjahromy@yahoo.com) : Protective effects of curcumin on the concentration of GnRH, FSH and estrogen hormones in adult female rats treated with cadmium chloride. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2016, 5(1), 165-73.

Cadmium, as a major industrial pollutants, has many negative effects on its surrounding area. Curcumin is a strong antioxidant and purifier of free radicals. In this study, Protective effects of curcumin on the concentration of the hormones of GnRH, FSH and estrogen in the rats treated with cadmium chloride were investigated. In this experimental study, 72 adult female Wistar rats were divided into 9 groups of 8 animals, including control group, observant group, experimental group receiving cadmium chloride (5mg/kg), the groups receiving curcumin - 83 - (at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 mg / kg) and a group receiving cadmium chloride and different concentrations of curcumin. On 21th day, the serum concentration of FSH, GnRH and estrogen were measured by bleeding from the heart. The data was analyzed at the significance level of ≥ 0.05 by one-way Anova test and Duncan test. The mean concentration of GnRH hormone in the groups receiving cadmium chloride (alone) and curcumin increased significantly and the concentration of estrogen decreased significantly in compared with control group. And the mean concentration of FSH hormone in the groups receiving cadmium chloride (alone) and curcumin (at the concentration of 25 and 50 mg/kg) increased insignificantly but in the group receiving curcumin with the concentration of 100mg/kg significantly increased in compared with control group. The mean concentration of GnRH hormone in the groups receiving cadmium chloride plus curcumin (different concentrations of 25, 50 mg/kg) significantly increased in compared with control group. The mean concentration of GnRH hormone in the groups receiving cadmium chloride plus curcumin (different concentrations of 25, 50 mg/kg) insignificantly increased in compared with control group. The mean concentration of FSH hormone in the groups receiving cadmium chloride (alone) and curcumin (at different concentration of 25, 59 mg/kg) plus curcumin (different concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) didn't show significant change in compared with control group. Curcumin, due to the antioxidant property, regulates the secretion of GnRH, FSH and estrogen hormones in the rats receiving cadmium chloride.

3 illus, 1 table, 39 ref

010576   Ingle S J;Tapar K K (NO, Vidyabharti College of Pharmacy, Amravati, Email: sanjayingle80@rediffmail.com) : QSAR and docking studies on 1,2-benzisoxazole derivatives for antipsychotic activity against dopamine receptor (D2). Curr Res pharm Sci 2016, 6(2), 31-44.

With a view to the rational design of a series of selected 48 substituted benzisoxazoles, 3D-QSAR and docking studies have been performed for the prediction of antipsychotic activity. Overall model classification accuracy was 76.00% (q² = 0.7600, representing internal validation) in training set and 68.33% (Pred_r² = 0.6833, representing external validation) in test set using sphere exclusion and forward-backward as a method of data selection and variable selection, respectively. The docking studies suggest that compound 38 interact with GLU43, THR48, GLN79, GLN147, LEU148, ASN149, ASP150, SER151, ARG178, LYS270, LEU273, THR327, GLU43, GLN79, GLN147, ASN149, ASP 150, SER151 and GLU43 amino acid residues. Both QSAR and docking study of such derivatives provide guidance for further lead optimization and designing of more potent antipsychotic agents.

5 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

010575   Ilomuanya M;Billa N;Uboh C;Ifudu N;Ciallella J;Igwilo C (University of Lagos, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceut, , Lagos, Nigeria, Email: milomuanya@live.com) : Formulation and characterization of activated charcoal and metronidazole layered tablets and evaluation of the In vivo performance of metronidazole - activated charcoal formulation in sprague dawley<. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 45-59.

Due to Escherichia coli O157:H7 bacteria's peculiar biochemical characteristics it is considered an emerging pathogen. The aim of this study is to design, develop and evaluate the efficacy of a - 82 - single formulation combining adsorptive and anti infective properties in the treatment of diarrhoea caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 in an animal model. A bilayered tablet of metronidazole and activated charcoal (AC) formulated via direct compression was developed using hydrophilic mucoadhesive polymer xanthan gum in varying concentrations to ensure modified release of metronidazole in the first layer and activated charcoal with microcrystalline cellulose for instant disintegration in the second layer. Escherichia coli infected Sprague Dawleyr rats was utilized to evaluate the efficacy of the formulation. Swelling studies reflected an affinity for the polymer to swell in pH 6.8 where drug release and swelling was influenced by ionic strength of the medium owing to the conformational changes in the xanthan gum in this media with an increase in the zeta charge from -28.5 mV to -40.2 mV, drug release being predominantly by zero order. Treatment with activated charcoal and metronidazole reflected a negative result for identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by the third day of treatment in stool with symptoms cessation occurring by the second day of treatment. The synergistic potential of a nitro-imidazole and an adsorbent has been evaluated and established with treated groups showing cessation of symptoms within twenty four hours thus effective in the treatment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated diarrhea.

44 ref

010574   Hegde K;Arathi A P;Mathew A (Pharmacology Dep, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valachil, Mangalore-574 143, Email: khegde_sh2003@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of hydro alcoholic extract of Chrysophyllum cainito fruits. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 316-22.

Anti-diabetic activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Chrysophyllum cainito frutis (CCE) was investigated against experimentally induced diabetics in rats using alloxan and streptozotocin (STZ). Acute toxicity study was performed and hydro-alcoholic extract of CCE was found to be safe at a dose of 2000 mg/kg bodyweight. Two doses 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg b.w p.o. of the CCE were subjected for the evaluation of anti-diabetic activity against the diabetic induced by alloxan (100 mg/kg, i.p) and STZ (50 mg/kg, i.p) in rats. Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg p.o) was served as standard in both the models. Fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, lipid profile (HDL and LDL) and histopathology were evaluated in the study. Both the lower (200 mg/kg) and higher dose (400 mg/kg) of CCE showed a dose dependent significant decrease in blood glucose level, triglyceride, cholesterol levels and LDL and an increase in HDL in the treated diabetic rats when compared with diabetic control. Histopathology of pancreas showed regeneration of β-cells in extract treated diabetic rats. The results obtained were comparable with that of the standard drug Glibenclamide. The present study concluded that Chrysophyllum cainito fruits were found to be effective plant against alloxan and streptozotocin induced diabetes and also help in preservation of islet cells.

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010573   Ghassemi M;Chamkouri N;Mahboubi M (NO, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran, Email: narges.chamkouri@gmail.com) : Simultaneous determination trace levels of vitamin B₁ and vitamin B₉ in human samples by ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with HPLC-UV. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 79-87.

Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid micro extraction (UA-DLLME) was proposed for simultaneous determination of trace levels of Vitamin B1 (thiamine) and Vitamin B₉ (folic acid) in the human urine and serum samples. High performance liquid - 81 - chromatography (HPLC) coupled with chemometrics method was employed to analysis the extraxtants. The optimal conditions of the extraction recovery, including pH of sample solution, type and volume of extraction solvent, disperser solvent type and volume, temperature and time of ultrasound, centrifugation time and ionic strength were were studied step-by-step via one-factor-at-a time procedure. Then significant variables were chosen and considered to further optimize using the hybrid Box-Behnken design -genetic algorithm. UA-DLLME method with HPLC-UV and utilizing hybrid Box-Behnken design -genetic algorithm to optimize the extraction process was presented for the first time in this study. Under the optimized extractions, relative standard deviations (RSD) of the analyses less than 4% (n= 3) and detection limit of 3.09-11.15 ng mL. Recoveries for both thiamine and folic acid were in the ranges of 88-107%. As the result, the UA-DLLME - HPLC coupled hybrid Box-Behnken design -genetic algorithm was successfully applied for the simultaneous determination trace levels of thiamine and folic acid in human urine and serum samples.

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010572   Genady E A;Qaid E A;Fahmy A H (Pharmacognosy Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar Univ., Nasar City, Cairo, Egypt) : Copper sulfate nanoparticales in vitro applications on Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. stimulating growth and total phenolic content increasments. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2016, 5(1), 196-202.

Nanotechnology opens a large scope of novel applications in the fields of biotechnology, medicine, nutrition and energy. Since nanoparticles (NPs) have unique physicochemical properties, i.e. high surface area, high reactivity, tunable pore size and particle morphology. Nanoparticles can serve as "magic bullets" containing herbicides, nanopesticide fertilizers or genes, which target specific cellular organelles in plant and release its contents. Here, we report novel successful in vitro effects of CuSO₄-NPs on seeds of Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. to enhance phenolic contents which are important compounds in pharmaceutical industries especially anti oxidant medicaments.

2 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

010571   Dhingra G A;Goyal S;Sharma S (NO, , A-502, Seawoods Corner Building, Plot 19-A, Sector-25, Nerul (E), Navi Mumbai-400 706, Email: gitika.dh@gmail.com) : Synthesis and characterization of site specific superporous hydrogel hybrids of loratadine. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 151-64.

The aim of present study is to formulate and optimize the site specific controlled release formulation for release of loratadine in upper gastrointestinal tract. Superposrous hydrogel hybrids (SPHH) were prepared by using ferric chloride as crosslinking agent and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as composite agent. The Superporous Hydrogels were evaluated for swelling ratio, mechanical strength, density, porosity, scanning electron microscopic studies. Statistical software, Design Expert was used for optimization and chosing the final formulation. Loratadine hydrochloride was loaded in optimized formulation and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and in vitro drug release studies. Superporous Hydrogel Hybrids were prepared with desired mechanical strength and sufficient swelling ratio. Equilibrium Swelling Ratio of hydrogels followed the pattern SPHH <60> SPHC <60> CSPH. The pattern may be attributed to the additional crosslinking and decreased poresize. Reduced swelling ratio may be because of restricted polymeric chain flexibility. H- bonds between poly (AM-co-AA) and NaCMC reduced the polymer ability to form H-bonds with water molecules, limiting water absorption. Increase in mechanical strength is due to crosslinking with composite agent. FTIR, XRD and DSC studies confirmed the drug integrity in hydrogel polymeric network. Drug release studies showed that initial burst release followed by sustained effect.

10 ref

010570   Deora G S;Suhalka D (Botany Dep, New Campus, Jai Narain Vyas Univ, Jodhpur-342 005, Email: deepti.lavya@gmail.com) : Estimation of quercetin by high performance chromatography and Entifungal activity of moss Philonotis revoluta. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 294-300.

Bryophytes- the small, slow growing group of plants is stockroom of naturally occurring materials. They contain a high number of biologically active compounds, however their use as a natural fungicides is negligible. In the recent years bryophytes has emerged as a potential biopharming tool for production of complex biopharmaceutiticals. In order to evaluate potential use of bryophytes as an antifungal compounds their basic chemical contents and the secondary metabolite profile was determined. Among secondary metabolites flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds, which are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom. Flavonoids like Rutin and quercetin possess many biochemical effects. An HPLC method was developed for the estimation of quercetin from methanol extract of Philonotis revoluta bryophyte. The results of the phytochemical screening using different extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, etc. in the moss plant and investigated against plant pathogenic fungi using different parameters. Results showed significant reduction in pathogenic growth.

21 ref

010569   Damale R D;Dolas C S;Deshpande K G (NO, MGM College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Aurangabad, Mahrashtra) : Determination of viability and proteolytic activity of freeze dried Lactobacilli at various temperatures during storage. Bioinfolet 2017, 14(2), 160-4.

A laboratory experiment was undertaken with an objective to check the viability and proteolytic activity of freeze dried Lactobacillus at various temperatures during storage. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with fifteen treatments and three replications. The Lactobacilli were isolated from curd sample and tested with catalase test and gram staining test Lactobacilli dehydrated by placing at-20°C for 12 hrs and rehydrated by sterilized water. Lactobacilli incubated on MRS agar with 5% lyo-protectant such as Lactose, galactose, maltose and sucrose. The grown Lactobacilli colonies showed good response to sucrose 4°C and less response to maltose 40°C. The Lactobacilli incubated on milk agar could not digest casein protein indicating that Lactobacilli was not proteolytic in nature.

1 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

010568   Dahmane D;Dob T;Krimat S;Nouasri A;Metidji H; Ksouri A (Laboratoire de Produits Bio-Actives et Valorisation de la biomasse, Ecole Normale Superieure, Kouba-Algiers, Algeria, Email: dahmane12@gmail.com) : Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the essential oils of Medicinal plant Ammodaucus leucotrichus from Algeria. J essential Oil Res 2017, 29(1), 48-55.

The essential oils from two populations in Algeria of the fruit of Ammodaucus leucotrichus were obtained by hydrodistillation and examined by GC and GC-MS. Fifty different compounds were determined in total and more than 95% of the essential oils were identified. The most abundant components were perillaldehyde (60.1% and 37.5%), limonene (6.9% and 29.2%), perilla alcohol (6.7% and 7.0%), methyl perillate (6.4% and 3.0%) and shybinol (4.3% and 6.9%) respectively. The oils were tested for their antioxidant activity by using the DDPH and α-carotene/linoleic acid assays. - 79 - Both of these in vitro methods showed that the essential oils have a less powerful reducing than the well-known synthetic antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and E-Vitamin. The DPPH method showed a significant activity for both oils with IC₅₀ values of 6.5 mg.mL^-1 for sample (AL2) from Debdeb and 9.35 mg.mL^-1 for sample (AL1) from Messaad. Also, the essential oils showed stronger activity against the tested Gram positive and negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the essential oils ranged from 0.046 mg.mL^-1 to 0.750 mg.mL^-1 for Gram-positive bacteria, and from 0.187 mg.mL^-1 to 3.0 mg.mL^-1 for Gram-negative bacteria.

1 illus, 4 table, 31 ref

010567   Czaikoski K;Mesmo M C;Scheer A D P;Queiroga C L;Deschamps C;Corazza M L (Chemical engineering Dep, Federal Univ of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, Email: corazza@ufpr.br) : Chemical composition and biological activity of Eupatorium intermedium essential oil. J essential Oil Res 2017, 29(1), 93-100.

This article reports a study on the extraction and evaluation of essential oil obtained from dried flowers of Eupatorium intermedium, a plant native to southern Brazil that belongs to the Asteraceae family. The hydrodistillation achieved a maximum yield of 1.01 wt% of essential oil. Regarding the chemical composition, by a qualitative analysis, the identified substances were a-pinene, sabinene, α-pinene, limonene, caryophyllene (E), germacrene D, spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil obtained was evaluated using the DPPH method, phosphomolybdenum reducing method and total phenolic content. The total phenolic content was 4.26 mg GAE/g of oil. The antioxidant activity obtained by the DPPH method was 0.82 wt%, at a concentration of 250 mg/mL. The antioxidant activity obtained through the reduction of the phosphomolybdenum complex was 1154.69 mg a-tocopherol/g of oil. Antibacterial activity assays were performed using the agar well method. The oil presented antibacterial effects against the Gram-positive bacteria tested.

1 illus, 1 table, 40 ref

010566   Chatterjee D;Halder D;Chakraborty U;Dutta D; Kuila P;Das S (Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata, West Bengal, Email: drsatdas@hotmail.com) : Antimicrobial activity of pharmacological and antioxidant compounds of some edible mushrooms against Brucella spp.. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 323-9.

Although there are numerous studies on antimicrobial activities of mushrooms against many common pathogenic microorganisms, there is hardly any study against Brucella spp., responsible for brucellosis in animals and human beings throughout the globe. The present study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts of five edible mushrooms namely, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus florida, Pleurotus - 78 - eous, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Calocybe indica against four reference strains of Brucella spp.: B. abortus S19, B. abortus S99, B. melitensis M16 and B. suis 1330. Methodologies adopted were disc diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts. Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of the extracts of the mushrooms by DPPH free radical scavenging activity was also aimed in this study. The total phenol content of the mushrooms showed significant positive Pearson correlation with the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. The results obtained revealed the antimicrobial potency of all the screened mushrooms against Brucella spp. P. sajor-caju had highest phenolic content, which may be responsible for its highest antioxidant capacity resulting outstanding antimicrobial activities. This study signifies the possible use of these edible mushrooms as source of effective antimicrobial agents against brucellosis.

21 ref

010565   Chaleshtori S H;Kachoie M A;Pirbalouti A G (Herbal Medicine, College of Food and Drug, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Shareakord, Iran, Email: Mehrdad.ataie@gmail.com) : Chemical compositon and antimicrobial effects of Calendula officinalis grown under chemical and biological conditions on the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from hospital infections. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(3), 1787-96.

Application of various types of fertilizers can effect on biological activities of Calendula officinalis. The present investigation was aimed to study the chemical components and antimicrobial effects of C. officinalisgrown under chemical and biological conditions on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.Four hundred samples of hospital infections were collected and cultured. MRSA strains were subjected to the disk diffusion and GC-Mass. One-hundred out of 400samples of hospital infections were positive for MRSA (25%). All isolates were also positive for mecA gene. Forty different chemical components were detected in the C. officinalis. The most variable components were found in the control group (1,8-cineole (30.456%), γ-terpinene (25.547%), terpinolene (4.584%), α-terpineol (4.490%) and trans-β-ocinene (4.153%)). Application of biologic and chemical fertilizers caused significant increase in the levels of some chemical components (P<60>0.05).MRSA strains harbored the highest levels of resistance against tetracycline (95%), ampicillin (92%), penicillin (90%), gentamycin (88%) and ciprofloxacin (77%). Control group had the highest antimicrobial effects but essential oil of the C. officinalis enriched with both fertilizers were effective on resistant MRSA. Use of C. officinalis growthunder bothchemical and biologic fertilizers has been recommendedas a primary approach for synthesis of effective antibiotic.

1 illus, 3 tables, 47 ref

010564   Brinda S;Gitika D;Varsha V (NO, NCRD's Sterling Institute of Pharmacy, Plot no 93/93A, Sector 42, Nerul (East), Navi Mumbai-400 706, Email: sreelesh.brinda@gmail.com) : Formulation and In-vitro evaluation of sun protection factor in a polyherbal cream. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 197-200.

Sunscreens aid the body's natural defense mechanisms to protect against harmful UV radiation from the sun. The present study involves the formulation of sunscreen cream with herbal active ingredients and evaluation for its effectiveness. Naturally occurring traditional - 77 - substances are gradually replacing synthetic counterparts due to their effectiveness and absence of adverse effects. The herbal drugs selected for the study were roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. (Yashtimadhu), Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. (Anantmul) and heartwood of Santalum album Linn. (Chandana). Creams were prepared with each individual herb and combination of all three herbs with varying concentration of herbal extracts. The evaluation included determination of Sun Protection Factor for all the formulated creams. The SPF was calculated using the spectrophotometric method and then applying the Mansur equation. The results of the study indicated that the 25% combination cream showed maximum sun screeening activity.

15 ref

010563   Brahmachari A K;Nath S;Brahmachari G;Batabyal S;Mandal T K;Bandopadhyay S K;Sinha B P;Pandey A K (Pharmacology Dep, R G Kar Medical College, WBUHS, Kolkata, West Bengal, Email: brahmachariarun@yahoo.in) : Modulatory effect of semipurified fractions of Bauhinia purpurea L. bark extract on oxidative stress in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Explor Anim med Res 2016, 6(1), 26-36.

The role of oxidative stress in the development of diabetes mellitus and its vascular complications are extensively studied. Hyperglycaemia causes oxidative damage by generation of reactive oxygen species and results in the development of complications. The present study was undertaken with the objective of exploring the anti-hyperglycaemic potential of phenolic compounds enriched semipurified extract of Bauhinia purpurea bark in streptozotocin induced (STZ) diabetic rats for four weeks and to study oxidative stress and antioxidant status. Rats were rendered diabetic by single injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body wt, ip). At the end of the treatment period, the level of blood glucose, serum biochemical markers, serum cholesterol levels and liver malondialdehyde, tissue antioxidant levels were measured. A marked rise was observed in the levels of fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, lipid peroxidative products and a significant decrease in tissue antioxidants (reduced glutathione) levels in STZ treated rats. Oral administration of two semi purified extracts B₁ and B₂ (100 and 50 mg/kg body wt each, p.o) decreased fasting blood glucose levels of STZ-treated diabetic rats significantly (P <60> 0.01), when compared with control rats. In addition, the extracts showed favorable effect (P <60> 0.01) on the reduced tissues antioxidants level, liver glycogen level, cholesterol level, with significant (P <60> 0.01) reduction of elevated lipid peroxidation products. Our study showed the antioxidant effect of phenolic compounds enriched semipurified extracts of B. purpurea in STZ induced experimental diabetes. The results also suggested that this polyphenolics rich extract could be potentially useful for hyperglycaemia treatment to correct the diabetic state.

8 illus, 1 table, 40 ref

010562   Bharani R S A;Namasivayam S K R (Research Scholar, Biotechnology Dep, Sathyabama Univ, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: biologiask@gmail.com) : Evaluation of persistence and compatibility with synthetic chemical pesticides of formulated entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (M.) Sorokin. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(3), 1617-21.

Fungal biocontrol agents are now extensively used against a wide range of insect pests associated with economic important crops.Success of the fungal biocontrol agents is primarily depends on suitable formulation which enhances the post treatment persistence and efficacy.In the present study, effect of various oil formulation on the - 76 - persistence,endophytic relationship with groundnut phyllosphere and compatibility with chemical synthetic pesticides under in vitro condition.Moreover, phytotoxicity of the formulations was also studied by determination of the seedling emergence and chlorophyll content. Among the various formulations,sunflower oil and groundnut oil revealed enhanced persistence and best compatibility with all the tested chemical synthetic pesticides.Seedling emergence and chlorophyll content was not affected in the above mentioned oil formulations.None of the formulation revealed endophytic association with the groundnut phyllopshere.Further study will helpful to exploit the formulation principles under field condition.

2 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

010561   Ashrafzadeh A;Jahromi H K;Kamfiruzi S;Davami M H (Student Research Committee, Jahrom Univ of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran, Email: hossein.kargarjahromy@yahoo.com) : Investigation of curcumin effects on ovaries and the hormones of LH and progestron in wistar rats treated with cadmium chloride. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2016, 5(1), 146-53.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of curcumin on ovarian histopathology of the LH hormone and progesterone. In cell culture, cadmium induces the production of oxygen free radicals damaging DNA, causing mutations and prevents proliferation with it. Curcumin (CMN), the yellow spice derived from the dried rhizome of turmeric, has many medicinal properties including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. 72 Wistar mature rats were divided into 9 groups of 8 control, experimental receiving cadmium chloride (CdCl (2) 5mg / kg), CMN (at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 mg / kg) and CdCl (2) with different concentrations CMN. Cardiac puncture was performed at day 21 and serum hormones LH and progesterone were measured. Ovarian tissue was removed and histological study was performed on it. The results of this study showed that CdCl (2) caused a significant increase (p <0.05) in average concentrations of LH and a significant reduction (p <0.05) at concentrations of progesterone, but CMN increased the average level of LH and progesterone compared with the control group, and the increase in the concentration of 100mg / kg of CMN was only significant. CdCl (2) caused a significant decrease and in all concentrations, CMN caused a significant increase in the number of primordial, primary, secondary and graph follicles, and CdCl (2) caused a significant increase in atretic follicles, but CMN had no effect on number of follicles. In the recipient groups, CdCl (2) with CMN, the number of primordial, primary, secondary and graph follicles was increased compared to the group receiving CdCl (2) and the number of atretic follicles was significantly decreased. The number of follicles in a dose of 100 mg / kg of CMN showed the best effect. According to our results, CMN decreased damaging effects of CdCl (2) on the concentration of these hormones and adjusted serum concentrations of hormones and improvement of ovarian function and oogenesis in mice of CdCl (2). Hence, CMD could be possibly used as a combination of protect against the toxic effects of CdCl (2).

2 tables, 33 ref

010560   Anand A;Dass L L;Sharma A K;Singh K K (Veterinary Surgery and Radiology Dep, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Birsa Agricultura, Kanke, Ranchi-834 006, Email: arsham10@rediffmail.com) : Biochemical changes in the wounds of goats following treatment of sunflower oil and olive oil. Explor Anim med Res 2016, 6(1), 107-12.

Experimentally created forty eight wounds of similar size and shape were randomly divided in to three groups, of 16 wounds in each group. Sunflower seed oil impregnated gauze were subjected to the wounds of goats belonging to group I, while Olive oil (Olea europaea) impregnated gauze were subjected to the wounds of goats of group II and normal saline solution (control) soaked gauze to the wounds of goats of group III. Healing tissues were collected from the junction of wound and intact skin from all the experimental wounds in each of the three groups on 3, 10, 15 and 25 days. Biochemical examinations - 75 - of healing tissue were done for collagen, elastin, hexosamine and hydroxyproline. The level of collagen, elastin, hexosamine and hydroxyproline were significantly higher in group I followed by group II and then group III. It can be concluded that both sunflower oil and olive oil are effective for acceleration of wound healing and sunflower oil is more effective than olive oil.

1 table, 27 ref

010559   Al-Mutairi F M;Abdel-Daim M M;Ibrahim I T; Habib S A;Waly H M (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Tabuk Univ, Saudi Arabia) : Potent effect of a newly synthesized N-butylpyridoquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide (NBPQD) derivative as antitumor agent in solid tumor model. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2016, 5(1), 203-218.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the potent effect of the newly synthesizedNBPQD derivative as antitumor agent in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing mice in solid tumor model. The effect of NBPQD as antitumor in solid tumor model was assessed by evaluating tumor volume and the contents of total protein, total lipid, DNA and RNA in liver tissues in addition to hematological profiles. Also, levels of glucose, urea and albumin in serum and the redox status were assessed. Tumor volume and DNA, RNA and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were highly significantly increased (P< 0.001) in untreated EAC-bearing mice compared to control. However, hemoglobin, total lipid in liver tissues and glucose level in serum were highly significantly decreased in untreated EAC-bearing mice compared to control. In addition, reduced glutathione content (GSH) and activities of glutathione reductase (GSHR), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in blood were also highly significantly decreased in untreated EACbearing mice compared to control. All these parameters were highly significantly (P< 0.001) restored their normal levels in NBPQD treated mice compared to the untreated EAC-bearing mice. These results were confirmed by the long survival time of the treated group with NBPQD, in addition to 80% reduction in the tumor volume. It can be concluded that, NBPQD exhibited a remarkable antitumor activity against EAC in Swiss albino mice in solid tumor model.

2 illus, 7 tables, 51 ref

009767   Zargar S (Biochemistry Dep, College of Science, King Saud Univ, Riyadh, KSA 11495, Email: szargar@ksu.edu.sa) : Effect of aquous extract of Rhazyastricta decne on citrinin production and fungal biomass by Pencillium notatum and optimization of experimental design using response surface methodology. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 887-93.

Citrinin (Mycotoxin) ishepato and nephrotoxic agent produced by several species of microorganisms like Aspergillus, Penicilliumand Monascus. Citrinin is generally found in stored grains and is mainly found after their harvest. The aim of the present research was to study and optimize the conditions for maximum inhibition of citrinin and fungal biomass by using aqueous leaf extract of Rhazyastricta Decne under laboratory conditions by Pencillium notatum. Optimization of culture conditions was carried out using Box-Behnken method of response surface methodology. Extent of inhibition of citrinin was carried out using HPLC and reduction in fungal biomass was carried out using dry cell weight after comparing with controls. Optimized culture conditions for inhibition as per the point prediction tool were found to be 13.16 (mg/L) for concentration of extract of Rhazyastricta Decne, 10 days of incubation period and temperature of 25 °C for growth of Pencillium notatum. These optimized values of tested parameters were compared with control citrinin production (286 mg/L) and dry cell weight production (408.65 mg). An average of 80.67±0.75% inhibition of citrinin and 81.65±2.56% of dry cell weight was obtained in an optimized medium at 10th d of fermentation with 98.41 % and 94.37% validity, respectively.

3 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

009766   Yves K Y;Timothee O A;Felix Y H;Gildas G K (Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics Biochemical, UFR Biosciences, Felix Houphouet Boigny Univ, P.O. Box 582, Abidjan, 22, Cote d'Ivoire) : Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Xylopia villosa (Annonaceae). Asian J biochem pharm Res 2016, 6(3), 113-19.

In the study, the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Xylopia villosa were investigated for their anti-Inflammatory activities. Two concentrations (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) of each extract were studied for activity. Diclofenac (25 mg/kg body weight) was used as reference molecule and carrageenan was used to induce edema on rat paw. The average percentage of edema inhibition of ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg body weight) is substantially equal to that of diclofenac (25 mg/kg body weight). The increase of the CRP concentration after injection of carrageenan was reduced by ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg body weight) and diclofenac at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight. The results of the study show that the ethanolic extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight has anti- inflammatory activity as that of the diclofenac (reference molecule). This shows its traditional use in the treatment of pain.

2 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

009765   Wanule D D;Sirsikar A N (Zoology Dep, Birla College, Kalyan(W). Dist. Thane, Maharashtra) : LAC as a promising antibacterial: "economic booster" for Lac cultivation. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2016, 6(1), 167-74.

Lac, a nontoxic, organic, biodegradable, resinous secretion of an insect, Laccifer lacca is mentioned as a therapeutic agent in "Atharvaveda", the ancient scriptures of the Hindus and in Ayurveda, the Indian system of medicine. It was used in ancient India for the treatment of wounds, fractured bones, burnt skin etc. In vitro experiments using various lac solvents have revealed antimicrobial properties of lac against important human pathogens like Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and important plant pathogens like Xanthomonas citri and Erwinia carotovora. Acetone extract of lac showed highest antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, moderate activity against Erwinia carotovora and Xanthomonas citri and lesser antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Acetone extract of lac failed to show any antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at tested concentrations. Lac's antimicrobial activity differed in case of different test microbes and also when different solvents were used for preparing the lac extract. Chloroform extract of lac failed to show antimicrobial activity at tested concentrations against all test microbes. As far as antimicrobial activity is concerned, acetone extract of lac was found to be much superior to ethanol extract or chloroform extract of lac. True medicinal values of lac as a therapeutic agent as mentioned in "Atharvaveda", needs to be explored and confirmed further by modern scientific methodology and techniques. Lac cultivation and lac industry will get a further boost, if lac's medicinal properties are further confirmed scientifically. Lac's role in Indian economy is especially important because it generates largescale employment in backward regions and it benefits the marginalized and deprived Indians without much capital or resource. Being a "Green Industry" lac will help us earn Carbon Credits, reduce Carbon Footprint and hasten economic transformation of rural India.

17 ref

009764   Wandita T G;Triatmojo S;Gumilar J;Fitriyanto N A (Faculty of Animal Science, Gandhi Mada Univ Yogyakarta, JI. Fauna No.3 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Email: nanungagusfitriyanto@ugm.ac.in) : Production and application of keratinase enzyme from 4 strains of Bacillus spp. isolated from Yoogyakarta and Garut city, Indonesia. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(2), 351-7.

Recently, chicken feathers have been discarded in bulk as waste from poultry processing industries. Utilization of chicken feathers as sources of protein for animal feed challenge us as an effort to minimize the environmental impact of this waste for creating environmentally friendly farming industry. Chicken feather waste treatment involves the role of the enzyme keratinase through the process of hydrolysis because the chicken feathers containing keratin. Keratinase enzyme can be produced from several microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria. Therefore, enzyme keratinase expected to be produced from Bacillus spp. which has been previously isolated from Yogyakarta and Garut City. The purpose of this research was to determine the production of keratinase enzyme produced from Bacillus spp. and apply the keratinase enzyme in the process of degradation of chicken feathers. Research is consisting of cultivation of Bacillus spp., measuring the growth of Bacillus spp., investigation of degradation of chicken feathers by Bacillus spp., and the production of keratinase enzyme produced by Bacillus spp. Keratinase enzyme production data at varying feather analyzed using completely randomized factorial design 4 x 2 x 4 (Completely Randomized Design), and then if there are differences continued with test Duncans New Multiple Range Test (DMRT). This analysis compares the keratinase enzyme produced by each isolate with different types of bacterial isolates are used, the addition of the substrate in the medium, and the difference in incubation time of each isolates of Bacillus spp. From the results obtained bacterial growth and the ability of degradation which is best performed by Bacillus sp. TD5B. The best enzyme production was obtained on medium supplemented with chicken feathers as substrate.

s, 1 table, 12 ref

009763   Wali A F;Mushtaq A;Rehman M U;Akbar S;Masoodi M H (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Kashmir Univ, Srinagar-190 006, Email: mubashir@kashmiruniversity.ac.in) : In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of propolis from Kashmir Himalaya region. Free Radical Antioxidant 2016, 6(1), 51-7.

Propolis from Kashmir has not been explored as far as its phytochemistry and pharmacological activities are concerned. This piece of work is the first approach to explore it for various activities. Total phenolics, flavonoids contents and in vitro antioxidant assay such DPPH, H₂O₂ scavenging assay, ferrous metal ion chelating activity and total reduction capability assay were performed. Investigation for antimicrobial activity of different extracts (Ethanolic, hydro- ethanolic and aqueous) was also carried out. The results showed highest total phenolics and flavonoids content in ethanolic extract (260 ± 10.00 mg GAE/g and 105 ± 5.00 mg QE/g respectively). All the extracts showed free radical scavenging potential but ethanolic extract exhibited significant scavenging potential having an IC₅₀ value of 65.49 ± 7.01 μg/mL for DPPH, 74.94 ± 5.51 μg/mL for ferrous metal ion chelating activity and 109.93 ± 3.24 μg/mL for H₂O₂ scavenging assay. In total reduction capability assay ethanolic extract showed highest reducing power. In addition, ethanolic extract showed greater antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus having zone of inhibition diameter 25.63 ± 0.63 mm. The presence of flavonoids in extracts maximum in ethanolic extract which could be responsible for antioxidant, antibacterial activities and can be used in the management of the human pathosis originated due to oxidative stress and in the treatment of microbial infections.

1 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

009762   Vijayaraj R;Vidhya R (Biotechnology Dep, Karunya Univ, Coimbatore-641 114) : Biological activity of Achyranthes aspera Linn.. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2016, 6(1), 86-93.

Herbal medicines are widely used since time immemorial indicating that herbs are a growing part of modern, high-tech medicine. India has an ancient heritage of traditional herbal medicine. The medicinal plants are used for treatment of various diseases because of their safety and effectiveness. Achyranthes aspera has been long history of medicinal plants. The medicinal herb found as a weed throughout India. Though almost all of its parts are used in traditional systems of medicines, seeds, roots and shoots are the most important parts which are used medicinally. The review reveals that wide numbers of phytochemical constituents have been isolated from the plant which possesses activities like Antiviral and Anticarcinogenic, Spermicidal, Hepatoprotective, Nephroprotective, Antidiabetic, Antiinflammatory, Immunostimulates, Antimicrobial, Antiparasitic, Anti-allergic, Wound Healing, Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic properties of Achyranthes aspera which are instrumental in making it potent against infections.

2 illus, 27 ref

009761   Verma A;Babita Kumar;Alam P;Singh V;Gupta S K (College of Pharmacy, Shree Ganpati Institute of Technology, NH-24, Opp. Jindal Pipes Ltd., Ghaziabad-201 302, Email: anuradhampharm@gmail.com) : Rubia cordifolia - a review on pharmaconosy and phytochemistry. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 2720-31.

Herbs & its formulations have a long history of use in the treatment of human diseases. Herbal extracts have long been regarded as a source of new and useful pharmaceuticals. According to Cragg's investigation, approximately 62% of commercially available drugs have natural product origins. Manjistha, or Rubia Cordifolia to give it its scientific name, is a branched climber with small, greenish white flowers that are arranged in a cluster of round, fleshy, purple fruits. Its roots have a brownish red bark from which a red dye is obtained. This plant grows well in hilly districts, and the root has medicinal values. Manjistha is considered to be one of the most valuable herbs in Ayurveda, the world's oldest health care system that originated in India. The ancient physician and sage, Charaka has categorized the herb as varnya or that which improves the complexion, jvarahara, or that which reduces fever, and visaghna or that which detoxifies. It is also a well known rasayana - a rejuvenative. Another great sage, Sushruta has mentioned Manjistha as pittasamsamana or that which pacifies the pitta doshas. Acccording to Ayurveda, it is only when the three life energies or doshas, that make up every individual's constitution, are perfectly balanced can a person enjoy good health. These doshas are Vata, Pitta and Kapha, and any imbalance results in ill health. It is imbalances of the Pitta dosha that can be effectively countered by Manjistha. This review is a attempt to unite available information regarding its phytochemistry, traditional uses and biological activities.

75 ref

009760   Vanitha Reddy P;Sreenivas N;Urooj A (Nutrition and Dietetics Dep, JSS University, Mysore-570 015, Email: vanithareddy@jssuni.edu.in) : Acute toxicological studies of leaf extracts of Morus Indica L. in rats. Ann Phytomed 2016, 5(2), 108-112.

Morus indica L. (MI-S36) is a potent source of phytochemicals and its antioxidant activity at in vitro and ex vivo level is very well studied. Further to proceed with the animal studies, the safety and efficacy of the different solvent extracts has to be evaluated at maximum dosage, i.e., 2 g/kg body weight (BW) as per Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. The acute toxicity study recorded no mortality or any toxic reaction in any group after 14 d. of extracts administration at 2 g/kg BW. The extracts aqueous-MAq; dechlorophylised-MDc; 80% methanol-M8M did not cause any behavioral or physical changes in experimental rats. There was no significant (p ≤ 0.05) difference in the biochemical parameters, analysed between the groups. Slight elevation in activity of alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in MDc treated groups was observed, but did not exert any deleterious effect on the normal metabolism which was supported by the histopathology of liver. Extracts did not induce any oxidative stress which is indicated by, no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in the control and experimental lipid peroxides (LPO) and glutathione values. The serum total cholesterol and triglycerides were less than the control group. Histopathological studies showed no remarkable changes in hepatocytes after 14 d. of oral administration of MAq, MDc and M8M extracts. The study contributes in establishing the non-toxic quality parameters of M. indica leaf and the results indicate the non toxic effect of the extracts.

4 illus, 3 table, 19 ref

009759   Thomas B;Harindran J (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, RIMSR, Rubber Board P.O., Kottayam, Kerala-686 009, Email: beenakku@gmail.com) : Design, synthesis and evaluation of antitubercular activity of amino azetidinones from isoniazid. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 2795-804.

Azetidin-2-one analogues are reported to exhibit various pharmacological activities like cholesterol absorption inhibitory activity, human tryptase, thrombin and chymase inhibitory activity, vasopressin V1a antagonist activity, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiparkinsonian and anti-HIV activity in addition to antimicrobial. In the present study, Isoniazid (INH), the established antitubercular drug was selected as the lead for the design and development of antitubercular agents with minimal toxic effects. A novel series of amino azetidinones were designed from corresponding azetidin-2-ones using various in silico methods. Docking studies were performed at Mtb enoyl acp reductase (4DRE) and the derivatives exhibited best docking scores were prepared from corresponding azetidin-2-ones by treating with various molecules containing amino groups in the presence of TEA. Azetidin-2-ones in turn were obtained from a series of INH Schiff bases by reaction with chloro acetyl chloride. Structures of the newly synthesized compounds were assigned on the basis of elemental analysis, IR, ^{1H NMR, 13CNMR and mass spectral studies. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antitubercular activity using Alamar blue assay method and the hepatotoxicity was determined by MTT assay method using chang liver cells. AAZ1V, the amino azetidinone obtained from N-[3-chloro-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-oxoazetidin-1-yl] pyridine-4-carboxamide (AZ1V) by combining with 4- amino 1, 2, 4-triazole produced significant antitubercular activity. The percentage viability produced by AAZ1V against Chang liver cells for hepatotoxicity was better than the percentage viability produced by INH.}

22 ref

009758   Thirugnanasambandam R;Sabitha Rani A M; Abraham L S;Raguraman V (Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Univ, Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Road, Chennai-600 119) : Screening of mutation in parkin gene - exon 3 for diagnosis of parkinson's disease. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 1137-40.

The present study focuses to screen the mutation in parkin gene (exon3) of Parkinson's diseased patients by collecting blood samples from 16 early onset Parkinson's disease patients in the age group of below 45 years. To detect these mutations, we performed an effective technique based on the real-time TaqMan PCR system. The amplified product was subjected to sequence analysis for confirming mutation in Parkin gene (exon3). The chromatogram was collected and subjected to sequence alignment using BLAST software. The sequenced exon 3 was visualized for the presence of Mutation. In this study, we have not identified any mutation in exon 3 and conclude that there are possibilities for the involvement of other exons in induction of this disorder to become the basis for a diagnostic test.

3 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

009757   Thakur V V;Tiwari S;Tripathi N;Tiwari G;Sapre S (Biotechnology Centre, Jawaharlal Nehru Agriculture Univ, Jabalpur-482 004, Email: vijaybiotech85@gmail.com) : DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analyses of mentha species using rbcL sequences. Ann Phytomed 2016, 5(1), 59-62.

The genus, Mentha (Mint) is the most important aromatic plant, belonging to the family, Lamiaceae. It is cultivated worldwide for its commercially and medicinally important essential oils. Due to vast morphological variations, molecular characterization of mentha species is essential for its proper identification. For this purpose, DNA barcode rbcL primer was amplified to assess genetic divergence within and between species, using various matrices. In this study, we observed 100% PCR amplification efficiency to recover a quality sequence. The phylogenetic tree from the rbcL data demonstrated that all the mentha species considered for the study, formed monophyletic cluster except hybrid species, M. piperita. The study proves the efficiency of rbcL primer to classify mentha species phylogenetically.

1 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

009756   Tayyab F;Lal S M (NO, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences-SHI, Allahabad-211 007, Email: sapnaslal@rediffmail.com) : Comparative study on supplementation effect of Momordica charantia Linn. and Emblica offocinalis Gaertn. on lipid profile of type II diabetic patients in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. Ann Phytomed 2016, 5(1), 40-42.

Diabetes is a metabolic syndrome, characterized by hyperglycemia and glycosuria. International Diabetes Federation (2015) reported 69.1 million cases of diabetes in India. Deranged carbohydrate metabolism may lead to secondary metabolic complications, mainly associated with lipid and lipoproteins. From the ancient times, India is known as a hub of herbal medicines. Many Indian plants have been investigated for their beneficial use in diabetes. Keeping this fact in mind, this study has been conducted with 150 known diabetic patients in the age group of 35-60 years, out of which, 50 patients were supplemented with fresh fruit juice of Momordica charantia Linn. and 50 patients were given dry fruit powder of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. as supplement and compared with 50 diabetic patients as diabetic control group and 50 normal healthy individuals as a normal control group. Both types of supplementations were given to the patients for 8 weeks with their regular medication, given by their physician. Lipid profile panel tests, viz., total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and VLDL cholesterol were analyzed for the comparative study. It was concluded that the medicinal plants have the potential to control the secondary complications, associated with type II diabetes, mainly cardiac failure. Supplementation with M. charantia was more effective than E. officinalis.

2 tables, 30 ref

009755   Talib Y;Talib S H (Biotechnology Dep, MGM Univ of Health Sciences, Aurangabad) : Gene expression data analysis of brain tumor causing protein from homo sapiens. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2016, 6(3), 82-8.

One of the method to search for similarity between the sequences, fragments, and organisms is alignment, it is a measure of an empirical relationship between sequences. A common objective of sequence similarity calculations is establishing the likelihood for sequence homology: the chance that sequences have evolved from a common ancestor. A similarity score is therefore aimed to approximate the evolutionary distance between a pair of nucleotide or protein sequences. Many implementations for measuring sequence similarity exist, where a general aim is to infer structural or functional characteristics of an unannotated molecular sequence. Type IV collagen proteins are integral components of basement membranes. This gene shares a bidirectional promoter with a paralogous gene on the opposite strand. The protein consists of an amino-terminal 7S domain, a triple-helix forming collagenous domain, and a carboxyl-terminal non-collagenous domain. It functions as part of a heterotrimer and interacts with other extracellular matrix components such as perlecans, proteoglycans and laminins. In addition, proteolytic cleavage of the non-collagenous carboxyl-terminal domain results in a biologically active fragment known as arresten, which has anti-angiogenic and tumor suppressor properties. Mutations in this gene cause porencephaly, cerebrovascular disease, and renal and muscular defects. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. To study these types of disease genes Bioinformatics and Biotechnology stream supports to predict and study the sequential, structural and functional aspects of different fragments.

8 illus, 12 ref

009754   Surain P;Neeraj Kumar;Dhiman R;Meashi V (Microbiology Dep, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra, Haryana, Email: neerajkuk26@gmail.com) : Santalum album: clinical aspects for treatment of Candida infections. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 2813-29.

In present study, we aim to assess the anticandidal activity of crude extracts and screening of bioactive compounds and their identification by NMR, IR and GC-MS. A total of 192 isolates were isolated from patients having oral and vaginal candidiasis and a total of 134 isolates showed positive results with Gram staining. The selected isolates APKU-2, APKU-3 and APKU-4 were identified as C. albicans, C. lusitaniae and C. krusei by studying its morphological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics. Chemical characterization of the extracted compounds was done by H1NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to determine the structure, melting point, and molecular mass of the purified compounds. The crude extracts and purified compounds from the sandalwood holds potential as medications for various antifungal therapeutics. However, further research on their potential incorporation into different preparations, safety and cost- effectiveness remains to be done.

16 ref

009753   Suradkar V B;Wankhade B B;Talreja R G;Talreja M S;Ochani P D (Chemistry Dep, Vidnyan Mahavidyalaya Malkapur, Dist-Buldana, Maharashtra, Email: vinayaksuradkar@gmail.com) : Effect of hydrosol of Ipomea carnea leaves, flowers and Lantana camera leaves on the growth of wheat, maize and cotton plant. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3477-9.

The Wheat, Maize and Cotton are the major crops in the agriculture field specially in Maharashtra, India. So for better productivity this study aims to prepare steam soluble aroma compounds called hydrosols. Hydrosols of different plant species (Ipomea carnea Leaves and Flowers, Lantana Camera Leaves) were prepared by steam distillation method. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect on the growth of Wheat, Maize and Cotton crops by using Ipomea carnea leaves and flowers and Lantena camera leaves. In this study the wheat, maize and cotton crops were germinated in different pots and continuous dosing of hydrosol was applied with fixed quantity and result was observed after 15-days.

9 ref

009752   Sumithra M;Arunachalam G;Chitra V (NO, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Univ, Kattankulathur, Email: sumi26379@gmail.com ) : Sargassumulici folium (Turner) C.Agardh ameliorate oxidative stress induced neuronal degeneration in the animal model of alzheimer's disease. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 1069-74.

Aluminium is a neurotoxic metal, exposure leads to neurodegenerative disease like alzheimer's. Chronic exposure to it is a real eventuality due to its presence in food, air, water, in medicines and as floculating agents in water purification process. It is an important task to control its toxicity by natural source, so the present work aimed to investigate the neuroprotective activity of of Sargassum ilicifolium against aluminium induction. Aluminium chloride of dose (100mg/kg b.wt) was given orally to induce cognitive dysfunction in rats. The ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of dose 100, 200, 400mg/kg and 200mg/kg respectively were selected and administered from 21st day of aluminium induction up to 40 days and in drug treated animals behavioural studies,antioxidant studies, neurotransmitter estimation and finally histopathological studies were performed. The study has revealed the potential neuroprotective effect by improving the learning memory status in behavioural studies, reversing the stress induced free radicals and boosting the neurotransmitters level responsible for memory consolidation.

1 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

009751   Sulthan A;Ahmed T Z;Altaf M;Ahmed M;Shareef M A;Ali M A;Hussain H (Deccan School of Pharmacy, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univ Hyderabad, Telangana State, Email: azharuddinm876@gmail.com) : Cost-effectiveness and pharmacoeconomic analysis of two different combinations of drugs used in osteoporosis patients in a teaching hospital. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 3095-3100.

The purpose of the study is to update and review the latest developments related to modelling and economic evaluation of osteoporosis and further to present a reference model for the assessment of the cost of the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. To find out the most cost-effective drug combination between the two combinations (Alendronate + Vitamin D supplements & Strontium ranelate +Calcium supplements) in osteoporotic & severe osteoporotic patients and health related quality of life of osteoporotic patients. A prospective observational comparative study (Cost-effectiveness Analysis) was carried out in 60 patients in which 30 each in severe and very severe Osteoporotic groups, who are prescribed with any one of the following combinations (Alendronate+Vitamin D supplements and Strontium ranelate+Calcium supplements) were selected. We have used 3 different parameters such as bone mineral density test (initial and final values), health related quality of life and X-Ray. Comparison of costs and effects were done. The mean of the calcium values of group 1 (Alendronate + Vitamin D supplements) during their initial visit were found to be 2.35 mmol/L and the calcium values are profoundly increased after the final visit to 3.75 mmol/L. This increase highly significant statically at 95% of CI. The mean calcium values for the group II (Strontium ranelate +Calcium supplements) during their initial visit were found to be 2.5 mmol/L and this was also increased up to 3.375 mmol/L which was very low when compared to the increment of group I patients who are prescribed with medication (Alendronate+Vitamin D supplements). The overall cost for group I and group II subjects during the 6 months study period was Rs. 40953/- and 54839/- respectively. Also a questionnaire was taken during initial and final visit to measure the quality of life of Osteoporotic patients. Group I patients was responded more positively than group II patients. The model is flexible and allows for the estimation of the cost-effectiveness over different ranges for a selected number of variables (E.g. Age, fracture risk, cost of intervention), thus suggesting that health care costs would also be affected positively. Results from our study show that Alendronate+Vitamin D supplements and supportive care was effective strategy to treat osteoporosis. The usage of strontium ranelate was also effective but its usage caused many side effects and increase in cost to treat those side effects.

12 ref