011620   Ganasekaran N;Kalavathy S (Medical Biochemistry Dep, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa Univ, ETHIOPIA, Email: ngsbio@yahoo.co.uk) : Drought stress signal promote the synthesis of more reduced phenolic compounds (Chloroform insoluble fraction) in Tridax procumbens. Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(1), 128-36.

Plant's are ability to manage with abiotic stress factors are mainly altered the metabolic pathways and produces a varied range of secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolite manufacture is a serious part of the defense response in stress circumstances. Objectives: The study was aim to find out the impact of drought stress factor on in vitro antioxidant potential of chloroform insoluble fraction (phenolics) of leaves and flowers extract of Tridax procumbens. Materials and Methods: The matured leaves and flowers of Tridax were collected widely from the four different locations;- Hilly dry-terrain; Hilly wet-terrain; Low dry-land; Low wet-land. The collected leaves and flowers of Tridax were washed with distilled water, shade dried, coarsely powdered and extracted using 70% ethanol and fractionated by chloroform to obtained chloroform insoluble fractions. The chloroform insoluble fraction then subjected into various in vitro free radical scavenging activities. Results: The drought stress significantly increased the sucrose content in the leaves, chloroform insoluble fractions (water soluble), total phenolics and decreased relative leaf water contents and chloroform soluble fractions when compared with well water state of Tridax. The in vitro free radical scavenging activities results revealed that drought had constructive effects on radical scavenging and antioxidant capacity. In dry land of the Tridax procumbens (both hilly dry-terrain and low dry-land) induced drought stress-related metabolic alterations and free radical production. In this condition Tridax need oversupply of reduced phenolics for tolerance and prevent the oxidative damage of the cells. As a result the metabolic processes are shifted towards biosynthesis of highly reduced phenolics in the Tridax for better adaptation.

10 illus, 1 table, 48 ref

011619   Farooq S;Sehgal A (Zoology Dep, School of Biotechnology and Bioscience, Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara-144 411, Email: sehgalamitres@gmail.com) : Evaluation of antioxidant and antigenotoxic effects of kahwa. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2017, 16(2), 277-83.

Kahwa is an aromatic, refreshing and stimulant traditional drink made of various constituents like saffron, cardamom, cinnamon, clove, liquorice and green tea leaves. The people of Kashmir use several forms of kahwa depending upon the ingredients added, which may have different health benefits. This is the first study to demonstrate the antioxidant and antigenotoxic potential of one of the common forms of kahwa consumed in Baramulla district of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K). The ingredients used for the preparation of this kahwa are saffron, cinnamon and green cardamom. The antioxidant and antigenotoxic effects of kahwa was evaluated by using various in vitro models like DPPH, ABTS, NO, lipid peroxidation, hemolysis and alkaline comet assay. The total phenol and flavonoid content was also determined by using gallic acid and quercetin as a standard. The IC₅₀ values of kahwa for antioxidant assays, such as DPPH, ABTS, NO scavenging and anti lipid peroxidation were 2.15, 4.8, 8.4 and 0.56 mg/ml, respectively. Kahwa was found to have an appreciable amount of polyphenols (7.41 mg GAE/gm) and flavonoids (1.39 mg QE/gm), which may be responsible for its biological activity. Moreover, it was observed that kahwa ameliorates H₂O₂- induced hemolysis and DNA damage. These findings indicated promising antioxidant and antigenotoxic potential of kahwa and further studies are required to explore its health benefits.

8 illus, 28 ref

011618   El-gizawy H A E;Hussein M A (Pharmacognosy Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6th Univ, Sixth of October City, EGYPT, Email: Prof.husseinma@o6u.edu.eg) : Isolation, structure elucidation of ferulic and coumaric acids from Fortunella japonica swingle leaves and their structure antioxiant activity relationship. Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(1), 23-30.

The present study deals with isolation, structure elucidation of ferulic and coumaric acids from Fortunella japonica Swingle leaves and their structure antioxidant activity relationship. Structural analysis was conducted using UV, IR, mass and Nuclear Magentic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In particular, completely assigned 1H and 13C-NMR data are presented. Also, the present study was extended to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of isolated compounds against paracetamol-induced toxicity in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes model. Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were exposed to paracetamol (5 mM) along with/without various concentrations of the isolated compounds (40-80μg/ml). Exposure of isolated hepatocytes to paracetmol resulted in lipid hydroperoxides formation, depletion in protein thiols, superoxide dismutase (SOD), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) levels as well as elevation of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The isolated coumaric and ferulic acids have been found to efficiently inhibit paracetamol-induced biochemical alterations, namely oxidative stress biomarkers and protein oxidation. It also significantly prevented paracetamol-induced loss in the activity of antioxidant enzyme and the important endogenous antioxidant glutathione. The study suggests that coumaric and ferulic acids can act as an antioxidant and hepatoprotective in physiological systems.

2 illus, 6 tables, 43 ref

011617   Dhup S;Kannan D C;Dhawan V (Bioresources and Biotechnology, TERI Univ, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi-110 070, Email: saumya.dhup.18@gmail.com) : Growth, lipid productivity and cellular mechanism of lipid accumulation in microalgae Monoraphidium sp. following different phosphorous concentrations for biofuel production. Curr Sci 2017, 112(3), 539-48.

Stress to an algal species can be caused by several tors ranging from temperature extremes to varying Ight intensities under which they accumulate lipids. Stress caused by nutrient limitation is known to induce maximum lipid accumulation in microalgae. In order to obtain an appropriate phosphate concentration exhibiting both high biomass and high lipid con-itnts, four different concentrations of phosphate were implemented. Mechanism of lipid accumulation was also studied. Of the tested concentrations, no signifi-cint difference between growth rates was observed. Cultures with phosphate concentration 2.7 mg/l exhibited maximum increase in biomass productivity tompared to control. But phosphate concentration 0.5 mg/1 demonstrated the highest lipid productivity (8.75 mg/l/day), in accordance with lipid content (2i.8%). Further, representation of TEM and fluores-KDt microscopic images depicted differences in lipid Ktumulation and sub-cellular ultrastructure at different concentrations of phosphate. Disappearance of phosphate and nitrate from the medium was also eva-bted to study the efficient nutrient concentration and lobetter understand mechanism of lipid enhancement.

6 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

011616   Devi S S;Sreenivasulu Y;Rao K V B ( Environmental Biotechnological Division School of Biosciences and Tec, VIT Univ, Vellore, Tamil Nadu-632 014, Email: kokatibhaskar@yahoo.co.in) : Protective role of Trichoderma logibrachiatum (WT2) on lead induced oxidative stress in Helianthus annus L.. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(4), 235-41.

Lead (Pb⁺²) is a heavy metal and one of the main environmental pollutants, toxic to plants, animals and humans. Pb⁺² contaminated soils affect crop productivity. The availability of heavy metals to plants and their toxicity depends on complex rhizospheric reactions involving not only exchange processes between soil and plants but also microbial activities. Here, we evaluated the Pb⁺² induced oxidative stress in Sunflower, Helianthus annus and also determined the protective role played by the plant growth promoting fungus Trichoderma sp. against this stress. In this study, six isolates of Trichoderma sp. (WT1 to WT6) were screened for the tolerance against different concentrations of Pb⁺². Then we investigated whether Trichoderma sp. (WT2) could be used to combat the Pb⁺² induced oxidative stress in Helianthus annus seedlings. Pot cultures containing 350 and 750 ppm of lead concentrations with and without Trichoderma sp. inoculated soil were maintained. Results indicated significant reduction in root and shoot lengths of seedlings grown in Pb⁺² amended soils after 30 days. The seedling samples were collected in two phases. The levels of SOD, POD and CAT were moderate in 1st phase. After prolonged exposure to Pb⁺², plants grown in uninoculated soil were found to show decreased activities of antioxidant marker enzymes. We observed that Trichoderma inoculation significantly elevated these enzyme levels compared to that of seedlings exposed to Pb⁺². The development of stress-tolerant plant-fungus associations may be a promising strategy for mycoremediation and soil amelioration measures.

3 illus, 47 ref

011615   Deep A;Sandhu S S;Chander S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Email: sandhuss@nitj.ac.in) : Optimization of reaction parameters of transesterification for castor oil. J scient ind Res 2017, 76(2), 115-18.

Castor oil has gained the interest of researchers for being used as alternative to diesel fuel. Castor oil is characterized by high ricinoleic acid. The predominance of ricinoleic acid possesses an unsaturated bond due to which, oil is soluble in alcohol. Several authors had come up with the contradicting results regarding the production of biodiesel through transesterification. In this experimental study, an attempt has been carried out to optimize the various reaction parameters of transesterification of the available castor seed oil with respect to the yield of the biodiesel. The experiments were conducted taking a constant agitating speed and reaction time but varying methanol: oil molar ratio and catalyst concentration. NaOH and KOH were used as catalysts. The results of the study show the optimum reaction conditions for transesterification of castor oil. Various physico-chemical properties were evaluated for castor biodiesel. In-spite of the contradicting results regarding reaction parameters of castor biodiesel production, the viscosity of the biodiesel was found to be comparable to other studies.

2 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

011614   Chiang M;Kurmoo Y;Khoo T J (Centre for Natural & Medicinal Product Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Nottingham Malaysia Campus Uni, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia) : Chemical- and cell-based antioxidant capacity of methanolic extracts of three commonly edible plants from Zingiberaceae family. Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(1), 57-62.

Edible plants belonging to the Zingiberaceae family display various antioxidative properties and widely used as folklore medicines. Three edible plants in Zingiberaceae family; namely Boesenbergia rotunda, Phaeomeria imperialis and Zingiber officinale were selected for secondary metabolites extraction using methanol. All crude extracts were investigated to evaluate their phenolics and flavonoids contents and further compare their antioxidant properties. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu method and Aluminium Complexation Reaction respectively. Conventional DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl), revolutionary CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) in vitro assays were employed to evaluate the antioxidant activities of methanolic plant extracts for the first time. Results: DPPH and CUPRAC antioxidant assays resulted in similar trend to total flavonoid content in the order Z. officinale <62> P. imperialis <62> B. rotunda where as P. imperialis revealed highest phenols content and displayed highest CAA. Methanolic extract of Z. officinale showed highest free radical scavenging ability and hence flavonoids present may potentially act as natural source of antioxidant.

4 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

011613   Chhabra P;Tyagi P;Bhatnagar A;Mittal G;Amit Kumar (Nuclear Medicine Dep, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, New Delhi, Email: amityagi@gmail.com) : Optimization, characterization, and efficacy evaluation of 2% chitosan scaffold for tissue engineering and wound healing. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016, 8(4), 300-8.

Objective is to develop a chitosan-based scaffold and carry out a complete comprehensive study encompassing optimization of exact chitosan strength, product characterization, toxicity evaluation, in vitro validation in cell culture experiments, and finally in vivo efficacy in animal excision wound model. Developed chitosan scaffolds (CSs) were optimized for tissue engineering and wound healing efficacy by means of microstructure, toxicity, and biocompatibility evaluation. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies revealed that porosity of CS decreased with increase in chitosan concentration. Chemical stability and integrity of scaffolds were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared studies. Highest swelling percentage (SP) of 500% was observed in 2%, while lowest (200%) was observed in 1% CS. Reabsorption and noncytotoxic property of optimized scaffold were established by enzymatic degradation and MTT assay. Enzymatic degradation suggested 20-45% of weight loss (WL) within 14 days of incubation. Cytotoxicity analysis showed that scaffolds were noncytotoxic against normal human dermal fibroblast human dermal fibroblast cell lines. Significant cellular adherence over the scaffold surface with normal cellular morphology was confirmed using SEM analysis. In vivo efficacy evaluation was carried out by means of reduction in wound size on Sprague-Dawley rats. Sprague-Dawley rats treated with optimized scaffold showed <126> 100% wound healing in comparison to <126>80% healing in betadine-treated animals within 14 days. Histological examination depicted advance re-epithelization with better organization of collagen bundle in wound area treated with 2% CS in comparison to conventional treatment or no treatment. This study, thus, reveals that 2% CSs were found to have a great potential in wound healing.

9 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

011612   Chaudhury S;Singh H;Bharati K A (Central Botanical Laboratory, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah-711 103, Email: chaudhury.sagari@gmail.com) : Quantitative analyses on ethnogynecological remedies used by Lodhas of Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, India. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2017, 16(2), 325-32.

The aim of the present study was to explore and document medicinal plants frequently utilized by Lodha women of Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal (India) for the treatment of common gynecological ailments. In this present paper four polyherbal and six monoherbal preparations are documented utilizing 29 plant species for the treatment of 11 common gynecological disorders. The data were analyzed using Fidelity Level (FL) and Relative frequency of citation (Rfc). In this investigation, the most useful species ranked according to their Relative frequency of citation (Rfc) and high fidelity level (FL) are: Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult. for leucorrhea, Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhifor dysmenorrhea, Asparagus racemosus Willd. for infertility in women, Musa x paradisiaca L. for menorrhagia, Euphorbia fusiformis Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don for poor lactation and Cassia fistulaL. for post-partum body swelling and temperature control, Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Robertyfor constipation and Shorea robusta Gaertn. for diarrhea during pregnancy. Roots (53%) are found the highest amount among plant parts; dried and powder forms (16) are most frequent among preparation of ethnomedicine for ethnogynecological disorders. A total of 18 medicinal plants for seven gynecological disorder and six preparations for the treatment are reported for the first time from India.

4 illus, 2 table, 40 ref

011611   Chakraborty M;Karmakar I;Haldar S;Das A;Bala A;Haldar P K (Pharmaceutical Technology Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Sodepur, Kolkata, West Bengal, Email: asisbala_ju@yahoo.co.in) : Amelioration of oxidative DNA damage in mouse peritoneal macrophages by Hippophae salicifolia due to its proton (H<. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016, 8(3), 210-16 .

The present study evaluates the antioxidant effect of methanol extract of Hippophae salicifolia (MEHS) bark with special emphasis on its role on oxidative DNA damage in mouse peritoneal macrophages. In vitro antioxidant activity was estimated by standard antioxidant assays whereas the antioxidant activity concluded the H+ donating capacity. Mouse erythrocytes' hemolysis and peritoneal macrophages' DNA damage were determined spectrophotometrically. In vivo antioxidant activity of MEHS was determined in carbon tetrachloride-induced mice by studying its effect on superoxide anion production in macrophages cells, superoxide dismutase in the cell lysate, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and reduces glutathione. The extract showed good in vitro antioxidant activities whereas the inhibitory concentrations values ranged from 5.80 to 106.5 μg/ml. MEHS significantly (P <60> 0.05) attenuated the oxidative DNA damage. It also attenuated the oxidative conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin and elevation of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant in cells. The result indicates MEHS has good in vitro-in vivo antioxidant property as well as the protective effect on DNA and red blood cell may be due to its H+ donating property.

5 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

011610   Chakraborty M;Bhattacharya S;Bose M;Sasmal S K;Gupta M;Mishra R (Physiology Dep, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata-700 009 , Email: roshnaramishra@gmail.com) : Anti-inflammatory activity of cyclo-oxygenase2 inhibitory anionic protein fraction from Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck). Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(2), 88-97.

Aqueous extract of freshwater mussel, Lamellidens marginalis is known to possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Here, we have made an attempt to purify anti-inflammatory protein from Lamellidens marginalis extract (LME). Aqueous LME was prepared, and total protein was precipitated by 60% ammonium sulfate followed by purification through ion exchange chromatography. Isolated fractions were studied for anti-inflammatory activity in in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Active fractions were characterized by SDS PAGE and HPLC. Protein recovered from ammonium sulfate precipitation showed four distinct peaks in diethyl-aminoethyl cellulose ion exchange chromatography when eluted with stepwise salt gradient. Protein fraction eluted in 0.5 M sodium chloride solution showed maximum specific activity and anti-inflammatory activity in acute model and adjuvant induced chronic inflammation model. This fraction also showed cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX2) enzyme inhibitory activity in in-vitro system. In SDS-PAGE 0.5 M NaCl fraction showed multiple bands after Coomassie brilliant blue staining and three distinct peaks in HPLC. In this study, we identified an anti-inflammatory protein fraction with high anionic property which could be attributed to inhibition of COX2 enzyme activity.

6 illus, 39 ref

011609   Callaghan C M;Leggett R E;Levin R M ( Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, UNITED STATES, Email: Robert.levin2@va.gov) : Comparison of the antioxidants and carbohydrates in common wines and grape juices. Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(1), 86-9.

The positive benefits of drinking wine and grape juices for their antioxidant properties have been well documented. Comparing the antioxidants between wine and grape juice as well as different types of each should lead to a better understanding of these benefits. Method: Three wines: Concord grape, Pinot noir, and Pinot grigio, as well as three types of grape juice: homemade purple grape juice, Concord grape, and white were compared. The cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) biochemical test for total antioxidant activity and a carbohydrate biochemical test were used. Result: The Pinot noir had more antioxidants than the Concord grape wine and the Pinot grigio. The purple and Concord grape juices had similar antioxidants and both had significantly higher antioxidants than any of the wines. The white grape juice had low antioxidant levels. All three grape juices had high and similar carbohydrate levels, while the Pinot noir and Pinot grigio were extremely low and the Concord grape wine fell in the middle. This study confirms that purple grapes and red wine have significantly more antioxidants than do green grapes or white wine. This study supports the drinking of both purple grape juice and red wine for their antioxidant activity.

3 tables, 21 ref

011608   Boi V N;Cuong D X;Vinh P T K (NO, Nhatrang Univ, Ministry of Training and Education Nguyen, Dinh Chieu street, Nhatrang city, Khanhhoa province, Vietnam, Email: minhboint@yahoo.com) : Effects of extraction conditions over the phlorotannin content and antioxidant activity of extract from brown algae Sargassum serratum (Nguyen Huu Dai 2004). Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(1), 115-22.

This study focused on the discussion of effect of various extraction conditions for phlorotannin content and antioxidant activities extracted from brown algae Sargassum serratum. The algae was grown in the tropical coastal areas of Vietnam. The various extraction conditions include the following parameters: temperature (30-80°C), maceration time (1/2-2,5 hours; 8-48 hrs), the ratio of solvent to material (10:1-70:1 (v/w)), pH (2-8), various kind of solvents (ethanol, acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-hexan) and solvent concentrations. Phlorotannin content, antioxidant activities, and some phytochemical compositions of Sargassum serratum were evaluated. Results: The highest phlorotannin content and antioxidant activities was expressed when extracting in the following conditions: 100% ethanol solvent at 50°C in 32 hours with the ratio of solvent to material of 40/1 (v/w), pH 7 and one-step extraction. The extract contained flavonoid, terpenoid, alkaloid, fatty and oil. DPPH free radical scavenging of the extract was 87.53%. Phlorotannin content and antioxidant activities extracted from Sargassum serratum was depended on the extracting conditions. The condition of extraction for antioxidant phlorotannin and the chemical composition of extract was determined. Brown algae Sargassum serratum has high antioxidant phlorotannin content. A total of 6 compounds were identified from the extract of Sargassum serratum.

7 illus, 1 table, 44 ref

011607   Bhatt P C;Kapoor R;Panda B P (Microbial and Pharamaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, centre for advanced Research in Pharmaceutical science, Faculty of Pha, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110 062, Email: Bibhu_panda31@rediffmail.com) : Purification and biochemical characterisation of Menaquione-7 free,pure Nattokinase from Bacillus Subtilis MTCC 2616. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2015, 52(3-4), 248-53.

Nattokinase (NK) was produced under solid state fermentation (SSF) of soybean with Bacillus subtilis MTCC 2616. The NK and menaquinone-7 (MK-7) possess different biological activities; NK dissolves fibrin clots, whereas MK 7 is required for the formation of blood clotting. This difference in the activity emphasises the need to prepare NK free of MK-7 to achieve the maximum therapeutic benefits of NK as the MK-7 activity acts a hindrance for NK to be a fibrinolytic enzyme. The fibrinolytic activity of purified NK was found to be 504.4 FU/mg and total protein content of 9.5 mg. The molecular mass of pure NK was found to be around 28 kDa, as revealed by SDS-PAGE. The purified enzyme was MK-7 free, as revealed by HPLC. The optimal pH and temperature of the purified NK for maximum fibrinolytic activity was found to be 8 and 40°C, respectively. The fibrinolytic activity of NK was activated by Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ and inhibited by Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, EDTA, Mn²⁺ and Fe³⁺, respectively. In conclusion, a MK-7 free NK with high fibrinolytic activity has been obtained in the present study, which may have potential in prevention of thrombotic and cardiovascular diseases.

4 illus, 1 table. 17 ref

011606   Bhanu Kumar;Shukla P K;Niranjan A;Mishra A; Rawat A K S;Srivastava S (Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001, Email: sharad_ks2003@yahoo.com) : RP-HPLC qunatification of five phenolic compounds in Biophytum sensitivum(L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae) and their biological evaluation. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2017, 16(2), 319-24.

Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae) is a widely used medicinal plant in traditional medicinal systems across the globe. The present study deals with the RP-HPLC quantification of five phenolic acids, along with the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of the aerial parts ofthe plant as a scientific investigation of traditional claims of its use as an antioxidant and antidiabetic agent. Anatomy of the stem was done to aid in exploring identification parameters for this plant. Among the five identified phenolic markers, caffeic acid exhibits the highest concentration (352.47 μg/gm), followed by ferulic acid (242.28 μg/gm), gallic acid (233.55 μg/gm), chlorogenic acid (192.06 μg/gm), and rutin (64.67 μg/gm). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the methanolic extract were found to be 87.0 ± 0.404 mg/gm GAE and 14.268 ± 0.055 mg/gm QE, respectively. The IC₅₀ value for the in vitro DPPH method was 0.164 ± 0.411 mg/ml. In vitro antidiabetic activity was analyzed by the starch-iodine assay and the 3,5-DNS method which displayed IC₅₀ values of 0.636 ± 0.05 mg/ml and 1.214 ± 0.04 mg/ml, respectively. The in vitro study results suggest promising antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of the plant which supports its use in the traditional systems of medicine.

3 illus, 2 table, 32 ref

011605   Bhagat M;Saxena A;Bushan S;Arora J S;Saxena A K (School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu-180 006, Email: madhulikabhagat@rediffmail.com) : Cytotoxic effect of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. and inducedof apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2015, 52(3-4), 232-8.

The anticancer potential of Cuscuta reflexa (whole plant extract), a holoparasitic plant collected from its host plant Euphorbia royleana was evaluated by testing its in vitro cytotoxicity and induction of cell death by apoptosis. Among three extracts (95% alcoholic, 50% hydro-alcoholic and aqueous extracts) and four fractions (n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water) of alcoholic extract, the 95% alcoholic extract (A001) and its chloroform fraction (F002) showed significant cytotoxic activity human cancer cell lines. Both A001 and F002 inhibited cell proliferation and showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against cervix (HeLa), prostate (DU-145), promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60), colon (50273) and ovary (OVCAR 5) human cancer cell lines. Both A001 and F002 induced apoptosis in HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukemia) cell line, as revealed by several biological end points viz., DNA ladder formation, annexin-V-FITC binding, cell cycle analysis and caspases induction. The F002 showed better activity than A001 by inducing apoptotic bodies formation, apoptotic DNA fragmentation, enhanced annexin-V-FITC binding of the cells, increase of G2/M phase cell cycle and induction of caspase-9,-8 and-3 activities, indicating the involvement of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis. The results suggested that both A001 and F002 induced apoptosis through both mitochondrial-dependent and independent pathway in HL-60 cells. Thus, apoptotic effect of F002 against HL-60 cells suggests its potential in development as an anticancer drug.

4 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

011604   Belapurkar P;Goyal P;Kar A (Biotechnology Dep, IPS Academy, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Email: pranotivivek@gmail.com) : In vitro evaluation of bioremediation capacity of a commercial probiotic, Bacillus coagulans, for chromium (VI) and lead (II) toxicity. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016, 8(4), 272-6.

The bioaccumulation of heavy metals including chromium (VI) (Cr (VI)) and lead (II) (Pb (II)) causes fatal toxicity in humans. Some naturally occurring bacterial genera such as Bacillus and Pseudomonas help in bioremediation of these heavy metals and some of the species of Bacillus are proven probiotics. However, no study has been conducted on Bacillus coagulans, which is a proven probiotic species of genus Bacillus. The primary objective of the present study was to assess the potential of a proven probiotic, B. coagulans, marketed as "Sporlac-DS," to survive in the presence of Cr (VI) and Pb (II) and its ability to reduce its concentration in vitro. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the organism for Cr (VI) and Pb (II) was determined followed by its biochemical and morphological characterization. Its antibiotic sensitivity and probiotic efficacy were assessed. Further, its bioremediation capacity was observed in vitro by determining the residual Cr (VI) and Pb (II) concentration after 72 h. B. coagulans could tolerate up to 512 ppm concentration of Cr (VI) and had an MIC of 128 ppm for Pb (II). After 72 h, the organism reduced 32 ppm Cr (VI) and 64 ppm Pb (II) by 93% and 89%, respectively. When B. coagulans was studied before and after growing on Cr (VI) and Pb (II) for 24 h, an increase was seen in sensitivity toward the tested antibiotics whereas no change was observed in morphological and biochemical characters. It also showed no change in their bile and acid tolerance, indicating that it retains its probiotic efficacy. The tested probiotic B. coagulans may have a potential role in bioremediation of Cr (VI) and Pb (II), in vivo.

3 illus, 2 tables, 46 ref

011603   Bawazir A E (Biology (Zoology) Dep, Faculty of Girls Education, Scientific Dep, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah, Saudia Arabia, Email: ebawazir@kau.edu.sa) : Effects of energy drink (Red bull) on some neurotransmitters content and histological strcture in the hippocampus region in male albino rats. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(2), 263-76.

Energy drinks (Red bull) is the most consumed in Saudi Arabia by different groups ages in recent times, especially by young age. It is one of the substances that cause many damages such as neurotoxicity, damage of nerve cells and impact on memory and learning difficulties. This study aims to determine the impact of oral administration of red bull on hippocampus tissue. 3.1 ml of red bull and saline (control) were daily administered orally for 3 weeks to rats. Neurotransmitters levelsincluding (Norepinephrine (NE), Dopamine (DA) and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acids (GABA)) were measured and hippocampus tissues were used for histological assay. The result of the study showed that the levels of neurotransmitter were decreased in red bull administered rat. The histopathological findings of the hippocampus brain show that there were degeneration of nerve cells and nuclei, sharp abnormalities in pyramidal cells. This change will affect the memory.

7 illus, 40 ref

011602   Arif M;Fareed S;Rahman M A (Pharmacy Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral Univ, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: arif_sweet@rediffmail.com) : Stress relaxant and antioxidant activitirs of acid glycoside from Spondias mangifera fruit against physically and chemically challenged albino mice. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016, 8(1), 58-63.

Stress relaxant and antioxidant activities of ethanolic extract of fruit Spondias mangifera (EEFSM) and its isolated compound (Sm-01) were evaluated. The structure of Sm-01 was also elucidated. EEFSM at two different doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg (bw)/day and Sm-01 at dose of 10 mg/kg (bw)/day were screened for in vivo stress relaxant activity using anoxia stress tolerance, swimming endurance and cyclophosphamide-induced immune suppression model and in vitro antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) model. The levels of Hb, red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) along with organ and body weights suppressed by cyclophosphamide were estimated. The structure of Sm-01 was elucidated by spectroscopy (ultraviolet, infrared, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR], 13C-NMR and mass spectrometry) and chemical analyses. Sm-01 was structurally elucidated as propan-1,2-dioic acid-3-carboxyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(6'→ 1")-β-D-glucofuranoside. It was found that EEFSM and Sm-01 significantly increased the anoxia stress tolerance, swimming endurance and duration of stay on rotarod and normalized the levels of Hb, RBC, and WBC along with altered organ and body weights suppressed by cyclophosphamide. EEFSM and Sm-01 also exhibited significant antioxidant activity against DPPH free radical at the concentrations of 0.05, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL with obtained IC₅₀ of 0.32 and 0.15 mg/mL, respectively. These findings demonstrated that extract and Sm-01 both possess significant stress relaxant and antioxidant activities favoring its use as adaptogens. The activities of the extract may be due to the Sm-01.

3 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

011601   Anjali Raj;Mruthunjaya K;Madhunapantula S R V;Manjula S N (Pharmacology Dep, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Univ , Mysuru, Karnataka, Email: snmanjula@jssuni.edu.in) : Comparative assessment of the anti-oxidant and anti-clastogenic activity of Morus alba leaves. Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(1), 123-7.

The present study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant and anti-clastogenic activity of fractions extracted from Morusalba (Moraceae) leaves. The leaves of Morus alba were sequentially extracted using n-Hexane, Petroleum Ether, Ethyl Acetate, Methanol and Water, and Total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteau (FC) reagent. The anti-oxidant property of each fraction was determined using 2-Deoxy-D-ribose, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Furthermore, anti-clastogenic potential of these fractions was determined using calf-thymus DNA in the presence of Fenton's reagent followed by analyzing the samples by agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: All fractions showed the presence of varied amounts of total phenols and exhibited anti-oxidant activity as determined by scavenging the corresponding radicals. Among these fractions the methanol fraction (MEMA) showed the maximum phenol content as well as anti-oxidant activity. In addition MEMA could inhibit the breakage of DNA strands (anti-clastogenic activity) compared to other fractions tested. Discussion: Results of this study suggests that MEMA is likely to possess better antioxidant and anti-clastogenic activity.

1 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

011600   Alnahdi H S (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Science- Al Faisaliah, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah-Saudi Arabia, Email: halnahdi@kau.edu.sa) : Injury in metabolic gland induced by pyrethroid insecticide could be reduced by aqueous extract of Sassura lappa. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(2), 86-97.

The current study was undertaken to assess the protective effect of 70% methanolic. extract of Sassura lappa (costus, CT) against oxidative stress and metabolic disorders caused by deltamethrin (DM) insecticide in rats Sixty adult male albino rats were divided into six groups : G1 control group; G2, plant extract treated group (300 mg/kg); G3 (DML), rats treated with a low dose of DM (1/30 LD50; 2 mg/kg) ; G4 (CTDML), rats treated with costus extract one hour prior the low dose of DM administration; G5 (DMH), rats treated with a high dose of DM(1/15LD50;4 m/kg); G6 (CTDMH), rats treated with costus extract one hour prior the high dose of DM administration. The data revealed significant reduction in hemogram parameters (RBCs, Hb and PCV) accompanied with leukocytosis in both DML and DMH groups. The result also showed that a marked elevation in the oxidative stress biomarker, MDA, with concomitant decreases in the antioxidant enzymes, namely catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) versus control group. A marked decrease in plasma triiodothyronine (T3) of both DML and DMH rat groups, while a reduction in thyroxin (T4) was recorded in plasma of DML rat group. These results were confirmed by degenerative changes in histomorphological architecture of the thyroid gland. A remarkable elevation in plasma glucose and lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C and HDL-C) was observed in both DM intoxicated groups. Administration of costus extract successfully could mitigate the toxic impact of DM on most of the studied parameters. The present study may suggest that the protective ingestion of costus extract could alleviate the oxidative stress as well as the metabolic and thyroid disorders induced in rats under the effect of DM toxicity.

1 illus, 2 tables, 55 ref

011599   Almulaiky Y Q;Alshawafi W M;Al-Talhi H A; Zeyadi M;Anwar F;Al-abbasi F A;Khan R;Vikas Kumar (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah, KINGDOM of SAUDI ARABIA, Email: ruqaiyahkhan@gmail.com) : Avaluation of the antioxidant potential and antioxidant enzymes of some Yemeni grape cultivars. Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(1), 74-9.

The evaluation of antioxidant activity of grape from different cultivars was conducted by several methods. Materials and Methods: Scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, scavenging of 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and formation of phosphate/molybdenum complex. Results: The phenolic content of peel and flesh from different cultivars of grapes showed concentration dependent scavenging of DPPH and ABTS radicals and formation of phosphate/ molybdenum complex. The results appeared high values of correlation coefficient (R²) between phenolic content of grapes and antioxidant activity indicating the strong correlation. The antioxidant assay IC₅₀ value was variable among different grape cultivars. The activities of antioxidant enzymes were screened in the crude extracts of the peel and flesh of the grape cultivars tested, which had high, moderate and low levels of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and catalase, respectively. The results indicated that the imported grapes retained the most antioxidant activities. Finally, this study will be supply information on the antioxidant activity of grapes that benefits grapes producers, nutritionists and consumers.

2 illus, 6 tables, 39 ref

011598   Ali A;Jameel M;Ali M (Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Phytochemistry Research Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Email: maliphyto@gmail.com) : New fatty acid and acyl glycoside from the aerial parts of Phyllanthus fraternus webster. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016, 8(1), 43-46.

Phyllanthus fraternus Webster (Euphorbiaceae) is used to treat dyspepsia, indigestion, jaundice, dysentery, diabetes, influenza, kidney stones, urinary tract diseases, vaginitis, and skin eruptions in traditional systems of medicine. The methanol extract of aerial parts of P. fraternus was obtained by soxhlation method. Isolation of compounds was done by silica gel column chromatography. Analytical thin layer chromatography was used to check the homogeneity of eluted fractions. The structures of isolated compounds were established on the basis of spectral studies and chemical reactions. Phytochemical investigation of a methanolic extract of the aerial parts yielded a new fatty acid characterized as cis-n-octacos-17-enoic acid (5) and a new acyl tetraglycoside formulated as n-dodecanoyl-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2' → 1")-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2" → 1'")-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2'''→1'''')- O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7) along with known compounds 1-pentacosanol (1), β-sitosteryl oleate (2), β-sitosteryl linoleate (3), stigmasterol (4) and palmityl glucuronoside (6).

1 illus, 14 ref

011597   Alhassan A M;Ahmed Q U (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic Univ Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang DM, Malaysia, Email: quahmed@iium.edu.my) : Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.: a raview of its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016, 8(4), 265-71.

Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. is principally cultivated for medicinal purposes in many tropical and subtropical countries of the world. Literature survey about this plant shows that A. bilimbi is mainly used as a folk medicine in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and as an antimicrobial agent. The prime objective of this review is to accumulate and organize literature based on traditional claims and correlate those with current findings on the use of A. bilimbi in the management of different ailments. Through interpreting already published scientific manuscripts (1995 through 2015) retrieved from the different scientific search engines, namely Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, and Science Direct databases, published articles and reports covering traditional and scientific literature related to A. bilimbi's potential role against various ailments have been thoroughly evaluated, interpreted, and discussed. Several pharmacological studies have demonstrated the ability of this plant to act as antidiabetic, antihypertensive, thrombolytic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and hypolipidemic agent. A. bilimbi holds great value in the complementary and alternative medicine as evidenced by the substantial amount of research on it. Therefore, we aimed to compile an up-to-date and comprehensive review of A. bilimbi that covers its traditional and folk medicine uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Hence, this paper presents an up-to-date and comprehensive review of the ethnomedicinal uses, different chemical constituents, and pharmacological activities of A. bilimbi. So far, the biologically active agents have not been isolated from this plant and this can be a good scientific study for the future antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antimicrobial implications. Hence, this review targets at emphasizing the diverse traditional claims and pharmacological activities of A. bilimbi with respect to carrying out more scientific studies to isolate active principles through advanced technology.

52 ref

011596   Alfred S;Kimberlee T (NO, , The Sparman Clinic and 4H Hospital, 6th Avenue, Belleville, St Michael, Barbados, Email: clinphys@gmail.com) : Safety profile and effect on libido of a combined Bryophyllum pinnatum, Moringa oleifera and vitamin C phytotherapeutic agent. Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(2), 156-9.

Both Moringa oleifera and Bryophyllum pinnatum are well known phytotherapeutics with a range of potential applications that capitalize on their anti-oxidant properties, ranging from improving risk factors for cardiovascular disease to increasing sexual desire. The literature, however, mainly focuses on these effects in-vitro or in non-human subjects. We aimed to investigate the side effects of a combination agent with known proportions of these two phytotherapeutics, as well as to determine any effect on the human sexual drive. Sixty nine (n=69) participants were enrolled in a prospective cohort study and followed up for a minimum of six months. Data regarding adverse effects and libido was determined from a 22-item Quality of Life questionnaire as well as a checklist of common side-effects completed at each monthly follow-up. Eight participants were lost to follow-up; in the remaining participants there were no reported major adverse effects. No abnormal bleeding, urinary tract infections, asthma exacerbations, or changes in memory were reported. Minor issues reported by participants taking the agent included fluctuations in appetite (22.9%) and sleep pattern (16.4%), gastrointestinal upset (14.7%), respiratory symptoms, such as shortness of breath or wheezing (8.1%), and muscle aches (8.1%). Women did not report a change in libido whereas 31.8% of men reported a statistically significant increase in libido by their second to third follow up (p<60>0.05). This study acts as a small preliminary report and suggests that combination M. oleifera, B. pinnatum and vitamin C has a favorab safety profile and may increase libido in human males.

2 tables, 18 ref

011595   Alamgeer;Qayyum R;Asif H (Pharmacology Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ of Sargodha, Pakistan, Email: alam_yuchi@yahoo.com) : Effect of crude extract of Grewia asiatica L. on lipid profile and coagulation parameters of rats and mice. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2017, 16(2), 216-20.

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of aqueous methanol extract of Grewia asiatica L. (500 mg/kg; p.o for 28 days) on lipid profile and coagulation parameters of Sprague Dawley rats and Swiss Albino mice. Lipid profile (triglyceride, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein in mg/dL) and coagulation parameters (thrombin, prothrombin, activated partial thromboplastin and fibrinogen time in s) were studied on 29th day at the completion of treatment period using standard kits. Aqueous methanol extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg showed significant decrease in serum cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein level in both rats and mice as compared to control and hyperlipidemic group. Moreover, there was a significant increase in high density lipoprotein, thrombin, prothrombin, activated partial thromboplastin and fibrinogen time both in rats as well as mice. There was no mortality and sign of toxicity observed in the extract treated animals during the study.

4 illus, 18 ref

011594   Al-Seeni M N (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Email: mnalsiny@kau.edu.sa) : Test of the efficiency of desert rose (Adeniumarabicum forssk.) seeds as a hypolipidemic and and an antioxidant in male albino rats. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(2), 22-36.

The seed powder of desert rose was orally supplemented in the diet to hypercholesterolemic male rats for 8 weeks to test its effect as an antioxidant and hypolipidemic. Eighteen rats were divided into three groups (n=6); the first group was the negative untreated control group, the second group was fed 2% cholesterol in the diet to induce hypercholesterolemia (positive control) and the third group was fed 2% cholesterol and cotreated with 100 mg/kg body weight desert rose seed. The positive control group showed a significant increase in lipid peroxide, lipid profile parameters, liver enzymes, and kidney function parameters and a significant decrease in antioxidant enzymes; glutathione reduced (GSH), serum glutathione reductase (GR) and serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the serum and kidney and liver tissue homogenate. Furthermore, liver, kidney, heart and testes tissues showed pathological changes compared with that of the negative control group. Treating the hypercholesterolemic rats with desert rose seeds for 8 weeks ameliorated the antioxidant enzyme activity, liver and kidney functions, and decreased lipid peroxidation. It was also restored the histology of the studied organs to their normal state. The desert rose seeds powder has hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity on hypercholesterolemic male rats. Desert rose seeds have also improved the tissues of the target organs in hypercholesterolemic rats under study.

4 illus, 10 tables, 24 ref

011593   Al-Eisa R A;Khouja H I;Al-Nahari H A ( Biology Dep, Faculty of Science, Taif Univ, Taid Saudi Arabia) : Tumeric (Curcuma longa) protection against the liver toxicity caused by Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) in adult male rats. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(2) , 110-27.

Recently increased attention is being paid to most aluminum compound due to their serious effects on the energy metabolism and hematology, fertility and reproduction. Natural products are good options when treating heavy metals toxicity because of their effectiveness, fewer side effects and relatively low cost. The study was made on 336(8 weeks old) male albino Wistar rats (weighing between 150-200 g). The animals were given a dose of Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3) (30mg/kg) every other day intraperitoneally for eight weeks, and a dose of Turmeric (Curcuma Longa) (4mg/kg) daily intraperitoneally for eight weeks. The following parameters were measured in blood serum: glucose, total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT). Aluminum Chloride caused an increase in serum glucose levels, total cholesterol and triglycerides, bilirubin, ALP, AST, ALT and GGT. Aluminum Chloride caused a decrease of total protein and albumin level, and caused hepatocytic degenerations and necrosis in addition to severe vascular congestion, especially in the portal blood vessel in the liver, while Curcuma Longa ameliorates these effects near to their normal values.

14 illus, 10 tables, 47 ref

011592   Al-Eisa R A;Al-Nahari H A (Biology Dep, Faculty of Science, Taif Univ, Taif, Saudi Arabia) : Attenuating effect of royal jelly on hormonal parameters in aluminum chloride (AlCl3) intoxicated rats. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(2), 70-85.

The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effect of royal jelly (RJ) against Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3) toxicity on Pituitary, Thyroid and Sex Hormones in addition to histological sections of testis. The animals were given a dose of Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3) (30mg/kg) every other day intraperitoneally for eight weeks, and a dose of Royal jelly (RJ) (400mg/kg) daily in drinking water for eight weeks. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxin (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), percentage of triiodothyronine to thyroxin (T3/T4) and testosterone level were measured in blood serum. AlCl3 caused a significant decrease of FSH, LH, TSH, T4, T3, T3/T4 and testosterone, and caused the development of oligospermia, hypoplasia, congested blood vessel and exfoliated tubules in the testis, but royal jelly attenuates these effects.

20 illus, 7 tables, 59 ref

011591   Aksoy-Sagirli P;Yilmaz-Ozden T;Ozsoy N;Celik B O;Kultur S;Melikoglu G (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul Univ, Istanbul-34116, Turkey, Email: gulaymelikoglu@hotmail.com) : In vitro biological effects of crataegus microphylla C. Koch. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2017, 16(2), 189-96.

Cratageus species are rich in phenols and flavonoids, which are active compounds that possess beneficial effects. This study aimed to identify the antioxidant, antimicrobial, DNA damage protection activities, and the capacities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thioredoxin reductase (ThxR), and a-glucosidase inhibition of the methanol extract of Cratageus microphylla. The plant extract inhibited the formation of free radicals in various assay systems, such as 2,-2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), lipid peroxidation (anti-LPO) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. According to the findings, the extract inhibited the lipid peroxidation and neutralized stable DPPH, and ABTS cation radicals with EC₅₀ values of 0.766 ± 0.026 mg/mL, 0.207 ± 0.009 mg/mLand 0.756 ± 0.048 mg/mL, respectively. The extract also acted as a reductant as indicated by the FRAP value (2.841 ± 0.096 mM Fe²⁺), thus exhibiting its potential as an antioxidant. Moderate AChE (4.94 ± 0.29 mg/mL) and a-glucosidase (14.41 ± 0.29 mg/mL) and significant ThxR (EC₅₀ = 0.61 ± 0.06 mg/mL) inhibition activities were observed. DNA damage formation in in vitro assays was 51% at 0.78 μg/mL concentrations. Therefore, C. microphylla can be considered as a good source of antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticholinesterase, and anticancer agents.

2 illus, 3 table, 46 ref

011590   Ak-Bishri W M (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Science-Al Faisaliah, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah, KSA, Email: walbishry@kau.edu.sa) : Attenuating impacts of chromium and nano resveratrol against hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(2), 61-9.

Oxidative stress is a deleterious impact, plays a key role in diabetic complications. The current work was designed to assess the hypoglycemic action of either nanoresveratrol (nano- Resv) or chromium picolinate (CrPic) and their effects in attenuating hyperglycemic stress induced in diabetic rats. Induction of diabetes in rats was performed by injection of intraperitoneal single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (40mg/Kg body weight). Nano- Resv (20mg/Kg b.w.) or CrPic (80 μg/Kg b.w.) were administered orally to diabetic rats for thirty successive days. The results demonstrated that both nano-Resv and CrPic markedly down regulated the serum glucose content and increased the level of serum insulin in diabetic animals. The study also showed that treatment by both agents, significantly modulated the increase in the serum oxidative stress biomarker, nitric oxide (NO), and the decreases in the serum antioxidant markers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione GSH). Conclusion: The current study proved that both nano- Resv and CrPic have a potential impact in modulating hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and may candidate as useful drugs in controlling diabetes related oxidative stress.

1 table, 57 ref

011589   Abdel-Raouf N;Al-Enazi N M;Ibraheem I B M; Alharbi R M;Alkhulaifi M M (Botany and Mirobiology Dep, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef Univ, Beni-Suef, Egypt, Email: ibraheemborie@science.bsu.edu.eg) : Bactericidal efficacy of Ag and Au nanoparticles synthesized by the marine alga Laurencia catarinensis. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(2), 213-26.

A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of AgNPs and AuNPs prepared by the marine alga Laurencia catarinensis against six pathogens of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. All extracts proved efficient activity against these pathogenic bacterial species.

4 tables, 21 ref

010609   Yarbagi K;Rajana N;Babu J M;Rao B V;Douglas P (NO, , Custom Pharmaceutical Services, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Bollaram road, Miyapur, Hyderabad-500 049, Email: kaviraj@drreddys.com) : Identification, method development and method validation for the process and degradation impurities of vardenafil Hcl by RP-UPLC and UPLC-TOF. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 107-19.

This present work is on method development of assay and related substances of Vardenafil HCl and degradation of drug substance under acid, base hydrolysis and oxidation conditions. Identification of the impurities were done by the UPLC-TOF. Waters LCT Premier time of flight HRMS instrument with 5 ppm accuracy employed for degradation impurity identification. The validation of the method for its impurities was done in RP-UPLC chromatography as per the ICH Q2(R1) guidelines and the validation parameters such as specificity with all the process and degradation impurities, linearity, precision, accuracy, solution stability, mobile phase stability, robustness and ruggedness parameters met acceptance criteria as per ICH guidelines.

22 ref

010608   Wulandari A S;Tandrasasmita O M;Tandrawinata R R (Section of Molecular Pharmacology, Research Innovation and Invention, Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular S, PT Dexa Medica, Industri Selatan V, Block PP No. 7, Jababeka Industrial Estate II, Cikarang, West Java, 17550, Indonseia, Email: raymond@dexa.medica.com) : Immunomodulatory and macrophage activating activity of Lactobacillus fermentum DLBSA204 in response to respiratory infection in a cellular model. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(3), 1291-302.

Lactobacillus fermentum DLBSA204 is an isolated lactic acid bacterium (LAB) from human breast milk. This study focused on the effects of L. fermentum DLBSA204 on macrophage cell proliferation with MTS assay using murine RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cell line as well as related molecular changes associated with macrophage activation. It was demonstrated that L. fermentum DLBSA204 can activate macrophage cell by increasing Nitric Oxide and cytokine expression level. Moreover, this LAB was able to increase phagocytic activity of macrophage. L. fermentum DLBSA204 was also able to inhibit the adhesion of Streptococcus pneumoniae on lung cells. In conclusion, L. fermentum DLBSA204 works as an immunomodulator and macrophage activator.

8 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

010607   Widyaningrum T;Prastowo I;Parahadi M;Prasetyo A D (Biology Education Dep, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Ahmad Dahlan Univ, Kampus III, Jl. Prof. Dr.Soepomo, Janturan, Yogyakarta 5164, Indonesia) : Production of bioethanol from the hydrolysate of brown seaweed (Sargassum crassifolium) using a naturally β-glucisodase producing yeast Saccharomyces cereviceae JCM 3012. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(3), 1333-40.

The efforts to produce bioethanol using non-crop raw material are recently developed. Sargassum crassifolium is a promising raw material for biofuel production since containing a high concentration of polysaccharides. Pre-treatment of seaweed at working pressure of 15 Psi, temperature of 121 °C and sulphuric acid concentration of 0.2 M increased the reducing sugars concentration up to 26.68 g/l. The application of cellulase (0.5 g/ml) helped increasing the reducing sugars concentration up to 2.56 times (increasing up to 68.32 g/l). Fermentation using a naturally β-glucosidase producing yeast, Saccharomyces cereviceae (JCM 3012) (0.15 g/ml), produced the final bioethanol conversion up to 90.99%. The activity of β-glucosidase increased up to 20.39 U/ml during fermentation that assisted the degradation of seaweed.

5 illus, 1 table, 41 ref

010606   Verma P;Paswan S K;Verma S;Singh S P;Rao C V; Shrivastava S;Gupta R K (Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Div, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001, Email: preetverma06@gmail.com) : Assessment of hepaoprotective activity of Musa paradisica linn. whole plant extract against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in wistar rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 126-31.

Ethonolic whole plant extract of Musa paradisica has a multiple pharmacological activities including antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticancer effects. The present study aims to determine the effect of Musa paradisica on serum and tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and the histology in carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced liver injury. Wister rats aged were injected Intraperitoneally with 50% CCl₄ in olive oil. Musa paradisica was orally administered before or after CCl₄ treatment in various groups. Twenty-four hours after CCl₄ injection, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, serum and liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured and Histological changes of liver were examined by microscopy. Serum ALT and AST activities significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in both pre-treatment and post-treatment groups with ethonolic whole plant extract of Musa paradisica. The present study demonstrates that Musa paradisica possesses hepatoprotective effects against CCl₄- induced hepatotoxicity and that the effects are both preventive and curative. Musa paradisica should have potential for developing a new drug to treat liver toxicity.

29 ref

010605   Ugwoke C E S;Eze K A;Techimene K M;Anze S P G (Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicine Dep, Nigeria Univ, Nsukka, Nigeria International Centre for Ethnomedicine and Drug Development, 110, Aku Road, Nsukka, Nigeria) : Pharmacognostic evaluation and antimicrobial studies on Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae). Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 88-94.

The pharmacognostic evaluation, anatomy and antimicrobial potentials of the leaf, stem and root of Moringa oleifera Lam were evaluated. Powdered extracts obtained from the various plant organs were used for the analytical standardization. The methanolic plant extracts were assayed for antimicrobial activities using the Agar well diffusion method. This was compared with standard antibiotics, Gentamicin and ketoconazole. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of the methanolic plant extracts against the sensitive microorganisms was determined via the turbidity method. The results of the analytical standardization of the powdered leaf, stem and root of Moringa oleifera were found to be within pharmacopoeial standards. The results of the anatomical studies showed normal tissue distribution with distinctive features and structures, which could be instrumental for delimiting other closely related species. The - 96 - phytochemical analysis revealed varying concentrations of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, resins, proteins and carbohydrates. The plants extracts exhibited antibacterial activities against all test bacteria. The stem extract particularly was better effective against Salmonella typhi than Standard antibiotic Gentamicin, with an MIC of 10.89 mg/ml and 13.88 mg/ml respectively.

23 ref

010604   Souza A V V D;Britto D D;Santos U S D;Bispo L D P;Turatti I C C;Lopes N P;Oliveira A P D;Almeida J R G D S (NO, Centro de pesquisa agropecuaria do tropico semaiarido (EMBRAPA Semaia, Brazil, Email: douglas.britto@embrapa.br) : Influence of season, drying temperature and extraction time on the yield and chemial composition of 'marmeleiro' (Croton sonderianus) essential oil. J essential Oil Res 2017, 29(1), 76-84.

The Caatinga biome is a source of hundreds aromatic plants with medicinal, food and cosmetics potential applications. One of them is Croton sonderianus which essential oil chemical composition and yielding were studied in function of season of harvesting, pre-treatment temperature and time of extraction. In average, after Gas Chromatography analysis, the four major components were spathulenol (40%), 1,8-cineole (25%), a-pinene (8%) and caryophyllene oxide (6%), but such percentage varied greatly in function of the three parameters studied. Sample submitted to drying pre-treatment at 40°C and 2 hours of extraction time resulted in the highest yielding. Components such as spathulenol decreased near 20% from the dry to rainy season, while for germacrene D its amounts increased in the period. Such results will give support for C. sonderianus management in the field cultivation and essential oil exploration.

5 illus, 2 table, 38 ref

010603   Sinha S;Amarendra Kumar (Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Dep, Bihar Agricultural Univ, Sabour, Bhagalpur-813 210, Email: kumaramar05@gmail.com) : Evaluation of economical and rapid method of plant DNA extraction for PCR analysis of different crops. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(2), 866-70.

In the recent genomic era, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become a basic tool in molecular studies and the success of PCR depends upon the template DNA. PCR technique is quite robust and often unnecessary to extract high quality of DNA and hence crude DNA can be used as template for amplification. Therefore, we have evaluated NaOH-Tris DNA extraction method for PCR analysis because this is very simple, time saving and safe without the need to - 95 - use expensive or rare materials and laboratory apparatus. This method only requires a small amount of leaf tissue, NaOH, Tris, micro tube and plastic pestle. The amplified PCR products showed clear, sharp and uniform bands gave similar results as compared with the modified CTAB method. The DNA obtained is crude contains impurities like protein, RNA but these impurities did not affect PCR amplification. This DNA extraction method is evaluated for brinjal (Solanummelongena L.), chilli (Capsicum annuum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and tomato (Solanumlycopersicum L.) crop. Many other crop plants could also be amplified using the same DNA extraction method for molecular analysis of large samples. Thus, the use of NaOH-Tris method will allow researchers to obtain DNA from plant quickly for use in molecular studies.

4 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

010602   Singh R;Gupta S;Singh J;Arsi T (Pharmaceutical Dep, Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, Email: rohitsingh20485bitmesra@gmail.com) : Azoles as nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): mini review. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 29-34.

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in addition with Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs) used in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) gained exact place in the treatment of HIV-1 infections. Starting from the HEPT and TIBO derivatives, different classes of compounds have been identified as NNRTIs, that is compounds that are specifically inhibitory to HIV-1 replication and targeted at the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Two NNRTIs (nevirapine and delavirdine) have been formally licensed for clinical use and several others are (or have been) in preclinical and: or clinical development [tivirapine (TIBO R-86183), loviride (a-APA R89439), thiocarboxanilide UC-781, HEPT derivative MKC-442, quinoxaline HBY 097, DMP 266 (efavirenz), PETT derivatives (trovirdine, PETT-4, PETT-5) and the dichlorophenylthio (pyridyl) imidazole derivative [S-1153]. Several compounds acting as Reverse transcriptase inhibitors was proved to be highly valuable against HIV-1 replication with minimal toxicity. NNRTIs interact with a specific `pocket' site of HIV-1 RT and thus inhibiting the translocation and further elongation of DNA strand. The major drawbacks of NNRTIs are their resistance and pharmacokinetic problems.HIV is no exception as it is a retrovirus, which means that it has capacity to insert its genetic material into the host cells and infect it. In this review, we focus on the several moiety used against HIV-1 infection.

^iia47 ref

010601   Shaniba V S;Aziz A A;Kumar P R M (V S Shaniba of Biotechnology, Calicut Univ, Malappuram, Kerala-673 635, Email: manishramakrishnan@rediffmail.com) : Phyto-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Annona muricata fuit extract, assessment of their biomedical and photocatalytic potential. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 170-81.

Plant extract-mediated biosynthesis of nanoparticles has proven to be a novel, rapid, cost-effective, non-toxic and eco-friendly method. For the first time, biological material in the form of aqueous extract of Annona muricata fruit (AMF) was successfully utilized for the synthesis of - 94 - silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The various parameters such as metal ion concentration, volume of the extract, temperature, reaction time and pH influencing nanoparticle synthesis have also been optimized. The structural and elemental components of the synthesized AgNPs were characterized. The UV-vis spectra gave surface plasmon resonance peak at 421nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed capping of nanoparticles with plant constituents. X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated a face-centered crystalline nature with an average size of 19 nm. Field Emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed their spherical shape and the presence of elemental silver were determined by Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Further, assessment of the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and photocatalytic property of biogenic silver nanoparticles attest to their utility for several biomedical and industrial applications.

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010600   Shah R A;Khan S;Vakil M;Qureshi M T (Botany Dep, The Institute of Science, 15, Madam Cama Road, Mumbai-400 032, Email: shahrehanaa@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of antidiabetic potential of Withania somnifera by glucose uptake assay on 3T3 F442A fibroblast (Adipocyte) cells. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 120-25.

Antidiabetic potential of leaf and root extracts of Withania somnifera from Nimuch, Lucknow, Mumbai and Karnataka regions of India were evaluated against 3T3F442A fibroblast (3T3 adipocyte) cell line using glucose uptake assay. Leaf extracts from all the four regions were active on the cell line tested. Samples from Mumbai region found to be more active when compared with other regions. Root extracts also gave good glucose promoting activity in the presence of insulin. Nimuch samples were mere active than Mumbai samples. Isolated fractions and standard Withaferin-A and Withanolide-A were active at 20 æg/ml. This concentration was higher than that for crude leaf extract from Mumbai region and crude extracts from Nimuch region. Crude extract of Withania somnifera have good antidiabetic potential indicating the synergistic effect of these extract on glucose uptake of 3T3 fibroblast in presence of insulin.

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010599   Seema Rani;Rahman K (Ilmul Saidla Dep, Jamia Tibbia Deoband, Uttar Pradesh, Email: seema.malik786@gmail.com) : Molsari (Mimusops elengi linn.): a boon drug of traditional medicine. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 17-28.

Mimusops elengi L. is an Indian origin herb used in the Unani and other traditional systems of medicine since long time. It is commonly called by the names Spanish cherry, West Indian Medlar or Bullet wood tree. This plant is frequently cultivated throughout India especially in north India for its ornamental appearance and fragrant flowers. All parts of plant such as leaf, root, fruit, seed, bark, flower of Mimusops elengi were reported for treatment of various human ailments in traditional system of medicine. Pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant and free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory analgesic, antipyretic, antiurolithiatic, cytotoxic, diuretic, neuroprotective, anti-amnesic, cognitive enhancing, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, hypotensive, antiulcer, anthelmintic, antitumor, wound healing, larvicidal activities have been scientifically evaluated for various parts of this plant. A number of phytochemical constituents have been identified in this plant that may be responsible for its pharmacological activities. So many articles are available on Mimusops elengi L., but from Unani literature the discussion is very limited. This review is an effort to summarize the detailed prospects of ancient Unani literature on Mimusops elengi L. along with modern researches. Further studies should be done to make this drug world widely acceptable.

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010598   Santana A C M D;Uetenabaro A P T;Silva T M D B;Costa L C D B;Olivera R A D (Biological Sciences Dep, State Univ of Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Salobrinho, llheus, Bahia, Brazil, Email: rosilenen@uesc.br) : Storage conditions of Oscimum gratissium L. leaves influence the quality of essential oil. J essential Oil Res 2017, 29(1), 56-63.

The quality and content of essential oils extracted from medicinal plants can be affected by storage conditions. The present work evaluated the influence of different storage conditions of Ocimum gratissimum leaves on essential oils. The study was conducted in two environments (controlled and natural), in two types of packaging (plastic and paper) during five storage times (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months). Also evaluated was the damage caused to the glandular trichomes and the fungal contamination of the stored leaves. For this data set, the study was done using multivariate exploratory analysis PCA, HCA and K-means. Among the environments, the use of paper storage in a natural environment presented a reduction of up to 74.3% in essential oil content and greater damage to the trichomes. The plastic packaging prevented the proliferation of fungi. The best storage condition proved to be a controlled environment from 6 months to 9 months in plastic packaging.

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010597   Samy K;Solal M C;Collet C;Ostertag A;Rabeh M; Rabeh M;Rouabah L;Rouabah A (Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology Dep, Faculty of Scienc, , Constantine 1, 25000, Alhgeria, Email: martine.cohen-solal@inserm.fr) : Evaluation of the primary bone bone tumors by markers. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 101-6.

Serum markers reflect a bone cell activity that regulate bone remodeling, bone alkaline phosphatase (PAO), Total Intact Procollagen Type I N-terminal propeptide (TP1NP) for training and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAPB5), carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (Cross Laps) for bone resorption. These markers are sensitive and early tools, Elevated serum levels of these markers is a very good prognostic factor of primary bone tumors as well as monitoring and evaluation tools. We investigated whether biomarkers of bone formation (PAO, P1NP) and bone resorption (CTX and TRAPb5) were modified by chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of treatment on serum PAO and TP1NP and TP1NP and TRAPB5. Result: We found a significant correlation between serum levels of training biomarkers (PAO and TP1NP in the group of patients (p = 0.0042) and a strong correlation between PAO and TP1NP In the sick and control groups (p = 0.00027) and a strong correlation between TP1NP and TRAP5b in the groups of patients and controls (p = 0.033). Bone markers can be used in therapeutic monitoring of experimental bone disorders and to assess remodeling during chemotherapy for primary tumors.

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010596   Saini M;Sharma G;Kotecha M (Dravyagunavigyan Dep, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: malcikasaini.ms@gmail.com) : Comparative antimicrobial evaluation of Embelia ribes burm. F. and Embeliaro busta auct. nonroxb. fruits. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 342-49.

Vidang (Embelia ribes Burm. f.) is a very famous plant for its anthelmintic activity. In Ayurveda, it is a first choice of drug for its krimighna action or to kill foreign pathogens. Embeliaro busta auct. Nonroxb., the other species of vidang is adulterated in Embelia ribes Burm. f. Therefore shastrokta or original vidang and its adulterant species were selected for the comparative study. Both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of fruits of both species of Embelia at 10, 20, 30% concentrations were tested for antimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion method against a range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Zone of inhibition of extracts were determined, then activity index and IC₅₀ value was calculated. Both ethanol and Aqueous extracts of Embelia ribes Burm. f. and Embeliaro busta auct. Nonroxb. inhibited the growth of all the tested strains of bacteria. Aqueous extract Embelia ribes Burm. f. has more potent action against - 92 - microorganism Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiellaaerogenes, ZOI (16mm,14mm,19mm respectively), AI(0.64, 0.78, 0.70 resp.), IC₅₀ (1.751, 1.166, 1.641 respectively). Embelia ribes Burm. f. has more potent action in comparison to Embeliaro busta auct. Nonroxb. It concludes shastrokta vidang species (Embelia ribes Burm. f.) is better to its adulterant species (Embeliaro busta auct. Nonroxb.).

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010595   Sadri A;Khodavandi A;Alizadeh F (Young Researchers and Elite Club, Yasooj Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Yasooj, Iran, Email: alireza_khodavandi@yahoo.com) : Quorum-sensing quenching compounds Allium sativus, Allium hirtifolium and Allium cepa: the probable quorum-sensing quenching compounds against Candida albicans. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(3), 1457-68.

Quorum-sensing quenching activityof Allium sativum, A. hirtifolium and A. cepawere screened againstCandida albicans. The morphological responseand expression patternsofselected genes involved in quorum-sensing including transcriptional repressor gene,TUP1 and hypha-specific genesHWP1, ALS1 and ALS3were examined in C. albicansatdifferent concentrations oftested extracts based on MICs. The data indicated that all extracts exerted antifungal effects through reducing the number of yeast form and inhibiting the transition from yeast to hyphae cells. Furthermore, the expression level of transcriptional repressor gene was up-regulated at different concentrations of tested extracts, which correlated with the qualitative and quantitative assessment of C. albicans. We find hypha-specific genesexhibited changes in expression at the time intervals of tested extracts exerted antifungal effectson C. albicans. These changes are in the opposite direction exhibited in transcriptional repressor gene. These are likely to be key genes in the quorum-sensing quenchingin C. albicansduring treated with tested extracts. Together, the results provide a valuable resource to quorum-sensing quenchingmechanism in C. albicans.Given the capability of A. sativum, A. hirtifolium and A. cepaextracts to effectson C. albicans and differentially expression of transcriptional repressor and hypha-specific genes, it is suggested that the tested extractsprobably have the potential to be to be used as quorum-sensing quenchers. The A. sativum, A. hirtifolium and A. cepaextracts can be usedto develop powerful new therapeutic approaches.

3 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

010594   Retta D S;Gonzalez S B;Guerra P E;VanBaren C M;Lira P D L;Bandoni A L (Catedra de farmacognosia-IQUIMEFA, facultad de farmacai y bioquimica, Univ de buenos aires-CONICET, Buenos aires, Argentina, Email: daianaretta@gmail.com) : Essential oils of native and naturalised Lamiaceae species growing in the Patagonia region (Argentina). J essential Oil Res 2017, 29(1), 64-75.

This is the first comprehensive study of essential oils of wild aromatic Lamiaceae present in Patagonia, including exotic and native species. The most commonly representatives of this family in Patagonia include one species of the adventitious Origanum vulgare L., three naturalized mints, Mentha rotundifolia L., M. pulegium L. and M. spicata L. and two native species: Clinopodium darwinii (Benth.) Kuntze and Scutellaria nummulariifolia Hook. f. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of each of these species collected during 3 years and analyzed by GC-FID-MS. The major components found were menthone (5.4-10.2%) and pulegone (78.3-89.8%) in M. pulegium; piperitenone oxide (75.6-68.7%) in M. rotundifolia; carvone (34.0-70.4%) in M. spicata; sabinene (2.7-5.9%), p-cymene (9.3-36.1%) and linalool (11.3-21.4%) in O. vulgare; pulegone (56.6-72.4%) in Clinopodium darwinii; - 91 - acetophenone (19.0%) and a-terpineol (9.5%) in Scutellaria nummulariifolia. This is the first report on the chemical composition of the essential oil of S. nummulariifolia.

1 illus, 9 table, 73 ref

010593   Rawat S;Jaugran A k;Bhatt I D;Rawal R S; Andola H C;dhar U (NO, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Developement, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand, Email: idbhatt@gbpihed.nic.in) : Essential oil composition and antioxidant activity in Valeriana jatamansi Jones influence of seasons and growing sources. J essential Oil Res 2017, 29(1), 101-7.

Valeriana jatamansi is a perennial medicinal herb used in traditional and modern medicines for preventing number of diseases. Root samples were collected from wild and cultivated conditions in different seasons (spring, summer and winter) and analyzed for essential oil composition using gas chromatography - Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activity of essential oil was evaluated using DPPH (1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) assay. A total of thirty compounds (constitutes 80.1-92.1% of total essential oil) were detected by GC-MS analysis. Patchouli alcohol (36.6-52.8%) was recorded as a major compound followed by guaiene epoxide (3.6-11.5%), seychellene (4.2-5.6%), a-guaiene (2.2-4.6%), kessane (2.7-3.6%), a-patchoulene (0.1-2.3%), α-selinene (0.8-3.1 α-acoradienol (0.6-2.4%), ar-curcumene (0.7-2.2%), γ-patchoulene (1.4-2.6%), viridiflorol (0.6-2.4%), and α-humulene (0.1-4.6%). Essential oil content was recorded higher during winter season in wild (0.9%) and cultivated plants (0.8%) as compared to other seasons. Antioxidant activity of essential oil measured by DPPH radical activity assay varied (IC₅₀ = 117.5-227.6 μL/mL) among seasons and growing conditions. Winter season is recommended for maximum essential oil yield and spring season for antioxidant activity.

2 illus, 3 table, 35 ref

010592   Rashidi R;Ghorbani H R;Ardestani F (Chemical Engineering Dep, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Qaemshahr, Iran, Email: Roya70roya@yahoo.com) : Biosynthesis of silver nanowires by extract of R. Capsulate. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(3), 1379-81.

An environmentally friendly method using a cell-free extract (CFE) of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata is proposed to synthesize silver nanowires with a network structure. This procedure offers control over the shapes of silver nanoparticles with the change of AgNO₃ concentration. The CFE solutions were added with different concentrations of AgNO₃, resulting in the bioreduction of silver ions and biosynthesis of morphologies of silver nanostructures. It is probable that proteins acted as the major biomolecules involved in the bioreduction and synthesis of silver nanoparticles. At a lower concentration of silver ions, exclusively spherical silver nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 10 to 20 nm were produced, whereas silver nanowires with a network - 90 - structure formed at the higher concentration of silver ions in the aqueous solution. This method is expected to be applicable to the synthesis of other metallic nanowires such as silver and platinum, and even other anisotropic metal nanostructures are expected using the biosynthetic methods.

3 illus, 12 ref