009700   Moghadamnia D;Mokhtari M;Khatamsaz S (Biology Dep, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Fars, Iran) : Protective effect of fish oil omega-3 supplement on liver-related biochemical factors changes induced by thioacetamide in male rats. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 1253-8.

Exposure to thioacetamide causes hepatotoxicity and hepatocellular carcinoma in human, while fish oil Omega-3 supplement has anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the protective effect of Fish oil Omega-3 supplement against liver dysfunction induced by thioacetamide in rat is investigated.42 male rats were divided into 6 groups of seven. The control group, The sham 1 group receiving 0.4ml/kg olive oil as the solvent of Fish oil Omega-3 supplement, the sham2 group inter peritonealy receiving a dose of 150 mg/kg thioacetamide at the end of the experiment, the experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 orally receiving a daily dose of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg Fish oil Omega-3 supplements respectively for 3 month followed by an inter peritoneal dose of 150 mg/kg thioacetamide at the end of the experiment. The serum levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP and bilirubin were measured. Following hematoxylin-eosin staining, liver tissue samples were pathologically studied. The mean concentration of SGPT and bilirubin showed a significant decrease in the experimental group 1 compared to the group receiving thioacetamide. The mean levels of ALP and SGOT showed no significant changes in the experimental groups 1, 2, and 3. Finally, the tissue changes in all three experimental groups improved compared to the group receiving thioacetamide, and these effects were dose-dependent (p=.05). The results of this study indicate that Fish oil Omega-3 supplement has a protective effect on liver dysfunction induced by thioacetamide in rat.

1 table, 41 ref

009699   Mishra S;Thakur M (NO, Advance Institute of Biotech & Paramedical Science, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: shilpi24mishra@gmail.com) : Role of microwave assisted extraction for isolation of saponins from Sapindus mukorrosai and syntesis of its stable biofunctionalized silver nanoparticles and its hypolipidaemic activity. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 2959-65.

This research emphasis on microwave assisted extraction of fruits of Sapindus mukorrosai. Aqueous fruit extract is subjected for the isolation of saponins, focusing only on higher molecular weight of saponins using dialysis membrane. On treatment of aqueous solution of silver nitrate with isolated saponin, stable silver nanoparticles were rapidly formed. The green synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The SEM confirms the synthesis of square shape of nanocrystalline particles with the size range of 60-90 nm. The presence of saponins has confirmed by FTIR spectra. These nanoparticle has been subjected for hypolipidaemic activity in animal model. It showed significant reduction in total cholesterol, triglyceride level, HDL and VLDL parameters.

40 ref

009698   Mishra N;Krishna Sundari S (Biotechnology Dep, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, Email: krishna.sundari@jiit.ac.in) : Designing low cost SSF strategy for mass production of bioinoculant Trichoderma harzianum KSNM with longer shelf life. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(2), 447-58.

Solid substrate fermentation based mass production strategy has been explored as an option for economic and environmentally safe method for multiplication of agriculturally important biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum KSNM (T103). The study elaborates designing optimal SSF technique incorporating low cost substrate combinations that could produce maximum biomass and also retain viability of T103 for very long period. Fifteen different substrate combinations were made from wheat straw, wheat bran and wheat grain (WS:WB:WG V/V). Based on their physical attributes such as, pore space, water holding capacity, particle density and available moisture content, substrate combination number 12 (SC12) was chosen to carry out SSF. Optimization experiments involved testing of two different wetting media (WS1 and WS2) with different salt combinations. Wetting solution WS1 showing better biomass production (<62>35%) and less pH change (<60>1 pH unit?) in the substrate post incubation was further optimized. WS1 was further tested at normal, double, half and quarter (X, 2X, X/2 and X/4) strengths. Both X and X/2 resulted in consistent biomass yield till week 4. However X/2 showed better growth promotion (50% with X viz. 59% with X/2) and was thus selected for SSF. Post SSF, substrate utilization studies revealed increased nutrients release till fourth week of incubation beyond which a decline in nutrient release was observed (Total N: 4- 2.4%, P: 20-11 ppm and K: 0.5-0.3 ppm). Periodic growth evaluation studies with optimized SSF grown fungal inoculum have shown sustained viability and consistent spore production ability till 56 weeks maintaining an average of 1.69x108 spore count. This is a first of its kind study reporting a shelf life of 14 months when maintained at room temperature with no compromise in inoculum potential.

4 illus, 5 tables, 31 ref

009697   Meva F E;et al. (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Douala Univ, Cameroon) : Simple disclosure of plasmon resonance band maxima by ultraviolet spectroscopy coupled to centrifugation, determination of percentage recovery: a case study of gnetum bucholzianum Engl. leaf mediated silver nanoparticles. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2017, 7(1), 62-74.

Nanoparticle, a most popular term nowadays, is a great creation of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is defined as a research for the design, synthesis and manipulation of structure of particles with dimension smaller than 100 nm. Its applications in drug delivery, target-specific therapy, molecular imaging, biomarker, biosensor, diagnosis, water treatment, mosquitoes control, and many other fields are rapidly growing. In this research, silver mediated Gentum bucholzianum Engl. nanoparticles have been obtained. The green formation of the nanoparticules has been studied in different conditions such as pH, various incubation times and extracts quantity. The method is cost-effective and environmentally friendly. The UV-Visible measured plasmon resonance absorbtion bands could be disclosed by UV-Visible spectroscopy coupled centrifugation resulting in a simple calculation of percentage recovery. Resonance plasmon bands at 410-430 nm have been obtained.

5 illus, 41 ref

009696   Manikandan R;Anand A V (BioChemistry Dep, M.I.E.T. Arts and Science College, Trichirappalli-620 007, Email: mani_r_trichy@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Psidium guajava Linn. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Free Radical Antioxidant 2016, 6(1), 72-6.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the antioxidant activities of the ethanolic leaf extract of Psidium guajava Linn. in streptozotocin (STZ) induced oxidative stress in rats. Oxidative stress is induced with single dose of STZ 60 mg/kg b.w. and then the animals are treated with a dose of 100mg/kg b.w, 200 mg/kg b.w, and 300 mg/kg b.w of ethanolic leaf extract of P. guajava for 45 days. After the treatment, the glucose, lipid peroxides (LPO), reduce glutathione (GRH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), urea and creatinine levels are determined. Glibenclamide is used as a standard drug (3 mg/kg b.w.). The present study exposed that the administration of ethanolic leaf extract of P. guajava showed a significant decrease in glucose and LPO levels. The treatment also finds that the significant increase in GRH, GPx, SOD and CAT levels in the liver, when compared with diabetic control rats. The results proved that the ethanolic leaf extract of P. guajava treated group may effectively regulate the antioxidant status in STZ induced diabetic treated groups.

2 tables, 38 ref

009695   Mahendra C;Manasa G;Murali M;Amruthesh K N; Sadarshana M S;Lingaraju D P (Studies in Botany Dep, Mysore Univ, Manasagangotri, Mysuru-570 006, Email: mssingh.uom@gmail.com) : Antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Argyreia osyrensis Roth.. Ann Phytomed 2016, 5(1), 110-15.

A study was designed to determine the phytochemical constituents, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of different solvent extracts of Argyreia osyrensis Roth. which is one of the important ethnomedicinal plants of Western Ghats. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of alkaloids, sterols, saponins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, resins and glycosides, while proteins were absent in all the solvent extracts. Antibacterial activity of the plant extract offered potential antibacterial properties with a maximum zone of inhibition 26 mm in ethyl acetate extract of fruit against P. aeruginosa, followed by 25 mm inhibition observed against E. coli by the methanolic leaf extract. It was evident from the results that the plant possessed antibacterial activity against all the test pathogens. The MIC of the plant extracts revealed that a minimum of 0.156 mg/ ml and a maximum of 0.625 mg/ ml of the extracts were required to inhibit the test pathogens. Further, the studies on DPPH radical scavenging activity confirmed that the plant extracts contained natural antioxidants, which was dose dependent. The results obtained in this study justify the use of A. osyrensis by traditional medical practitioners for various ailments.

7 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

009694   Mahadesh Prasad A J;Chauhan J B;Kavyashree B M;Vijith Kumar;Anjali Arun N;Komal Kumar J K;Guruprasada Rao S R (Biochemistry Dep, Biotechnology and Microbiology, Pooja Bhagavath Memorial Mahajana PG C, KRS Road, Metagalli, Mysore) : Human serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity down regulates with age: a case study in South Indian population. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2016, 6(3), 170-6.

With immense understanding on the role of Human serum Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) as a cardio protective molecule and its anti-atherogenic property, there are significant amount of research is going on evaluating the level of PON1 in different geographical region to understand the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The present study was conducted to analyze PON1 activity in 110 Individuals age group ranging from 18-87 years of both sex from south Indians. The PON1 activity was measured as aryl esterase activity using the substrate phenyl acetate. Additionally, we have also partially purified human serum PON1 using cibacron blue affinity matrix to assess the PON1 association with its natural environment. The statistical analysis of PON1 activity from analyzed samples revealed that PON1 activity was negatively correlated with age. Further, the partial purification results also showed that PON1 enzyme was dissociated from HDL natural microenvironment and this explains possible reason for the decline in PON1 activity with increasing age.

3 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

009693   Lindon S;Cruz M E;Cabral M E S;Gonzalez S N; Valdez J C;Ramos A N (NO, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (LEFyBiFa) Institute of Pha, Argentine, Email: alnirave@gmail.com) : Biotechnological design to optimizer the production of bioactive Lactobacillus plantarum by-products: novel chronic wound treatment. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 2762-74.

Lactobacillus plantarum culture supernatants (LAPS) have antimicrobial, pro-healing and anesthetic properties, so our medical team applied whole cultures and LAPS in chronic wounds with encouraging results. Metabolites responsible for LAPS properties and its action mechanism were previously determined. Objective: to design methods and culture media to increase the production of LAPS metabolites and optimize it's therapeutic effectiveness. Modifications in MRS broth composition were made and L. plantarum was cultivated in the resulting different media with different physicochemical conditions to obtain modified supernatants (LAPS_m). Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity (crystal violet) of LAPS_m on strains typically isolated from chronic wounds (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Serratiamarcescens), was tested. Concentration of barbiturates in LAPS_m was quantified by GCMS and its relative anesthetic potency in healthy volunteers was evaluated. DNAase and auto inducers type 2biological activity in LAPS_m were quantified. In addition, a safety assessment of LAPS_m application on healthy skin of 200 volunteers was performed. LAPS_m obtained from media with high concentrations of yeast extract possessed the greatest anesthetic power. Those containing greater amount of proteins, cations and surfactants had the highest capacity of biofilm disruption (p<60>0.01). When glucose and galactose concentration were increased in media, LAPS_m had the greatest antimicrobial power (p<0.05). Finally, there is great safety in the application of LAPS_m as no edema or erythema was observed. The results obtained will allow the manufacture of LAPS_m with greater therapeutic effectiveness and even custom properties for each type of wound.

42 ref

009692   Lieira R Q;Farinazzi-Machado F M V;Nasser F A D C M;Vieites R L;Tanaka A Y;Furlaneto K A;Ramos J A (Departamento de Technologia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Sao Paulo, UNSEP-Faculdade de Ciencias Agronomicas,CEP: 18.610-307-Botucatu-SP-Brasil) : Phytochemical screening and colorimetry of the whole juice of organic apple cultivar eva. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2016, 6(3), 138-46.

Apple juice has expressive sugar, mineral, acid and phenolic compound contents, and some studies have shown that organic fruits have significantly higher contents of bioactive components. The objective of this study was to quantify the presence of phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity of the concentrated juice of the organic apple cultivar Eva, in addition to evaluating the color parameters. The apples were purchased from a producer in Botucatu/SP and after extracting the juice, it was submitted to an analysis of soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, phytochemical compounds, antioxidant activity by DPPH, and tristimulus colorimetry. The pH, soluble solid and titratable acidity values of the organic apple juice were similar to conventional apples. The phytochemical compounds found, such as total phenolic and flavonoid contents, varied in relation to the literature, possibly due to differences in fruit variety and the juice extraction processes, in addition to growing conditions, fruit maturity and pre- or post-harvest factors. The mean values observed in the colorimetry analysis for the Hue angle suggest a yellow hue for the apple juice. The results indicated a low saturation since the Chroma values and low luminosity were closer to the color black than to white. Taking into account that the juice extraction process causes an increase of the enzymatic browning reactions and comparing the results found in this study with the literature for unprocessed fruits, one could state that the compounds formed in these reactions influenced the coloration parameters of the organic apple juices in this study.

2 tables, 19 ref

009691   Lebedev G N;Zharikov E S;Tolstaya A M; Tolstaya P M (National Research Nuclear Univ, "MEPhI" (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) 115409, Kashirskoe shosse 31, Moscow, Russian Federation) : Choosing a retention method to control the endoscopic capsule by a magnetic field. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 1265-78.

The issues of the wireless endoscopic capsule control are of great interest nowadays as it provides the more detailed analysis of the digestive track revealing pathologies and morphological changes. This article deals with the final selection of a method for controlling the endoscopic capsule inside the human body and electromagnetic parameters of the coils. The calculations of the physical parameters and the selection of the magnetic coils are provided. The authors consider three methods of the capsule control: the diamagnetic levitation in a magnetic field, the levitation of a permanent magnet in a minimum magnetic field with additional restrictions from external forces, and the method of "pushing" the magnet. According to the analysis of different options of the magnetic system for the capsule control the preferred one is "pushing" the permanent magnet magnetized perpendicular to the capsule axis of symmetry. The use of the patient movable table significantly reduces the requirements for the magnetic system. The article provides the calculations that will be used to create a prototype of the capsule endoscopic complex with magnetic control.

6 illus, 6 tables, 29 ref

009690   Lakshmi Bharathi K;Mallikarjuna Rao T;Ganga Rao B (Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Dep, A.U College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: bharathi.ammu43@gmail.com) : Nephroprotective and antioxidant activity of Caralluma umbellata Roxb.. Ann Phytomed 2016, 5(1), 116-21.

The present study was carried out to investigate the preliminary phytochemical screening, in vitro antioxidant activity and nephroprotective activity of methanolic (70%v/v) extract of Caralluma umbellata Roxb. stem extract. The phytochemical screening was carried out using standard phytochemical tests. The in vitro antioxidant activity was tested on superoxide, hydroxyl and DPPH free radicals. The nephroprotective activity of C. umbellata stem extract was carried out using cisplatin and gentamicin induced renal injury. The plant extract showed the positive results for the presence of different phytochemicals like steroids, triterpenes, alkaloids, glycosides and flavonoids. The extracts gave negative results for the amino acids, oils, quinines, tannins and saponins. The stem extract of C. umbellata reduced the amounts of free radicals at different concentrations on tested free radicals, i.e., superoxide, hydroxyl and DPPH by in vitro free radical antioxidant activity. The mean IC₅₀ values for ascorbic acid to superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and DPPH radical were found to be 54.4 μg, 68 μg and 22 μg. The serum parameter levels such as blood urea, serum creatinine, serum total protein and serum albumin were estimated by standard biochemical procedures for evaluation of the nephroprotective activity of C. umbellata. The % protection of hydroalcoholic, C. umbellata stem extract expressed as Mean ± SEM, n = 6 and significant values were expressed as p<60>0.01 and p<60>0.05 levels of probability.

5 tables, 43 ref

009689   Kumar S H;Pushpa A (Biochemistry Dep, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Thrombolytic potential of Punica granatum - a study in the rat model. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3348-54.

Although the antioxidant and thrombolytic potential of the "super fruit" pomegranate has been well established and documented in in vitro models, its efficacy in an animal model has not been recognised. Therefore in the present study, the aril and rind of Punica granatum were scrutinized for their role in clot lysing competence in a thrombus induced rat model. Visual manifestation, coagulation time parameters and the level of the thrombotic factors confirmed the thrombolysis. The extracts were compared with the standard drug streptokinase that was administered in rats.

17 ref

009688   Kim J K;Baskar T B;Park S U (Life Sciences and Bio-Resource and Environmental Center Div, Incheon National Univ, Incheon 406-772, Korea, Email: supark@cnu.ac.kr) : Effect of carbon sources and sucrose and sucrose concentrations on shoot organogenesis of Aloe saponaria. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 925-30.

In the present study, the effect of various carbon sources and sucrose concentrations on in vitro organogenesis of Aloe saponaria was investigated and a rapid micropropagation protocol was developed from in vitro-derived meristem explants. Meristem explants were cultured in initial shoot regeneration media with five different carbon sources (fructose, glucose, lactose, maltose, and sucrose), and sucrose as the best carbon sources for shoot regeneration and shoot elongation was investigated at five different concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mg L-1). The treatment with sucrose resulted in the highest number of shoots (2.7 ± 0.2) per explant and produced the longest shoots (16.4 ± 1.3 mm), whereas the treatment with maltose was the least efficient in promoting shoot number (1.5 ± 0.1) and shoot elongation (10.4 ± 0.9 mm). The highest shoot regeneration (3.3 ± 0.3) and the longest shoots (19.1 ± 1.5 mm) were observed in treatments with 40 g L-1 sucrose. Further increase in sucrose concentration delayed shoot induction, resulting in stout shoots stunted in their growth. Our results suggest that carbon sources, particularly sucrose, could be used for micropropagation and in plant transformation protocols for regeneration of Aloe species.

2 tables, 41 ref

009687   Khodashenas S;Moghaddam M F;Moazzeni S M (Medical Biotechnology Dep, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares Univ, Tehran, Iran, Email: foroz@modares.ac.ir) : In silico design and verification of a chimer protein to target exosomes towards HER2 positive cancer cells. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 911-16.

Nanoparticle drug delivery systems has been attempted as novel cancer treatment approaches to overcome the limitation faced in chemotherapy and surgery. Exosomes are naturally occurring nanoparticles. Exosome targeting to HER2 positive cancer cells is dependent on ligand receptor interactions. Expression of targeting moieties in chimer with LAMP-2, which is an exosomal protein, on the surface of the exosome is a rational way to target exosomes against HER2 positive cancer cells. In the present study we devised an in silico approach to design and validate the interaction of a chimer protein of LAMP-2 and G3 DARPins with HER2 molecule. Our results indicated that the designed protein is capable of interacting with HER2 in a Herseptin like orientation. The LAMP-2/ G3 DARPins chimer designed here could be a novel candidate to target exosomes towards desired HER2 positive cancer cells. The designed exosomes could be loaded with desired drugs and targeted towards the cancer cells. Given the promising results of the conducted study more empirical studies could be carried out to further evaluation of the obtained results.

4 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

009686   Khanvilkar V;Chalak N (Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Pharmacy, C.B.D. Belapur, Navi Mumbai-400 614, Email: trushali.k@gmail.com) : HPTLC method development and validation for stanfardization of ayurvedic formulation: Mahashankh vati. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 3012-20.

Ayurveda is the primeval complete serving system in medical field. However, one of the barriers in the acceptance of the Ayurvedic formulation is the paucity of standard quality control outline. World health organization (WHO) in 1999 has given a detail procedure for the standardization of herbal drugs comprising of a single content but not for standardization of polyherbal formulations. Mahashankhvati is official in Ayurvedic Formulary of India and is prescribed for treatment of haemorrhoids, malabsorption syndrome, dyspepsia and indigestion. In the proposed work, attempt has been made for standardization of Mahashankh Vati by developing chromatographic method. Piperine from Piper longum and Piper nigrum, Umbelliferone from Ferula asafoetida and Gallic acid from Terminaliachebula present in formulation were selected as marker compounds. A new, rapid, simple, precise, selective HPTLC method was developed for marketed preparation of Mahashankhvati. The separation was performed on TLC aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60 F₂₅₄, using toluene: ethyl acetate: methanol: formic acid (7:2:2.5:0.5 v/v/v/v) as mobile phase. The densitometric analysis was carried out at the detection wavelength of 290 nm. The R_f values of piperine, umbelliferone and gallic acid was found to be 0.65, 0.52 and 0.32 respectively. The developed method has been validated as per ICH guidelines.

12 ref

009685   Keshta A T;Ghonai N A;Yassin F A (Lecture of Biochemistry, Chemistry department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig Univ, Egypt) : Hepato-protective effect of andrographolide and reseveratrol against Den-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2016, 6(1), 70-9.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, is a leading cause of cancer- related mortality. Andrographolide (ANDRO) and Resveratrol (RSV) are naturally derived polyphenols that showed promising chemo-preventive effects against HCC. This study aims to elucidate the antitumor, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of Andrographolide or Resveratrol single or in combination in induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Swiss male adult albino rats were divided into 6 groups: Group I served as negative control; Group II served as DMSO control; Group III (HCC group); rats were injected with a single dose of Diethylnitrosamine (200mg/kg.bw) for 5 weeks then administrated with TAA at dose 200mg/l in drinking water for 6 weeks, Group IV (Andrographolide treated group) rats treated orally with Andrographolide (25 mg/kg.bw) daily for 10 days; Group V (Resveratrol treated group) rats treated orally with resveratrol (2.5 mg/kg.bw) daily for 10 days; Group VI rats treated with combination of Andrographolide and Resveratrol. DEN induced HCC that characterized by alterations in liver functions, enhanced the levels of antioxidant in liver tissue, and induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Our data showed that Andrographolide and Resveratrol could ameliorate liver injury (alaninetransferase, aspartate transferase, and Galectin -3), up-regulate antioxidant systems (decreasing Malondialdehyde, Nitric oxide and increasing superoxide dismutase, glutathione reduced, glutathione -S-Transferase), andreduce IL-6. We concluded that both natural products have high antioxidant and anti-tumor activities against DEN-induced HCC in rats when used alone. While combination blocked their effects, so we recommended used it in a single state.

8 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

009684   Kesar S;Mishra P;Ojha P;Singh S (Pharmacy Dep, Bansthali Univ, Banasthali-304 022, Email: pujamshr89@gmail.com) : 2D QSAR study of potent GSK 3β inhibitor for treatment of type II diabetes. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 2932-43.

The best QSAR model were generated with left of adept and significant descriptors like electronic, lipophilic and topological, using multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least square (PLS), model further explained by using forward feed neural network analysis (FFNN). QSAR is a kind of technique that directly correlates in between chemical structure to their biological activity. The best MLR statistical expressions were evaluated with good predictive and authenticated ability and the values were S =0.367, F =53.06 r = 0.910, r^{2 =0.828, r2_(cv) = 0.780. The r2 (training and test-set) values of MLR, PLS and FFNN are 0.82, 0.71, 0.82, 0.71 and 0. 81, 0.74 respectively, which predicts the soundness of the model. The model reveals that total dipole moment, bond lipole and kappa 3 are prerequisite descriptors for determining further promising GSK-3β antagonist with high and liable potency against target. In addition to QSAR modelling, Lipinski's rule of five was employed on a series and we found no violation in it, which means 3-aryl- 4-(arylhydrazono) 1H pyrazol-5-ones has enough good pharmacokinetic profile, and it become more accentuated when orally active anti-diabetic agents will formed.}

18 ref

009683   Kavitha Raj V;Kumar J R;Balasubramanian S; NajundaSwamy S;Keerthini D;Shambhavi N;Kanthesh B M;Avinash K O (Biochemistry Dep, Molecular Biology Div, Faculty of Life Science, Mysuru-570 015, Email: kumarjr2013@gmail.com) : Comparative evaluation of hepatoprotective effects of exotic fruits and common vegetables extracts on CCL₄ induced hepatotoxicity: an in vitro study. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3388-93.

Liver toxicity faces a major challenge in world health issues. Many drugs are being withdrawn from the market by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for causing drug induced hepatotoxicity. In the present study, ameliorative activity of methanoic extracts of different parts (Peel, Pulp and seed) of exotic fruits and vegetables on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatotoxicity were studied in in vitro condition. Chicken liver cell suspension treated with CCl₄ was used for lipid peroxidation (LPO), free radical scavenging and sodium dismutase (SOD) assay. Extracts from different parts of exotic fruits and common vegetables showed potent antioxidant effect. In the present study even, methanoic extract of some unused parts (peel & seed) of vegetables and fruits showed hepatoprotective action, but among all these bottle gourd pulp (vegetable) and passion fruit pulp (exotic fruit) showed the noteworthy hepatoprotective action. Thus it is concluded that, the methanoic extracts of exotic fruits and vegetables was observed to have notable protective activity on CCl₄ induced hepatotoxicity.

27 ref

009682   Kavitha C;Sandhiya V (Pharmacognosy Dep, C.K. Baid Metha College of Pharmacy, Chennai-600 096, Email: kavithacmpharm@gmail.com) : Separation and characterization of triterpene compound euphol from the leaves of Azima tetracantha. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3423-7.

Azima tetracantha is a small flowering shrub belongs to salvadoraceae family and commonly known as mulluchangu or mulsangu in Tamil. It is an best known medicinal plant, which have a central role in the treatment of disease from pre historical period. From the plant lot of phytochemicals has been reported such as alkaloids, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols etc and also possesses activities such as antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic etc. In the present study preliminary evaluation and isolation of an active pharmacological compound euphol was obtained from the chloroform extract of the leaves of Azima tetracantha was carried out. The compound euphol is a tetracyclic triterpene alcohol which produces antinociceptive effects in inflammatory and neuropathic pain. The compound was isolated by column chromatography and characterized by chemical test, TLC, FTIR, NMR, C 13 NMR spectrum. In future it may be a promising molecule for the management of neuropathic pain.

10 ref

009681   Kaushal N;Phutela R P (Microbiology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: leo.naveet@gmail.com) : Production of tea vinegar by semicontinuous fermentation using immobilized cells of Acetobacter aceti. Green Fmg 2016, 7(3), 743-6.

The research on production of tea vinegar by semicontinuous fermentation using immobilized cells of Acetobacter aceti was carried in year 2010, in which sugarcane bagasse, corn cobs, nylon fibre and activated charcoal were evaluated for immobilization of Acetobacter aceti cells for vinegar production at 5 l level for concentration of 1.0 and 1.5% tea wines with inoculum size of 5%. Out of submerged and semi-continuous fermentation, best performance was achieved in semicontinous fermentation with corn cobs as immobilization material having a total acidity of 4.68% (w/v) and volatile acidity of 3.86% (w/v) for 1.0% tea vinegar while these were 4.66% and 3.78% in that order for 1.5% tea vinegar in 51.42 h of acetic acid fermentation.

4 tables, 17 ref

009680   Kaur P K;Karan M (IEC School of Pharmacy, IEC Univ, Kalujhanda, Solan, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, Email: preetkawalpu@gmail.com) : Evaluation of antiulcer activity of an indegenous drug Barleria prionitis Linn.. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 2775-2780.

The present study was designed to assess the antiulcer activity of three different extracts viz., mother extract (methanolic, ME, prepared by maceration), butanol (BE, obtained after partitioning of ME) and total aqueous extract (TAE, prepared by maceration) of B. prionitis Linn. using pyloric ligation induced gastric ulcer model. Preliminary methanol extract of B. prionitis Linn. was subjected to acute toxicity study according to OECD guidelines 425. The LD₅₀ of ME extract was found to be more than 2000 mg/kg p.o. Based on which, the resultant prepared extracts were evaluated at three dose levels of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. using ranitidine (50 mg/kg) as a standard antiulcer drug. In pylorus ligation induced ulcer model, various parameters viz. gastric volume, pH, total acidity, free acidity, and ulcer index were studied. Pretreatment of ME of whole plant of B. prionitis Linn. showed significant (P<60>0.05) decrease in the gastric volume, total acidity and free acidity. However, pH of the gastric juice was significantly (P<60>0.05) increased only at higher dose, 400 mg/kg. Owing to the present findings, it can be concluded that Iridoid enriched extracts were effective in reducing ulcers exhibiting their antiulcer activity.

22 ref

009679   Kathiravan G;Arvindganth R;Thilagavathi T; SampathKumar B;Rajangam B (Biotechnology Dep, Vels Univ, Chennai-600 117, Email: gkathir72@gmail.com) : Investigation of phytochemical and antimicrobial activity from Crysanthemum roseus and evaluate the plant mediated nanoparticle synthesis. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(2), 403-8.

Chrysanthemum roseus leaf extract was analyzed for phytochemical and antibacterial activity with the help of different solvents like, Acetone, ethanol methanol and petroleum ether etc. Biological synthesis of the silver nanoparticle carried out by the process of phytochemical comparative study to leaf extract. UV spectroscopy study was used to determine the conformation of Ag nanoparticle.

s, 3 tables, 14 ref

009678   Kalyani G;Deshmukh V S (National Center for Natural Resources (NCNR) Project, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla Univ, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, Email: kalyani.gunjan@yahoo.in) : Bioanalytical method development and validation for the estimation of candesartan by derivative spectroscopy (first order). Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 3148-53.

Candesartan cilexetil, a prodrug is a racemic mixture containing one chiral center at the cyclohexyloxy-carbonyloxy- ethyl ester group. It is soluble in dimethyl formamide, acetone, methanol, 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solution and insoluble in water. Objective of the present study was to develop a simple, sensitive, accurate, precise and rapid derivative spectrophotometric bioanalytical method for the estimation of candesartan in pure form. For the estimation of candesartan, solvent system employed was absolute methanol and wavelength of detection (λ_det) was 268.8 nm for first order derivative spectroscopy. The linearity was obtained in the range 2 - 10 μg/ml with a regression coefficient of R^{2 = 1. The limit of detection is 0.99 μg/ml and limit of quantification was found to be 3.1 μg/ml. Obtained results showed that there is minimum intraday and inter day variation. The developed method was validated and recovery studies were also carried out. Sample recovery using the above method was in good agreement with their respective labeled claims, thus suggesting the validity of the method and non-interference of formulation excipients in the estimation. Thus, Bioanalytical method development by first order derivative spectroscopy method is simple, rapid and reproducible and further it can be used for the analysis.}

6 ref

009677   Jeyapragash D;Subhashini P;Raja S;Abirami K; Thangaradjou T (Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, , Parangipettai-608 502, Email: umaradjou@gmail.com) : Evaluation of In-vitro antioxidant activity of seagrasses: signals for potential alternate source. Free Radical Antioxidant 2016, 6(1), 77-89.

Natural antioxidants have gained unique attention in recent years. Because of the carcinogenicity of synthetic compounds, there is a dearth for antioxidants from natural origin. Currently, seagrasses, the marine plants have gained attention for their secondary metabolites. Hence, the present study aims to examine in vitro antioxidant activity of both leaf and rhizome extracts of six seagrass species and has not yet been investigated. Crude methanolic extracts of leaf and rhizome obtained, were evaluated for total phenolic contents using Folin-Ciocalteaus method. Antioxidant potential of seagrass extracts were evaluated using total antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP, ABTS assay, H₂O₂ and NO₂ scavenging assay and the phenolic compounds present in potent extracts were profiled by HPLC. Maximum phenolic content and antioxidant activity was exhibited by leaf and rhizome extracts of C. rotundata followed by H. uninervis. Higher DPPH radical scavenging activity was found in leaf (78.84 ± 0.87) and rhizome extracts (75.480 ± 0.97) of C. rotundata and the lowest scavenging activity was found in the leaf and rhizome extracts of H. ovata (12.01 ± 0.63 and 5.769 ± 1.14). Among six species, C. rotundata exhibited higher radical scavenging activity containing the potential phenolic compounds. Present study portrays that leaf and rhizome extracts of C. rotundata acts as a potential source of antioxidant compounds with predominant presence of caffeic acid and ρ-coumaric acid that paves a way for the application of these compounds in both food and pharmaceutical industries as a multipotent antioxidant.

11 illus, 3 tables, 42 ref

009676   Jaya Raju N;Satya Vani B;Santhi G;Lavanya L; Chandi Vishala T (NO, Adarsa College of Pharmacy, G. Kothapalli, Gokavaram(m), East Godavari dt, Andhra Pradesh-533 285, Email: raju8859@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of antihyperlipidemic activity of Nymphaea alba. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3432-5.

Hyperlipidemia is the greatest risk factor of coronary heart disease, currently available hypolipidemic drugs have been associated with number of side effects. Literature claims that flavonoids are able to reduce hyperlipidemia. Based on high flavonoids content in herbal plants, Nymphaea alba (NA) family Nymphaeaceae were selected and the present study focus on the antihyperlipidemic activity of methanol extract of leaves of NA against triton induced hyperlipididemia in rats. NA was administered at a dose of 100mg &200mg /kg (p.o) to triton induced hyperlipidemic rats. Fenofibrate was used as a reference standard. The statistical analyses were carried out using one way ANOVA followed by dunnets multiple comparisions test. NA shows a significant decrease in the levels of serum cholesterol, phospholipids, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL and significant increase in the level of serum HDL at the dose of 100 & 200mg/kg (p.o) against trition induced hyperlipidemic in rats. Methanol extracts decreased serum level of total cholesterol by 74.25%. On the other hand aqueous extract of NA increased the serum HDL cholesterol level by 23.27%. The reduction of LDL cholesterol level by extract was 32.76%.

18 ref

009675   Jangra P;Singh J;Singh S (Pharmaceutical Science Dep, Guru Jambheswar Univ of Science and Technology, Hisar-125 001, Email: pankajjangra33@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial activity of Leucas cephalotes spreng. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 2984-9.

Medicinal plants are of important therapeutic aid for various treatments. Leucas cephalotes Spreng. up in cultivated fields as a weed, especially after a period of rain. In the present study the dried plant stems powder of Leucas cephalotes Spreng. was taken and subjected to extraction with ethanol and aqueous extraction was done on the marc left after ethanolic extraction. The antimicrobial activity in terms of zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration of different extracts of Leucas cephalotes Spreng.. was tested against three bacterial strains viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholera and two fungal strains viz. Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger. The zone of inhibition was determined for these pathogenic microorganism by using specific standards and respective controls for determining Minimum inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The ethanolic extract showed more activity against S. aureus and others bacterial/fungals strains than the aqueous extract. It was concluded that the ethanolic extract of the plant Leucas cephalotes Spreng. was more active against all the test strains than the aqueous extract.

10 ref

009674   Jaikumar K;Sheik Noor Mohamed M;Anand D; Saravanan P (P.G & Research Dep of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College, Mylapore, Chennai-600 004, Email: sarviveka@gmail.com ) : Anticancer activity of Calophyllum inophyllum L., ethanolic leaf axtract in MCF human breast cell lines. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3330-5.

Cancer is a major health problem; almost thought - out the world. Herbal medicines have a vital role in the prevention and treatment of cancer. The present study, the in vitro anticancer activity of Calophyllum inophyllum ethanolic leaf extract was evaluated in MCF-7 Breast cancer cell lines. Anticancer activity was evaluated with MTT standard colorimetric assay against MCF-7 cells with IC50 value of 120μg/mL. The biologically active metabolites were identified and quantified by a GC-MS method shows presence of 11 different bioactive compounds. The cytotoxic effect was found to be concentration dependent. Increased concentration of the leaf extract showed increased cytotoxicity.

18 ref

009673   Hu Q;Tian H;Meng Y;Xiao H (NO, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery, Wudayuan First Road 8, 430223 Wuhan, People's Republic of China, Email: xhb@yfi.ac.cn) : Characterization and tissue distribution of Lhx9 and Lhx9α in chinese giant salamander Andiras davidianus. J Genet 2016, 95(3), 683-90.

Lhx9 is an LIM (named for the first three proteins in which the domain was found, Lin-11, Isll and Mec-3) homeodomain protein involved in development and differentiation of the gonad. In this study, we isolated the full-length Lhx9 and Lhx9a from Andrias davidianus, detected the tissue distribution and analysed the methylation of the promoters. We identified Lhx9 of 1411 bp and Lhx9oc of 1153-bp length, differing in the 3'-flanking region, encoding 399 and 330 amino acids, respectively. The Lhx9 gene was detected primarily in liver, ovary and heart with moderate expression in brain, pituitary, intestine and spleen, and low expression in the remaining examined tissues, while Lhx9a expression was high in heart, pituitary and liver, and low in spleen and stomach. Significantly higher Lhx9 expression was observed in ovary than in testis, with no differences in Lhx9oc expression between testis and ovary observed. Bisulphite sequencing revealed significantly higher methylation in testis compared to ovary. The methylation level of CpG sites -733, -673, -615 and -594 exhibited significantly higher levels in testis than in ovary, which was negatively correlated with Lhx9 expression. The methylation and expression patterns suggested that promoter methylation suppressed expression of Lhx9 in A. davidianus.

1 illus, 5 tables, 30 ref

009672   Gupta A;Srivastava R;Setia M;Madaan A;Sastry J L N;Rai R K (Medical Affarirs and Clinical Research, Dabur Research and Development Centre, 22, Site IV, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad-201 010, Email: arun.gupta@naul.dabur) : Evaluation of swarna guggulu in management of arthritis basis in vitro anti-inflammatory efficacy and ingredient based benefits. Ann Phytomed 2016, 5(1), 35-39.

Arthritis and osteoarthritis are common joint problems that eventually become significant enough to impact daily activities of those afflicted, often due to severe pain caused by joint inflammation and at times; due to their serious complications. Swarna Guggulu is an Ayurvedic herbomineral formulation, comprising ingredients traditionally known for maintaining the health of joints. We investigated the benefits of Swarna Guggulu in arthritis basis in vitro anti-inflammatory efficacy by quantitation of modulation in the production of proinflammatory chemokine and cytokines such as MIP-1-α, TNF-α and IL-1-β secreted by Swarna Guggulu treated dendritic cells as compared to LPS stimulated dendritic cells alone. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, treatment of LPS stimulated DCs with Swarna Guggulu in the concentration range of 0.1 μg/ml-50μg/ml, resulted in considerable inhibition of production of LPS induced proinflammatory markers-MIP-1-α, TNF-α, and IL-1-β. Down regulation in levels of LPS induced TNF-α (56.2-71.2 %), MIP-1-α (32.3-V 41.7 %) and IL-1-β (34.4-45.2 %) compared to LPS treated DCs alone, suggested potential antiinflammatory activity of Swarna Guggulu. Results of in vitro study were in sync with the documented benefits of its ingredient in arthritis.

4 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

009671   Gunwantrao B B;Bhausaheb S K;Ramrao B S; Subhash K S (NO, K.K. Wagh College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Nashik-422 003, Email: bbiradar04@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of orange (Citrus aurantium L.) and pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) peel extract. Ann Phytomed 2016, 5(2), 156-60.

Orange (Citrus aurantium L.) and pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) are major fruit crops, cultivated in India. Peels represent between 50 to 65 % of total weight of the fruits and remain as the primary byproduct. Orange and pineapple fruits are majorly used for juice extraction in industrial leads to cause huge amounts of residues. If these residues are not processed further, it becomes waste and produce serious environmental pollution. The present study was aimed to extract the metabolites from waste peels, using ethanol and methanol solvent system and checked for the presence of various biomolecules and secondary metabolites like carbohydrates, proteins, steroid, lavonoid, alkaloids, tannins, saponines and tritepinoids. The ethanol solvent was showing most of the positive test as compared to methanol solvent in both the samples. Further, the antimicrobial properties of orange and pineapple peels were checked against pathogenic bacterial strains. The antimicrobial activity was performed, using agar well diffusion method against pathogenic bacterial strains (Klebsiella pneumonia K2044, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC4676, Bacillus subtillis Py79 and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum LMG859). From the results, it was clearly observed that both orange and pineapple peel sample dissolved in ethanol, showing maximum zone of inhibition, against all the test pathogens. Methanol extract of both the samples, showing lower zone of inhibition in all the test pathogen as compared to ethanol extract samples. When both the samples, ethanol and methanol extracts were combined in equal amount and test against the pathogenic bacteria, they were showing maximum or equal zone of inhibition as the individual samples zone of inhibition. Finally, we can conclude that orange and pineapple fruits can be used as a antimicrobial agents for the protection from selected plant and animal pathogens, but the use of a standard method for investigation is essential. Similarly, the concentrations or dilutions used, must be appropriate with proper information about its safety.

4 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

009670   Gul M Z;Chandrasekaran S;Bhat M Y;Maurya R; Qureshi I A;Ghazi I A (Plant Sciences Dep, School of Life Sciences, Hyderabad Univ, Gachibowli, Hyderabad-500 046, Email: drirfang@gmail.com) : Antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of Cissampelos pareira L. leaf extracts. Ann Phytomed 2016, 5(1), 91-8.

Plants have remained as a valuable source of traditional medicine since ages to treat various ailments. The phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of fresh leaves of Cissampelos pareira L., used in the management and treatment of different diseases, was evaluated by several in vitro systems. The capability of crude polar and non-polar extracts to scavenge free radicals was studied using different free radical generating systems to assess the peroxidative damage in biomembranes. The IC₅₀ values were calculated to evaluate the antioxidant efficiency of each plant extract. Among the four different extracts, alcohol (CPA) and ethyl acetate (CPE) extracts of C. pareira exhibited significant antioxidant properties by presenting much lower IC₅₀ values in comparison to other two extracts. Furthermore, in vitro assay of the α-glucosidase property of CPA showed an IC₅₀ of 98.23 ± 0.47 μg/ml. Results obtained indicated that C. pareira could be employed as a natural antioxidant agent due to its ability to quench the over production of free radicals in various diseases. Therefore, the results obtained in our study may account for a scientific evidence of antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of this plant for which this plant is known in the traditional and folk systems.

7 illus, 2 tables, 52 ref

009669   Gill G K;Cheema G S (Medical Laboratory Sciences Dep, Khalsa College of Pharmacy & Technology, Amritsar, Punjab) : Biochemical investigation on the impact of different harvesting and management conditions on secondary metabolites in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2016, 6(3), 54-60.

The number of diabetic patients and health conscious individuals is demanding the requirement of natural, non-caloric alternatives to sugar. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni represents the best potential replacement for synthetic chemical sweeteners and can substitute sugar in various other preparations and formulations. Biochemicals and secondary metabolites of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves from open field and green house harvested with or without cuttings at different developmental stages were compared to devise harvest management to get maximum glycosides production. Plant height have been found to increase with the advancement in the stage of the stevia plant. Leaf: stem ratio was found to be higher in plants harvested with cuttings and green house plants. Reducing sugars and total fructose content was found to increase with the advancement of stage in plants harvested without cuttings. Starch and sucrose content was found to be higher in plants harvested with cuttings. Maximum stevioside content was found to be in 180 days old vegetative green house plants followed by plants harvested with cuttings as compared to plants at 90,120 and 150 days of growth harvested without cuttings. Other secondary metabolites viz. sterols and saponins were also found to be higher in plants harvested with cuttings. Plants harvested without cuttings were found to have high phenolic content.

3 tables, 40 ref

009668   Ganesan S;Ganesh Babu I;Mahendran D;Indra Arulselvi P;Elangovan N;Geetha N;Venkatachalam P (Biotechnology Dep, Plant Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology Lab, Periyar Universit, Salem-636 011, Email: pvenkat67@yahoo.com) : Green engineering of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Ageratina Altissima King & H.E. Robines. medicinal plant aqueous leaf extracts for enhanced photocatalytic activity. Ann Phytomed 2016, 5(2), 69-75.

In the study, the titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs) were synthesized by using Ageratina alttissima (L.) King & H.E. Robines. (White Snakeroot) medicinal plant aqueous leaf extracts by microwave irradiation method. The green synthesized TiO₂NPs showed the best photocatalyst due to its long thermodynamic stability and strong oxidizing power. The synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX). FTIR was performed to identify the possible functional biomolecules capped on the surface of TiO₂NPs during interaction. In XRD result, the dominant peak of TiO₂ 2θ value is matched with the crystallographic rutile structure which indicates the polycrystalline nature. FESEM analysis revealed the spherical shape and size of the synthesized TiO₂NPs. In this study, the degradation process of textile dyes was carried by photocatalytic activity using synthesized TiO₂NPs. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized TiO₂NPs showed enhanced percentage of decoloring of textile dyes such as methylene blue (86.79%), alizarin red (76.32%), crystal violet (77.59%), and methyl orange (69.06%). The findings of this study clearly indicated that the synthesized TiO₂ nanoparticles A. alttissima be used as an alternative and eco-friendly compound to remove and degrade the pollutants released from textile and dyeing industries.

4 illus, 44 ref

009667   Gabriel-Ajobiewe Ruth A O;Mabayoje-Bali Olabisi C (Microbiology Dep, Faculty University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti state, Nigeria, Email: gabriel_ruth@ymail.com) : Chemical analysis of natural and controlled microbial degradation of Magnifera indica (Mango) peel. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(2), 525-34.

Mango (Magnifera indica) peels were washed and surfaced sterilized aseptically. It was left to degrade aerobically for 40 days. The isolated bacteria are: Enterobacter cloacae, Brevibacillus laterosporus, Pseudomonas putida, Lactobacillus fructivorans, Klebsiella variicola, Micrococcus leutus and Bacillus licheniformis. Two of the bacterial isolates Lactobacillus fructivorans and Klebsiella variicola were then used for the controlled degradation. The physiochemical parameters such as the moisture content, crude fibre, lipid, protein, carbohydrate, pH, total titratable acid, saponification value and the peroxide value were determined. The result revealed an increase in pH from 2.36 to 4.80 and reduction in free fatty acid from 16.83 ±0.01mg KOH/ g to 2.81 ±0.00mg KOH/g, peroxide value from 3.7 ±0.01mmolperoxide/g to 2.6 ±0.03 mmolperoxide/g, saponification value 3.51 ± 0.01mg/g to 0.45 ±0.0 mg/g, crude fibre from 14.03 ±0.2 to 9.99 ±0.01. Total titratable acidity and total reducing sugar showed significant difference. Conclusively, mixed-culture of bacteria isolates can bio-convert mango peel under controlled conditions to useful chemicals.

3 illus, 6 tables, 26 ref

009666   Firdaus F;Zafeer M F;Anis E;Fatima M;Mobarak Hossain M;Afzal M (NO, Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, Email: afzal1235@rediffmail.com) : Antioxidant potential of thymoquinone against arsenic mediated neurotoxicity. Free Radical Antioxidant 2016, 6(1), 115-23.

Arsenic, an established poisonous metalloid has widespread occurrence in the environment which is posing a constant threat to health and survival of all living organisms. In view of arsenic induced oxidative stress and toxicity, this study focuses on the mitigatory role of thymoquinone, a major active component in the volatile oil of Nigella sativa (commonly known as black cumin); as its nutraceutical value can fulfil the demand of such dietary supplements in high risk population areas. In the current study, brain preparations of male wistar rats were used to assess different biochemical markers of oxidative stress and genotoxicity. Significant and dose-dependent alterations in the level of enzymatic and biochemical biomarkers of oxidative stress were observed in the As-treated system. However, pre-treatment with thymoquinone brought about significant reduction in the As-induced neurotoxicity. Also, a significant decline in arsenic-induced DNA damage was recorded on pre-treatment with thymoquinone in comet assay. This study proves usefulness of antioxidant potential of thymoquione in mitigating the arsenic induced neurotoxicity.

5 illus, 46 ref

009665   El-Metwalley V M;El-Shafei R A;Saleh R M; Awadin W F (Clinical Pathology Dep, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura Univ, 35516, Egypt) : Efficacy of some medicinal plant oils in treatment of indomethacine induced gastric ulcer in rats. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2016, 6(3), 89-106.

Gastric ulcer remains one of the dangerous diseases in the world. Even though there are various drugs for its treatment but most of them produce various adverse reactions. This study was conducted to compare the protective effects of pretreatment with some medicinal plants oil (MPO) as ginger oil, thyme oil, anise oil comparing with ranitidine, a reference drug, at a dose of 50 mg/kg b.wt two weeks prior to indomethacin. The rats were randomly divided into six groups. GP (1) (negative control) received only distilled water; GP (2) (ulcerated control) was orally gavages with indomethacine only. GP (3) to GP (6) were pretreated for 2 weeks with ranitidine (reference drug) and ginger oil, anise oil and thyme oil respectively. Whole blood and serum were collected six hours later for estimation of some hematological, biochemical, antioxidant and oxidative stress parameters. In addition, gross and histopathological changes were recorded and ulcer index was calculated. The results showed that, Pretreatment with MPO produced significant reduction in gastric mucosal lesions and improved results of hematological, biochemical, antioxidant and oxidative stress assays nearly as ranitidin in different degrees. Ginger oil has more potent anti-ulcer activities than thyme and anise oils against indomethacininduced gastric lesions, presumably via their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

7 illus, 5 tables, 75 ref

009664   El-Emary G A E (Faculty of Technology and Development, Zagazig Univ, Egypt) : Some medicinal benefits of Psidium guajava (Guava) and Portulaca oleracea. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2017, 7(1), 75-82.

Crude extract of two medicinal plants (leaves of Psidium Guajava (Guava) and seeds of Portulaca oleracea) were tested to evaluate the flavonoids and phenol contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The content of total Flavonoids in the extract of Portulaca oleracea (35.50 mg GAE/100) is higher than that in the extract of Psidium Guajava (Guava) (32.667mg GAE/100). Concerning total Phenols, data revealed that the total phenol in the extract of Portulaca oleracea (45.775mg GAE/100) is higher than that in the extract of Psidium Guajava (Guava) (39.473mg GAE/100). Me-OH extract of Portulaca oleracea exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to Psidium Guajava (Guava). Portulaca oleracea extract exhibited obvious antimicrobial behavior against all microorganisms under test throughout this study; this behavior was moderate (++) antimicrobial activity against all Gram negative organisms(Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi) and expressed very strong (++++) antimicrobial activity when tested against three types of Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Listeria monocytogenes), one type of Fungi (Aspergillus niger) and one type of Yeast (Candida albicans); Psidium Guajava (Guava) extract showed weaker antimicrobial activity when compared to Portulaca oleracea extract against tested microorganisms.

4 tables, 40 ref

009663   Driss D;Kaoubaa M;Mansour R B;Kallel F; Abdelmalek B E;Chaabouni S E (Unite Enzyme et Bioconversion, Ecole Nationale d'Ingenieurs de sfax, U, , Sfax, Tunisia, Email: dorabdelmalek@yahoo.fr) : Antioxidant, antimutagenic and cytotoxic properties of essential oil from Corchorus olitorius L. flowers and leaf. Free Radical Antioxidant 2016, 6(1), 34-43.

This present research highlight the phytochemical profile, the antioxidant, the antimicrobial, the antimutagenic and the antiproliferative activities of an essential oil extracted from Corchorus olitorius L. flowers and leaf (COFL), an aromatic plant widely distributed in Tunisia and used as a traditional food plant. Gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry was used to determine the composition of the COFL essential oil (COFL-EO). Forty-three components were identified and the main compounds were benzaldehyde (56%), methyl 4-methoxysalicylate (6.55%) and carvacrol (4.75%). The COFL-EO was also found to possess antioxidant activities, as evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical method and α-carotene bleaching assay. The antibacterial activities showed good growth inhibition compared to positive controls. The diameter of the inhibition zones reached a maximum of 16.7 ± 0.1 mm when tested against Salmonella typhimurium using just 6 mg extract. On the other hand, the antimutagenic activity was assessed using the Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test and the COLF-EO exhibited high antimutagenic effects at 0.125, 0.0125 and 0.00125 mg/plate. Antiproliferative activity of this essential oil evaluated in four mammalian cells lines was significantly stronger in Hela cell line (IC50=4 ± 0.98 μg/mL). Overall, results presented here suggest that the COFL-EO is a potential new source of active ingredients for food and pharmaceutical industry.

3 illus, 4 tables, 49 ref

009662   Derle N D;Derle D V;Bele M H;Khatale S B (Quality Assurance Techniqus Dep, MVPs College of Pharmacy, Gangapur Road, Nashik-422 002, Email: nikitaderle@gmail.com) : Functionality testing of excipient. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3208-17.

The quality of medicines depends not only on the active principles and production processes, but also the performance of the excipients, hence we say' Excipients are Cindrellas of Formulation'. The traditional concept of the excipient as any component other than the active substance has undergone a substantial evolution from an 'inert' and cheap vehicle to an essential constituent of the formulation. The rapid evolution of scientific, regulatory and economic factors, the introduction of delivery systems and the advance in biopharmaceutics have led to a new interest in the role and functionality of the excipients. There are number of raw materials available from a multitude of sources used in pharmaceutical industry where their chemical structures vary from small polymer to long chain polymer. Excipients are now chosen to perform a variety of functions which guarantee the stability and bioavailability of the drug substance and its manufacturability on a large production scale. Beyond the dosage form necessities, excipients particularly in the case of solid dosage forms are used. As a consequence, their characterisation must go beyond the simple tests for identity, purity and strength as prescribed in general by the Pharmacopoeia monographs. Full physical characterisation of solid materials is now made possible with the help of high resolution analytical techniques on the molecular, particulate and bulk levels, this approach now has become necessary to guarantee the behaviour of the excipient during the formulation and production phases of all solid and liquid dosage forms. Excipient harmonisation, standardised functionality tests, preformulation data bases will contribute to change the conventional trial-and-error formulation approach into a far more scientific and technological development. Hence study of excipient has now gained importance which would lead to develop new formulation.

^iia 23 ref

009661   Deivasigamani A;Sumathi T (Medical Biochemistry Dep, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Madras Univ, Taramani Campus, Chennai-600 113, Email: drsumathi.bioscience@gmail.com) : Nootropic activity of isorhamnetin in amyloid beta 25-35 induced cognitive dysfunction and its related mRNA expressions in Alzheimer's disease. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3233-42.

Oxidative stress appears to be an early event involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of isorhamnetin (IRN) against amyloid beta 25-35 (Aα 25-35)-induced memory impairment and oxidative damage in rats. Memory task was assessed using Y-arm maze and it revealed the impairment in spatial memory. The IRN treated rats showed improvement in memory task. Aα 25-35 induced animals also exhibited increase in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), Monoamine oxidase activity (MAO) and decrease in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity. It also enhanced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and proinflammatory cytokine, IL-α whereas all these abnormalities were reduced significantly in IRN treated rats showing the neuroprotective effect of IRN against Aα 25-35 induced Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, IRN may be a potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease.

54 ref

009660   Das K;Dang R;Harish S (NO, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, No.12/1, Chikka Bellandur, Carmelaram Post, Varthur Hobli, Bengaluru-560 035, Email: drkkdsd@gmail.com) : Effect of cultural condition and slovent extraction on pharmacognostical assessment and identification of scopolamine content in different parts of Datura metel Linn. through HPTLC analysis. Ann Phytomed 2016, 5(1), 43-50.

Datura metel Linn. (Family: Solanaceae) is a common road side weed that widely distributed throughout India. The plant is commonly known as throne apple. The present study is aimed at comparative pharmacognostical studies in terms of macroscopic and quantitative microscopy on different solvent (chloroform, methanol and water) extracted leaves, stem and root parts of D. metel, procured from Bangalore soil zone, Karnataka, India. Initially, the soil parameters are checked for presence of various metals and other physicochemical properties. The results revealed the soil is sandy loam with the pH of 7.80, organic carbon content 0.32%, electrical conductivity (EC) was 14.20 mScm^{-1 and the soil redox potential was 16.20 mV. The quality parameter includes physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation of the powder as well as the extract was determined as per the standard method. Macroscopical and microscopical evaluation of leaf, stem and root gave special identification characters. Phytochemical investigation reveals the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, protein, phytosterols and diterpenes. Thereafter, presence of scopolamine was identified with HPTLC method and percentage of scopolamine resulted higher of 0.78 in methanol leaf extract. This may be due to the soil nature of the Bangalore zone and the effect of solvent where active constituents are soluble maximum to get more yield.}

5 illus, 2 tables, 44 ref

009659   Cudjoe E K;Addotey J N A;Okine N N A;Adosraku R K;Annan K (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, Email: addonij@gmail.com) : Isolation and development of an HPLC method for the quantification of a biomarker in the roots of Paullinia pinnata. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3446-52.

An RP-HPLC method to be used to quantitate the amount of a biomarker in the roots of Paullinia pinnata was developed. The root bark was milled and extracted and the dry powder obtained taken through column chromatography (CC). The biomarker was then isolated. The melting point of the biomarker was determined and found to be 117-119°C. A RP-HPLC method was successfully developed and used to quantify the biomarker in the chloroform extract. The mobile phase used was Methanol:Water (9:1) with an injection volume of 100μl and a range of 1.000. The method employs a Phenomenex Kromasil C-8, 5μ, 250mm x 4.6mm, 100? reverse phase column at a flow rate of 1.3ml/min, and a wavelength of 210nm. The method gave a retention time of 2.9687 ± 0.2657 (n=15). The percentage content of the biomarker in the root of Paullinia pinnata was determined to be 0.052009±0.004321% w/w (n=12). The HPLC method was validated for linearity, repeatability, intermediate precision, and robustness. The limits of detection and quantitation were also determined.

12 ref

009658   Choubey A;Alok S;Garg G;Singh S K (School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar Univ, Jagatpura, Jaipur, Rajasthan-302 017, Email: chaubey.ankur03@gmail.com) : Preparation, characterization and in-vivo release of nanomedicine (Solid lipid nanoparticle) associate with the extract of Pterospermum acerifolium for the screening of neurobehavioural. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 3154-62.

Advances in nanoparticulate frameworks for enhanced medication conveyance show an extraordinary potential for the organization of urgent dynamic particles. The fundamental motivation behind creating elective medication conveyance advances is to build proficiency of medication conveyance. Pterospermum acerifolium is normal plant in India is viewed as carminative, stimulant and emmenagogue. The point of this study was to figure another conveyance framework for impacts of neurobehavioural by the joining of concentrate of Pterospermum acerifolium into strong lipid nanoparticles SLN. SLN plans were set up by ethanolic extricate implanted lipid layer was softened by warming at 5°C above liquefying purpose of the lipid. After that, SLNs were sifted and dried. Shape and surface morphology of the strong lipid nanoparticles were envisioned by filtering electron microscopy (SEM).Particle Size and Size Distribution were dictated by Photon relationship spectroscopy (PCS). The change of molecule charge was considered by Zeta Potential (ZP) estimations. The CNS action was examined in a few test models for Epilepsy i.e. Limit Pentylenetetrazole prompted seizure, Models for anxiolytic study i.e. Hoisted in addition to labyrinth, Models for nootropic study i.e. Object acknowledgment test, Models for stimulant study i.e. Constrained swim test, Tail suspension test, Models for Muscle relaxant study i.e. Hold quality test, The ethanol extricate essentially and in dosage subordinate way lessen the nociception impelled by acidic corrosive. From the present study it was inferred that the natural medications can be possibly used to control the condition of CNS issue.

29 ref

009657   Cherku P D;Rama Devi B;Reddy V;Manzelat S F (Biotechnology Laboratory, Botany Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: prathi56@yahoo.com) : Estimation of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, lupeol and other unreported compounds in an elite ecotype of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. BR.. Ann Phytomed 2016, 5(1), 51-8.

The root of Hemidesmus indicus (L) R. Br. is a very rich source of secondary metabolites which are used in the pharmaceutical industry. It is also used as flavoring agent in soft drinks. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the roots of an elite ecotype were carried out for estimation of secondary metabolites and HPLC method was used for determination of important compounds like 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, lupeol and several other unreported important derivatives. The quantity of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde and lupeol in the plant material were detected as 0. 2638 mg/g, and 0.1994 mg/g, respectively. The related phenolic compounds of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde were gentisic acid and vanillic acid and those of lupeol (triterpenes) were α-amyrin and β-amyrin. The reported results would help the pharmaceutical industry and create awareness for identification and propagation of the elite ecotype of H. indicus, since the compounds can be widely used in traditional as well as modern medicinal systems.

5 illus, 4 tabesl, 27 ref

009656   Chaudhary S;Alok S;Verma A (Pharmacognosy Dep, Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand Univ, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, Email: saurabhbpharma91@gmail.com) : Phytochemical screening and chromatographic evaluation of Ficus benghalensis leaves. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3522-32.

Aim is to rationalize the macroscopial, anatomical and physico- chemical studies on leaves of Ficus benghalensis (Maraceae). The crude ethanolic extract of leaves of Ficus benghalensis (Maraceae) was using Physico-chemical parameters, and Preliminary photochemical investigation (TLC, HPTLC, & Column Chrmatography). An attempt had been made to highlight this folk herbal medicine through dried crude samples anatomically and physico chemically. TLC fingerprint and HPTLC were carried out and the salient macroscopial qualitative and quantitative parameters were reported. These studies will provide referential information for correct information and help in checking adulteration in market sample medicines.

20 ref

009655   Chaitra Narayan L;Ravishankar Rai V (Studies in Microbiology Dep, Mysore Univ, Mysore, Karnataka, Email: raivittal@gmail.com) : Anti-Hiv-1 activity of ellagic acid isolated from Terminalia paniculata. Free Radical Antioxidant 2016, 6(1), 101-8.

The present investigation evaluates the potential Anti-HIV-1 and antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of the leaves of Terminalia paniculata. This search for inhibitors of Anti-HIV-1 Integrase and Protease from medicinal plants of Western Ghats, India led to the isolation of Ellagic acid from the methanol extract of T. paniculata leaves. The in vitro antioxidant activity was determined by different standard methods such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH), metal chelation, superoxide radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation assays. The in vitro anti- HIV-1 enzyme inhibition assays were carried out by standard protocols using Multiplate integration assay. The structure of Ellagic acid was elucidated on the basis of NMR, LC-MS and FTIR studies. Ellagic acid has shown excellent in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity in the enzyme inhibition assays carried out with an IC₅₀ value of 8.7 μm and 70.4 μm against HIV-1 Integrase and HIV-1 Protease enzymes respectively. For the antioxidant assays carried out Ellagic acid has shown scavenging potential of 92.2 ± 0.03% of DPPH radical, 88.1 ± 0.41% chelation of metal ions, 68.02 ± 0.12% scavenging of superoxide anion radical and 85.52 ± 0.06% inhibition of lipid peroxidation all at a concentration of 40 ppm. The isolated bioactive molecule, Ellagic acid has shown highly efficient in vitro anti-HIV and antioxidant activity. The present study happens to be the first report on the HIV-1 inhibition ability of T. paniculata.

6 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

009654   Chae S C (Horticultural Science Dep, College of Industrial Sciences, Kongju National Univ, Daehak-ro 54, Yesan-kun, Chungnam, 32439, Korea, Email: scchae@kongju.ac.kr) : Up-to-date review of phytochemicals and biological activities in Chrysanthemum spp. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 615-23.

The Chrysanthemum is a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal herb which has been used as a drug for thousands of years. From the detailed literature survey it is determined that the dried flowers of Chrysanthemum contain organic groups such as alkanes, flavonoids, terpinoids, unsaturated fatty acids and polysaccharides which belongs to Secondary constituents in Phytochemicals classification. The knowledge and analysis of bioactive compounds present in the Chrysanthemums can be used for next generation drug development process. The developments of new drugs against diabetes and prostate cancer have become global concern. Hence the present study leads to identify the new strategies which are needed to develop multi-functional drugs against various human diseases using Chrysanthemum plant. Owing to antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammation activities, Chrysanthemum have much attention in the field of biomolecules research. In general Phytochemicals can be classified as primary and secondary constituents. One can understand the fascinating properties of biological compounds via phytochemical analysis which are present in the plants. Therefore, the present study gives a better understanding of phytochemical properties of Chrysanthemum and new foundations for the production of non-toxic and eco-friendly drugs of today and the future.

2 tables, 64 ref

009653   borkar A A;Gaikwad N J (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur Univ, Amravati Road, Nagpur-440 033, Email: udpsaab@gmail.com) : UV spectrophotometric and RP-HPLC estimation of drug asenapine in tablet dosage form. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 3080-4.

Asenapine in Tablet dosage form is used as antipsychotic agent. Literature revealed that there is no single method for the simultaneous estimation of this drug in tablet dosage form, which prompted us to develop a simple, rapid, accurate, economical and sensitive UV spectrophotometric and RP-HPLC methods. The simultaneous estimation of UV method is based on the principle of additivity of absorbance, for the determination of Asenapine in tablet formulation. The absorption maximum of the drug was found to be 270.0 nm in methanol. For RP-HPLC mobile phase is a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH = 3.2) in the ratio of 65:35 v/v and detection wavelength is 270 nm. The accuracy and reproducibility of the proposed method was statistically validated by recovery studies.

4 ref

009652   Bonthagarala B;Murukutla V;Manohar Babu S (Pharmaceutics Dep, SIMS College of Pharmacy, SIMS Group of Institutions, Mangaldas Nagar, Guntur-522 001, Email: brahmaiahmph@gmail.com) : Formulation development and evaluation of aceclofenac microemulsion. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3394-405.

The aim of my present study is to develop and evaluate microemulsion for topical application of Aceclofenac by using oleic acid at different ratios for the treatment of pain. Microemulsion was prepared by water trituration method using oleic acid as oil phase, tween-80 as surfactant and polyethylen glycol-400 as co-surfactant. Different oils, surfactants and co-surfactants were screened to select ideal components of microemulsions with good solubility and excellent skin penetration of Aceclofenac. The solubility of Aceclofenac was highest in oleic acid followed by olive oil, and isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate. Microemulsion-3 (ME-3) was exhibited 98.54±0.26% higher drug content then other formulations. Among all formulations, the highest permeation flux of μg/cm^{2/hour was observed in of formulation ME-3.}

1 illus, 16 ref

009651   Bhardwaj A K;Sharma D K;Ansari B A (NO, Jagatpur Inter College, Jagatpur, Varanasi-221 302) : Effect of nimbecidine and neemazal on the activities of phosphatases in the tissues of cotton pest, Earias vittella. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2016, 6(3), 120-32.

Sufficient number of male and female insects was treated with five different doses of Neemazal T/S (0.70, 1.10, 1.50, 1.90 and 2.30 μg/insect) and Nimbecidine (0.90, 1.05, 1.20, 1.35 and 1.50 μg/insect) to investigate the changes in activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in ovary and testis of the cotton pest, Earias vittella. The activity of ACP was enhanced to 260 and 243% of controls (100%) in ovary and testis respectively after 96-h exposure to 2.30 μg/insect of Neemazal. Also, the activity of ALP was reduced to 31 and 35% of controls (100%) in ovary and testis, respectively for Neemazal whereas 23 and 25% for Nimbecidine treated insects after exposure for 96-h. Thus, the result shows that both the pesticides cause a significant alteration in the enzyme activities of the Earias vittella.

8 tables, 42 ref