047329   MESSAH A D V, PAWITAN J A (, Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute (IMERI), Email: jeanneadiwip@gmail.com) : Next generation sequencing as rapid diagnosis of multidrug resistance Tuberculosis. Adv life Sci 2020, 8(1), 30 - 7.

Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a threat to global health. In 2018, TB related death was estimated to be more than 1.5 million cases worldwide. Conventional diagnostic method, which requires a long time to get a result, causes delays in new cases discoveries that lead to delayed therapy. Further, delayed and inadequate therapy causes an increase in the level of resistance to anti-TB drugs that may lead to death. Therefore, diagnostic tools, which can detect quickly and accurately, are highly needed. Early and timely detection is crucial for globally effective TB control, but this is not popular in developing countries, especially in Asia. Therefore, the objective of this review is to provide current information on the use of NGS as a rapid diagnostic tool for MDR-TB, especially in Asian populations, and to highlight the various MDR genes.

2 tables, 47 ref

047328   LOC N H, VAN N H, QUANG H T (Biotechnology Dep, Hue Univ, Hue - Vietnam, Email: nhloc@hueuni.edu.vn) : Characterization of carboxymethyl cellulase produced by Trichoderma asperellum. Adv life Sci 2020, 8(1), 42 - 6.

The present study characterized extracellular carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), an enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of the cellulose, from Trichoderma asperellum PQ34 that was isolated from agricultural cultivation soil in Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam. CMCase was produced by culturing T. asperellum PQ34 on Czapek-Dox medium supplemented with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) at 28?C for 96 h at a shaking speed of 150 rpm. Enzyme activity was spectrophotometerically determined with CMC used as a substrate and the absorbance was measured at 540 nm. The molecular weight of CMCase was determined by zymogram based on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with 0.2 % CMC. CMCase achieved the highest activity after 4 days of culture with the optimal pH and temperature at 4 and 55?C. The enzyme maintains pH and thermal stability in the range of 4-5 and 10-40?C and the relative activity of both is more than 90 %. The presence of metal ions at 5 mM such as Ca2+, Al3+, or Co2+ increased the enzyme activity up to 133%, 124%, and 217%, respectively. CMCase was stable with 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 1 M urea, but inhibited by 5 % sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 5 % Triton- X100. Zymographic analysis showed that CMCase from T. asperellum PQ34 consists of two enzymes with a molecular weight of about 31 and 66 kDa. CMCases from T. asperellum PQ34 exhibited characteristics of an acidic and thermostable enzyme. The interaction of Co2+ and CMCase resulted in a significant increase in enzyme activity, however they were strongly inhibited by 5 % SDS.

5 illus, 30 ref

047310   THAKARE R U (Microbiology Dep, Yashwantrao Chawhan Coll, Lakhandur, Bhandara) : Decolorization of dyes with immobilized laccase. Bioinfolet 2020, 17 (3 B), 504 - 6.

Present investigation was undertaken on production of laccase enzyme by Pleurotus pulmonarius, Bartalinia sp. (MM101), Rhizopus oryzae and Trametes hirsute and its immobilization. Decolorization of dyes with the help of immobilized laccase enzyme was also studied. Reactive Red M8B, Reactive Green 19 and effluent showed decolorization to the extent of 30 % in case of Reactive Red M8B and effluent, while 55 % in Reactive Green 19, after immobilization of the crude enzyme with 100 ml of 2 % Sodium Alginate. There was significant variation in the extent of decolorization of various dues; however, the difference due to the organisms, from which the enzyme was isolated, was statistically non-significant.

1 table, 18 ref

047305   SOMKUWAR N S, THAKRE M T, SOMKUWAR A (Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Dep, , Nagpur, Maharashtra) : Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from plant extracts and their antimicrobial studies. Bioinfolet 2020, 17 (3 B), 492 - 4.

Present investigation deals with the studies on Jatropha pandurifolia (Leaves), Thunbergia grandiflora (Leaves and Flowers) and Bauhinia vahlii (Leaves). Phytochemical analysis of these plants showed presence of quinines, saponins, tannins, phenol, terpenoids, steroids and proteins. Secondary metabolites of these plants act as a reducing and stabilizing agents for silver ions, and hence Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized with the help of these plants using Silver nitrate as a precursor. Antibacterial activity of AgNPs and plant extracts against human pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus was tested by well diffusion method. It was concluded that the application of AgNPs in pharmaceutical industry may be possible.

2 tables , 9 ref

047294   RAVI V, MUTHUSAMY S K, RAJU S, CHAKRABARTI S K (ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, Email: rajusar@gmail.com) : Analysis of molecular chaperones in differentiating storage root compared to non-tuber forming fibrous root of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). Current Hort 2020, 8 (2), 51 - 56.

The differential expression pattern of molecular chaperones genes was studied in developing storage and fibrous root tissues of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] using hybridization array. Out of 121 chaperone genes, 76 and 45 genes displayed more than 1.5-fold induced and reduced expression, respectively during the initial storage root development as compared to the non-tuber forming fibrous root of sweet potato. The differentially expressed genes belong to different chaperone family included DNAJ, HSP90, HSP100/ClpATPase, HSP20, families etc. These differentially expressed chaperones are known to play an important role in hormone signalling, nucleosome remodelling, protein import, protein folding and proteasomal degradation. Thus, our study shows the functional role of molecular chaperones in development of storage-roots of sweet potato, providing further scope for chaperone mediated functional genomics studies and CRISPER-mediated breeding of storage root development in sweet potato.

1 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

047293   SUKLAL G A, ARUN D A, PANSANDE A, GANPATRAO W S, AKSHAY P, KHARPUDE P (Plant Biotechnology Dep, Coll of Agricultural Biotechnology, Vidyaprathishthan, Baramati, Email: aadaspute@gmail.com) : Effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract on improving vase-life of cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). Current Hort 2020, 8 (2), 47 - 50.

The experiment involved the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract to enhance the vase-life of cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers. Biosynthesized pomegranate peel extract (PPE)-AgNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The intensity of peak at 378 nm in UV-vis spectra, attributed to the surface plasmon resonance of PPE-AgNPs, changes with reaction parameters. The SEM showed cubical shaped nanoparticles with an average particle size of 1 - 3 nm. The 15 mg/l PPE-AgNPs, treatment produced longest vase-life (11 days), while the control resulted in the shortest vase-life (7 days) of cut carnation flowers. Thus, these was positive role of PPE-AgNPs in increasing the vase-life of cut carnation flowers.

20 ref

046432   ASARE A T, MENSAH T A, TAGOE S M A, ASANTE D K A (Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Dep, Cape Coast Univ, Cape Coast, Ghana, Email: theoabonyi88@gmail.com) : Identification of new sources of rust resistance in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) germplasm using simple sequence repeat markers. Legum Res 2020, 43(2), 185-9.

The demand for resistance cowpea to rust infection has currently increased due to considerable yield losses caused by the fungal pathogen. The study assessed available cowpea genotypes for rust resistance using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Out of 100 cowpea genotypes screened, 97 % showed the presence of the markers whilst 3 % showed absence of the markers. Among the cowpea were 72 % resistance, 16 % moderate resistance and 9 % low resistance to rust. The markers revealed a mean high allele frequency (0.86) and low gene diversity (0.24) and polymorphism information content (0.21) among the cowpea genotypes. The markers co-inherited with a mean regression value greater than 0.1. There was no clear pattern of clustering among the cowpea genotypes. The cowpea genotypes with rust resistance traits could serve as good sources of germplasm for cultivation or resilient genes with rust target in breeding programmes to improve the crop.

2 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

046423   JETHRA G , CHOUDHARY S, SHARMA V (Biotechnology Dep, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali Vidyapith- 304 022, Email: vinaysharma30@yahoo.co.uk) : Identification and characterization of microsatellite markers in fenugreek: An inter-family amplification. Legum Res 2020, 43(1), 611-6.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is one of the most important and primitive medicinal plants belonging to family fabaceae and is recognized as one of the most prominent seed spices. Development, identification and classification of entirely new set of SSRs are a very expensive and time consuming process for a crop like fenugreek. Instead, a novel set of SSRs can be achieved with ease in less expense by transferring the microsatellite loci of the related species in fenugreek. SSR’s of two major crops, carrot and celery belonging to apiaceae family are available in public domain for cross-species and inter-family investigation. In the present study, we examined transferability of 100 carrot SSR loci in fenugreek of which 19 % of SSR’s amplified, where 5 primers were monomorphic. 14 SSRs were polymorphic in nature and the bands ranged between 2 to 5. GSSR-87, GSSR-92, GSSR-136 and BSSR-8 showed monomorphic bands and were specific for fenugreek genotypes and can be regarded as a dominant tool for fenugreek breeding and genetic studies. However, GSSR-81 and GSSR-96 were most polymorphic in nature and can be utilized further to distinguish fenugreek from other seed spices. The analysis, revealed optimum level of cross-species transferability (>35.2 %) in fenugreek, where no SSR resource is available till date, initiating cross transferability testing from the enriched SSR database of carrot.

3 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

042940   DAS P, CHOUDHURI T (Biotechnology Dep, Siksha-Bhavana, West Bengal - 731 235, Email: tathagata.choudhuri@visva-bharati.ac.in) : Decoding the global outbreak of COVID-19: the nature is behind the scene. Indian J Virol 2020, 31(2), 106–12.

The sudden emergence of SARS-CoV-2 causing the global pandemic is a major public health concern. Though the virus is considered as a novel entity, it is not a completely new member. It is just a new version of previously emerged human SARS corona virus. The rapid evolving nature by changing host body environment and extreme environmental stability, collectively makes SARSCoV-2 into an extremely virulent genetic variant. The evolution of the virus has been occurred by the continuous process of molecular genetic manipulation, through mutation, deletion and genetic recombinationevents. Different host body environment acts as the supportive system for the pathogen which creates extreme selective pressure. By the process of genetic evolution the pathogen developes new characters. Then the new version of the virus has been naturally selected by susceptible human host and adapt itself inside the host body causing deadly effect. Moreover, extreme environmental stability helps in the process of viral survival outside the host and its transmission. Thus both the host body or internal environment and the external environment performs equally as a source, responsible for shaping the genetic evolution of the SARSCoV-2 towards theCOVID-19 disease fitness in nature in a pandemic form.

1 illus, 35 ref

042930   KRISHNA C M, KOLLA J N, ASHA S, REDDY T S K (Biotechnology Dep, VFSTR (Deemed to be Univ), Guntur, A.P., Email: sai848@gmail.com) : In vitro anti-HIV-1 activity of ethyl gallate. Indian J Virol 2020, 31(1), 22–7.

In recent years, the exploration for potential inhibitors of HIV has been increased due to the development of drug resistant HIV strains in infected people undergoing antiretroviral agents treatment. In this report, we studied the anti-HIV properties of ethyl gallate (EG) against a panel of HIV-1 strains in in vitro conditions. Different clinical isolates and laboratory strains of HIV-1 were tested for their sensitivity with EG. We found that EG exhibited non-toxic nature over a wide range of cell lines from different tissue origin. Serum proteins have little to no impact on the antiviral activity of EG. In the present study, EG was found to be a promising anti-HIV agent.

3 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

041060   JAIN L K, RAM M, PAREWA H P (Agriculture Univ, Jodhpur - 306 902, Rajasthan, Email: jainlokesh74@gmail.com) : Chemical weed control in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and its residual effects on greengram (Vigna radiata). Indian J Agron 2020, 65(2), 231-4.

A field experiment was conducted from winter (rabi) 2013–14 to rainy season (kharif) 2015 on sandy-loam soil, to assess the comparative efficacy of different chemical herbicides and their combinations for effective weed control in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and their residual effect on succeeding greengram [Vigna radiate (L.) R. Wilczek] crop at Instructional Farm, Sumerpur, Rajasthan. The experiment comprised 9 treatments and the herbicides were applied at 30–35 days after sowing (DAS) as prescribed. The application of sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron methyl @ 32 g/ha recorded significantly lower weed dry matter and weed index along with highest weed-control index (76.73 %). This herbicides combination also resulted in the highest grain yield of wheat (3.82 t/ha) along with highest net return and maximum benefit to cost ratio of the system in the tune of 3.4 : 1 as compared to weedy check. The herbicides failed to influence a significant increase on seed yield of succeeding greengram during kharif seasons in both years. Uncontrolled weed growth throughout the crop growth period caused an average yield reduction of 57 % in wheat crop (2.5 t/ha).

2 tables, 13 ref

041026   CHHETRI B, SINHA A C (Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Coochbehar, West Bengal - 736 165, Email: yonib2050@gmail.com) : Advantage of maize (Zea mays)-based intercropping system to different nutrientmanagement practices. Indian J Agron 2020, 65(1), 25-32.

A field experiment was conducted during (pre-kharif) (February–May) seasons of 2014 and 2015 at the Instructional Farm, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, to evaluate the effect of maize (Zea mays L.) intercropped with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata L.) and nutrient-management practices on yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and competition indices. Among the cropping system, sole crop resulted in the highest yield attributes, grain yield (3,913 kg/ha), stover yield (6,565 kg/ha), harvest index (37.21 %), uptake of nitrogen (101.36 kg/ha), phosphorus (19.80 kg/ha) and potassium (110.90 kg/ha). However, growing of maize as an intercrop with cowpea in a 2 : 2 row ratio resulted in the highest grain yield (3,249 kg/ha), stover yield (5,707 kg/ha) and harvest index (36.19 %) than 2 : 4 row ratio combination. Among the nutrient-management practices, 75 % recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) + Azotobacter + vermicompost (VC) @ 5.0 t/ha resulted in the highest yield attributes, grain yield (3,684 kg/ha), stover yield (6,207 kg/ha), harvest index (37.14 %) and NPK uptake. However, productivity system in terms of maize-equivalent yield (MEY), land-equivalent ratio (LER), relative crowding coefficient (RCC), competition index (CI), aggressivity, competition ratio (CR), land-equivalent coefficient (LEC), area time-equivalent ratio (ATER) and monetary advantage was found to be higher in 2 : 2 row ratio, followed by 2 : 4 row ratio combination. Thus, maize intercrop with cowpea in 2 : 2 row ratio combination and supplied with 75 % RDF + PSB + Azotobacter + vermicompost (VC) @ 5.0 t/ha (N₃) improved the productivity of sole crop as well as intercrop system.

3 tables, 37 ref

041020   KGASUDI B K, REKHA G K, JYOTHI K U, SASIKALA K (Vegetable Science Dep, Dr. YSR Horticultural Univ, West Godavari - 534 101, Andhra Pradesh, Email: bkgasudi@gmail.com) : Variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield attributing characters in cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (l.) taub.] genotypes. Indian J Agric Res 2020, 54(2), 247-51.

The present investigation was carried out with 56 cluster bean genotypes during kharif 2018. The investigation was conducted to study the variability, heritability and genetic advance expressed as per cent of mean for yield and yield attributing characters in cluster bean genotypes. The genotypes were significantly different for all the characters studied, which indicated scope for further genetic studies. High values of PCV with correspondingly high values of GCV were observed in plant spread, number of branches per plant, average weight of 50 pods and pod length which indicated greater extent of variability that could be ascribed to genotype. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded in plant height, plant spread, number of branches per plant, internodal length, number of pods per cluster, average weight of 50 pods, pod length, 100 seed weight, pod yield per plant and protein content of pods.

3 tables, 16 ref

041017   SIMONOVA E N, AYRAPETYAN M M, EROSHENKO A A, VERTIY N S (Technology and Commodity Science Dep, K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State Univ of Technologies and Management, Moscow, Russia, Email: e.n.simonova@mail.ru) : The impact of UV irradiation of winter wheat seeds on enzymatic activity in the germination period. Indian J Agric Res 2020, 54(2), 232-6.

There have been conducted comprehensive studies of the effect of UV irradiation on enzymatic activity in the germination period of winter wheat seeds under different irradiation regimes. They have identified the maximum increase in amylase activity on the fourth day from the beginning of seed germination in variants with three and five minute UV irradiation and this indicator’s value exceeded that of the control variant on 58.6 % and 64.1 %, respectively. Catalase activity was of its maximum value by the fourth day from the beginning of seed germination in variants with three and five minute UV irradiation and exceeded the value of the control variant on 14.7 % and 17.7 %, respectively. Peroxidase activity was of its maximum on the eighth day from the beginning of seed germination in all experimental variants. In a variant with three minute UV irradiation, peroxidase activity exceeded the control values of this indicator on 50 % and in a variant with five minute UV irradiation on 55 %. The use of a mercury-quartz lamp BNPO 2-30-001U3.5 to stimulate physio-logical and biochemical processes in germinating seeds made it possible to identify different enzymatic activities depending on the time exposure to UV irradiation.

3 illus, 26 ref

044807   PETWAL S, LILY M K, DHINGRA G K, DANGWAL K (Science Dep, Modern Institute of Technology, Rishikesh- 249 201, Uttarakhand, Email: kdangwal1@yahoo.co.in) : Anti-cariogenic potentials of Vitex negundo linn. J Mountain Res 2020, 15, 169-79.

Vitex negundo Linn. (Verbenaceae), is an ethnobotanical important shrub carrying a large array of pharmacologically active phytochemicals with diverse medicinal properties. Present study assessed the antibacterial activities of leaf and twig (without leaf) bioactives against common oral bacterial inhabitants viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus casei. Leaf and twig dried powdered samples of V. negundo were separately fractionated by five solvents in eluotropic series namely petroleum-ether, chloroform, absolute-ethanol, 80 %-methanol and distilled-water. Extracts were further analyzed for total phenolic contents (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), tannins, alkaloids and terpenoids. Zone of inhibition, MIC, MBC and IC50 values of the fractionated extracts against oral bacterial pathogens were determined. The results demonstrated significantly higher antibacterial activity in ethanolic extracts (VnLEt) and chloroform (VnLCh) extracts of leaves as evident by their higher ZOI and lower MIC, MBC and IC₅₀ values. VnLEt extracts showed bactericidal effects against all the tested six bacterial pathogens (L. casei>St. gordonii>Staphylococcus aureus>L. brevis>St. oralis=St. mutans). VnLCh showed notable bactericidal effects against five pathogens (L. casei>St. mutans>St. gordonii>Staphylococcus aureus) but remained ineffective against St. oralis and L. brevis. Among twig extracts, ethanolic extracts showed inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, St. gordonii and St. mutans while chloroform extracts showed antibacterial effect only against Staphylococcus aureus. VnLEt extract showed abundance in TPC, TFC and tannins while VnLCh was rich in alkaloids and terpenoid suggesting their contribution in bactericidal effects against cariogenic bacterial pathogens. Hence, the present study successfully established V. negundo leaf extracts as an excellent natural remedy for oral-dental infections.

5 tables, 37 ref

041013   ISLAM S S, ANOTHAI J, NUALSRI C, SOONSUWON W (Agricultural Innovation and Management Div, Prince of Songkla Univ, Songkhla 90110, Thailand, Email: watcharin.s@psu.ac.th) : Genetic variability and cluster analysis for phenological traits of thai indigenous upland rice (Oryza sativa l.). Indian J Agric Res 2020, 54(2), 211-6.

Estimating genetic variability and cluster analysis of grain yield and yield contributing traits need to require for rice breeders to choose the best breeding programs. Ten upland rice genotypes were conducted from farmers’ fields during the years of 2017 at three provinces of southern Thailand. Extreme broad sense heritability and genetic gain values for flag leaf length, leaf area index, harvest index, total dry weight and filled grains showed that assortment of these yield contributing traits would be effective. Cluster analysis categorized genotypes into three groups. In each group some genotypes such as Dawk Pa-yawm or Dawk Kha 50 (group I), Nahng Kian (group II) and Khao/ Trai (group III) showed that genotypes had different better traits. These studies revealed that high broad sense heritability traits and the best genotypes Nahng Kian and Khao/ Trai would be useful for improving new upland rice varieties in southern Thailand.

1 illus, 7 tables, 21 ref

046336   MALIHA A, BALRAM M, RANI V D, MOHAN Y C, RAMESH T (Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural Univ, Hyderabad - 500 030, Email: maliharahil@gmail.com) : Phenotypic diversity of rice germplasm for yield traits under aerobic cultivation. The J. Res. PJTSAU 2020, 48 (1&2), 12-20.

Rice is central in the food consumption of more than half of global population and also holds a very major share in water used for agriculture. The rapid depletion of water resources is making it a difficult task for the farmers to cultivate rice under flooded condition thus emphasizing the need to shift to aerobic cultivation. As the genetic basis of material suitable for aerobic cultivation is narrow, the present study aims at understanding the performance of germplasm collected from various parts of country under aerobic cultivation. In the present study, one hundred and ten germplasm lines collected from Cuttack, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Karnataka were evaluated for two seasons. Data was collected on ten yield attributing traits viz., seedling vigour index, days to 50% flowering, plant height, panicle length, total tillers per plant, productive tillers per plant, filled grains per panicle, thousand grain weight, percentage spikelet fertility and grain yield per plant. The results revealed that a significant number of lines had values with desirable range for each trait. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the traits such as productive tillers and thousand grain weight (0.74), plant height with panicle length (0.73) and seedling vigour index (0.56) and panicle length and filled grains per panicle (0.55). The diversity analysis resulted in two major clusters (I and II) with 63 and 47 lines respectively, which further branched into two sub-clusters each (Ia, Ib and IIa, IIb). The cluster I predominantly had lines from Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Karnataka and four national checks for water stress tolerance, while cluster II was dominated by germplasm collected from Cuttack. The present study thus formed a basis to understand the performance of rice germplasm under aerobic cultivation. Lines with desirable agronomic traits can be chosen from both the clusters and exploited in future research towards aerobic rice breeding.

3 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

041009   MUTHUKUMARARAJA T, SRIRAMACHANDRASEKHARAN M V (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalainagar - 608 002, Tamil Nadu, Email: saradhakirankumar@gmail.com) : Growth and productivity response of rice to applied zinc and organic manure. Indian J Agric Res 2020, 54(2), 187-92.

The objective of this research was to find out the impact of zinc and organic fertilization on the productivity of rice. Two separate field experiments were conducted in a zinc deficient soil belonging to Typic Haplusterts and Typic Ustifluvents during Rabi 2011-2012. The results revealed that grain and straw yield was significantly enhanced on addition of zinc or organics or both over control in both soils. The rice yield increased with zinc doses and maximum yields was noticed with 5 mg Zn kg^-1 and declined at 7.5 mg Zn kg^-1. While addition of poultry manure recorded the maximum rice yields and was on par with vermicompost. However the highest grain yield (6103, 6344 kg ha^-1) and straw yield (8369, 8459 kg ha^-1) was recorded with application of 5 mg Zn kg^-1 and poultry manure in Vertisol and Entisol respectively. Similarly, addition of 5.0 mg Zn kg^-1 along with poultry manure @ 10 t ha^-1 registered the highest growth traits it was comparable with vermicompost at same level of zinc, but superior to other treatment combination.

5 tables, 17 ref

041006   DAVID O A, AKOMOLAFE G F, JOLAYEMI O L, OLAWUNI I J, AWOYEMI O O (Plant Science and Biotechnology, Federal Univ Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, Email: oyinade.dedeke@fuoye.edu.ng) : Investigating the effectiveness of selenite on drought stressed upland rice. Indian J Agric Res 2020, 54(2), 168-74.

Water stress is an enormous problem facing food production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Production of free radicals during water stress has led to oxidative stress, which eventually causes death of cells in plants. Therefore, it is important to tackle this issue knowing that rice is one of the most important cereal crops largely cultivated and consumed by humans and animals. The studies aimed at the effect of selenite on physiological and biochemical activities of water-stressed upland rice. Three Upland rice cultivars namely Nerica U4, Nerica U7 and Vandana were collected in Africa Rice Centre, Ibadan. The seeds were sterilized and soaked for 10 hours in different concentrations of Selenite (Se) (0 mg/l, 50 mg/l and 100 mg/l). Primed seed were planted into sterilized-sieved top soils. Plants were subjected to 0 (irrigated) and 8 days (non-irrigated) water stress. Selenite 50 mg/l improved plant height, number of leaves, total carotene, chlorophyll contents, biomass, grain number of upland rice during water stress. Selenite increased activities of APX as water stress progressively increased consequently, low MDA content was observed in cultivar Vandana. Furthermore, selenite significantly improved total carotene, chlorophyll contents, anthocyanin, and dry shoot weight in cultivar Nerica U7 during water stress. Selenite significantly stabilized activities of anthocyanin and CAT in cultivar Nerica U4 during water stress. Hence high grain yield was recorded in Nerica U4 and U7 in selenite primed upland rice during water stress. Selenite reduced lipid peroxidation in upland rice at 100mg/l. Therefore, it can be concluded that response of rice to selenite during water stress is based on tolerance capacity of the cultivars and also, selenite 50mg/l can help to improve growth and yield of upland rice in drought-prone area.

3 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

041004   ANTONOVA-KARACHEVA G M (Technologies in Vegetable Crops Production Dep, Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute (MVCRI), Plovdiv, Bulgaria, Email: gabi_kr@abv.bg) : Effect of pre-sowing electromagnetic processing on the sowing and morphological characters of Bulgarian pepper varieties (Capsicum annuum). Indian J Agric Res 2020, 54(2), 154-60.

During the period 2015-2018, a study for determining the effect of electromagnetic seed treatment on sowing qualities and morphological features of Bulgarian pepper varieties was conducted in the “Maritsa” Vegetable Crops Research Institute, Plovdiv (Maritsa VCRI). Three varieties kapia type - Sofiyska kapia, Kapia UV and Kurtovska kapia 1 were studied. The studies were performed in laboratory under controlled conditions. Pre-sowing of seeds was carried out with 15 variants with controllable factors: voltage U (kV), duration of impact τ (s) and time of stay of seeds from treatment to sowing T (days). Sowing properties were investigated: germination energy – G.E. (%) and germination - G. (%) and the following morphological features: root lengths ℓ_r (mm), hypocotyls ℓ_h (mm) and cotyledons ℓ_c (mm). The best positive effect was found in the treatment of seeds with a voltage of 6 kV, duration of exposure of 20 s and a time of seed stay - 8 days in the variety Kurtovska kapia 1. The treatment with a voltage of 10 kV, duration of seed exposure 20 s and time for seed stay 12 days is the most suitable for the varieties Sofiyska kapia and Kapia UV.

5 tables, 34 ref

040991   PATIL J P, SARANGI A, SINGH D K (National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee - 247 667, Uttarakhand, Email: jyoti.nihr@gov.in) : Development of an interface in MATLAB for trend analysis of hydro-meteorological data. Indian J Agric Res 2020, 54(1), 58-64.

This study presents an interface, ‘Climate Change Trend Analysis (CCTA)’, developed in MATLAB^® environment to analyze the trends using non-parametric statistical methods, Mann-Kendall (MK) test and modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) test with Sen’s slope estimator. The interface was used to determine trend in annual and seasonal (kharif) rainfall depths in Pune district acquired from 13 observatories. The developed interface automates the trend analysis process, which can further use for detecting variability and trends in the meteorological as well as other hydrological and agricultural parameters. The observed rainfall trends during monsoon would play a significant role for rainfed agriculture in Pune district.

3 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

044770   MAHMUD K A, RAHMATULLAH M (Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Dep, Development Alternative Univ, Dhaka, Bangladesh) : Rural home remedies: Medicinal plants used in a village of Tangail District, Bangladesh. J Med Plants Stud 2020, 8(1), 11-4.

Only a tiny fraction of the 250,000 or more plant species of the world has been explored for their therapeutic properties. It is quite possible that the solutions to the treatment of many complex diseases may lie in plants that are very commonly seen. The objective of this study was to document the phytotherapeutic practices of a folk medicinal practitioner (FMP) of Lakshmipur district, Bangladesh who used commonly available plants to treat complex diseases. The FMP claimed to cure diseases of heart, kidney and liver with fruits of Citrullus lanatus (watermelon). Breast cancer and liver disorders were treated by him with black grapes (Vitis vinifera black variety). Plant parts from Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) were used by the FMP for treatment of obesity and heart attacks, respectively. Scientific validations of the folk medicinal practices of the FMP can lead to important drug discoveries.

1 illus, 1 table, 40 ref

040983   CHANDAN, BABU R, RAI G, KUMAR S (Agricultural Biochemistry Dep, C S Azad Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur - 208 002 (Uttar Pradesh), Email: chandan772914@gmail.com) : Quality characteristics of certain promising varieties/genotypes of urd bean (Vigna mungo l.). Indian J Agric Biochem 2020, 33(2), 201-4.

The present work on quality characteristics of promising varieties/genotypes of urd bean was carried out in the laboratories of the Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.) Variety Shekhar-1 gave highest grain yield of 13.85q/ha while genotype Ku-16-07 showed maximum test weight of 46.70 g. In processing characteristics, highest dhal recovery of 73.90 % and lowest husk recovery of 4.0 % was obtained in urd bean variety/genotype Shekhar-3, Ku-16-07, Azad-2 respectively as compared to rest of the varieties /genotypes of urd bean and significantly minimum broken dhal per cent (4.12 %) was recorded in urd bean genotype Ku-303, whereas genotype Ku-16-04 was having lowest percentage loss in processing (8.78 %). Different biochemical parameter such as protein, methionine and tryptophan contents were estimated and it was found that variety Shekhar-3 showed highest value of protein and methionine contents (25.79 %, 0.75mg/16g N, respectively) while genotype Ku-16-07 gave highest value of tryptophan content (0.70mg/16g N).

2 tables, 15 ref

040982   AKSHATHA M D, RAO N N (Biotechnology Dep, RV Coll of Engineering, Bengaluru - 560 059, Karnataka, Email: nagashreenrao@gmail.com) : A comparative metabolite analyses of the ethanolic extract of leaf and corm of Colocasia esculenta (l) schott. by GC-MS. Indian J Agric Biochem 2020, 33(2), 197-200.

Colocasia esculenta is a food crop and a folklore medicinal plant with high pharmacological properties. The underground corm and leaves are the edible parts of the plant. This study was aimed to characterize the bioactive metabolites in leaves and corms of C. esculenta (L) Schott. The secondary metabolites in Colocasia leaves and corms were refluxed in ethanol and the metabolites present in the ethanolic extract were analysed through gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). GC-MS analysis of the ethanolic extract of leaves and corms of C. esculenta revealed the presence of 25 bioactive compounds with valuable biological activities. The identification of these bioactive compounds supports the wide application of this plant as a medicine. Further research is required as the biological activities of many metabolites are yet to be reported. Also, new scientific techniques can help in using these valuable compounds in drug development for several diseases.

2 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

040981   SINHA N, DIXIT D (Amity Univ, Noida - 201 303, Email: nsinha@amity.edu) : Antioxidant and antibacterial evaluation of aqueous extract and nanoparticles synthesized from Moringa oleifera leaves. Indian J Agric Biochem 2020, 33(2), 193-6.

The present study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of crude aqueous extract as well as nanoparticles synthesized from Moringa oleifera leaves. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was done using aqueous leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera. The antioxidant potential of crude aqueous extract as well as nanoparticles from Moringa leaves was determined by DPPH, FRAP, ABTS assays. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were also determined. The antibacterial effects of crude aqueous extract as well as nanoparticles from Moringa leaf extracts against infectious bacterial strains were also evaluated. Results showed significantly higher antioxidant potentials in nanoparticles synthesized from Moringa leaf extracts as compared to aqueous extract. DPPH scavenging activity, ferric reducing ability (FRAP) and ABTS radical scavenging activity were higher in nanoparticles of Moringa leaf extracts as compared to crude aqueous extract. Further, the antibacterial effect was higher in nanoparticles as compared to crude aqueous extract prepared from Moringa leaves. These results showed the strong antioxidant potential and antibacterial activity of nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera as compared to its crude aqueous extract.

2 tables, 16 ref

040974   BALA M, DEVARAKONDA B, MANN S, MRIDULA D, SINGH R K (ICAR-Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana - 141 001, Punjab, Email: avimithi@gmail.com) : Evaluation of physicochemical and functional properties of chickpea (Cicer arientum l.) flour as a function of particle size. Indian J Agric Biochem 2020, 33(2), 154-60.

Chickpea flour (Cicer arientum L.) samples of different particle size were prepared by grinding dehusked chickpea dal. The physicochemical and functional properties of chickpea flour of different particle size ranging from 105-299µm were studied. The results revealed that reduction in particle size caused significant increase in protein, fat and ash content and decrease in the carbohydrate content of flour fractions. Light scattering analysis showed that all flour samples except the flour with particle size of 299µm showed bimodal particle size distribution. Reduction in particle size of flour resulted in decreased flowability, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity and foaming stability. However, the least gelation concentration, foaming capacity and color coordinates were increased with reduction in particle size of the flour. The finding suggesteds that particle size fractionation of chickpea flour would be useful for the development of food products with different functionalities.

3 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

040973   KALA R G, SUPRIYA R, JAYASHREE R, THULASEEDHARAN A (Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam, Kerala - 686 009, Email: rgkala@rubberboard.org.in) : Chlorophyll a/b binding protein (cab) gene expression in hevea signifying clone rejuvenation through somatic embryogenesis. Indian J Agric Biochem 2020, 33(2), 146-53.

The natural rubber tree is highly heterozygous hence elite clones are propagated through bud grafting. It is well established that juvenile tissues are more responsive to in vitro propagation techniques. In Hevea also physiological maturity of clonal explants has a direct impact on induction of organogenesis and embryogenesis. The effect is modulated through expression of various genes associated with juvenility including Chlorophyll a/b binding protein gene (Cab gene). The gene was isolated and characterized from Hevea brasiliensis and showed 90 % sequence homology to Cab gene from Ricinus communis. In the present study, Cab gene expression with respect to in vitro culture response of leaf explants, harvested from Hevea plants of different maturity was studied. Leaves were harvested from seedlings, somatic plants bud grafted clonal plants and mature trees of clonal origin. A 525 bp Cab gene was differentially expressed in the leaves harvested from these sources. There was markedly more expression of this gene in explants harvested from young seedlings and clonal somatic plants than bud grafted plants and mature field grown trees of clonal origin. Northern analysis also gave similar results. Explants collected from physiologically juvenile sources such as seedlings and clonal somatic plants had higher expression of Cab gene and they also had better in vitro culture response. This indicated that somatic embryogenesis from clonal explants in Hevea resulted in physiological juvenility through clone rejuvenation.

4 illus, 46 ref

040971   KATOCH R, TRIPATHI A (Crop Improvement Dep, CSKHPKV, Palampur - 176 062, HP, Email: rajankatoch@yahoo.com) : Study on lignin biosynthetic genes from tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea schreb.). Indian J Agric Biochem 2020, 33(2), 133-9.

Lignin, an integral component of secondary cell wall is indispensable for normal growth of a plant. However, high lignin content in cell wall not only problematic in industrial processing of plants but it also decreases the digestibility of forages. Lignin biosynthesis involves many enzymatic reactions among which the reactions catalyzed by enzymes caffeic acid Omethyltransferase (EC. 2.1.1.68), cinnamoyl CoA reductase (EC. 1.2.1.44) and cinnamoyl alcohol dehydrogenase (EC.1.1.1.195) are important regulatory steps of the pathway. In the present study, gene fragments of COMT (caffeic acid O-methyl transferase), CCR (Cinnamoyl CoA reductase) and CAD (Cinnamoyl alcohol dehydrogenase) with 1058, 207 and 1166bp lengths, respectively were cloned and sequenced from tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the COMT, CCR and CAD genes from tall fescue and other monocots separate in distinct groups. A close evolutionary relationship was observed between tall fescue with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) as they shared same sub-branch of monocotyledons clade. The results from the study would be helpful in understanding intricacies of lignin biosynthesis and designing strategies for manipulating its content for improving digestibility of important forage species with high lignin content.

4 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

040970   KIRAN, SINGH A, JAIN A K (Biochemistry Dep, Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural Univ, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar, Email: kirandivij@gmail.com) : Biochemical and pharmacological aspects of clitoria ternatea - a review. Indian J Agric Biochem 2020, 33(2), 115-24.

Clitoria ternatea, an ornamental perennial climber of Fabacea has a range of biochemical principles including aprajitin, delphinidins, anthocyanins, Betulase-1, â-sitosterol, taxaxerol, taxaxerone, flavonoids, tannins, stigmast-4-ene-3,6-dione, kaempferol-3-monoglucoside. The extracts derived from various parts of plant exhibited abundant pharmacological properties including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, anticancer, wound healing and other pharmacological effects. Apart from the therapeutic applications through traditional / ayurvedic medicine, Clitoria ternatea is also used in agriculture, biotechnology and food industry due to its pleiotropic properties. This review has been attempted with an objective to assist the researcher to tap the hidden potential of Clitoria ternatea and develop novel range of bioactive molecules for use in mankind.

2 illus, 1 table, 79 ref

040964   ZALA D M, DHRUV J (Biochemistry Dep, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand - 388 110, Gujarat, Email: jitendra_dhruve@yahoo.com) : Nutraceutical characterization of pumpkin fruit (Cucurbita moschata duch. ex. poir). Indian J Agric Biochem 2020, 33(1), 76-80.

The promotion and consumption of indigenous vegetables could help to mitigate food insecurity and alleviate malnutrition in developing countries. Pumpkin is a nutritional source of valuable nutrients. Being rich source of carotenoids pumpkinbased food products can help in preventing various types of diseases. The present investigation was carried to enhance understanding regarding the nutraceutical molecules in fruit of eleven pumpkin genotypes. The study revealed that significant differences were observed for most of the traits. The moisture, flavanoids and zinc content was recorded higher in GP PK 29. Total soluble solids and vitamin C content was found maximum in GP PK 142. Total phenol, beta carotene and saponin content were higher in GP PK 67. The catalase enzyme activity was found higher in GP PK 132, while peroxidise and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity were observed higher in GP PK 23. Therefore, increase in the production and consumption of these nutrient-rich indigenous pumpkin fruits will help to supplement the diets and alleviate the problems associated with malnutrition in the country.

1 illus, 4 tables, 34 ref

040963   PIPALIYA H, GAJERA H (Biotechnology Dep, Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Junagadh - 362 001(Gujarat), Email: harsukhgajera@yahoo.com) : Sucrose metabolism and RUBISCO activity influenced by salicylic acid at flowering stage revealed tolerance to heat stress in chickpea genotypes. Indian J Agric Biochem 2020, 33(1), 67-75.

The heat tolerant (ICC-4958, GG-2) and susceptible (ICC-4567, GJG-5) chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes were studied for enzymes of sucrose metabolism and RUBISCO activity associated with reproductive collapse under the influence of salicylic acid (SA) during normal and late sowing. The RUBISCO (carbon fixing enzyme) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) decreased significantly in tender leaves (nearer to flower) and anthers due to heat stress leading to reduced sucrose content in late sowing as compared to normal sowing in susceptible genotypes. The pollen length (SEM) of flower was reduced in susceptible genotypes correlating less sucrose and higher invertase activity under heat stress. The activities of RUBISCO, SPS and sucrose content were enhanced (4.31 and 3.29 fold) in susceptible genotypes by SA2 (200 ppm) compared to tolerant (2.17 and 2.31 fold) in leaves under heat stress. The invertase activity remarkably decreased in tolerant genotypes compared to susceptible under the influence of SA in leaves and anthers during late sowing. The leaves sucrose content were enhanced 3.48 fold in tolerant compared to 1.55 fold in susceptible genotypes by SA2 . The improvement in reproductive failure due to heat stress (late sowing) was observed better in susceptible genotypes compared to tolerant after SA applications (200 ppm) at flowering stage which elevated enzymes of sucrose metabolism and RUBISCO activity. However, these enzymes found to be higher in tolerant genotypes as pre-existing mechanisms to boost up growth of reproductive organ. The RUBISCO activity, sucrose content and enzymes for sucrose metabolism were found higher in leaves (first tender leaves near to flower) compared to the anthers except SPS which was found higher in anthers particularly in tolerant genotypes during heat stress signifying source to sink transportation of sucrose during flower development and fertilization influenced by SA.

3 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref

040961   THENGAL H, BAISHYA S, DAS P, BHORALI P, PATHAK K (Biochemistry and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Assam Agricultural Univ, Jorhat, Assam - 785 013, Email: khanin_bio@yahoo.in) : Assessment of nutritional quality of few sesame (Sesamum indicum l.) genotypes of Assam. Indian J Agric Biochem 2020, 33(1), 56-60.

The present study was conducted to investigate the proximate composition, antioxidant properties of sesame seed and chemical characteristics of sesame seed oil. The results showed that the sesame seeds contained 5.19-7.66 % moisture, 11.25-19.54 % carbohydrate, 19.32-22.81 % crude protein, 35.81-49.25 % crude fat, 3.23-9.74 % crude fibre and 1.50-5.53 % ash on dry weight basis. The mineral composition of sesame seeds revealed relatively high amounts of iron (1.34 to 10.01mg/ 100g), calcium (975.33 to 1282.67 mg/100g), sodium (17.80 to 65.40 mg/100g) and potassium (108.00 to 379.33 mg/100g). Phenolic contents ranged from 0.88 to 1.98 mg catechol equivalent/g, flavonoids content from 0.11 to 0.19 mg quercetin equivalent/g and DPPH inhibition percentage from 59.30 to 67.75 %. The iodine value, saponification value and acid value were found in the range of 81.64 to 113.79 g I₂ /100g oil, 159.89 to 206.64 mg KOH/g oil and 0.56 to 2.16 mg KOH/ g oil, respectively.

5 tables, 38 ref

040959   MASIH D, BROADWAY A A, KONGALA P R, SHUKLA R N (Food Process Engineering Dep, Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture, Prayagraj - 211 007, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dorcus_1234@rediffmail.com) : Impact of thermal, agitation and microwave assisted extraction on flavonoids from red beet (Beta vulgaris l). Indian J Agric Biochem 2020, 33(1), 43-8.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the biological activity of red beet and its potential utility as one of the health promoting and disease preventing functional food. The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of extraction techniques such as Thermal, Agitation assisted extraction (AAE) and Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) on flavonoid content of red beet using different solvent compositions viz., T₁ Distilled water ii) T2- Distilled water + 0.5 % citric acid, iii)T3- 20 % Ethanol, iv) T4- 20 % Ethanol+ 0.5 % citric acid, v)T5- 50 % Ethanol, vi)T6- 50 % Ethanol +0.5 % citric acid. The impact of solvent systems and extraction techniques were evaluated at different temperatures (40, 50 and 60oC), agitation speeds (150, 170 and 190 rpm) and microwave power levels (160, 320 and 480 W). It was found that highest flavonoid content was observed in AAE at 190 rpm as 11.62 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/ 100g dry weight (DW)in T₄ followed by 8.00 mg QE/ 100g DWat 480 W in T₅ through MAE and 7.16 mg QE/100g DW in thermal extraction at 40^oC in T₅ .The effect of solvent composition on extraction methods was found significant and MAE evolved as efficient process for the extraction of flavonoids from red beet.

1 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

040957   DIXIT D, SINHA N (Amity Univ, Noida - 201 303, Email: nsinha@amity.edu) : Studies on the antioxidant property of some weeds found in agricultural fields. Indian J Agric Biochem 2020, 33(1), 32-7.

The object of the present study was to determine the phenols, flavonoids contents and antioxidant potential of some weeds growing in agriculture fields. Ten common weed species viz. Acalypha indica (kuppi) , Amaranthus spinosus (kanta chaulai), Argemone Mexicana (satyanashi), Bacopa monnieri (brahmi), Calotropis procera (aak), Cannabis sativa (bhang), Cuscuta reflexa (amar bel), Mimosa pudica (chui-mui), Tinospora cordifolia (gulbel) and Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) were assessed for the secondary metabolites content and antioxidant potential in the different parts of these plants. Methanolic extracts were prepared by the maceration method. Total phenolic, flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity and reducing power of methanolic extracts of different parts of weeds were performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Maximum content of phenolics were reported in Withania somnifera (295.48±1.9 mg GAE/g) and lowest in Mimosa pudica (7.86±0.6 mg GAE/g). The flavonoid content was also reported to be highest in Withania somnifera (108.43±1.4 mg QE/g) and lowest in Mimosa pudica (9.12±0.2 mg QE/g). All the species of weeds having high phenol and flavonoid content, also have strong antioxidant potential in terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity and reducing power of different extracts. The DPPH inhibition (%) was reported to be highest in Withania somnifera leaves (89 %) and lowest inhibition in DPPH radical was observed by Mimosa pudica leaves (20 %). The nitric oxide scavenging activity was also reported to be highest (93 %) in Withania somnifera leaves and lowest (25%) in Mimosa pudica leaves. The reducing power of these extracts also exhibited the same pattern with highest reducing power shown by leaves of Withania somnifera (90 %) and lowest (10 %) in Mimosa pudica leaves. Our results demonstrate that, these weeds could be a potential source of natural antioxidants in future for the pharmaceutical industry.

3 tables, 30 ref

040956   JAGDISH M, KOUNDAL K R (ICAR-National Research Institute of Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi - 110 012, Email: kirparamkoundal@gmail.com) : Characterization of protease inhibitor promoter from black gram (vigna mungo l.) and gus gene expression in transgenic tobacco plants. Indian J Agric Biochem 2020, 33(1), 25-31.

Like other legumes, black gram is also known to be source of plant protease inhibitors. Plant protease inhibitors (PIs) are small proteins which represent a class of well studied compounds of plant defense genes and are abundant in storage organs such as seeds and tubers. The protease inhibitor proteins serve various functions in the growth and developmental processes. Like other legumes black gram (Vigna mungo L.) is also known to be a source of plant protease inhibitors and considered to be involved in insect tolerance. In this study, promoter sequence consisting of 0.75 fragments of a 52 upstream flanking region preceding a protease inhibitor gene of black gram was cloned from genomic clones and its sequence is characterized. The spatial and temporal control of the 0.75 fragment promoter sequence was also further investigated for its regulation on expression of the â-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene in transgenic tobacco. Analysis of gus activities showed that the 0.75 kb flanking fragment of the protease inhibitor gene actually drives the gus reporter gene expression in ovary, pistil and seeds of tobacco. In another case, promoter sequence consisting of 1.3 kb fragment of a 52 flanking region of black gram protease inhibitor gene was isolated by Genome Walker strategy and promoter sequence was analyzed in-silico by PLACE and PlantCARE database.

10 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

040955   ALLENDEZ G N, ALZOGARAY M S L, NAZARENO M, GUPTA C (Amity Univ, Noida-201313 (Uttar Pradesh), Email: cgupta@amity.edu) : Lactic acid fermentation as a tool to enhance the antioxidant properties of Opuntia ficus-indica juice. Indian J Agric Biochem 2020, 33(1), 20-4.

Lactic acid fermentation of Opuntia ficus-indica fruit juice constitutes an important biotechnology process for its preservation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacterial (LAB) fermentation of cactus pear juice (CPJ) on its properties. Variations in radical scavenging activity, phenolic compound contents, betalain contents, pH and acidity were compared after fermentation taking fresh fruit juice as control. CPJ were fermented with Weissella cibaria and also with Pediococcus pentosaceus. These strains were previously isolated from CPJ in our laboratory. CPJ was inoculated with LAB (2% of inoculum) and incubated for 24 h at 25°C. Pasteurized CPJ not inoculated with the LAB was submitted to the same treatment and used as control. pH values and LAB counts (CFU/ml) in CPJ were measured at 6, 12, 18 and 24 h of incubation. Phenolic compound concentrations (PCC) were assayed by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. DPPH bleaching method was used to evaluate radical scavenging activity. P. pentosaceus was able to acidify the juice with a pH decrease from 4.96 to 4.15 after 24 h of growth at 25°C and production of 4.10 g L^-1 of lactic acid. PCC and betalain contents were preserved after lactic acid fermentation. Additionally, fermented cactus pear juice by P. pentosaceus strain showed similar antioxidant activity to the control juice, although, the juice fermented with W. cibaria strain, showed significantly (P<0.05) higher activity than the control juice. The selected strains exhibited a good performance for their use in the fermentation of CPJ.

5 tables, 28 ref

044641   TRIVENI N , VOOTLA S K (Biotechnology and Microbiology Dep, Karnatak Univ, Dharwad- 580 003, Karnataka, Email: shyamkumarvootla@gmail.com) : Virus induced global protein synthesis shutdown in Antheraea mylitta infected with Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J Ent Res 2020, 44(1), 83-6.

An abortive infection system was studied involving Antheraea mylitta and Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV). SDS-PAGE of healthy and infected A. mylitta silkworm’s hemolymph proteins was analysed and mortality rate was used as index to verify infection. In A. mylitta cells, BmNPV infection resulted in a severe global protein synthesis shutdown during early post infection i.e. within 24 hrs. These results indicate that the restriction of BmNPV multiplication in A. mylitta is caused by a global protein synthesis shutdown resulting in non-productive infection evident from our observation that there was no significant mortality of A. mylitta silkworms administered with BmNPV.

4 illus, 20 ref

044628   CHAITRA B S, SARASWATHI, MAMTHA R, KIRAN T, MANJULAKUMARI D (Microbiology and Biotechnology Dep, Bangalore Univ, Bengaluru- 560 056, Karnataka,, Email: manjulakumari_doddamane@yahoo.co.in) : Tracking the changes in protein profile during mating in male accessory glands of Helicoverpa armigera (H). J Ent Res 2020, 44(1), 1-6.

The changes in protein profile of male accessory glands (MAGs) of Helicoverpa armigera during mating were tracked by interrupting mating every 5 min interval until the mating terminated. Polyacrylamide gel based protein banding patterns of these samples revealed changes in the protein profile of the MAGs at different durations of mating. The disappearance of a protein band ≈24 kDa on 12 % glycine gel after 30 min of mating was very prominent which presumed to be transferred to female at the time of mating and involved in post mating behavioral changes in female.

3 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

044615   SUMAN S, SINGH T, SWAYAMPRABHA S, SINGH S (Biotechnology Dep, Magadh Univ, Bodh Gaya– 824 234, Bihar) : Biodegradation of pesticide chlorpyrifos by bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (accession no. cp023500.1) isolated from agricultural soil. J Ecophysiol Occup Health 2020, 20(1&2), 21-6.

The use of pesticides like Chlorpyrifos in agricultural soil is the primary reason for the pollution of aquatic and terrestrial environments. Today the most effective method used for bioremediation are by using microbes. Different pesticide degrading bacteria were isolated and identified by the mean of cultural, biochemical tests and which is further identified and confirmed by 16S RNA sequencing method. The most potent strain S-1 growth in mineral salt medium supplemented with Chlorpyrifos as sole source of carbon (50 to 1000 ug/ml) its optical density was measured at 600 nm. The bacterial growth is optimised on the parameter of different physiochemical condition were. The result showed that S. aureus shows maximum growth on 12^th day. The HPLC analysis was also done for calculating the residual percentage of Chlorpyrifos after 12 days incubation which showed that S. aureus was able to degrade 99 % of the pesticide of the 1000 ug/ml CP concentration in the MSM. The results of this research shows that the isolated bacteria have the potential to be used in bioremediation of Chlorpyrifos contaminated soil and water ecosystems.

5 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

044506   ABDUL R, NIDA M, XIONGMING D, TEHSEEN A M (Plant Breeding and Genetics Dep, Agriculture Univ, Faisalabad- 380 40, Pakistan, Email: tehseenazhar@gmail.com) : Heritability and correlation analysis of morphological and yield traits in genetically modified cotton. J Cotton Res 2020, 3, 10.1186/s42397-.

Cotton is known for fiber extraction and it is grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world due to having hot weather. Cotton crop has a significant role in GDP of Pakistan. Therefore, the two-years research was conducted to estimate heritability and association among various yield contributing parameters of cotton, i.e., plant height, number of bolls per plant, number of sympodial branches per plant, seed cotton yield, boll weight, seed index, ginning outturn (GOT), fiber length, fiber strength, and fiber fineness. Association analysis revealed that seed cotton yield had a significant positive correlation with plant height, number of bolls per plant, number of sympodial branches per plant, GOT, staple length and fiber strength. Staple length and fiber strength were negatively linked with each other. Estimates of heritability were high for all of the traits except the number of sympodial branches per plant and boll weight.  The parent IUB-222 was found to be the best for plant height, the number of bolls per plant, boll weight, GOT, seed cotton yield, and seed index. The genotypes namely, NIAB-414 and VH-367 were identified as the best parents for fiber length, strength, and fineness. Among the crosses NIAB-414 × IUB-222 was the best for the number of bolls per plant, seed index, seed cotton yield and fiber fineness, whereas, the cross of NIAB-414 × CIM-632 was good for plant height. The combination of A555 × CIM-632 was the best for the number of sympodial branches per plant, boll weight, fiber length, and strength, and VH-367 × CIM-632 proved the best for GOT

1 illus, 3 tables, 80 ref

044505   FABRICE D H , ELIE D A, KOBI O D-K, VALERIEN Z A, THOMAS H A, JOËLLE T-M , MAURILLE E I A T, DÉNIS O B, MANUELE T (Parakou Univ, Parakou, Benin, Email: icedannon@gmail.com) : Toward the efficient use of Beauveria bassiana in integrated cotton insect pest management. J Cotton Res 2020, 3, 10.1186/s42397-.

For controlling the resistance to insects, in particular carpophagous and phyllophagous caterpillars, using chemical pesticides has led to contamination of cotton area in Benin. Facing this problem, alternative methods including the use of entomopathogenic fungi as biopesticide could be a sound measure to preserve the environment, biodiversity and ensure good quality of crops. Previous studies have revealed the insecticidal potential of the entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana on some insect pest species. However, little is known about its effectiveness on cotton Lepidopteran pests. This review is done to learn more about B. bassina for its application in controlling cotton insect pests, especially Lepidopteran species.  Different sections of the current review deal with the related description and action modes of B. bassiana against insects, multi-trophic interactions between B. bassiana and plants, arthropods, soil and other microbes, and biological control programs including B. bassiana during last decade. Advantages and constraints in applying B. bassiana and challenges in commercialization of B. bassiana-based biopesticide have been addressed. In this review, emphasis is put on the application methods and targeted insects in various studies with regard to their applicability in cotton. This review helps us to identify the knowledge gaps related to application of B. bassiana on cotton pest in general and especially in Lepidopteran species in Benin. This work should be supported by complementary laboratory bioassays, station and/or fields experiments for effective management of cotton Lepidopteran pests in Benin.

2 tables, 115 ref

044504   YUZHEN W, LONGYU H, DAYUN Z, XIAOQIONG F, CHAO L, SHOUJUN W, JUN P, MENG K (Zhengzhou Univ, Zhengzhou- 455 001, China, Email: jun_peng@126.com) : Development and application of perfect SSR markers in cotton. J Cotton Res 2020, 3, 10.1186/s42397-.

This study aimed to develop a set of perfect simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with a single copy in the cotton genome, to construct a DNA fingerprint database suitable for authentication of cotton cultivars. We optimized the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system for multi-platform compatibility and improving detection efficiency. Based on the reference genome of upland cotton and 10× resequencing data of 48 basic cotton germplasm lines, single-copy polymorphic SSR sites were identified and developed as diploidization SSR markers. The SSR markers were detected by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) for initial screening, then fluorescence capillary electrophoresis for secondary screening. The final perfect SSR markers were evaluated and verified using 210 lines from different sources among Chinese cotton regional trials. Using bioinformatics techniques, 1 246 SSR markers were designed from 26 626 single-copy SSR loci. Adopting a stepwise (primary and secondary) screening strategy, a set of 60 perfect SSR markers was selected with high amplification efficiency and stability, easy interpretation of peak type, multiple allelic variations, high polymorphism information content (PIC) value, uniform chromosome distribution, and single-copy characteristics. A multiplex PCR system was established with ten SSR markers using capillary electrophoresis detection. A set of perfect SSR markers of cotton was developed and a high-throughput SSR marker detection system was established. This study lays a foundation for large-scale and standardized construction of a cotton DNA fingerprint database for authentication of cotton varieties.

3 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

044503   FENG C , YANJUN G, LI C, XINLI G, MIN L, JUAN L, WENLIANG X (Central China Normal Univ, Wuhan- 430 079, China, Email: wenliangxu@mail.ccnu.edu.cn ) : Global identification of genes associated with xylan biosynthesis in cotton fiber. J Cotton Res 2020, 3, 10.1186/s42397-.

Mature cotton fiber secondary cell wall comprises largely of cellulose (> 90 %) and small amounts of xylan and lignin. Little is known about the cotton fiber xylan biosynthesis by far.  To comprehensively survey xylan biosynthetic genes in cotton fiber, we identified five IRX9, five IRX10, one IRX14, six IRX15, two FRA8, one PARVUS, eight GUX, four GXM, two RWA, two AXY9, 13 TBL genes by using phylogenetic analysis coupled with expression profile analysis and co-expression analyses. In addition, we also identified two GT61 members, two GT47 members, and two DUF579 family members whose homologs in Arabidopsis were not functionally characterized. These 55 genes were regarded as the most probable genes to be involved in fiber xylan biosynthesis. Further complementation analysis indicated that one IRX10 like and two FRA8 related genes were able to partially recover the irregular xylem phenotype conferred by the xylan deficiency in their respective Arabidopsis mutant. We conclude that these genes are functional orthologs of respective genes that are implicated in GX biosynthesis. Conclusion: The list of 55 cotton genes presented here provides not only a solid basis to uncover the biosynthesis of xylan in cotton fiber, but also a genetic resource potentially useful for future studies aiming at fiber improvement via biotechnological approaches.

5 illus, 1 table, 48 ref

044502   CUIXIA L, ZHIFANG L, LINGLING D, YI Y, CHANGSONG Z, HAIHONG S , LANGJUN C, GUANGHUI X (Shaanxi Normal Univ, Xi’an- 710119, China, Email: ljcui@snnu.edu.cn) : A genome-wide identification of the BLH gene family reveals BLH1 involved in cotton fiber development. J Cotton Res 2020, 3, 10.1186/s42397-.

Cotton is the world’s largest and most important source of renewable natural fiber. BEL1-like homeodomain (BLH) genes are ubiquitous in plants and have been reported to contribute to plant development. However, there is no comprehensive characterization of this gene family in cotton. In this study, 32, 16, and 18 BLH genes were identified from the G. hirsutum, G. arboreum, and G. raimondii genome, respectively. In addition, we also studied the phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal location, gene structure, and gene expression patterns of the BLH genes. The results indicated that these BLH proteins were divided into seven distinct groups by phylogenetic analysis. Among them, 25 members were assigned to 15 chromosomes. Furthermore, gene structure, chromosomal location, conserved motifs, and expression level of BLH genes were investigated in G. hirsutum. Expression profiles analysis showed that four genes (GhBLH1_3, GhBLH1_4, GhBLH1_5, and GhBLH1_6) from BLH1 subfamily were highly expressed during the fiber cell elongation period. The expression levels of these genes were significantly induced by gibberellic acid and brassinosteroid, but not auxin. Exogenous application of gibberellic acid significantly enhanced GhBLH1_3, GhBLH1_4, and GhBLH1_5 transcripts. Expression levels of GhBLH1_3 and GhBLH1_4 genes were significantly increased under brassinosteroid treatment.  The BLH gene family plays a very important role in many biological processes during plant growth and development. This study deepens our understanding of the role of the GhBLH1 gene involved in fiber development and will help us in breeding better cotton varieties in the future.

5 illus, 1 table, 51 ref

040457   SINGHA D L, SARMA S, SINGH S (Agricultural Biotechnology Dep, Assam Agricultural Univ, Jorhat - 785 013, Assam, Email: ssingh1506@yahoo.co.in) : Understanding the mode of regulation of proline biosynthesis for drought tolerance in transgenic rice overexpressing PDH47 gene. Indian J Biotechnol 2020, 19(2), 73-81.

Plants respond to drought stress by inducing proline accumulation which would promote drought tolerance. During drought, several reports described activation/overexpression of genes encoding enzymes for glutamate and ornithine-based proline biosynthesis pathways that provide tolerance to the plant. Pea DNA helicase 47 (PDH47), involves in drought stress tolerance. However, the exact mechanism for drought tolerance is not known. The present study will provide insights into how overexpression of a PDH47 in transgenic rice confers drought tolerance by further escalating the accumulation of proline. Here, the developed transgenic plants expressing PDH47 showed increased tolerance to drought with increased expression of proline biosynthesis genes. Therefore, understanding the combined regulation for expression of proline metabolism genes during drought stress in rice overexpressing drought stress-responsive DEAD-box helicase like PDH47 may result in engineering economically important crop plants for more tolerant to drought stress.

5 illus, 1 table, 43 ref

040455   CHAUBEY K K, SINGH S V, SINGH P K, GUPTA S, KHANDELWAL V, CHOUDHARY P K, PANT G, JAYARAMAN S, RAWAT K D (Biotechnology Dep, GLA Univ, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh- 281406, Email: shoorvir.singh@gla.ac.in) : Detection of anti-Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis antibodies in thyroid and type-1 diabetes patients. Indian J Biotechnol 2020, 19(1), 49-52.

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes granulomatous intestinal disease in animals (Johne’s diseases). MAP has also been associated with several autoimmune disorders. In this study, we screened serum samples from confirmed patients of thyroid and type 1 diabetes for the presence of antibody against MAP. We used newly developed 'cocktail ELISA' (based on recombinant secretary proteins) and extensively validated 'indigenous ELISA' (based on whole cell protoplasmic antigen) and both the tests were also compared for their diagnostic potential. A total of 90 serums samples were included of which anti-MAP antibodies was detected in 28.8% and 26.6% of samples by indigenous ELISA (iELISA) and cocktail ELISA (cELISA), respectively. There was almost perfect agreement between the two tests in detecting the anti-MAP antibodies. Study raises concern on high detection of anti-MAP antibodies in human, thus warranting necessary control measure to minimize MAP exposure in human beings.

1 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

040446   SUNKAR S, VANI P E, BARRET K A, NACHIYAR C V, PRAKASH P (Bioinformatics & Biotechnology Dep, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai-600 119, Tamil Nadu, Email: swethauk78@gmail.com) : Degradation of crude oil using the indigenous isolate Bacillus sp SEA18. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2020, 57(3), 317-26.

Hydrocarbon contamination in the environment today is gaining more importance as they are carcinogenic and neurotoxic. Methods to degrade these hydrocarbons are rightfully demanding and researchers are on a lookout for new and indigenous species as they are sustained in that niche by utilizing the resources available. Because of the capabilities exhibited by bacteria in environmental remediation, this study, focuses on isolating an indigenous bacterium from oil-contaminated site and evaluate its potential in degrading oils. The isolate obtained was identified as Bacillus sp and was found to show the degradation of crude oil to an extent of 80 % after 60 days of incubation. The analysis was confirmed by GC-MS analysis that showed a significant reduction in the number of hydrocarbons. This capability of this bacterium to produce biosurfactants promises this species to play a role in degradation as biosurfactants would enhance the degradation process. This study, therefore, reinforces the fact that indigenous species are potential hydrocarbon degraders due to their adaptability and endurance.

6 illus, 1 table, 60 ref

040433   SURYAWANSHI N, AYOTHIRAMAN S, ESWARI J S (Biotechnology Dep, National Institute of Technology, Raipur- 492 010, Chhattisgarh, Email: satyaeswarij.bt@nitrr.ac.in) : Ultrasonication mode for the expedition of extraction process of chitin from the maritime shrimp shell waste. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2020, 57(4), 431-8.

Worldwide, marine crustacean waste is a major problem for environmental pollution, and it is a severe risk to the coastline area. Shellfish wastes consist of some commercially valuable products, mainly the chitin. The extraction of chitin from the shellfish waste is very complicated and required a successive pretreatment process. Sonication can improve the process of extraction of chitin from the shrimp shell waste. In this study, the conventional and ultrasonication method of pretreatment was applied and compared for the extraction of chitin. By the conventional method, 12 h was required for the removal of calcium and proteins each. In contrast, only 6 h was required for the complete removal of calcium and proteins each, by the ultrasonication assisted method. After pretreatment, the results were analyzed and compared by the already purified commercial chitin using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Ultrasonication improves the rate of reaction of the pretreatment by the process of cavitation. By this work, the ultrasonication technique was proved to be much faster than the conventional method for the pretreatment process.

7 illus, 2 tables, 50 ref

040223   VERMA A, SINGH G P (ICAR- Indian Institute of Wheat & Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana, Email: ajay.verma1@icar.gov.in) : Nonparametric measures of stability analysis compared as per blup & blue of wheat genotypes for central zone of country. Int J Agric Envir Biotechnol 2020, 13(3), 323-37.

Stability for wheat genotypes had been compared in Central Zone of the country as per the BLUP and BLUE of yield values. Measures based on ranks of BLUP for 2015-16 i.e. Si s  identified G1, G5, G7, G6. Corrected yield measures CSi s pointed towards G1, G2, G5, G6. Values of NPi (s) identified G1, G2, G7. Overall similarity among non-parametric measures tested by Kendall’s coefficient of concordance. Positive correlations of S_i ^s , CS_i ^s & NP_i ^(s) observed with other measures. Biplot analysis exhibited cluster of CV with CCV, S_i ¹ , S_i ² , S_i ⁴ , S_i ⁵ , S_i ⁷ , S_i ³ , S_i ⁶ , NP_i ⁽²⁾, NP_i ⁽³⁾ & NP_i ⁽⁴⁾. Based on BLUE’s of genotypes, S_i ^s  found G1, G7, G4, G5 while CS_i ^s  identified G5, G4, G2 as opposed to G7, G1, G4 genotypes as by values NP_i ^(s). Positive and negative correlations exhibited by S_i ^s , CS_i ^s & NP_i ^(s) with the measures. Biplot analysis observed large cluster comprised of Yield with GAI, NP_i ⁽²⁾, NP_i ⁽³⁾, NP_i ⁽⁴⁾, S_i ¹ , S_i ² , S_i ⁴ S_i ³ , S_i ⁵ , S_i ⁶ measures. Second year of study (2017-18) as per BLUP’s seen, S_i ^s  settled for G8, G7, G2 genotypes. While NP_i ^(s) settled for G1, G2, G8, G5. Negative correlations of yield had been observed with MR, CV, Med, NP_i ⁽²⁾, NPi ⁽³⁾, NP_i ⁽⁴⁾ while positive with GAI, CMR, CS_i 6 . Measure CV expressed affinity with NP_i ⁽²⁾, NP_i ⁽³⁾ & NP_i ⁽⁴⁾, SD, S_i ³ , S_i ⁶ , S_i ¹ , S_i ² , S_i ⁴ , S_i ⁵ , S_i ⁷ in Biplot analysis.. Measures S_i ^s  as per BLUE’s pointed towards G2, G5,G8, G7 whereas CS_i ^s  settled for G6, G8, G7. .  Wheat genotypes G8, G2, G7, G5 favoured by least values of NP_i ^(s). Positive correlation S_i ^s , CS_i ^s & NP_i ^(s) with others. Large cluster of CCV, CSD, NP_i ⁽¹⁾, S_i ¹ , S_i ² , S_i ⁴ , CS_i ¹ , CS_i ² , CS_i ³ , CS_i ⁴ , CS_i ⁵ , CS_i ⁶ , CS_i ⁷ and Z1 measures.

4 illus, 18 tables, 20 ref

040222   SARKAR K (Sericulture Dep, Krishnath Coll, Murshidabad, West Bengal, Email: kunal1sarkar@gmail.com) : Studies on the effect of different types of feeding on the commercial characters of mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori l.) in West Bengal: A review. Int J Agric Envir Biotechnol 2020, 13(3), 305-21.

The silkworm Bombyx mori is essentially monophagous and survives solely on the mulberry leaves (Morus spp.). Mulberry is a highly heterozygous and vegetatively propagated species that is prone to prolonged juvenile period. Since the quality of silk production is directly proportional to the quality of leaves used as the exclusive feed for these worms, leaf quality is of utmost importance in sericulture. The quality of leaves is reported to depend upon age of leaf on the shoot, succulency and nutrient content. The nutrient contents of mulberry leaves are known to vary according to the season, variety, age, type of harvesting. In addition, feeding with mixed varieties leaves and feeding frequencies are also known to influence the health of the silk worms. The present review paper discusses in details about the effects of different types of feeding on the commercial characteristics of mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L) in West Bengal.

16 tables, 77 ref