009750   Suganya M;Karthi S;Shivakumar M S (Biotechnology Dep, Molecular Entomology Lab, School of Biosciences, Periyar Univ, Salem-636 011, Email: skentomol@gmail.com) : Effect of cadmium and lead exposure on tissue specific antioxidant response in Spodoptera litura. Free Radical Antioxidant 2016, 6(1), 90-100.

Oxidative stress in insects may result from an imbalance of oxidants and antioxidants under a significant impact of metals. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical, are generated from normal metabolic processes in all oxygen-utilizing organisms. In the present study was designed to the impact of heavy metal (Cadmium and Lead) toxicity and its free radical scavenging enzymes in Spodoptera litura larvae. Heavy metals were administered using artificial diet method having different concentrations. The metal toxicity was observed after 24 and 48 hrs post treatment. In antioxidant parameters were SOD, CAT, POX, GST, LPO, ACP and AKP were assessed. In additionally metal accumulation analysis using ICP-MS. In particular, after exposure to diets containing environmentally relevant concentration (Cd 0.3 mg, Cd 0. 44 mg, Cd 0.50 mg or Pb 0.48 mg, Pb 4.8 mg, Pb 9.6 mg) at 48 hrs changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes were measured in larvae. The results showed that compared with control, the based on concentration significantly increased of antioxidant enzymes activities. In ICP-MS analysis results shows based on the concentration Pb 9.6 mg, 325.61 ppm/mg^{-1 and Cd 0.44 mg, 36.5 ppm/mg-1 will be increased. In conclusion antioxidant systems of S. litura were altered by Cd and Pb exposure as determined by measuring in the enzymes activities. All of Cd and Pb result in strong oxidative stress and toxicity to S. litura larvae. Based on the results we suggest that metal toxicity and metal accumulation of insects influenced by Cadmium chloride and Lead nitrate in S. litura larvae.}

14 illus, 2 tables, 53 ref

009749   Sridharan G V;Hazarika D;Bhat M R;Suraksha R S;Singh S (Biotechnology Dep, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Univ, Manipal-576 104, Email: gvs9894@gmail.com) : Nitrification inhibition studies of neem coating on urea prills. Asian J Chem 2017, 29(1), 196-8.

The Government of India introduced neem coated urea prills as an alternative to traditional urea prills with a view to improve the nitrogen usage efficiency by inhibiting nitrification. Neem was chosen because it contains Azadarachtin, which acts as a nitrification inhibitor in addition to its insecticidal properties. A laboratory experiment was set up for a study period of 18 days to compare the efficiency of neem coated urea as an effective nitrification inhibitor in comparison with normal urea. Results revealed that the neem coated urea was able to retard nitrate formation by 60 % at its maximum concentration and 52.5% on an average when compared with normal urea.

5 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

009748   Sonia K;Nappinnai M (Pharmaceutical Analysis Dep, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Univ, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, Email: soniapharm68@yahoo.com) : Simultaneous estimation of alfuzosin and dutasteride in tablet dosage form by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 2896-904.

A simple, accurate, economic and rapid method for the simultaneous estimation of Alfuzosin and Dutasteride by RP-HPLC, as a result simple, economic, precise and accurate methods was developed and validated by Reverse Phase High performance Liquid Chromatography in tablet dosage form. The mobile phase consisted of Acetonitrile and Buffer solution in the ratio of (75:25) was eluted through universil C18 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm, i.d., 5 μm particle) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The column temperature was 25°C. The eluent was monitored at 225 nm for detection of Alfuzosin and Dutasteride by the UV detector. The detection time was 8 min. The validation of HPLC method was carried out in accordance with the ICH guidelines.

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009747   Sonawane A M;Dudhe P B;Chalke N H;Bhagat K B (Quality Assurance Techniques Dep, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, S.No.44/1, Vadgaon (BK), Off Sinhgad Road, Pune-411 041, Email: amit2sonawane3@gmail.com) : Development and validation RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determinetion of loperamide hydrochloride and norfloxacin in pharmaceutical formulation. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3441-5.

A reverse-phase liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed for the determinations of loperamide hydrochloride and norfloxacin in their marketed formulation and bulk. The separation was carried out using mobile phase of triethylamine and acetonitrile (50:50%) with pH 4. The pH adjusted with orthophosphoric acid. The column used was Capcell pack C18 Column (250mn x 4.6mm, 5mm) and flow rate of 1 ml/min. Detection carried out at 213 nm. The retention time loperamide hydrochloride 5.6 and norfloxacin were found to be 2.1 min respectively. Developed method was validated according to ICH guideline. Linearity was observed at concentration rang of 2-6 mg/ml for loperamide hydrochloride and 200-600 mg/ml for norfloxacin. The regression equation were found to be Y=48615x-435565 and Y=72087x-14016 the correlation coefficient (r^{2) 0.9996 and 0.9988 norfloxacin and loperamide hydrochloride respectively. The percentage RSD for the method precision was found to be less than 2%. The accuracy is found in 98-101 %. The proposed method is precise, accurate, selective and rapid for simultaneous determination of loperamide hydrochloride and norfloxacin.}

8 ref

009746   Singh J K;Roy A K;Pankaj P P (Univ Center of Bioinformatics, T.M. Bhagalpur Univ, Bhagalpur, Bihar, Email: pranaypunj@gmail.com) : Ameliorative effect of curcumin on profenofos induced oxidative damage of renal tissue in mice. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3550-6.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the ameliorative effect of curcumin against profenofos induced oxidative damage of renal tissue in mice. Animals were divided into four different groups namely Group-I (control mice; NC), Group-II (NC gavaged 100μl ethanol for 30 days; EC), Group-III (NC gavaged 25mg/kg b.w profenofos for alternate 30 days; PC) and Group-IV (PC treated with 120mg/kg b.w of curcumin daily till next 30 days; CurTPE). Electron micrographs of kidney and level of lipid peroxidase (LPO) were estimated to investigate the therapeutic potential against profenofos treated subjects. Histological analyses of PC showed hemorrhages of blood capillary, edema, necrosis and glomeruli shrinkage but CurTPE showed significant improvement, as compared to PC. Electron microscopic studies also revealed partly destruction of nucleus, mitochondrial membrane, cristae and formation of large vacuoles in cytoplasm but CurTPE showed recovery when compared to PC. It was observed that the damaging effects of profenofos on nucleus, mitochondrial membrane and cristae of renal tissues. It might be due to decrease in lipid concentration and increased LPO concentration. Free radicals were generated exponentially due to increased concentration of LPO and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production which in turn adversely affected on several biomolecules and interfered with different metabolic pathways.

22 ref

009745   Singh H B;Maurya A;Sadagopan S;Kesavan P K; Acharya S;Arumugam S N (NO, Integrity Healthcare services, 301/302, Opulence Building, Santacruz East, Mumbai-400 055, Email: amaurya@ihsindia.com) : Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activity of a polyherbal composition, panchatulasi drops, derived from essential oils of five species of basil. Ann Phytomed 2016, 5(2), 130-9.

Basil has been used for thousands of years in Ayurveda for its diverse healing properties. The juice of the leaves have strong expectorant properties, and is used in ailments of the respiratory system. This study investigated the immunomodulatory and antibacterial properties of, Panchatulasi drops, a unique blend of essential oils from 5 different species of basil. The effect of the essential oils on proinflammatory mediators (IL-6 and TNF-α), and cell viability was determined in a dose dependent manner, using a rat splenocyte model. Immunomodulation via lipoxygenase inhibition was investigated, using lipoxygenase inhibitor screening kit. MIC against Streptococcus pneumoniae strains was determined by the broth dilution method with Cation adjusted MuellerHinton broth (CAMHB), and antibacterial efficacy was also tested using a neutropenic mouse model of lung infection against ATCC 700904 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain. Panchatulasi drops demonstrated inhibition of IL-6 and lipoxygenase enzyme. It resulted in increased levels of TNF-α in a dose dependent manner in non-cytotoxic doses (up to 10μg/ml), although overall concentration decreased between 24 to 72 h. after LPS induction. The extracts exhibited good antimicrobial activity with an MIC of 32 μg/ml and bacterial load reduction of 6.45 ± 0.55 at 150 mg/kg bw, compared to 5.32 ± 0.62 of amoxicillin (p<60>0.005). These studies provide significant evidence of immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties of Panchatulasi drops. The formulation could, therefore, be developed as a potential therapy in inflammatory conditions such as respiratory infections and mucosal injury.

5 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

009744   Singh A;Srivastava J N;Anil Kumar (Botany Dep, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, Email: janendra.srivastava@gmail.com) : Phytotoxicity of citrus fruit waste against human pathogenic bacteria. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3366-72.

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of Lemon (Citrus limon L.) and Orange (Citrus sinensis L.) Increasing resistance of microorganisms to present day antibiotics arose a way to focus on antimicrobial activity and future prophylactic potential of the lemon and orange peels. In the present study, a total of two extract each of Methanol & Ethanol of Citrus limon and Citrus sinensis were evaluated for their antibacterial activity due to the phytochemicals present in the both the fruit's peels. All the extracts showed antibacterial activity against all the four bacterial stains. The antibacterial activity of Methanolic and Ethanolic peel extract of C. limon L. and C.sinensis L. were evaluated on bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus by recording minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by disc diffusion method. Methanolic extract of C. sinensis showed maximum inhibition zone of 17 mm against S. aureus.

16 ref

009743   Sidar A;Pratiwi N W;Widada J;Zakaria L;Rahayu E S (Graduate School of Biotechnology, Gadjah Mada Univ, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Email: maria_slimshady@yahoo.com) : Molecular detection and culster analysis of vacuolar serine protease gene in Penicillium isolated from hospital indoor air in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(2), 315-27.

Penicillium are commonly found in indoor air and some of them are known as allergenic fungi. Vacuolar serine protease (VSP) was reported as major allergens of several Penicillium species. Existence of allergenic fungi is considered as a risk factor for inhabitants inside the room, especially in hospital. So far, no studies are available about hospital airborne fungi in Indonesia. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate fungal isolates obtained in hospital indoor air and then focused on detection as well as cluster analysis of VSP allergenic Penicillium. All fungal genera obtained were identified in genus level based on morphological characteristics. Fungal group belong to Penicillium were then collected for further molecular detection based on Polymerized Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of VSP gene using new degenerate primer design (VP1 and VP2) and continued with species identification based on α-tubulin gene. Cluster analysis was exhibited by phylogenetic relationship among VSP allergenic Penicillium isolates based on nucleotide sequence of VSP gene. The result showed that genus of Penicillium was found as dominant airborne fungi from several hospital rooms. Moreover, presence of VSP gene was detected in P.citrinum, P. steckii, and P. copticola. Interestingly, the existing of VSP gene in P. steckii and P. copticola is the first time reported especially in Indonesia. Furthermore, phylogenetic tree constructed as cluster analysis showed that VSP gene of the same Penicillium species was grouped in one cluster. It indicates that gene encoding VSP allergen might be classified as species-specific.

us, 4 tables, 43 ref

009742   Shiva Shakthi S;Archana S P;Arulvasu C; Neethiselvan N (Zoology Dep, Madras Univ, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, Email: carulasu@gmail.com) : Biochemical composition of cuttle fish Sepia prabahari ink and its bioactive properties in-vitro. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 2966-75.

The present study describes the biochemical, antioxidant and anticancer properties of the crude and melanin free ink of Sepia prabahari which is rich in both organic and inorganic components. The quantitative analysis define the presence of protein (1.16 - 1.49 mg/ml), lipid (0.25 - 1.42 mg/ml), carbohydrates (0.01 - 1.14 mg/ml), ash (0.4 & 0.1%) and moisture (93.33%) content. The native PAGE profile showed distinct bands of protein with molecular weight ranging from 3.5 to 205 kDa. The ink is composed of different amino acids, lipids and sugars which was presented by TLC. The ink revealed good antioxidant activity, thereby lowering or retarding the initiation of lipid oxidation process. The ink was screened for its anticancer activity against human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF 7) and it exhibited a strong cytotoxicity by inhibiting the cell growth. The results of comet assay revealed the DNA damage in the cells treated with ink which is a hallmark of apoptosis. Thus the ink, especially the melanin free ink is known to possess significant antioxidant activity and potent anti-proliferative effect. The present study suggests that the melanin free ink was richer in biochemical properties than the crude ink.

39 ref

009741   Shittu S T T;Oyeyemi W A;Lasisi T J;Shittu S A S;Lawal T T;Olujobi S T (Physiology Dep, College of Medicine, Ibadan Univ, Ibdan, Nigeria, Email: st.shittu@ui.edu.ng) : Aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum improves hematological parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats via its antioxidant properties. Int J appl basic med Res 2016, 6(2), 96-100.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of Ocimum gratissimum(OG) on hematological parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Twenty-five male rats (150-200 g) were randomly grouped into five as control, normal + OG, diabetic untreated, diabetic + OG, and diabetic + glibenclamide groups. Diabetes was induced by 100 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate in the diabetic untreated and diabetic + OG groups followed by treatment with distilled water and 400 mg/kg OG, respectively, whereas control, normal + OG, and diabetic + glibenclamide groups were treated with distilled water, 400 mg/kg OG, and 5 mg/kg glibenclamide, respectively. Body weight and fasting blood glucose level were monitored weekly. After 28 days of treatments, under anesthesia induced by 50 mg/kg sodium thiopental i.p., blood samples were obtained for hematological analysis, malondialdehyde (MDA) level determination, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Data were compared using analysis of variance and Student's t-test. There was a significant decrease in the fasting blood glucose of the diabetic + OG animals compared to the diabetic untreated and the initial reduction in weight observed in this group was reversed at the end of the experiments. Packed cell volume, red blood cell count, and hemoglobin concentration were significantly increased (P <60> 0.05) in the diabetic + OG when compared with the untreated group. The MDA concentration was significantly lowered (P <60> 0.01) in the diabetic + OG group when compared with diabetic untreated while SOD activity was significantly reduced in the diabetic untreated group. It was concluded that OG reverses anemia secondary to alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in rats probably via its antioxidant activity.

4 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

009740   Sheeba M S;Philip S;Tom G;Gayathri L T;Asha V V (Plant Based Bioactives and Disease Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram-695 014, Email: ashavv@rediffmail.com) : Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. on indomethacin, pylorus ligation and Helicobacter pylori induced gastric ulcer in rats. Ann Phytomed 2016, 5(1), 63-72.

Helicobacter pylori infection, excessive consumption of alcohol and the prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are the major factors that cause peptic ulcer. Previous studies from our lab revealed the potency of the ethanol extract of the plant, Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. against ethanol induced gastric ulcerogenesis in rats. The present study intended to compare the antiulcer activity of the ethanol extract of C. halicacabum against gastric ulcers, induced by three different agents, namely; indomethacin administration, pyloric ligation and Helicobacter pylori infection in Wistar rats. Experimentally, gastric ulcer was induced in rats by oral administration of indomethacin, pyloric ligation and infection with H. pylori (2.0 x 108 CFU/ml) in three separate settings. Gastric protection by C. halicacabum was evaluated by measuring the ulcer index, gastric glutathione level, alkaline phosphatase activity and histopathological examination. Ethanol extract of C. halicacabum in a concentration dependent manner (200-600 mg/kg) inhibited gastric ulcers induced by oral administration of indomethacin (48 mg/kg). The active extract administration reduced the ulcer index and alkaline phosphatase activity showing the protective role of C. halicacabum against indomethacin induced gastric ulceration in rats. Similarly, C. halicacabum ethanol extract reduced gastric acid secretion in pylorus ligated rats. However, the extract did not show much healing of gastric ulcer, induced by H. pylori. Omeprazole and triple therapy drugs were used as standards for indomethacin and H. pylori induced gastric ulcers, respectively. When comparing the effectiveness of C.halicacbum against the three modes of ulcer induction, the alcohol extract of C. halicacabum showed better antiulcer activity against ulcers induced by indomethacin and pylorus ligation dose dependently. However, the same extract failed to show any anti H. pylori activity when monitored both in vitro and in vivo.

6 illus, 2 tables, 60 ref

009739   Sharma D K;Mali P C (Reproductive Biomedicine and Natural Products Lab, Zoology Dep, Centre for Advanced Studies, Rajasthan Univ, Jaipur-302 004, Email: malipc_zool@yahoo.co.in) : Inhibition of spermatogenesis with the treatment of 50% methanolic extract of Maytenus emarginata leaves in albino rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3379-87.

The plant Maytenus emarginata belongs to the Family Celastraceae also known as Kankhera in Hindi have used effectively for the treatment of wide range of disorder as digestive ailments, nerve afflictions, Heart ailments, inflammation, nervous system, Rashes and as a tonic and anti stress. The present investigation is planned to evaluate safety and reversible contraceptive efficacy of aqueous methanolic extracts of Maytenus emarginata leaves to develop a orally effective and reversible male contraceptive. Animal were orally administrated with extract of Maytenus emarginata leaf at the dose of 50,100,200 mg/kg/ body wt/day per oral dose for 60 days. A marked dose dependent decrease in the count and motility of the sperms of treated rats was observed compared with control. Furthermore, pregnancy rate in females markedly reduced by 80% after the mating with male treated with 50,100,200 mg/kg Maytenus emarginata leaf extract. At the same time significant decrease were detected in seminal vesicles and testicular weight of rats that received.

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009738   Shanthi P;Kothai S (Chemistry Dep, Anna College for Women, Chennai-600 040) : Potential wound management of herb fabricated chitosan-zinc oxide nanocomposite. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2017, 7(1), 1-6.

The current study reports the in vitro cytotoxicity and in vitro wound healing studies of herb fabricated chitosan-zinc oxide nanocomposite. Chitosan and zinc oxide nanoparticle have proven wound healing properties individually. In vitro cytotoxicity of the chitosan-zinc oxide nanocomposite loaded with herb is analyzed by MTT assay. Wound healing property of this composited is analyzed through In vitro scratch assay. This method is an easy, inexpensive and well developed method to determine cell migration in vitro. Cytotoxicity results reveals cells are viable in all the dilutions during 24 & 72 hrs. treatment. Control wound healing is evident after 24hrs.

3 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

009737   Shamsul Islam S M;Sayeed H;Abrar Shahriyar S K A;Ferdous A;Islam A (Pharmacy Dep, Stamford Univ Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Email: shamsulisam21@gmail.com) : Antioxident, analgesic and cytotoxic activity of methanolic extract of Vanda roxburghii root. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 2944-50.

The crude methanolic study of Vanda roxburghii root was investigated for antioxidant, analgesic and cytotoxic activity. The extract of Vanda roxburghii root showed antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide scavenging power assay. In DPPH and NO scavenging assay the extract shown adequate antioxidant activity and the IC₅₀ values in DPPH radical scavenging and NO scavenging assays were found to be 113.35±1.27 and 127.31±0.26ug mL^{-1 while the IC₅₀ values of ascorbic acid were 12.30±0.11 and 18.64±0.22 ug ml-1. Reducing power activity of the extract increased in a dose dependent manner. Analgesic activity of the crude extract was evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing model of pain in mice. The crude extract at 200 and 400 mg kg-1 b.wt. doses displayed significant (p<60>0.001) reducing in acetic acid induced writhing in mice with a maximum effect of 75.89% reduction at 400 mg kg-1 b.wt. Which is comparable to the standard diclofenac sodium (86.52%). The extract was also investigated for cytotoxic activity using Brine Shrimp lethality bioassay. In this the extract showed significant toxicity of Brine Shrimp nauplii with the LC₅₀ value of 25.19+-0.98 ug mL-1. The study indicates that the extract possesses good analgesic and cytotoxic activity along with moderate antioxidant activity.}

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009736   Shah A;Rather M A;Shah A M;Mushtaq S;Hussain A;Rasool S;Parry Z A;Qazi P H (Microbial Biotechnology Div, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar-190 005, Email: qphassan@iim.ac.in) : Evaluating the in vitro antituberculosis, antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity potential of fungal endophytes isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra L.. Ann Phytomed 2016, 5(2), 140-6.

Endophytes, especially from medicinal plants and those from biodiversity rich ecoregions synthesize important bioactive molecules. The aim of the present study was to isolate and characterize the bioactive fungal endophytes from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. of Kashmir Himalayas-a biodiversity rich ecoregion in India. Plant material was collected from different location of Kashmir region for isolation of fungal endophytes. A total of thirty-three strains were isolated and their broth was screened for their antimicrobial activity by well diffusion assay. Potent endophytes were selected and identified by ITS-5.8S ribosomal gene sequence technique. The extracts of selected endophytes were evaluated for antibacterial as well as antimycobacterial and antioxidant activities by broth microdilution technique and DPPH assay, respectively. Thirteen isolates (40%) displayed antimicrobial activity against at least one pathogen. The extract of isolates identified as Fusarium solanistrain (KT16646), Fusarium oxysporum strain (KT166447), Colletotrichum gleosporoides strain (KT166445) and Alternaria alternate strain (KT166448) displayed strong antimicrobial activity with MIC ranging from <60>2.34 to 125 μg/ml against various tested bacterial pathogens. F. solani and C. gleosporoides showed good activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) strain H37Rv with MIC of 18.5 and 75 μg/ml, respectively. F. oxysporum exhibited good antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ value of <60>100 μg/ml. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports antimycobacterial activity of any fungal endophyte isolated from G. glabra against the virulent strain of M tb. Thus, this study sets background towards the exploration of potential bioactive molecules that may have antituberculosis, antibacterial and antioxidant activity from the fungal endophytes of G. glabra.

2 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

009735   Selvasudha N;Koumaravelou K (NO, PRIST Univ, Puducherry campus, R.S. No, 24/4, Uruvaiyar road, Abishegapakkam, Pudhcherry-605 007, Email: nkselvasudha@gmail.com) : Statin induced myotoxicity and its consequences. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3197-3207.

Statins, 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, are considered safe in lowering hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease. Statin attempt to reduce cholesterol production in liver in dose dependent manner not only cause the muscle related problem but also leads to other untoward consequence like arthritis, diabetes, neurological disorders which arise as a result of scarcity in cholesterol production. Discontinuation or reduction in the dose of the statin usually leads to resolution of these side effects but the efficacy is questionable. Though the statin had come to market several decades ago, their harmful effects have been well understood very recently only after several randomized trials. The pleiotropic effects of statin have reported many benefits, but lack of randomized clinical trials make it limit to extend its indication beyond lipid lowering effects. There is still a controversy between their benefits and adverse effects of statin. The upcoming research should focus to resolve the above said confliction that could overcome its most adverse events- myopathy. If it so the statin with pleiotropic effect without any myopathic symptoms would be an excellent candidate among all other drugs. In this review, we discussed the myotoxicity, mechanism of myopathy, consequences as a result of statin's attempt to reduce cholesterol production, risk factors for myopathy.

^iia106 ref

009734   Sehwag S;Das M (Agricultural and Food Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur) : Composition and antioxidant potential of jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) from eastern India. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2016, 6(1), 106-21.

The study evaluated composition and antioxidant potential of jamun (Syzygium cumini) pulp with adhering skin (JP) and kernel powder (JKP) of east India origin. On dry basis, the nutritional value of JP was found to be higher than corresponding values for JKP. The fractions were rich in minerals like potassium (352.161 & 79.766 mg/100 g of JP and JKP, db), sodium (200.249 & 43.575 mg/100 g of JP and JKP, db), magnesium (190.706 & 115.085 mg/100 g of JP and JKP, db) and calcium (90.769 & 31.896 mg/100 g of JP and JKP, db), total dietary fiber (32.802 & 9.822 g/100 g of JP and JKP, db) and anthocyanins (1420.120 mg malvidin3-glucoside/100 g of JP db). JP had more total dietary fiber than that of JKP but the fraction of soluble dietary fiber was found to be more in the latter. The effect of different solvents on phenolic extraction and corresponding antioxidant activity from JP and JKP was found to be significant (F-test, p<60>0.05) in the order: 50% aq. ethanol <62> 50% aq. acetone <62> 50% aq. methanol <62> absolute ethanol = absolute methanol = absolute acetone <62> water for JP and 50% aq. ethanol <62> 50% aq. acetone <62> 50% aq. methanol <62> absolute ethanol <62> absolute acetone <62> absolute methanol <62> water for JKP. The value of TPC ranged from 5.82 to 29.23 mg GAE/g JP (db) and 8.66 to 77.40 mg GAE/g JKP (db). A high correlation was obtained between TPC-DPPH, TPC-FRAP and DPPH-FRAP (R<62>0.82). The antioxidant activity was highly dose dependent with 22.45 μg DPPH∙ scavenged/mg JP (db) and 76.33 μg DPPH∙ scavenged/mg JKP (db). IC₅₀ values for JP and JKP against superoxide anion radical were found to be 0.750 mg (db) and 0.414 mg (db).

5 tables, 64 ref

009733   Sayari N;Saidi M N;Sila A;Ellouz-Chaabouni S; Bougatef A (Laboratory Enzyme and Bioconversion, National School of Engineering, PB 1173, Sfax 3038 Univ of Sfax, Tunisia, Email: ali.bougate79@gmail.com) : Chemical composition, angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory, antioxydant and antimicrobial activities of Ononis natrix leaves extracts. Free Radical Antioxidant 2016, 6(1), 23-33.

The use of synthetic antioxidants has begun to be restricted because of their induction of DNA damage and their toxicity. So, it is an interesting and useful task to find new sources for natural antioxidant and functional food. The health benefits of Ononis natrix leaves were widely investigated. The present study describes for the first time the antioxidant, antibacterial and antihypertensive activities of various solvent extracts of Ononis natrix leaves. The aerial parts (leaves) of O. natrix were collected from the South of Tunisia and different solvent extracts were prepared. The antioxidant activities of extracts at different concentrations were evaluated using various in vitro antioxidant assays, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, reducing power, α-carotene bleaching and DNA nicking assays. The antibacterial and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory were also investigated. All the extracts showed strong antioxidant activity. The radical scavenging activities and reducing powers of all the extracts were close to those of the synthetic antioxidant BHA. The chloroform extract exhibited high inhibition of α-carotene bleaching and also showed a well DNA protection against degradation by hydroxyl radicals. Moreover, the antimicrobial activities of the extracts were tested against nine species of microorganisms, and the results obtained showed significant antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. O. natrix extract showed also important antihypertensive activities. The obtained results demonstrated the health benefit features of Ononis natrix leaves and their potential uses as feedstock of bioactive molecules.

5 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

009732   Santhosh Raj M;Dwivedi J (NO, P. G. Studies Pacific Academy of Higher Education & Research Univ, Udaipur) : Formulation design and evaluation of nasal in situ gel as a novel vehicle for phenyephedrine hydrochloride. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2016, 6(3), 39-53.

The aim of the present research work was to design a nasal delivery system with enhanced mucoadhesive properties that could provide extended retention time for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Poloxamer 188 was used as thermo sensitive agent and Carbopol 934 was used as a pH triggered polymer. Formulations were prepared by varying the concentrations of Poloxamer 188 polymers and Carbopol 934 in combination with Hydroxylpropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC), HPMC E50 LV, HPMC E15LV, HPMC E5LV as viscosity enhancing agents. These formulations were evaluated for parameters like, pH, drug excipient compatibility, drug content, gelation temperature, viscosity, in vitro drug release, mucoadhesion, ex vivo permeation and stability studies data, FTIR study confirmed that there was no interaction between polymer and drug and pH value of all the formulations were found to be in the range of 5.3-6.2 and the drug content for all the formulations was found to be in the range of 93.5%- 99.1%. The results of in vitro drug release and mucoadhesive strength indicate that the optimized formulation F15 and F18 is the most sustained formulations of the study, exhibited a sustained drug release of in 77.89% in 6 hours and 70.8% in 8 hours with a mucoadhesive strength of 3123.64 and 3166.76 dyne/cm2. The developed in situ gelling system for Phenylephrine hydrochloride using Poloxamer 188 with Carbopol 934 in combination with Hydroxylpropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) improved mucoadhesive properties that could provide prolonged retention time for the treatment of allergic rhinitis.

11 illus, 6 tables, 19 ref

009731   Saikia A;Purkayastha A;Tigga R;Roy D (Pharmacology Dep, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam) : Anticonvulsant activity of the methanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis leaves in albino rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 3068-72.

The aim of the study was to determine the anticonvulsant activity of methanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis leaves in albino rats. The anticonvulsant activity of methanolic extract of leaves of Lawsonia inermis (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) was assessed in rats using maximum electroshock seizure (MES) test and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizure test. The methanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis leaves significantly (p<0.01) reduced the hind limb tonic extension in the MES test in a dose dependent manner. In the PTZ model also, the extract signicantly (p<0.01) reduced the duration of clonic convulsions as well as delay the onset of seizures in a dose dependent manner. The study demonstrates that Lawsonia inermis has significant anticonvulsant activity possibly through a GABA-ergic interaction.

22 ref

009730   Sahu P;Sushma;Srivastava S K;Lal N (Biochemistry and Biochemical Engineering Dep, Jacob School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom Ins, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Nutraceuticals profiling of queen and king varieties of pineapple (Ananas comosus) (Pineapple). Int J chem Stud 2017, 5(3), 25-31.

Locally available two varieties of pineapple (Ananas comosus) i.e. King and Queen were evaluated for their comparison of selected biochemical parameters. The biochemical parameters studied in peel, pulp and juice of fruit. The enzymatic antioxidant studied were Polyphenol oxidase, Catalase, Ascorbate peroxides, Guaicol peroxidase whereas the non-enzymatic parameters studied were Total flavonoids, Total phenol, Carotenoids and Alkaloid. The minerals studied were Phosphorus, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, and vitamins were thiamine, Folic acid, Riboflavin, Vitamin C. All were maximum in peel, pulp and juice of King and minimum in Queen. In general, King was found to have more antioxidant than Queen. Though pulp and juice is generally consumed but peel of Queen and king pineapple studied were also found to have significant amount of antioxidant in them.

5 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

009729   Robertson S;Narayanan N (Pharmacognosy Dep, Jaya College of Paramedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Thiruninravus-602 024, Email: stellaarobertson1212@gmail.com) : Evaluation of binding effect of Prosopis cineraria leaf and stem bark extracts with calf thymus DNA. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3306-13.

The present research aimed to evaluate the binding effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of leaf and Stem bark of Prosopis cineraria (PCL and PCB) with Calf Thymus (CT) DNA. The interaction of the PCL and PCB with Calf Thymus (CT) DNA has been studied using absorption spectra, viscosity measurements and cyclic voltammetry methods. It was observed that the PCL and PCB exhibited hypochromic and bathochromic shifts in the absorption spectra on binding to DNA which is a typical characteristic of DNA intercalation. In viscosity measurements, varying concentration of PCL and PCB causes a significant increase in viscosity of DNA. The variations of the cyclic voltammetric behavior of both extracts PCL and PCB was noted which demonstrate intercalative interaction between the PCL, PCB and the CT-DNA. In conclusion, both PCL and PCB possessed good DNA-binding abilities.

18 ref

009728   Rijal J B;Subedi N K;Chapagain B;Kisku D; Sharma B;Thapa R (Faculty of Pharmacy, Little Buddha College of Health Science, Purbanchal Univ, Nepal) : Extraction of banana lectin from locally available banana in Nepali market using different pH solvents. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2016, 6(2), 176-80.

Plant lectins are carbohydrate specific proteins that have many pharmacological and therapeutic importance. Banana lectin is specific to mannose sugar and is clinically active against different bacteria and viruses. Mannose binding lectins has been shown to bind to viruses such as HIV and influenza A, yeasts such as Candida albicans, many bacteria including salmonella, streptococci and to parasites like Leishmania. Different solvents having different pH have been used to extract plant lectins without clear significance of using them. Ripen pulp of banana was crushed in solvents of different pH and was filtered and centrifuzed after being kept for hours. The supernatant was made 80% solution with ammonium sulfate for salting out. The pellet after centrifuzation was collected and dissolved in Phosphate Buffered Saline. Dialysis of the lectin solution was done against the buffer. The dialyzed lectin solution was used for hemagglutination test. The hemagglutination unit was recorded highest in solvent with pH 11.5 and lowest in pH 2.5. The banlec yield, quantified by hemagglutination increased with the pH of the solvent. This concludes that an increment in pH of solvent increases the yield value of banana lectin.

1 table, 15 ref

009727   Reyes N L;Kalaw S P;De Leon A M (Biological Sciences Dep, College of Arts and Sciences, Central Luzon State Univ, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecjia, Phillippines) : Antioxidant screening, teratogenecity and antifungal property of Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) singer. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2016, 6(1), 122-34.

Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. (Singer), is a white rot fungus of the order, Polyporales. This mushroom is usually found in the wild on dead or decaying wood of various trees. This mushroom is known to be edible and has medicinal properties. With the objectives of expounding the nutraceutical potential of L. squarrosulus; antioxidant screening, teratogenicity and antifungal property was evaluated. Methanolic extract of L. squarrosulus exhibited antioxidant activity; study revealed that L. squarrosulus registered high DPPH radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content. Evaluation of teratogenicity using hot water extract of L. squarrosulus on zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a vertebrate model, showed different dysmorphic features namely growth retardation, malformation of tail, pericardial edema, yolk deformity and scoliosis, while coagulation and no heartbeat embryo were the distinct toxic effects of the extract. For the antibacterial property, aqueous extraction of L. squarrosulus using disc diffusion method showed no inhibitory activity against Candida albicans (ATCC 14653).

4 illus, 4 tables, 43 ref

009726   Razia M;Sitrarasi R (Biotechnology Dep, Mother Teresa Women's Univ, Kodaikanal) : Comparison of antioxidant property of beta vulgaris with selected vegetables. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2016, 6(2), 71-9.

The phytochemical constituents of the crude ethanolic extracts of five vegetables B. vulgaris, D. carota, R. sativus, B. rapa, B. oleracea were analyzed. The presences of secondary metabolites namely phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and glycosides were observed. These phytocompounds are responsible for the antioxidant properties. The Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used as a method for regular analysis of functional groups of plant basis. Seven reported compounds were identified to be thymine, Propenoic acid, Nonanoic acid, Pentadecadien-1-ol and Biphenthrin. Totally 14 functional groups were found in the ethanolic extract of B. vulgaris. GCMS spectrum confirmed the occurrence of various phyotcomponents with different retention times and entirely reactive oxygen species cause oxidative damage to the tissues and protection from synthetic antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), which cause liver damage and are also carcinogenic. Antioxidant activity of ethanolic and acetone extracts of each vegetables were performed using DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays. The results indicate that in DPPH ethanolic extract of B. vulgaris showed (85.4±0.5%) activity compared to BHT (82±0.5%) and acetone extract of B. vulgaris showed (84±0.5%) activity compared to BHT (82.5±1%), whereas in ABTS assay ethanolic extract of B. vulgaris showed (95.2±0.25%) activity compared to BHT (92±0.25%), similarly in acetone extract B. vulgaris showed (92.1±0.5%) activity compared to BHT (91±0.25%). Thus beetroot showed high antioxidant potential in both the solvents in DPPH and ABTS assays compared to other vegetable extracts and standard Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).

6 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

009725   Raut C P;Sethi K S (Periodontology Dep, MGV KBH Dental College and Hospital, Nashik-422 003, Email: craut96@gmail.com ) : Comparative evaluation of co-enzyme Q10 and Melaleuca alternifolia as antioxidant gels in treatment of chronic periodontitis: a clinical study. Contemp clin Dent 2016, 7(3), 377-81.

The aim of the study is to compare the efficacy of Coenzyme Q10 (Perio Qr ) and tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Patients were divided equally into three groups: Group I (Control group): those receiving placebo gel + SRP, Group II (Test group I): those receiving Perio Q TM gel + SRP, and Group III (Test group II): those receiving tea tree oil gel + SRP. A total of 15 patients with 45 sites were enrolled in the study. Clinical parameters evaluated were plaque index (PI), gingival bleeding index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL). Paired t-test was applied using SPSS software. Mean PPD reduction for Group I, Group II, and Group III was 0.50 ± 0.2, 2.95 ± 0.20, and 2.09 ± 0.15, respectively. Mean CAL reduction for Group I, Group II, and Group III was 0.45 ± 0.22, 2.33 ± 0.04, and 2.28 ± 0.09, respectively. Changes in mean PI scores for Group I, Group II, and Group III were 0.67 ± 017, 1.00 ± 0.11, and 1.08 ± 0.05 and GBI scores were 0.92 ± 0.29, 1.08 ± 0.13, and 0.88 ± 0.28, respectively. Coenzyme Q10 and tea tree oil gel proved to be effective in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

2 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref

009724   Rather M A;Pandey D P;Singh R P;Singh Y; Nautiyal D P (Chemistry Dep, Government P.G. College, Uttarkashi-249 193, Email: pandeydp_123@rediffmail.com) : New furocoumarin glycoside from aerial parts of Pleurospermum brunonis. Asian J Chem 2017, 29(1), 233-4.

From the ethyl acetate extract of aerial parts of Pleurospermum brunonis, a new furocoumarin glycoside 5-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-6-methoxyangelicin along with ferulic acid and angelicin has been isolated. Structure of isolated compound was elucidated by the analysis of their spectroscopic data and chemical analysis.

16 ref

009723   Rashmi Kumari;Suman;Roy S P (Post-Graduate Department of Zoology/Biotechnology, T.M. Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur-812 007, Email: drsp_roy@yahoo.com) : Electrophoretic evaluation of cocoon silk protein of tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury. Bull Indian Acad Seric 2016, 20(1-2), 51-3.

Protein profiles of silk fibres of the tropical tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury have been evaluated. The silkworm rearing undertaken in the laboratory at temperature range 25 ± 5°C and humidity 70 ± 80% on Arjun (Terminalia arjuna) leaves. Proteins from silk fibers were separated using SDS PAGE. Out of the two silk proteins in fibers i.e fibroin and sericin, only sericinr was condidered for protein profiling due to its solubility in water. The result, indicate that a sericin protein of cocoon of A. mylitta Drury appeared in the region of 66 - 200 kDa and as large band found in the region of 29 - 66 kDa. Thus it can be concluded that protein of more molecular weight in cocoon of wild variety may synthesized to withstanding the extreme environmental stresses.

2 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

009722   Rajesh Kumar;Shukla S K;Pandey A;Pandey H; Pathak A;Dikshit A (Biological Product Laboratory, Botany Dep, Faculty of Science, Allahabad Univ, Allahabad-211 002) : Dermatophytosis: infection and prevention. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3218-25.

The growing impact of infections caused by dermatophytes i.e. Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton is not upto the mark in their treatments via conventional methods due to resistance, side effects, and high toxicity. Over prescription and overuse of traditional antifungal agents, high side effects, less eco-friendly nature, high manufacturing costs, high management costs etc., have stimulated the research for alternative natural drugs, such as herbal extract, essential oils and some commercially available compounds. This paper reviews the antidermatophytic activity of various commercially available and conventionally available herbals from different plants and their major role in prevention of prevalent strains dermatophytes. The mode of action of dermatophytes for causing dermatophytosis as well as mode and mechanism of action of various antifungal agents (herbals extracts, oils, suspensions and commercially available compounds) have also proposed. In vitro susceptibility tests and in vivo models used in antidermatophytic assays as well as the mechanism of action of dermatophytes are involved under the perspective of the potential use of herbals as antifungal agents in the clinical treatment of resistance strains responsible for dermatophytosis.

^iia58 ref

009721   Rais I;Ali M (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi-110 062, Email: iram_khan222@rediffmail.com) : Phytochemical investigation for the wound healing potential of a novel compound isolated from Mentha piperita L. leaves. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 2781-94.

Mentha piperitais currently one of the most economically important aromatic and medicinal crops in all over the world. Phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Mentha piperita (L.) (Lamiaceae) yielded a new compound, which is decarboxyrosemarinic acid galactoside. Formulate as 3', 4'-dihydroxy-β-phenyl ethyl caffeate-4-(3'''-menthyl)-4'-β-D-galacto pyranoside. 13C NMR, 1H NMR, FABMS, IR were used for structural characterization. Wound healing responses of this compound was evaluated from biochemical as well as biophysical parameters and analyze the role of isolated compound. The parameters studied included rate of wound contraction and the period of epithelialization in excision wound model. Tissues were removed on different days of intervals and subsequently analyzed for specific assays Tensile strength in incision wound model was assessed along with histopathological examinations. Compound-1was found to increase the cellular proliferation and collagensynthesis at the wound site, as indicated by increases in amounts of DNA synthesized, protein content. Compound-1treatment was also shown to decrease the levels of lipid peroxides (LPs), while the activity of enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were significantly found to be increased when compared to the control. This study demonstrates and validates the efficacy of Mentha piperita isolated compounds on wound healing activity.

48 ref

009720   Qidwai A;Pandey M;Shukla S K;Rajesh Kumar; Pandey A;Dikshit A (Biological Product Laboratory, Botany Dep, Allahabad Univ, Allahabad-211 002, Email: anupambplau@rediffmail.com) : Antibacterial activity of Mentha piperita and Citrus limetta against Propionibacterium acnes (Anaerobic bacteria). Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 2917-24.

Acne vulgaris, the inflammatory disease of sebaceous follicles of skin with Propioni bacterium acnes (an anaerobic pathogen) play deliberate role in its pathogenesis by inducing certain inflammatory mediators. The aim of present study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of crude ethanolic extract of Mentha piperata and essential oil of the peel of Citrus limetta (extracted by hydrodistillation process) and control (Tetracycline) against Propioni bacterium acnes (MTCC 1951). Under the technique of Broth Micro dilution method, recommended by CLSI (NCCLS), for MICs as well as IC₅₀ values analyzed. The oil of Citrus limetta (MIC: 2.99, IC₅₀: 1.889) found to be highly active. Mentha piperata shows comparatively low activity (MIC: RANGE, IC₅₀:0.345). The activities were compared with reading of standard tetracycline.

31 ref

009719   Putu Parwata I;Oviantari M V (Analytical Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Pendidikan Ga, Jalan Udayana 11, Singaraja 81116, Indonesia, Email: iputuparwata@gmail.com) : Immobilization of lipase-producing bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii on paddy straw powder. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 661-8.

The use of immobilized bacteria as biocatalyst is more interesting than pure enzyme because of its stability and low production cost. In this study, Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from oil contaminated soil in Pasar Anyar Singaraja Bali was immobilized on paddy straw powder to know the characteristics and stability of the lipase produced. The bacteria were grown in lipase production media with the composition of (w/v): 0.5% peptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.1% NaCl, 0.05% CaC₁₂, and then immobilized on the adsorbent which was activated by CaC₁₂ solution with various concentrations (0 to 45% w/v). Immobilization was done by using adsorption technique by varying the culture age (8-24 hours). The activity of the lipase produced by the immobilized bacteria was tested and characterized by parameters of pH, temperature, catalysis stability and stability in ethanol and methanol. The results showed optimum immobilization was reached when using straw powder activated with 20% of CaC₁₂ solution and at 20 hours of culture age. Immobilized bacteria showed optimum lipase activity at pH 8.5 and temperature of 45 °C with a value of 0.336 units/g. Immobilized bacteria were able to maintain their activity up to 51% after seven times of catalytic process. Interestingly, immobilized bacteria showed good stability in methanol, so it is best used as a biocatalyst in the production of biodiesel.

8 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

009718   Purkayastha A;Chakravarty P;Dewan B (Pharmacology Dep, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam-788 014, Email: ayamp007@gmail.com) : Hypolipidemic effect of ethanolic extract of Mimosa pudica leaves on dyslipidemia following hepatic injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in albino rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3284-90.

The Mimosa pudica, is well known across the world for its different pharmacological activities such as anti diabetic, antitoxin,antioxidant and wound healing activities. In the present study we investigated the hypolipidemic effects of ethanolic extract of leaves of Mimosa pudica linn against dyslipidemia following carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) induced hepatic injury in albino rats. Liver damage was induced in rats by treating them with CCl4 (1ml/kg /bw), administered subcutaneously, on alternate days for one week. Several biochemical parameters like triglyceride (TG),total cholesterol (TC), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) were taken into consideration to assess dyslipidemic changes. The effects of ethanolic extract of Mimosa pudica (at a dose of 400mg/kg) was observed on the following parameters. In addition to biochemical parameters liver weight and histological sections were also studied. The statistical analysis of data was done by using one way ANOVA followed by Dunnet's t test. Administration of ethanolic extract of Mimosa pudica significantly prevented carbon tetrachloride induced elevation of serum TG, TC, VLDL and LDL levels. Histological examination of the liver section revealed improved hepatic architecture, after administration of Mimosa pudica. The study demonstrates hypolipidemic effect of Mimosa pudica in dyslipidemia following carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury.

27 ref

009717   Purane L M;Vidyadhara S (Pharmacology Dep, Shivnagar Vidya Prasarak Mandal's, College of Pharmacy, Malegaon Bk, Baramati, Pune-413 115, Email: laxmikant.anuphd@gmail.com) : Antistress activity of Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel in mice and rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(8), 3299-3305.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate antistress activity of roots of Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel (DMDK) against anoxia stress tolerance, chemical induced stress, swimming endurance stress and immobilisation stress models in mice and rats. Ethanolic extract of roots of DMDK (EERDMDK) was screened for its antistress activity at 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, p.o. doses and diazepam was selected as reference standard at 2 mg/kg i.p. dose. Stress was induced by anoxia stress tolerance, chemical induced, swimming endurance and immobilisation stress models in mice and rats. The antistress activity was evaluated by measuring anoxia stress tolerance time, number of writhes, immobility time, organs weight of animals and estimating biochemical parameters such as glucose, cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen. Pretreatment with EERDMDK showed significant increases in anoxia stress tolerance time and significant decreases in number of writhes and immobility time in mice and this effect was dose dependent when compared to control. In immobilisation stress model pretreatment with EERDMDK showed significant reduction in level of biochemical parameters such as glucose, cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen, whereas stress induced increase in liver, adrenal gland weight and decrease in weight of spleen were significantly reversed by EERDMDK in dose dependent manner i.e. EERDMDK restored weight of organs and level of biochemical parameters when compared to positive control. The conclusion of our study indicated that EERDMDK possessed significant antistress activity and possible mechanism underlying this effect is mediated through normalization of catecholamines level.

27 ref

009716   Prasanth M;Raju M;Divakar S;Abirami S;Hajarah H;Uma Harini K;Senthilnathan S;Benedict Paul C (School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, VIT Univ, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, Email: benedictpaulc@sriramachandra.edu.in) : Detection of Gele and factors affecting gelatinase activity of Enterococcus faecalis isolates. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(2), 483-6.

Virulence factors of E. faecalis have been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of dental diseases. In this study, prevalence of gelatinase and the effect of factors such as glucose concentration and pH have been investigated. Sixty two per cent of the isolates (n=26) were positive for gelE in 42 E.faecalis isolates which were amplified in PCR. Among the gelE positive isolates, 65% (n=17) of the isolates were from Dental Caries. The results showed increasing activity of gelatinase as the concentration of glucose increased upto 1%. We also observed that the gelatinase retained its activity between pH 6 and 8.

2 tables, 13 ref

009715   Pitroda K D;Sachdeva P D (Pharmacology Dep, A.R. College of Pharmacy, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, Email: pitrodakhushbu@gmail.com) : Evaluation of cardio protective effect of Averrhoa carambola fruit in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 2845-51.

Myocardial infarction develops due to ischemia induced oxidative stress. Averrhoa Carambola fruit (ACF) is reported to possess strong antioxidant activity which may protect the heart against isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. To evaluate this activity Averrhoa carambolafruit extract (ACFE) (200mg/kg & 400mg/kg, p.o) was administered to male wistar rats (180-250g) for 21days. At the end of this period, all the rats except rats of normal control group were administered ISO 85mg/kg intraperitonially, for 2 consecutive days to induce MI. After 48 hrs, rats were sacrificed and the level of cardiac biomarker enzymes like cardiac troponin-T (cTn-T), creatinine kinase (CK-MB) and lactatedehydrogenase1(LDH₁) in serum were estimated. Also antioxidant parameters likeglutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were estimated in heart tissue homogenate and histopathology of heart tissue was performed. The results suggest that pretreatment of animals with ACFE maintain near normal levels of cardiac biomarker enzymes and antioxidant enzymes in both treatment groups (ACFE 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg) when compared to ISO treated group. Histopathological findings of infarcted hearts treated with ACFE showed reduction in necrosis, infiltration of leucocyte and inflammation as compared to isoproterenol treated group. Thus the present study provides experimental evidence that hydro alcoholic extract of Averrhoa carambola fruit possess strong antioxidant properties which protect the myocardium against isoproterenol induced infarction.

28 ref

009714   Pingili D;Awasthi A;Amminbavi D (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Sri Venkateshwara College of Pharmacy, Madhapur, Hyderabad-500 081, Email: pingilidivya@gmail.com) : Assessment of in vitro antiarthritic activity of Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard leaf extract. Ann Phytomed 2016, 5(2), 152-5.

The rationale of the current study was to assess the in vitro antiarthritic activity of methanolic (MEMH) and hydroalcoholic (HAMH) leaf extracts of Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard. The in vitro models adopted for the study includes protein denaturation method and proteinase inhibition method. The culmination revealed the dose dependent increase in the antiarthritic activity of both the extracts. At concentrations 50,100, 200, 250 and 500 μg/ml, methanolic and hydro alcoholic leaf extracts of M. hexandra exhibited significant inhibition of protein denaturation and proteinase inhibition which were comparable to the standard diclofenac sodium. Hydroalcoholic extract exhibited significant protein denaturation and proteinase inhibition with IC₅₀ values of 305 and 312 μg/ml which are comparable with standard IC₅₀ values of 235 and 230 μg/ml, respectively.

2 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

009713   Parveen B;Ahmad S;Pillai K K (Pharmaceutical Medicine Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard Univ, New Delhi-110 062, Email: bushra8904@gmail.com) : In vivo activity and pharmacokinetic analysis of combination of piperine and subtherapeutic dose of sodium valproate in refractory epilepsy. Ann Phytomed 2016, 5(1), 73-79.

Sodium valproate (SVP), a broad spectrum anticonvulsant, is associated with liver toxicity. The long term treatment may result in adverse consequences. Piperine (PIP), the major constituent obtained from the peppercorns of black pepper is used in anticonvulsant formulations in traditional Chinese medicine. A combination of subtherapeutic dose of SVP and PIP was evaluated for their activity in refractory epilepsy, using 6-Hz psychomotor seizure model (6 Hz, 44 mA for 3s duration) in mice. Further, the mechanism of seizure control by PIP was evaluated through reserpinisation, which was used as pathology inducer. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for simultaneous analysis of SVP and PIP to evaluate their pharmacokinetic interaction. SVP in presence of PIP produced highest protection against 6 Hz induced seizures. However, the protection afforded by SVP and PIP was abolished in reserpinised mice, which was attributed to the depletion of monoamines by reserpine. The plasma estimation indicated 11-fold increase in the concentration of SVP in presence of PIP. Plasma analysis of SVP and PIP suggests that the doses can further be reduced to obtain therapeutic plasma concentrations. Attenuation of monoamine lowering effect of reserpine by PIP and SVP indicates that the mechanism is related to the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in brain. Further, studies are warranted measuring the levels of neurotransmitters to provide clear insights on the role of monoamines in seizure control.

5 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

009712   Pandey E;Srivastava K;Gupta S;Srivastava S; Mishra N (Applied Science Dep, Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIITA), Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: nidhimishra@iiita.ac.in) : Some biocompatible materials used in medical practices. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 2748-55.

Biomaterials can be thought as the key ingredients in several implants such as those used for joints, sutures, bone plates, and medical devices such as blood tubes, artificial heart, pacemakers, etc. They function by replacing, restoring the injured or destroyed tissues or organs, and thereby help in providing better essence of life of the patients. A biomaterial which is used in making implants should contain some important desirable properties for long term usage in the body without being itself rejected. They are grouped in four different classes as Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, and Composites which can be used singly or in combination with each other to form most of the commercially available medical devices and implants. In this review we have summarized the importance of biocompatibility and the application of biocompatible materials in various fields of sciences and healthcare technologies.

^iia19 ref

009711   Pahal V;Randhawa R;Dadhich K S (Microbiology Dep, Dolphin Post Graduate College of Science and Agriculture, (Affiliated, Patiala Punjab, India) Chunni Kalan, F.G. Sahib, Punjab-140 406, Email: vikaspahal3@gmail.com) : Prevalence of -56C/T regulatory polymorphism in interferon-γ receptor 1 promoter region known to be potential risk factor for hepatitis B virus infection in north Indian healthy population. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 3112-16.

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a defense molecule, mediates its response against viral infections like Hepatitis B virus by binding to interferon gamma receptor 1 (IFNGR1) on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Hence, interferon gamma receptor 1 (IFNGR1) gene expression is vital in the eradication of the HBV virus. It has been demonstrated by some studies that -56C/T SNPs in IFNGR1 gene promoter region can be correlated with HBV-infection resistance or susceptibility. It has also been shown that -56C SNP has protective effect against HBV infection in comparison to -56T SNP. This motivate us to find out the percentage prevalence of -56C/T SNPs in our healthy population. Genomic DNA was extracted using standard phenol-chloroform method from healthy blood donors. PCR was performed to amplify the 491 bp region of IFNGR1 gene promoter region and digested with AfeI restriction enzyme to observe the -56C/T SNPs. Allele 'T' has been observed as the overall dominant allele (65.71%) in our both male (71.79%) and female (58.06%) healthy population.

21 ref

009710   Nithya P Y;Kala S M J;Mohan V R (Chemistry Dep, A.P.C. College for Women, Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, Email: vrmohanvoc@gmail.com) : Evaluation of total phenolics, flavonoid contents and in-vitro antioxidant properties of Catharanthus pusillus (Apocynaceae). Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(7), 3021-7.

The study was aimed to evaluate the total phenolic, flavonoid content and in vitro antioxidant activity of petroleum ether, benzene, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol extracts of whole plant of Catharanthus pusillus. Antioxidant activity have been tested using various antioxidant model systems viz., DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide, ABTS and reducing power. Methanol extract of Catharanthus pusillus is found to possess higher DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide radical scavenging activity, while ethyl acetate extract is found to possess higher ABTS radical cation scavenging activity. Methanol extract of whole plant of Catharanthus pusillus shows the highest reducing ability. The study indicates the significant free radical scavenging potential of Catharanthus pusillus whole plant which can be experimented for the treatment of various free radicals mediated aliments.

23 ref

009709   Natarajanahil A;Subramanian R (Center for Biotechnology, Anna Univ, Chennai-600 025, Email: ramabioprocess@annauniv.edu) : Study on effects of inoculum medium and fed batch cultivation for polyhydroxyalkanotes synthesis by Pseudomonas putida MTCC 102 type B. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(2), 551-4.

The study portrays the synthesis of mcl PHAs from Pseudomonas putida using glucose as the sole carbon source. In spite of the fact that glucose was revealed to be efficient for mcl PHA production, unlike fatty acids it obliges nitrogen restriction for proficient PHA accumulation. In this study, we have demonstrated the impact of inoculum medium in batch cultivation and also developed the exponential feeding strategy to increase the PHA concentration in fed batch cultivation. There is a substantial increase in PHA concentration in fed batch cultivation when compared with the batch cultivation. The final biomass and PHA concentrations achieved were 2.8 g/L and 0.62 g/L respectively.

4 illus, 8 ref

009708   Nassar O M;Amin M A;Hassan M E;Nasr H A (Biology Dep, Faculty of Science and Arts, Northern Border Univ (Rafha), Saudi Arabia, Email: mohassan81@gmail.com) : Identifying the natural antioxidants and total phenols of some data varieties in Saudi Arabia. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 865-72.

Phoenix dactylifera L. (date palm) is well known for its innumerable health benefits and nutritional values. Therefore, the present work aimed to determine the total phenolic content in five date palm fruit varieties, Barhi, Barni Al Madina, Khesab, Sukkary and Ajwa, collected from different regions of Saudi Arabia, extracted with aqueous method and to evaluate in vitro their antioxidative properties by DPPH method. Consequently, the total polyphenol contents of these extracts will be measured using Folin Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method. Total phenolic content ranged from 57.8 and 55.2 mg of gallic acid equivalent /30 g fresh wt. and the antioxidant activity was ranging from a low value of 29.2 in Sukkary cultivar to a high value of 31.8 in Barni Al Madina cultivar. Also the best carrier for encapsulation of date Palme extracts is CMC comparing with alginate and carrageenan.

4 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

009707   Nanotkar R Y;Jangde C R;K Sar T (Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, West Bengal Univ of Animal and Fishery Sciences, K.B. Sarani, Kolkata-700 037, Email: drrahul923vet@gmail.com) : Effect of Careya arborea Roxb. on CCl₄ induced liver damage, in rats. Ann Phytomed 2016, 5(2), 113-17.

The aqueous extract of bark of Careya arborea Roxb., locally known as Kumbhi, was screened for hepatoprotective activity against CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity in rats with a view to explore its application for treatment of liver disorders in animals and human beings. The hepatotoxicity induced by administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) as 30 % solution prepared in liquid paraffin and administered subcutaneously 1ml/kg b.wt. at every 72 h interval till the completion of experiment. The hepatotoxicity was found to be tolerated by simultaneous oral administration of aqueous extract of C. arborea (AECA) stem bark (100, 200 mg/kg b. wt.) for two weeks, with evidence of decreased level of AST, ALT, ALP and bilirubin. In addition, severe histomorphological disruption and fatty changes produced by CCl₄ in respect of cytoarchitecture were minimized and maintained by the treatment of extract. The results were compared with standard drug silymarine. The results of this study showed that AECA could afford hepatoprotective activity against CCl₄ induced liver damage in rats due to nutraceutical nature of plant.

1 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

009706   Nahar N;Rahman M S;Rahman S M;Moniruzzaman M (Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Dep, Jessore Univ of Science and Technology, Jessore-7408, Bangladesh, Email: ms.rahman@just.edu.bd) : GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activity of Trigonella foenum-graecum against bacterial pathogens. Free Radical Antioxidant 2016, 6(1), 109-14.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of essential oil through GC-MS and look for new antibacterial drug agents from T. foenum graecum. Bacterial strains Sarcina lutea IFO 3232, Bacillus subtilis IFO 3026, Xanthomonas campestris IAM 1671, Escherichia coli IFO 3007, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATTC 10031, Proteus vulgaris MTCC 321 and Pseudomonas denitrificans KACC 32026 were used to measure the antibacterial activity by disc diffusion assay and therefore the chemical composition of essential oil through GC-MS. GC-MS analysis of the essential oil from T. foenum graecum revealed the presence of fourteen different compounds of that Decane, 5, 6-bis (2, 2 dimethylpropylidene), (E,Z)-(19.58%); Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (18.81%); 5, 10-Diethoxy-2, 3, 7, 8-tetrahydro-1H,6H-dipyrrolo[1, 2-a;1', 2'-d] pyrazine (5.81%) and Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester (3.28%) were the major compounds and therefore the minor compounds were Oxiraneoctanoic acid, 3-octyl, methyl ester; Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester; 6-Octadecenoic acid; Cis-Calamenene; 2-Pentadecanone, 6, 10, 14-trimethyl; 1, 2, 3, 4 Tetrahydroisoquinolin- 6-ol-1-carboxylic acid and Murolan-3, 9(11)-diene-10-peroxy. Essential oils (300 μg/disk) of T. foenum-graecum displayed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis IFO 3026, Sarcina lutea IFO 3232, Xanthomonas campestris IAM 1671, Proteus vulgaris MTCC 321 and Pseudomonas denitrificans KACC 32026 with their respective zones of inhibition of 6.5 ± 0 to 8 ± 1.7 mm and the essential oil (150 μl/disk) displayed far greater potential antibacterial activity compare to those extracts against all experimental bacteria with their respective zones of inhibition of 8 ± 0 to 15 ± 0.7 mm. This experiment showed a great potential of antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The results of this study counsel that T. foenum-graecum might have potential use as antibacterial agents.

2 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

009705   Muthumperumal C;Stalin N;Das A K;Swamy P S (Plant Science Dep, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj Univ, Madurai-21, Tamil Nadu, Email: swamypsplantscience@gmail.com) : Chemical profilling of leaf essential oil, antioxidant potential and antibacterial activity of Syzygium lanceolatum (Lam.) Wt. & Arn. (Myrtaceae). Free Radical Antioxidant 2016, 6(1), 13-22.

The present study was aimed to analyse the chemical composition, antioxidant potential and antibacterial activity in the leaf essential oil of Syzygium lanceolatum. The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation method using a Clevenger type apparatus. The chemical composition of leaf essential oil was analysed by GC-MS. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay. Antibacterial potential was tested against six bacterial strains. GC-MS analysis revealed 2,8-Dimethyl-7-methylene-1,8-nonadien-3-yne (9.77%), Germacrene D (7.45%) as the major constituents and Linalool, α-Selinene (0.03%), Santalol (0.02%) were present in trace amounts. Maximum free-radical scavenging activity (69.97%) was observed at 500 ppm by the essential oil of S. lanceolatum, while the synthetic antioxidant Gallic acid showed 90.93% inhibition at the same concentration. The IC₅₀ value of leaf essential oil and standard gallic acid were 219.24 ± 5.82 ppm and 159.84 ± 2.7 ppm respectively. In ABTS analysis, the oil showed the percentage inhibition in concentration dependent manner. 500 ppm concentration of oil showed 73.01% free-radical inhibition while the gallic acid exhibited 90.4% inhibition. The IC₅₀ value of leaf essential oil and standard were 169.68 ± 3.09 ppm and 217.09 ± 0.70 ppm respectively. Antibacterial activity of leaf essential oil was tested against six bacterial strains and it was effective against all the strains. A total of 106 compounds were identified from the leaf essential oil and alkynes were the major class of compound, followed by the sesquiterpenes. The DPPH radical scavenging assay confirmed the antioxidant potential of the essential oil. Antibacterial activity tests proved that it is a potent growth inhibitor of pathogenic microbes. The present study throws light on the bioactive composition of S. lancoelatum essential oil and further studies will confirm the mode of action of these compounds.

2 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

009704   Murugesan S;Senthilkumar N;Sumathi R;Suresh Babu D;Lakshmi Devi R (Bioprospecting Dov, Institute of Forest Genetics & Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu) : Biosignalling molecules and biomass documentation of Casuarina equisetifolia inoculated with Frankia. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2016, 6(3), 147-58.

Hopanoids are intuitive secondary biosignalling molecules of which are nitrogen fixing actinomycete symbionts inducing root nodules in a diverse group of about 200 species. Casuarina equisetifolia is an economically important tree nodulated by nitrogen fixing bacteria, Frankia. Some of the bioactive secondary molecules were found to be more important for establishing the root-associated growth of Frankia due to the presence of a mixture of mono- and sesqui-terpenoids, and fatty acid derivatives. Over 56 compounds were detected from different day culture fractions of Frankia using GC-MS-MS, and a total of 19, 23 and 14 components were characterized and identified in 15, 25 & 30th day cultures respectively. Some of the derivatives retained at 15th day were reported to produce vesicles in roots of C. equisetifolia. The analysis indicated variations in the presence of biotransformed signaling molecules, especially the hexa decanoic acid, phthalic acid and their derivatives at different stages of its growth period. The compounds, such as isoterpinolene, 2, 4, Phenol-bis(1, 1- dimethyl ethyl) and 1- Dotriocantanol are produced in later stages of Frankia growth period tend to restrict the oxygen disturbances in the nitrogenous activity and thereby enhancing nodulation and nitrogen fixation in C. equisetifolia. The ureides, allantoin and allantoic acid, represents major fractions of the soluble nitrogen pool of nodulated C.equisetifolia throughout vegetative and reproductive growth. Allantoin content was profoundly high for the C.equisetifolia seedlings treated with 25th day Frankia culture as compared to 15th, 30th day cultures. Biosignalling compounds identified from Frankia culture were found to increase biomass of casuarina, especially the plant height, nodule number and nodule weight. In the present study, it was found that the Frankia has produced a complex of bioactive compounds, like hoponoids and terpenoids at different stages during its growth period. Their role in plant-pathogen and plant-insect interactions is being studied to determine their potential in pest control.

5 illus, 4 tables, 38 ref

009703   Muhammad S A;Abubakar S M (Biotechnology Dep, SRM Univ, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Email: samgwarzo113@gmail.com) : Qualtitative and quantitative determination of phytochemicals in aqueous extract of Chrysophyllumalbidum seed kernel. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 1201-6.

The phytochemicals in aqueous extract of Chrysophyllumalbidum seeds kernel were determined qualitatively and quantitatively in this study with a view to assess the potentials of this kernels as food and medicine. Results of this research showed that the seed kernel extracts contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides and saponins. Quantitatively, C. albidum seed kernelwas found to contain alkaloids (3.56g/100g),tannins (2.184g/100g), cardiac glycosides (1.88g/100g), saponins (0.24g/100g) and flavonoids (0.15g/100g). Thepresences of these phytochemicals suggest the potentials of the kernel of C.albidum for use as a neutraceutical.

2 tables, 20 ref

009702   Moradi S;Yousofvand N (Biology Dep, Faculty of Science, Razi Univ, Kermanshah, Iran) : Peganum harmala and Piper longum plant rubbing oil effect on pain in small male mice. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 821-6.

Peganum harmala and piper Longum medicinal herbs are used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases and to relieve tragic processes. The chemical composition of these two compounds is their analgesic agent. The purpose of this study was the Peganum harmala and piper Longum rubbing oil effect on pain in male mice by using formalin test. In this study, male mice were divided into three groups: control group, Peganum harmala rubbing oil group, piper Longum rubbing oil group. All groups were taken formalin test and data were analyzed by using Graphpad prism statistical software. In rubbing groups, Peganum harmala rubbing oil and the piper Longum rubbing oil, there was a significant difference compared with the control group (p<60>0.05). It seems that the reason of these two plants analgesic should be sought in their chemical composition. The chemical compositions of these two plants have analgesic effects.

4 illus, 32 ref

009701   Mohanty B;Abdullahi I I (Biotechnology Dep, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Univ, Chennai, Email: bedadyutimohanty7@gmail.com) : Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic waste. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 1153-61.

Petroleum and other fossil fuel has been the main energy source for a long period of time in human life. Through these energy sources, the world has been a developing and industrializing entity. However, it is agreed that these traditional sources of energy cannot remain forever as they are non-renewable. Many experts predicted that oil production will keep on decreasing, as the present oil wells keep on decreasing and fewer oil reserves are discovered. This led to increasing price of the minerals and eventually makes them economically unsustainable. As such, renewable source of energy has to be sourced. Bioethanol; a renewable energy source is being produced from food materials such as sugar cane, maize etc. However, if these are to be used for energy production, the world will be entering into another crisis as they will be competed for food and energy. Lignocellulosic wastes such as Rice straw, Wheat straw, Corn straw and Bagasse contain same sugar molecules for bioethanol production as such can be used to generate renewable energy using appropriate physical, chemical and biological techniques. This paper aims at exploring the process of bioethanol production from lignocellulosic wastes.

^iia7 tables, 47 ref