011670   Verma P;Kumar R R;Goswami S;Sharma S K;Mahesh Kumar;Singh J P;Dubey K;Pathak H;Rai R D (Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012) : Identification of novel starch synthase genes using de novo assembly and heat induces expression and activity in developing Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Indian J Biochem Biophys 2015, 52(3-4), 254-66.

Terminal heat stress (HS) reduces quantity and quality of grains. Wheat is highly sensitive to HS and there is a wide diversity among different genotypes for HS-tolerance. The enzymes associated with starch biosynthesis are severely affected by HS, especially starch synthases (SS). Different isoforms of SS have been reported from cereals viz. rice, maize, etc.; however, limited information is available in the wheat. In this study, we investigated the effect of HS on contrasting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars - HD2985 (thermotolerant) and HD2329 (thermosusceptible) at grain-filling stage. Here we report the identification and cloning of three putative SS genes from wheat. The putative SS has been characterized in silico with other SS reported from different plant and non-plant sources in order to investigate potential functional and evolutionary relationships between SSs. The correlation between HS and SS activity and other biochemical parameters associated with thermotolerance in two cultivars was also studied. Three putative SS genes (transcript_7326, transcript_24546 and transcript_38472) were cloned from HD2985 cultivar under HS by data mining generated from whole transcriptome analysis. The sequences were in silico characterized and submitted in NCBI GenBank (accession nos. KM206143, KM206144 and KJ854903). Glucosyltransferase domain was observed in all the three sequences. Based on ClustalW alignment, SSs were classified into four distinct families. Expression analysis and SS activity assay showed significantly higher transcript level and SS activity during mealy-ripe stage than at milky-ripe stage in HS-treated HD2985, compared to HD2329 cultivar. Both the cultivars showed decrease in starch content under HS and the overall content was higher in HD2985, compared to HD2329. Similarly, guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, free amino acid and total antioxidant capacity were higher during mealy-ripe stage in HD2985. HS during milky-ripe had more severe impact on the overall physiochemical properties of wheat grain and thus needed to be targeted using different approaches in order to enhance the quality and yield of wheat under HS.

8 illus, 1 table, 45 ref

011669   Venkatesan A;Kathirvel A;Prakash S;Sujatha V (Phytochemistry Lab, Chemistry Dep, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem-636 011) : Antioxidant, antibacterial activities and identification of bioactive compounds from Terminalia chebula bark extracts. Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(1), 43-49.

Free radical induces numerous diseases by damaging biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, RNA and DNA. Several scientists reported that numerous plants and plant extracts have potent antioxidant activities to scavenge free radicals. The present study was aimed to screen phytoconstituents, in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial potential in various solvent extracts of Terminalia chebula bark. Phytochemical analysis, estimation of various metabolites, in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity were done by adopting standard protocols. Selected bioactive (acetone) extract of T. chebula was analyzed for their phytochemical profile by GC-MS analysis. Results: The results of preliminary phytochemical screening analysis revealed that presence of various phytochemicals like, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, phenolics, saponins and carbohydrates in most of the tested extracts. Acetone extract possess significant high quantity of both primary and secondary metabolites when compared with other extracts. Remarkable free radicals scavenging potential was observed in acetone extract with lowest IC₅₀ values on all tested radicals namely, DPPH. (IC₅₀=144.77 μg/ml), NO. (IC₅₀=149.46 μg/ml), .OH (IC₅₀=121.18 μg/ml), O2 .- (IC₅₀=159.41 μg/ml), Reducing power (IC₅₀=35.85 μg/ml), Fe²⁺ ion chelating (IC₅₀=137.56 μg/ml) and TBARS (IC₅₀=201.96 μg/ml). Acetone extract expressed significant high antibacterial activity against S. typhi (15 mm). The result of GC-MS analysis of acetone extract shows the presence of 32 major bioactive compounds, including various phenolic, sesquiterpene, flavonoid, triazine and gibberellin compounds. The present study suggested that T. chebula bark extract serves as a good source of phytochemicals, natural antioxidant and antibacterial agent.

3 illus, 4 tables, 50 ref

011668   Vaswani S;Ravindra Kumar;Vinod Kumar;Roy D; Muneendra Kumar (Animal Nutrition Dep, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P.Pt Deen Dayal , Mathura-281 001, Email: shalini_vet@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of maize grain varieties for in vitro gas production and methane emission. Indian J Small Rumin 2017, 23(1), 35-8.

Methane production potential of different varieties of maize grain was tested by in vitro gas production test. The seeds of four normal maize (HTHM 5101, DHM 117, HM 5 and Shaktiman/900 M Gold) and three high quality protein maize (HQPM 5, HQPM 7, HQPM 9/Vivek) varieties were tested for gas, methane production and digestibility using goat rumen fluid by in vitro gas production technique. Gas productions per g dry matter (ml/g DM) and per g digestible dry matter (ml/g DDM) did not show any significant difference among different varieties. Methane production was significantly (P<60>0.05) higher for HM 5 (11.55%) and lowest for DHM 117 (9.56%) variety. The net methane production per g dry matter (ml/g DM) and per g digestible dry matter (ml/g DDM) was significantly (P<60>0.05) highest for HTHM 5101 and lowest for DHM 117 variety. The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD %) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD %) differed significantly (P<60>0.05) among the different varieties of maize grains. The results suggest that different maize grain varieties exhibited differences in their methane production potential and DHM 117 maize variety produced least methane.

2 table, 17 ref

011667   Tywabi Z;Deenadayalu N;Sithole B (Chemsitry Dep Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban Univ of Technology, Durban, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, Email: bsithole@csir.co.za) : Dissolution of South African Eucalyptus sawdust wood in [Emim][OAc]/Co-solvent mixture. J scient ind Res 2017, 76(3), 166-72.

The paper presents a method of obtaining wood cellulose by dissolution of eucalyptus sawdust in a mixture of ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [Emim][OAc] together with co-solvents; dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), as a potential alternative to traditional non-ecological processes involving the use of volatile organic solvents or harsh chemicals. The results showed that a fraction of the wood sawdust dissolved in the mixture of [Emim][OAc] and co-solvents, and cellulose precipitated from the mixture after addition of a water /acetone mixture. The yields for the cellulose precipitates were 32.5, 17.8% and 7.2% for the [Emim][OAc]/DMF mixture, [Emim][OAc]/DMSO and neat [Emim][OAc], respectively. Analysis of the cellulose precipitates by FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of the dominant amorphous cellulose II anomer in the regenerated cellulose. The changes in the crystalline structure of the regenerated cellulose was confirmed by comparing the XRD analytical data of the untreated sawdust wood with that of the of the regenerated cellulose samples: and it was found that the cellulose structure transformed from crystalline to amorphous after dissolution and regeneration. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the surface morphology of the regenerated cellulose samples exhibited a structure that was rather loose, disordered and curly: this was probably due to removal of lignin and decrease in cellulose crystallinity.

4 illus, 2 table, 34 ref

011666   Tantary S;Masood A;Bhat A H;Dar K B;Zargar M A;Ganie S A (Clinical Biocheistry Dep, Kashmir Univ, 190006, Email: showkat_ganie786@yahoo.com) : In vitro antioxidant and RBC membrane stabilization activity of Euphorbia wallichii. Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(1), 13-22.

Euphorbia wallichii belongs to family Euphorbiaceae is used to treat various diseases on folklore levels in Kashmir valley. Objective of the study is to explore antioxidant potential and anti-inflammatory activities of Euphorbia wallichii. Antioxidant potential of extracts was evaluated by means of total phenolics, DPPH, reducing power, microsomal LPO, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity by using standard procedures. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using hypotonic solution induced human erythrocyte haemolysis. The highest phenolic content of 465 mg GAE/g was observed in methanol extract followed by ethyl acetate (359 mg GAE/g) and aqueous extract (291 mg GAE/g). At concentration of 700 μg/mL, DPPH radical scavenging activity of methanol extract was (94.85%) IC₅₀ (160 μg/ml), ethyl acetate (92.68%) IC₅₀ (200 μg/ml) and aqueous (90%) IC₅₀ (250 μg/ml). The reducing power of the extracts increased in a concentration dependent manner. At concentration of 70 μg/mL, 92.72, 80.74 and 75.75% inhibition was observed with methanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous extract on microsomal LPO with IC₅₀ values 31.5, 34.5 and 42 gμ/ml. Superoxide radical scavenging activity of Euphorbia wallichii extracts increased in a dose dependent manner with IC₅₀ values 36.05 μg/ml (methanol), 45 μg/ml (ethyl acetate) and 34.5 μg/ml (aqueous extract). Euphorbia wallichii extracts exhibited antioxidant effects on Calf thymus DNA damage. At the higher concentration of plant extracts (12 μg/ml), 90, 86 and 78% increase in RBC membrane stabilization was observed with methanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of Euphorbia wallichii. These results clearly indicate that Euphorbia wallichii extracts possesses the free radical savaging activity as such can be employed as potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent against various oxidative stress related pathological conditions.

8 illus, 4 tables, 33 ref

011665   Sureja D K;Dholakia S P;Vadalia K R ( Pharmacy Dep, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, Email: dipensureja@gmail.com) : Synthesis of some novel pyrazolo[3,4-d] pyrimidin-4(5H)-one derivatives as potential antimicrobial agent. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016, 8(4), 321-6.

The aim of the present work was to synthesize a novel series of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one derivatives and evaluate their in vitro antimicrobial activity. Cyclization of an ortho-amino ester of 1-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)pyrazole with various aliphatic/aromatic nitriles under different reaction conditions such as conventional and microwave assisted synthesis, provided pyrazolo[3,4-d] pyrimidin-4(5H)-one derivatives. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against selected bacteria and fungi by agar well diffusion method. All newly synthesized compounds were characterized using spectral and elemental analysis. Compounds 2e, 2f, and 2g showed significant antimicrobial activity as compared to standard drugs used. The newly synthesized compounds could be useful templates for the design and optimization of more active analogs as a possible antimicrobial agent.

3 tables, 16 ref

011664   Sulyman A I;Ling Q;Gorshkova Y;Aljawad A; Shalaby M N;Binashikhbubkr H S H;Elathir A A A (Cardiology Dep, The First Hospital of Jilin Univ, China, Email: dr.M.Nader@hotmail.com) : Markers behavior in myocardial infarction. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(2), 138-48.

Aim of the study is to determine disturbance in serum Thromboxane B2, CK, SGOT, LDH, NO and urinary catecholamine in acute myocardial infarction, and the effect of exercise on these parameters in patients with old myocardial infarction in order to be taken in account in any prophylactic regimen. Twenty normal subjects (aged 31.5 y) (g1), 15 males of AMI (aged 53.4 y) (g2), 15 male cases of old MI (aged 50.4 y) (g3). Blood samples were obtained of each subject before and after exercise test in (g1 and g3), in case of (g2) in 1st 6 - 8 hrs. of onset of attack, and the second sample after 24 hrs. Estimation of thromboxane b2, CK, LDH, NO and urinary catecholamine was done using commercial kits. Statistical analysis was carried out using "t-test". Results indicated that: (g1) Thromboxane B2 showed a significant increase, (g2) increased at the 1st 6-8 hrs., then reduced after 24 hrs., (g3) increased in post exercise than pre-exercise. T. urinary catecholamine. There was a higher conc. in (g2) and (g3) than (g1). In case of serum enzymes (g1), there was an increased post exercise and in (g2), the increase was in 1st of 6-8 hrs. and 24 hrs.from 1st sample, (g3), the increase was in case of post exercise compared to pre-one. Nitrite increased in (g1) post exercise, (g2) non-significant change, also in case of (g3) nonsignificant change. The natural inotropic agents increased after AMI, the serum thromboxane B2, CK, S-GOT, LDH, NO with urinary catecholamine beinggood markers in MI.

11 tables, 65 ref

011663   Sudha E;Selvam R;Sivaswaroop P;Chandran K P S (NO, , JNTU, Hyderabad, Email: kpsubhash@rediffmail.com) : Diimide activated coupling of carbon nanotubes with chemically addressable peptide template for biomedical applications. Indian J chem Technol 2017, 24(1), 67-72.

The present work describes the preparation and application of functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNT) attached with biologically active peptide template. Multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) is synthesized with stainless steel as a substrate without the use of any external catalyst by thermal chemical vapor deposition (thermal-CVD) method. The process is carried out in a cost effective way using a specially designed fabricated CVD furnace. A promising decapeptide template with free side-chain amino groups is synthesized on the PEGA support using solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The sensitive biological element like cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies or nucleic acids can be attached to the side chains of this template. This deca peptide can be covalently attached to carbon nanotubes. The peptide-carbon nanotube scaffold synthesized can further be modified to detect signatures of cancer, disease-causing infectious agents and other pathological conditions.

5 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

011662   Srivastava S;Uthra C;Reshi S;Shukla S ( PI-WOS-A DST Dunded Project, UNESCO satellite centre for trace element research, UGC-SAP School of , Gwalior-474 011, Email: dr_sadhana59@rediffmail.com) : Protective role of Kaempferol against acrylamide intoxication. Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(1), 36-42.

In present scenario Acrylamide (A) concentration in starchy food processed at high temperatures have become very serious health problems. It is also used in industries and research chemical and potent toxic to experimental animals as well as humans. The present study was carried out to investigate protective effects of Kaempferol (KPF) against A-induced toxicity in rats. KPF is a natural flavonol, found in tea, strawberries, broccoli, cabbage, beans, grapes, tomato and plant products used in traditional medicine such as ginkgo biloba, Moringa oleifera and propolis. A (38.27 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered to female Wistar rats for 10 consecutive days followed by therapy of KPF for 3 days at different doses (5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg, p.o.). Activities of transaminases (aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase), urea, creatinine and lipid profile were significantly rise whereas decline in haemoglobin after A administration. A significant elevation of LPO were observed with concomitant depleted activities of SOD, CAT and GSH in toxicant treated group. Significant reduction was found in the activity of AChE in brain. Therapy of KPF showed its protective effect on biochemical and histopathological observation at all the doses in a dose dependent manner. The protective effect of KPF was observed against A-induced toxicity.

2 illus, 5 tables, 36 ref

011661   Singh S;Rai A;Maity S;Sarkar S;Maji S;Saha S (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Plant Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Univ, Lucknow-226 025, Email: sudiptapharm@gmail.com) : Effect of ethanolic extract of Quisqualis indica L. flower on experimental esophagitis in albino wistar rats. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(2), 122-6.

Quisqualis indica L., Syn. Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps., known as Rangoon creeper or Chinese Honeysuckle, is an abundant source of phenols and flavonoids thathave crucial role in free radical scavenging. Therefore, here we investigated whether extract of Q. indica flower has any role against esophagitis through scavenging of free radical oxygen species. In this study, we elucidated the effect of ethanolic flower extract of Q. indica on experimental esophagitis in albino Wister rats. The fasted animals divided into six groups and received carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (0.25%, 3 mL/kg, Sham control) or toxic control or pantoprazole (30 mg/kg) or flower extract of different doses (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) were subjected to pylorus and fore stomach ligation. All the animals were sacrificed after 8 h and evaluated for various parameters such as total acidity, free acidity, gastric pH, volume of gastric juices and esophagitis index. Esophageal tissues were subjected to estimation of various oxidative stress parameters like malonaldehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and protein carbonyl (PC). In a separate experiment, in vitro antioxidant assays such as DPPH and H₂O₂ assays, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also conducted. The results revealed that treatments with pantoprazole and flower extracts significantly inhibited the gastric secretion, total acidity and esophagitis index. Various oxidative stress parameters also restored to normal level in the treated groups. This action could be due to the presence of higher phenolic and flavonoid contents. All these findings collectively suggest that the flower extract of Q. indica possibly possess anti-esophagitis potential.

2 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

011660   Singh S;Prakash A R;Prakash R;Ghosh A;Agarwal P K (Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G B Marg Bhavnagar-364 002, Gujarat, Email: arunprakash@csmcri.org) : Effect of foliar application of femi grow of female flowers, fruit set and seed yield of Jatropha curcas L. J scient ind Res 2017, 76(3), 179-83.

Jatropha curcas L. is a perennial shrub with proven potential as a biofuel source in addition to its immense medicinal utility. The seed and oil yield of plant is low due to high male to female flowers ratio. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of exogenous application of a herbal formulation named "Femi-grow" on flower development, sex determination, fruit set, seed and oil yield of J. curcas. The effect of exogenous application of Femi-grow significantly increased the total number of flowers per inflorescence and decreased the male to female flowers ratio. It also enhanced the percentage fruit set, fruit weight, fruit length and seed as well oil yield.

1 illus, 3 table, 26 ref

011659   Shukla S;Mishra T;Pal M;Meena B;Rana T S; Upreti D K (Phytochemistry Div, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001, Email: drmpal.nbri@rediffmail.com) : Comparative analysis of fatty acids and antioxidant activity of Betula utilis bark collected from different geographical region of India. Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(1), 80-5.

The study investigated the comparative analysis of fatty acid and antioxidant activity from the bark of Betula utilis, collected from Kashmir and Sikkim coded as BUK and BUS respectively. Fatty acid constituents were analyzed by GCMS (gas chromatography mass spectroscopy) in BUK and BUS bark. B. utilis bark extracts of both the locations were phytochemically investigated and radical scavenging activity was evaluated by DPPH in all solvent fractions. Results: Phenolic content were found to be higher in methanolic extracts of BUK bark, 5.8 ± 0.1 mg/gm and flavonoid content were higher in the water extract of BUK bark, 6.16 ± 0.2 mg/gm. The radical scavenging activity was found to be higher methanolic, alcoholic and water extracts of BUK bark. The lowest IC₅₀ value for radical scavenging activity of methanolic and water extracts of B. utilis bark collected from Kashmir were found 18.7 ± 1.1 and 18.2 ± 0.3 μg/mL, respectively. Thirteen fatty acids were identified in the sample BUK as well as BUS in which the major fatty acids were found-Palmitic acid, linoleic acid and oleic acid. BUK possess the highest amount of Palmitic acid (18.07%) in oily portion of the bark. The present study concluded that BUK and BUS extracts have shown significant antioxidant activity in comparison to standard but BUK possess potent radical scavenging activity over BUS, and higher amounts palmitic acid, linoleic acid and oleic acid was present in the extract, and may a play an important role in nutritional and pharmaceutical applications.

3 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

011658   Sharma V;Hiremath R R;Patil P A;Prasad B S ( Rasa Shastra Dep Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varansi, Uttar Pradesh-221 005, Email: dr.vinamrasharma@gmail.com) : Safety assessment on chronic administration of Swarna Bindu Prashan a popular ayurvedic preparation of incinerated gold ash used as immune booster to children in southern India. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(4), 217-24.

Swarna Bindu Prashan (SBP) is an Ayurvedic proprietary preparation of incinerated gold ash (Swarna Bhasma) administered frequently with ghee and honey to children as immune booster in southern-India. In this study, we assessed the safety parameters of SBP and its vehicle's effect on chronic administration. The groups of Wistar strain male albino rats were identified as control, vehicle group of ghee, honey and both ghee-honey and group of SBP, respectively. In SBP group, Swarna Bhasma was administered in dose of 5.625 mg/ kg body wt. alongwith 0.4 mL of each ghee and honey. Vehicles group also received same dose of 0.4 mL/kg of each substance in graded quantities by oral route for 90 days. During the course of study, no mortality and no significant behavioral changes were noticed in any group studied. The effect on food and water consumption and fecal and urine output remained unaffected. No major alterations were observed in hematology and serum biochemistry. Histopathology of vital organs also supported the nontoxic effect of SBP. It is concluded that the chronic use of SBP is safe and non-toxic at this tested dose level when compared to other vehicle groups.

2 illus, 6 table, 33 ref

011657   Sharma S K;Garg N;Wasan R K;Wadhwa R;Chadha V;Prabhjot Kaur (Microbiology Dep, Maharaja Ganga Singh Dental College, Ganga Nagar) : Assessment of different tests for identification of Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples: a comparative study. J advd med dent Sci Res 2017, 5(3), 122-4.

Staphylococcus aureus is a frequently isolated pathogen and may be cultured early in infancy in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Previous reports have shown that a significant number of clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) gave negative results by one of newer tests (Staphaurex;). Hence; we planned the present study to assess current versions of Staphaurex and compared them with other diagnostic tests. These diagnostic tests include free-coagulase test, bound-coagulase test. The present study included assessment of 150 consecutive clinical samples of S. aureus strains. For the determination of the methicillin susceptibility, a disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar using a 5-mg methicillin disk was used. Testing of a total of 200 staphylococcal isolates was done. In the end, the clinical samples yielded 100 S. aureus isolates derived from 60 patients. Following tests were used for the identification of S. aureus: Free-coagulase (tube) test, Bound-coagulase (agar) test, Staphaurex and Staphaurex Plus and Pastorex Staphplus. Strains with variable outcomes when the results of the different tests were compared were retested by all procedures mentioned previously and were subsequently studied further with the aid of the additional tests mentioned below. All the tests and procedures were performed as per manufacturer's condition. All the results were compiled and assessed by SPSS software. 100 percent sensitivity was observed only in the Staphaurex Plus group. Inability of tests to identify some MRSA strains correctly resulted in the difference with the free-coagulase test, a bound-coagulase test, and the former Staphaurex test. Out of all the above mentioned tests, Staphaurex Plus exhibits maximum sensitivity.

14 ref

011656   Sharma R;Swarnjeet Kaur (Botany Dep, Mycology and Microbiology Laboratorym, Jai Narain Vyas Univ, Jodhpur-342 008, Email: ruchikasharma13@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial and phytochemical screening of Trikuta-traditional food of western Rajasthan. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2017, 16(2), 270-6.

Dried plant products of North west Rajasthan which are cooked as a vegetable known as Trikuta-seeds of Acacia Senegal (L.) Willd., unripe fruits of Capparis deciduas (Forssk.) Edgew. and unripe pods of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce were tested against seven clinical isolates including one Gram positive and six Gram negative bacteria using Agar well diffusion method. Methanolic extract of unripe pods of Prosopis cineraria and unripe fruits of Capparis decidua showed excellent antimicrobial activity against all the clinical isolates, where as seeds of Acacia senegal showed inhibition against five bacterial strains. The lowest MIC values were recorded by the unripe pods of Prosopis cineraria in comparison to unripe fruits of Capparis decidua and seeds of Acacia senegal. The Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and glycosides in the Prosopis cineraria and presence of alkaloids, saponins, glycosides in Capparis deidua whereas tannins, alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids and glycosides was evaluated in seeds of Acacia senegal. The study depicts that dried plant products of western Thar Desert possess medicinal properties.

6 table, 34 ref

011655   Sethiya N K;Brahmbhat K;Chaubhan B;Mishra S H (Pharmacy Dep, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Kalabhavan, The M S Univ of Baroda, Vadodara-390 002, Email: nscognosy2006@gmail.com) : Antiurolithiatic activity of Ensete superbum (Roxb.) cheesman (wild banana) pseudostem on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2017, 16(2), 303-9.

In this study, chloroform extract derived from pseudostem of Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman (Family: Musaceae) powder was investigated for treatment of calcium oxalate urolithiasis. An in vitro antiurolithiatic study was carried out by conductometric titrations of CaCl₂ with Na₂C₂O₄ in the absence and presence of chloroform extract of Ensete superbum (ES). Whereas, in an in vivo studies, urolithiasis was developed in animals by adding 0.75% of ethylene glycol in drinking water for 28 days. The extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was administered orally along with ethylene glycol for 28 days. On 28 day, 24 hrs urine was collected from individual animals and various biochemical parameters were measured in urine (calcium, phosphate and oxalate), serum (creatinine, urea and uric acid) and kidney homogenate (renal oxalate). The paraffin kidney sections were prepared and subjected to histopathological analysis to observe the calcium oxalate deposits. The result of conductometric titration show shift in end point towards lower side due to reduction in free Ca²⁺ content as evidence of complexation with the extract. Treatment of ethylene glycol (Group II - negative control) cause significant (P <60> 0.001 vs. normal) increase in levels of urine calcium, creatinine, uric acid, and serum calcium, creatinine, magnesium and uric acid, as compared to normal. The treatment with extract, significantly (P <60> 0.001 vs. control) depleted the levels of urine calcium, creatinine, uric acid, and serum calcium, creatinine, magnesium and uric acid, in ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis after 28 days in dose dependent manner. The antiurolithiatic activity of the chloroform extract of Ensete superbum pseudostem is mediated possibly through the inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal formation and its effect on the urinary concentration of stone-forming constituents. The activity may be attributed due to the presence of β-carboline alkaloids.

5 illus, 4 table, 23 ref

011654   Sahoo H B;Sagar R;Patro G;Panda M;Sahoo S K; Priyadarshini D (Pharmacology and Experimental Biology Dep, Vedica College of Pharmacy, RKDF Univ, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Email: bhusan.himashu@yahoo.co.in) : Pharmacological evaluation of Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) on bronchial asthma. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016, 8(4), 341-5.

The present study was to investigate the antiasthmatic potential from the flavonoid fraction of Apium leptophyllum fruit (FFALF) to validate its traditional claim. The antiasthmatic activity of FFALF was evaluated by histamine or acetylcholine-induced bronchospasm model in guinea pigs, compound 48/80 induced mast cell degranulation in albino rats and histamine-induced tracheal contraction in guinea pig. The preconvulsion dyspnea time at 0th and 7th day at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg in guinea pig's bronchospasm model, the percentage of granulated and degranulated mast cell at the dose of 500, 750, and 1000 μg/ml in rats and tracheal contraction at the dose of 500, 750, and 1000 μg/ml in guinea pig were measured and compared with respective control groups. The treatments of FFALF were significantly (P <60> 0.001) decreased the histamine/acetylcholine-induced bronchospasm, mast cell degranulation, and histamine-induced tracheal contraction as compared to inducer group. In addition, FFALF showed dose-dependent antiasthmatic activity in all the animals. Hence, this study suggested that the FFALF showed antiasthmatic activity probably by membrane stabilizing property as well as suppressing antibody production and inhibiting of antigen induced by histamine and acetylcholine.

2 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

011653   Sah A N;Juyal V;Melkani AB (Pharmaceutical Dep, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun Univ, Nainital, Bhimtal Campus-263 136, Email: archanansah@gmail.com) : Pharmacological evaluation of traditional claims of Himalayan Citrus medica L.. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2017, 16(2), 290-6.

In India, Citrus medica L. (Citron; Family: Rutaceae) is used traditionally in the treatment of many ailments like urinary calculus, tumours, constipation, carries of the teeth and as vermifuge. The present study investigated the antiurolithiatic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of root and fruit juice and anthelmintic activity of root and seed extracts of C. medica L. Ethylene glycol was used to induce urolithiasis in male Wistar rats. Treatment of urolithiatic rats with hydroalcoholic extract of C. medica L. root and fruit juice significantly lowered the elevated calcium, oxalate and phosphate levels in urine. They also increased the level of stone inhibitor (magnesium) and improved the impairment of renal functions. The mechanism of this activity may be the synergism of its diuretic activity and its ability to maintain balance between stone promoters and inhibitors. In another experiment ethanolic extract of C. medica L. root, its fractions and petroleum ether extract of its seeds were investigated for their activity against Pheretima posthuma. Two concentrations of ethanolic root extract (50 and 100 mg/ml) and its two fractions, chloroform and ethanolic (each 50 mg/ml) along with petroleum ether extract of seeds (10% v/v emulsion) were studied in the in vitro assay, which involved determination of paralytic and death time. All the tested extracts exhibited considerable anthelmintic activities; root extract was observed more active than the seed extract.

2 illus, 3 table, 25 ref

011652   Rochlani K;Vadakkekara R;Chakraborty M; Dasgupta S (NO, hagwan Mahavir College of M.Sc. Biotechnology, Surat-395 007, Email: mch@ched.svnit.ac.in) : Antibacterial activity of biostablised silver nanoparticle. Indian J chem Technol 2016, 23(6), 520-6.

Bioactive silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been synthesized by reacting aqueous solution of silver nitrate (AgNO₃) with plant extracts which act as reducing and stabilizing agent at ambient temperature. The bio-reduction behaviour of extracts of different parts of plant such as Plumbagozeylanica, Cassia tora, Kalanchoegastonis-bonnieri, Euphorbia milii, Tridaxprocumbens, Nyctanthesarbor-tristis, Psidiumguajava and Lantana camara in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles have been studied. The size and size distribution of prepared NPs have been investigated employing UV-vis absorption spectrophotometer, Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Dispersion destabilization of NPs is detected by Turbiscan. Different parameters such as stirring effect, reaction time, temperature, silver nitrate concentration and amount of plant extract have been studied to find out the optimum condition for synthesis of Ag NPs. Furthermore, biologically synthesized Ag NPs are tested for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis.

3 illus, 5 table, 34 ref

011651   Rawat A;Dubey D;Guleria A;Kumar Umesh;Keshari A K;Chaturvedi S;Prakash A;Saha S;Dinesh Kumar (Biotechnology Dep, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Univ, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dineshcbmr@gmail.com) : <. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016, 8(4), 327-34.

Erythromycin (ERY) is known to induce hepatic toxicity which mimics other liver diseases. Thus, ERY is often used to produce experimental models of drug-induced liver-toxicity. The serum metabolic profiles can be used to evaluate the liver-toxicity and to further improve the understanding of underlying mechanism. Objective is to establish the serum metabolic patterns of Erythromycin induced hepatotoxicity in albino wistar rats using 1H NMR based serum metabolomics. Fourteen male rats were randomly divided into two groups (n = 7 in each group): control and ERY treated. After 28 days of intervention, the metabolic profiles of sera obtained from ERY and control groups were analyzed using high-resolution 1D 1H CPMG and diffusion-edited nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. The histopathological and SEM examinations were employed to evaluate the liver toxicity in ERY treated group. The serum metabolic profiles of control and ERY treated rats were compared using multivariate statistical analysis and the metabolic patterns specific to ERY-induced liver toxicity were established. The toxic response of ERY was characterized with: (a) increased serum levels of Glucose, glutamine, dimethylamine, malonate, choline, phosphocholine and phospholipids and (b) decreased levels of isoleucine, leucine, valine, alanine, glutamate, citrate, glycerol, lactate, threonine, circulating lipoproteins, N-acetyl glycoproteins, and poly-unsaturated lipids. These metabolic alterations were found to be associated with (a) decreased TCA cycle activity and enhanced fatty acid oxidation, (b) dysfunction of lipid and amino acid metabolism and (c) oxidative stress. Erythromycin is often used to produce experimental models of liver toxicity; therefore, the established NMR-based metabolic patterns will form the basis for future studies aiming to evaluate the efficacy of anti-hepatotoxic agents or the hepatotoxicity of new drug-formulations.

5 illus, 1 table, 49 ref

011650   Rasheed M A;Lakshmi M;Kalpana M S;Patil D J; Dayal A M (NO, Gujarat Energy Research and Management Institte (GERM), Gandhinagar-382 421, Email: drrasheedmicro@gmail.com) : Recognition of hydrocarbon microseepage using microbial and adsorbed soil gas indicators in the petroliferous region of Krishna-Godavari basin, India. Curr Sci 2017, 112(3), 560-8.

The present study aims at exploring the possible correlation between adsorbed light gaseous hydrocarbon distribution pattern and the hydrocarbon oxidizing microbes present in the sub-soil samples. To establish the role of the latter in identifying the upward migration of hydrocarbons, especially a known petroliferous Krishna-Godavari Basin has been investigated. Soil samples from oil and gas fields of Tatipaka and Pasar-lapudi areas of the basin show the presence of bacterial population for methane (3.46 x 10⁵ cfu/g), ethane (3.85 x 10⁵ cfu/g) and propane (3.04 x 10⁵ cfu/g) oxidizing bacteria in soil samples. Gas chromatographic analyses of adsorbed soil gases show the presence of Q to C₄ hydrocarbons. The concentration of adsorbed soil gases ranged for methane (C₁) = 1 to 115 ppb, ethane (C₂) = 1 to 99 ppb, propane (C₃) = 1 to 34 ppb, butane (nC₄) = 1 to 9 ppb and ∑C₂₊= 1 to 115 ppb. The scatter plots between C₁ and C₄ components depict a linear trend indicating that all gases are from the same source. The total organic carbon (TOC) content of the soil samples ranges from 0.18% to 1.34%. Pearson correlation analysis shows that the concentration of ZC₂₊ does not show any correlation (r = 0.1) with TOC, suggesting that the adsorbed gases are not derivatives of the organic carbon. Moreover, the values for methane δ¹³C₁ varied from -39.9% to -19.9% (V-PDP) Vienna PeeDee Belemnite indicate ther-mogenic origin. The integration of geomicrobial prospecting method together with adsorbed soil gas and carbon isotope studies shows a good correlation with the producing oil and gas fields of Krishna-Godavari Basin.

9 illus, 6 tables, 40 ref

011649   Rajam K S;Rani M E;Guanaseeli R;Munavar M H ( Botany and Microbiology Dep, Centre for Environmental Studies, Lady Doak College, College with Pote, Madurai-625 002 , Email: meranildc@gmail.com) : Extracellular synthesis of silver nanaoparticle by the fungus Emericella nidulans EV4 and its application. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(4), 262-5.

Over the last decade, nanotechnology has potentiated remarkable growth, particularly in the field of biomedical sciences including pharmacology, precisely drug delivery and surgery. It has lead to the increased demand for synthesis of nanoparticles. Biological synthesis adopting green chemistry procedures involving microorganisms, fungi and even plants took centre stage. Here, we tried out synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Emericella nidulans EV4 and studied their antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIM 5029. Silver nanoparticles were synthesised when the cell free filtrate of the fungus E. nidulans EV4 was treated with 1.0 mM silver nitrate solution. The UV-visible spectrum of the silver nanoparticles showed a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak at 420 nm. High resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated that the nanoparticles were spherical in shape with a size range of 10-20 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of face-centred cubic structure of the silver with average crystallite size of <126>3.5 nm. The synthesized silver nanoparticles in solution were found to be stable for a period of 12 months without any stabilizing agents. The silver nanoparticles, synthesized as detailed above, demonstrated control over the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIM 5029.

14 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

011648   Prashant A;Rangaswamy C;Yadav A K;Reddy V; Sowmya MN;Madhunpantula S (Biochemistry Dep, JSS Medical College, JSS Univ, Mysore-570 015, Email: akila.prashant@gmail.com) : In vitro anticancer activity of ethanolic extracts of Piper nigrum againts colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Int J appl basic med Res 2017, 7(1), 67-72.

Piper nigrum (PN) is well known for its cytotoxic and pharmacological benefits. However, there is minimal documented evidence about its cytotoxic efficacy against colorectal carcinoma. We therefore sought to procure a precisely quantitative and qualitative result, pertaining the efficacy of an ethanolic extract of PN (EEPN) against colorectal carcinoma. EEPN was prepared by subjecting dried PN seeds to gradient ethanol fractionation. The total phenol content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AOA), and anti-inflammatory activity (AIA) were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu assay, ferric reducing ability of plasma and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl methods, and human red blood cells membrane stabilizing assay, respectively. Colorectal carcinoma cell lines (HCT-116, HCT-15, and HT-29) were procured from National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, and were cultured in Dulbecco's modified eagle media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1 mM L-glutamine. Cells were seeded into a 96-well plate, followed by treatment with increasing concentrations of EEPN. The cytotoxic efficacy was evaluated based on percentage inhibition of cells, using sulforhodamine-B assay. The IC-50 values were calculated using Prism software (Prism from GraphPad software, Inc. CA, USA). Biochemical analysis revealed that 50% EEPN exhibited higher TPC, AOA, and AIA when compared to 70% and 100% EEPN at any given concentration (P = 0.041). Cytotoxic analysis revealed a dose-dependent response with maximum cellular inhibition at TPC of 6 and 3 μg/ml, using 50% EEPN. However, 50% inhibition of cellular growth using 50% EEPN was seen with TPC of 3.2, 2.9, and 1.9 μg/ml at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, in HCT-15 cells. Hence, time- and dose-dependent increase in the cytotoxic efficacy of 50% EEPN against colorectal carcinoma cell lines were noted (P <60> 0.001). Given the significantly positive correlations exhibited between the biochemical and the cytotoxic properties evaluated in our study, we hereby conclude PN as a novel therapeutic spice for the treatment of colorectal carcinoma.

4 illus, 25 ref

011647   Pirzadah T B;Malik B;Tahir I;Qureshi M I; Rehman R U (Bioresources Dep, Kashmir Univ, Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir-190 006, Email: reiazrehman@yahoo.co.in) : Metabolite fingerprinting and antioxidant potential of tartary Buckwheat-an underutilized pseudocereal crop from Kashmir region. Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(1), 95-106.

Buckwheat is an underutilized pseudocereal crop used as a staple food especially in Himalayan regions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical screening, antioxidant potential and metabolite profiling of tartary buckwheat extract. Tartary buckwheat leaf samples were tested for total phenols, flavonoids and in vitro antioxidant potential in terms of total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide) and DPPH assay. GC-MS profiling was done to identify and quantify the various metabolites from the methanolic leaf and groat extract. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening of methanolic extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, phlobatannins, coumarins, glycosides and anthoquinones. Methanolic extract exhibits higher TPC (28.32 ± 5.31 mg gallic acid equivalent g^-1 DW) and TFC (25.18 ± 3.5 mg rutin equivalent g^-1 DW). DPPH radical (EC₅₀=1.8 μg ml^-1) and H2O2 scavenging (EC₅₀=0.103 μg ml^-1) potential of tartary buckwheat leaf extract shows promising results. From GC-MS metabolite fingerprinting, over 111 and 24 metabolites were identified among leaf and groat extract respectively. The major compounds present in the extracts were fatty acids, hydrocarbons, steroids, terpenoids, esters, organic acids and aldehydes with excellent pharmaceutical properties. The tartary buckwheat extract were found to contain numerous metabolites with potent antioxidant and other pharmacological actions. Thus, tartary buckwheat could be a promising alternative in functional food sector to improve social well-being and neutraceutical to diminish malnutrition especially for the impoverished community.

2 illus, 3 tables, 42 ref

011646   Pandurangaiah S;Ravishankar K V;Shivashankar K S;Sadashiva A T;Pillakenchappa K;Narayanan S K (Biotechnology Dep , ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Researc, Bengaluru, Email: kvravi@iihr.ernet.in) : Differential expression of carotenoid biosynthetic pathway genes in two contrasting tomato genotypes for lycopene content. J Biosci, Bangalore 2016, 41(2), 257-64.

Tomato (Solarium lycopersicum L.) is one of the model plant to study carotenoid biosynthesis. In the present study, the fruit carotenoid content vyere quantified at different developmental stages for two contrasting genotypes, viz. IIIIR-249-1 and IIHR-2866 by UPLC. Lycopene content was high in IIHR-249-1 (19.45 mg/100 g fresh weight) compared to IIHR-2866 (1.88 mg/100 g fresh weight) at the ripe stage. qPCR was performed for genes that are involved in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway to study the difference in lycopene content in fruits of both the genotypes. The expression of Phytoene synthase (PSY) increased by 36-fold and Phytoene desaturase (PDS) increased by 14-fold from immature green stage to ripe stage in IIHR-249-1. The expression of Chloroplast lycopene β-cyclase (LCY-B) and Chromoplast lycopene β cyclase (CYC-B) decreased gradually from the initial stage to the ripe stage in IIHR-249-1. IIHR 249-1 showed 3- and 1.8-fold decrease in gene expression for Chloroplast lycopene β-cyclase (LCY-B) and Chromoplast lycopene β-cyclase (CYC-B). The F₂ hybrids derived from IIHR-249-1 and IIHR-2866 were analysed at the ripe stage for lycopene content. The gene expression of Chloroplast lycopene β-cyclase (LCY-B) and Chromoplast lycopene β-cyclase (CYC-B) in high and low lycopene lines from F₂ progenies also showed the decrease in transcript levels of both the genes in high lycopene F₂ lines. We wish to suggest that the differential expression of lycopene β-cyclases can be used in marker-assisted breeding.

6 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

011645   Osman N N;Jambi E J;Bashaikh S M ( Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Email: dr_nadia_nour@yahoo.com) : Effect of oral contraceptive pills on oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(2), 171-85.

Oral contraceptive pills (OCs) are now commonly used in millions of women worldwide. Therefore, information on the risks and benefits of therapies is critically important. Several lines of evidence have proved that oral contraceptive pills induce oxidative stress and depletion of serum antioxidants. Oxidative stress plays a major part in the development of pathological condition among which one is diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral contraceptive pills on oxidative stress in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic female rats. Adult female Wistar albino rats (n=40) weighing (200-220g) were divided into four groups; control group, COC group: normal rats treated with COC (combined oral contraceptive pills )daily for every 4 days for 32 days by gastric tube, Diabetic group: the animals were injected by STZ at the dose of 60 mg/kg, Diabetic+ COC group: diabetic rats treated with COC as in COC group. At the end of experimental all rats were sacrificed and parameters were measured. The results indicated that diabetic rats and diabetic+COCs groups induced hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia (TC, TG, LDL) and increase in liver function enzymes (AST, ALT) associated with oxidative stress markers indicative of lipid peroxidation (MDA) and decreased the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH) in pancreatic tissues and disturbance in sex hormones (E2, progesterone) as compared to control group. While, COCs group induced increase in MDA,TC, LDL, AST and ALT with decreased in SOD, CAT, HDL, E2 and progesterone as compared to control group. Diabetic+COCs exhibited an increase in glucose, MDA, AST and ALT accompanied by a decrease in SOD, CAT and E2 as compared to diabetic rats. These results suggest that diabetic rats consuming oral contraceptive pills may be more susceptible to oxidative stress by enhanced depletion of antioxidant and increased lipid peroxidation.

5 tables, 104 ref

011644   Osman N N;Jambi E J;Aseri N H (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia , Email: dr_nadia_nour@yahoo.com) : Assessment of antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of cassuia angustifolia and Feoniculum vulgare in diabetic rats. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(2), 149-62.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become one of the most challenging health problems of the 21st century. It is associated with a number of different metabolic abnormalities. The use of herbs as medicines has increased all over the world, to maintain the target glucose level and modulate the oxidative stress associated with DM which would be an alternative approach for managing DM complications. The present work was conducted to test the hypothesis that combined treatment with aqueous extract of Cassia angustifolia (EACA) and Feoniculum vulgar(EAFV) that is more effective than each of them alone in improving the severity of DM and oxidative stress in streptozotocininduced diabetic male rats. Diabetes was induced in male albino rats by an intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body). Fifty male albino rats, weighing 150±200 g, were divided into five groups, namely control, diabetic and diabetic rats received either EACA (150 mg/kg /day ), or EAFV (150mg/kg/day) and their combination by gastric intubation for 4 weeks. Diabetic rats exhibited many symptoms, including loss of body weight, hyperglycemia, decreases in serum insulin, and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, elevated triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations and liver marker enzymes. Significant increase in TBARS,(lipid peroxidation marker) was observed in diabetic liver and pancreas. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in GSH content, SOD and CAT activity of the liver and pancreas. Daily oral ingestion of EACA and/or EAFV extract for 4weeks after diabetes induction ameliorated hyperglycemia, increased insulin, improved lipid profiles, restored body weight loss and liver function, blunted the increased in MDA, modulated the levels of hepatic and pancreatic SOD and CAT activities and GSH content. It could be suggested that each of EACA and /or EAFV could be used as an antidiabetic compliment in case of DM. This may be related to their antioxidative properties.

4 tables, 90 ref

011643   Osman N N;Al-Shubailly F (Food Irradiation Research Dep, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology , (NCRRT), Cairo, Egypt, Email: dr_nadia_nour@yahoo.com) : Anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory and antioxidant effects of date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera) extract in rats treated with AlCl₃. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(2), 255-62.

Date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L) contains many macronutrients, minerals, vitamins and antioxidants which has been related to beneficial health properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential efficacy of date fruit extract (DFE) against Al-induced toxicity in rat model. Male albino rats were divided into four groups of 8 rats : A control group, did not receive any treatment, the DFE group received date water extract (DFE) (500 mg kg-1 b. w) orally per day, the Al group: rats were supplemented with aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) added to the drinking water at a concentration of 53.5 mg/l and the DFE-Al group, rats received DFE along with AlCl₃. The experimental duration lasted for six weeks. The data obtained indicate that Al administration results in inducing hematological alterations decline in the concentration of hemoglobin (Hb), RBC, Hct%, PCV, MCH, MCV and MCHC accompanied by a significant increase in WBC counts. Significant elevations in the serum inflammatory markers as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and the nuclear transcription factor (NF-kappaB) were observed in AlCl₃-treated rats. The results demonstrated, also, that Al promotes lipid peroxidation and decreases the level of antioxidants: superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents in serum. However, treatment of AlCl₃ group with DFE resulted in significant amelioration in the mentioned parameters as compared with AlCl₃ group. According to the results obtained in the present study, it could be concluded that date fruits have beneficial health properties through immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

3 illus, 33 ref

011642   Onanuga A;Selekere T L (Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta Univ, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria, Email: adebola.onanuga@ndu.edu.ng) : Virulence and antimicrobial resistance of common urinary bacteria from asymptomatic students of Niger Delta University, Amassoma, Bayelsa state, Nigeria. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016, 8(1), 29-33.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria frequently occurs among all ages with the possibility of developing into urinary tract infections, and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the etiologic organisms are essential for appropriate therapy. Thus, we investigated the virulence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of common urinary bacteria in asymptomatic students of Niger Delta University, Amassoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria in a cross-sectional study. Clean catch mid-stream early morning urine samples collected from 200 asymptomatic University students of aged ranges 15-30 years were cultured, screened and common bacteria were identified using standard microbiological procedures. The isolates were screened for hemolysin production and their susceptibility to antibiotics was determined using standard disc assay method. A total prevalence rate of 52.0% significant bacteriuria was detected and it was significantly higher among the female with a weak association (?2 = 6.01, phi = 0.173, P = 0.014). The Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus isolates were most frequently encountered among the isolated bacteria and 18 (12.7%) of all the bacterial isolates produced hemolysins. All the bacterial isolates exhibited 50-100% resistance to the tested beta-lactam antibiotics, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole. The isolated bacteria were 85-100% multi-drug resistant. However, most of the isolates were generally susceptible to gentamicin and ofloxacin. The phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases was 9 (9.6%) among the tested Gram-negative bacterial isolates. The observed high proportions of multidrug resistant urinary bacteria among asymptomatic University students call for the need of greater control of antibiotic use in this study area.

5 tables, 33 ref

011641   Nimmi OS;George P (Biotechnology Dep, School of Biotechology and Health Sciences, Karunya Univ, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore-641 114, Email: drphil2006@gmail.com) : Antiobesity and antioxidant effects of a new polyherbal formulation (PHF)in obesity induced wistar rats. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2017, 16(2), 297-302.

Obesity is a serious problem and a solution is needed for its treatment and management. Natural products which are more targeted offer an alternative therapy. Objective of the study is to determine the protective effects of a new Poly Herbal Formulation (PHF) against High Fat Diet (HFD) induced systemic oxidative stress in female wistar rats. Detailed chemical investigation was carried out for the polyphenolic rich PHF by preparative HPTLC fingerprinting. Obesitic parameters including anthropometric, physiological and biochemical parameters were evaluated in vivo using female wistar rats.The results of HPTLC preparative fingerprinting analysis chromatogram confirmed the presence of polyphenols such as curcumin and plumbagin in the PHF. In vivo results revealed significant reduction in body weight, BMI, abdominal circumference, lipid profile and levels of enzymic antioxidant values in treatment groups (p <60> 0.05). The present study suggests that the new PHF has antiobesity effects and showed protective action against oxidative stress and hepatic injury induced as a result of obesity.

4 illus, 2 table, 18 ref

011640   Nawaz H;Shad M A;Abbasi S T (Biochemistry Dep, Bahuddin Zakariya Univ, Multan-60800, Pakistan, Email: hagnawaz@bzu.edu.pk) : Extraction optimization of phenolic antioxidants from microwave treated Nelumbo nucifera seed flour. Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(1), 63-73.

The purpose of the study was to optimize the process conditions for extraction of phenolic antioxidants from N. nucifera seed. Process variables for microwave assisted extraction of phenolic antioxidants from N. nucifera seed flour were optimized by response surface methodology using a multi-factorial central composite design based on five levels of each of four input variables including X1: particle size (in terms of mesh No.), X2: microwave treatment period (MTP), X3: solvent concentration (SC) and X4: extraction period (EP). Total extract yield was calculated as Total extractable components (TEC) and the extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant activity (TAOA). Results: Data analysis showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in TEC, TPC and TAOA in response to increase in the levels of selected factors. Optimum levels of extraction variables to achieve maximum level of response parameters were found to be: 125.96, 2.45 min, 55.21% and 3.87 h for TEC, 61.73, 1.66 min, 80.08% and 4.98 h for TPC and 60.89, 2.37 min, 44.98% and 1.123 h for TAOA. The extraction of phenolic antioxidants from N. nucifera seed flour is significantly increased in response to an increase in mesh No. (decrease in particle size), MTP, SC and EP but up to a certain limit. The decrease in extraction yield and antioxidant activity at higher levels of studied factors may be attributed to the possible decomposition of phenolic compounds due to prolonged duration of microwave heating and prolonged extraction time.

5 illus, 4 tables, 38 ref

011639   Najla;Ayaz O (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Science-Al Faisaliah, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Email: nayaz@kau.edu.sa) : Modulating impacts of coustus Sassura lappa extract against oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by deltamethrin toxicity in rat kidneys. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(2), 49-60.

The objective of the current investigation was to explore the reno- protective impact of 70% methanolic extract of Saussura lappa (coustus) against oxidative stress and oxidative DNA fragmentation induced renal damage in rat models in response to chronic exposure to the pesticide, deltamethrin. Deltamethrin was administered orally to rats at two doses (1/15 LD50 and 1/30 LD50) daily for 28 days. The results illustrated that oral intake of S lappa extract (300mg/Kg b.w) for 28 consecutive days to animals ingested by either of the two doses, significantly modulated the elevation in plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl as well as the decreases in plasma antioxidants markers, including protein thiol, glutathione S transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and, superoxide dismutase (SOD) compared with control animal group. The plant extract could also reverse the inhibitory effect of deltamethrin on plasma ATPase in animals intoxicated by either of the two doses. In addition, the plant extract successfully modulated the oxidative DNA damage in kidneys of deltamethrin intoxicated rat groups. The beneficial renoprotective impact of the S lappa extract against deltamethrin toxicity was reflected by improvement in plasma renal function markers (urea and creatinine) and histomorphological pictures of renal tissues. The current investigation may suggest that early administration of S lappa extract may protect renal tissue from oxidative damage promoted by the toxic effects of deltamethrin pesticide.

6 illus, 1 table, 49 ref

011638   Mushtaq A;Masoodi M H;Wali A F;Ganai B A ( Biochemistry Dep, Kashmir Univ, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir-190 006 , Email: bbcganai@gmail.com) : Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, In vitro antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic bacteria of Eremurus himalaicus-an edible herb of North Western Himalayas. Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(1), 90-4.

A number of plants of Kashmir valley are unexplored and Eremurus himalaicus is one amongst them. Eremurus himalaicus is an edible herb of North Western Himalayas which is yet to be evaluated for possession of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Method: The antioxidant potential of the plant extracts (Ethyl acetate, EHE; Methanol, EHM and Aqueous, EHA) was assessed by determining the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, ferrous metal ion chelating activity, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay and total reduction capability assay. The plant was further investigated for antimicrobial activity using agar well diffusion method. Results: EHM showed highest total phenolic content followed by EHA and EHE with 270 mg GAE/g, 240 mg GAE/g and 110 mg GAE/g respectively. The flavonoid content was found to be highest in EHA with 85 μg QE/g followed by EHM with 65 μg QE/g and least in ethyl acetate extract with only 20 μg QE/g. Ferrous metal ion chelating potential was also highest for EHA with IC₅₀ value of 200.336. For DPPH assay and H₂O₂ scavenging assay the activity was highest for EHM with IC₅₀ value of 148.1788 and 182.3371 respectively. In total reduction capability assay again EHM showed highest reducing power. Besides, antibacterial activity was also screened on some human pathogenic bacterial strains where again the highest activity was shown by EHM. In conclusion, EHM and EHA showed highest antioxidant potential and EHE showed the least. Similarly the antimicrobial potential was highest for EHM showing Eremurus himalaicus as a promising new herb for various human diseases.

1 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

011637   Mohanraj R;Subha S (Biotechnology Dep, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Vinayaka Mission Univ, Rajiv Gandhi Salai (OMR), Paiyanoor-603 104, Email: remyam@gmail.com) : Optimization of process parameters for bioproduction, isolation and purification of 4-ipomeanol from cell suspension cultures of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(3), 191-6.

The secondary metabolite, 4-Ipomeanol from Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a potential chemotherapeutic agent for cancer. This study presents an efficient protocol for bioproduction of 4-ipomeanol, in large quantities without disturbing the natural biodiversity of I. batatas. Friable Calli from the root tubers of I. batatas were used to establish cell suspension cultures in liquid media under agitated conditions and the growth and production kinetics of the same were monitored. The presence of 4-ipomeanol was confirmed by NMR and IR spectroscopy and quantification was done using HPLC. A maximum of 7.39 mg g^-1 of 4-ipomeanol was obtained under biotic elicitation of the cell suspension cultures. The elicitors were studied for optimization of the day of addition and maximum bioproduction of 4-ipomeanol was observed when elicitors were added to 4 day old suspension cultures. Further, the 4-ipomeanol thus produced demonstrated cytotoxicity against renal carcinoma cell lines.

5 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

011636   Mansour S Z;Moustafa E M;Hassan A A;Thabet N M (NO, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy A, Cairo, Egypt, Email: noura_magdy@hotmail.com) : Protective role of krill oil againts estrogen deficiency induced neurodegeneration in ovariectomized rats. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(5), 279-85.

Marine oils are rich in long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids and known to be associated with health promoting effects, particularly on learning memory and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases by decelerating cognitive decline. Krill oil (KO) is novel marine oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the antioxidant astaxanthin (ASTA) which play central role in oxidative stress in neuronal metabolism. In the present study, the possible protective role of KO against learning and memory impairment as well as brain oxidative damage induced by ovariectomized (OVX) rats either alone or combined with γ-radiation was investigated. Our data revealed that OVX rats, alone or with γ-radiation, induced a significant decrease in the levels of estrogen (E), serotonin (SER), dopamine (DA), insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and the gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA, Selective AD Indicator-1 (SELADIN-1) mRNA associated with a significant elevation in malondialdehyde (MDA), amyloid precursor protein (APP) mRNA and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3β) mRNA, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and norepinephrine (NE). Treatment with KO to OVX rats, alone or with γ-radiation, resulted in significant amelioration of all investigated parameters. This study has confirmed the protective effect of Krill oil against memory impairment and thereby preventing the development of Alzheimer disease.

3 illus, 1 table, 38 ref

011635   Madhanraj R;Eyini M;Balaji P (PG and Research Centre in Biotechnology, MGR College, Hosur-635 130, Email: balaji_paulraj@yahoo.com) : Antioxidant assay of gold and silver nanoparticles from edible basidiomycetes mushroom fungi. Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(2) , 137-42.

In recent years, nanotechnology research is emerging as cutting edge technology interdisciplinary with physics, chemistry, biology, material science and medicine. AuNPs and AgNPs are an important class of nanomaterial for a wide range of biomedical applications. Synthesis of AuNPs and AgNPs through biological route is preferred due to its environment-friendly and economic aspects. Mushrooms have been known for their nutritional values and used as medicines by humans for ages. In modern terms, they can be considered as functional foods which can provide health benefits beyond the traditional nutrients. The present study demonstrates an eco-friendly and low-cost method of biosynthesis of AuNPs and AgNPs using basidiomycetes mushroom fungal strains. The antioxidant potential of the basidiomycetes mushroom fungal strains was analysed by total flavonoid content, FRAP assay, ABTS assay, Metal chelating activity, Phosphomolybdenum assay, Assay of superoxide radical scavenging activity, Free radical scavenging activity on DPPH along with the determination of total phenolic and tannin contents in the mushroom mycelial extracts. The synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were confirmed by the colour transformation and Ultraviolet-visible (UV-visible) spectroscopy. These biologically synthesized AuNPs and AgNPs were tested for antioxidant activities. The biosynthesized AuNPs and AgNPs showed significantly higher antioxidant activity. The present study explored that the mushrooms which are efficient producers of AuNPs and AgNPs, and could act as safe and cost-effective with potential antioxidant activities. These findings encourage studying these fungal strains further for their potential biological applications.

2 tables, 27 ref

011634   Ma'ruf A;Pramudono B;Aryanti N (Chemical Engineering Dep, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto Purwokerto, Jl. Raya Dukuh Waluh, Kembaran, Purwokerto, Indonesia, 53182, Email: pramudonoundip@gmail.com) : Optimization of lignin extraction from rice husk by alkaline hydrogen peroxide using response surface methodology. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(2), 407-14.

Lignin is a natural polymer consisting of three major phenylpropanoid monomers (coniferyl alcohol (G), sinapyl alcohol (S) and pcoumaryl alcohol (H)). Lignin from biomass can be extracted by several solvents. This research studied the extraction of lignin from rice husk using an alkaline hydrogen peroxide. Three variables of extraction process comprising solvent to solid ratio, hydrogen peroxide concentration and pH of the mixture were studied. Response surface methodology with the central composite design was used to optimize the process variables. The optimum conditions for lignin extraction from rice husk using alkaline hydrogen peroxide were found at the solvent to solid ratio of 8.55, the H₂O₂ concentration of 1.56% and pH of 11.26. At this condition, the amount of lignin extracted was 1.7939%. Rice husk lignin obtained has similar characteristics with the lignin from another biomass source. However, based on FT-IR spectra, the specific characterization of rice husk lignin was found at the band of 2360.78 and 2075.41 cm_-1. The band between 2100 and 2360 cm_-1 is a typical Si-H bond.

4 illus, 7 tables, 30 ref

011633   Luis-Benjamin S G;et al. (Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango, Gomez Palacio Durango, Mexico, Email: carmelitavega2006@yahoo.com.mx) : Antimicrobial activity and toxicity of plants from northern Mexico. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2017, 16(2), 203-7.

The aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial potential of methanolic plant extracts: Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch, Selaginella lepidophylla (Hook. and Grev.) Spring, Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc., and Jatropha dioica Sesse. Plant samples were collected from northern Mexico and the extracts were tested against reference bacteria (RS): Staphylococcus aureus (BAA44) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (9180) and clinical isolated bacteria (CB): Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial activity was performed with Steers Replicator, the LD₅₀ was evaluated with Artemia salina bioassay, and a phytochemical screening was done with colorimetric tests. The extracts showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 500 μg/mL and LD₅₀ of 1000 μg/mL. The phytochemical tests were positive for flavonoids, lactones, quinones, triterpenes and sterols. C. illinoensis, S. lepidophillla and J. dioica had high correlations (= 0.969) to inhibit the growth of S. aureus (RS and CB), K. pneumoniae (RS) and K. pneumoniae (CB) (p = 0.080, 0.076, 0.016 and 0.029, respectively). The results will contribute to the knowledge of plants used in Mexican traditional medicine.

3 table, 19 ref

011632   Khattab H A H;Slagor A M A;Khan J A J (Food and Nutrition Dep, Faculty of Home Economics, KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Email: hkhattab@kau.edu.sa) : Potential antioxidant effect of bitter melon against Fructose-induced Metabolic syndrome in male rats. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(2), 9-21.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a very complex disorder, that directly increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality. Bitter melon (BM) has possessed powerful antioxidant properties. The present study aimed to assess the effect of freeze-dried BM juice against fructose-induced MetS in male rats. Metabolic syndrome was induced in rats by feeding high fructose (HF) diet (60%). After 8 weeks, BM was administered daily by oral gavage at doses (5, 10 or 15mg/kg body weight (BW)) for 6 weeks. The efficacy of freezedried BM juice on biological and biochemical parameters, as well as histopathological changes of liver and pancreas tissues in MetS rats was examined. The results showed that feeding HF diet-induced significantly increased in BW, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, leptin hormone, uric acid, and hyperlipidemia, as well as significantly increased inmalondialdehyde level compared with control rats. In addition, rats fed HF diet showed many histopathological changes in liver and pancreatic tissues. Treatment with BM significantly ameliorated all the tested biochemical parameters and overcome the histopathological alterations in liver and pancreas tissues comparing with Mets untreated rats, especially the MetS treated group with medium dose (10 mg/kg BW). Since MetS is closely associated with systemic disorders, and there is no specific drug for all these dysfunctions, therefore BM could be more effective in ameliorated MetS disorders; this may be explained by its antioxidant action. Further studies are needed to examine this possibility.

5 illus, 5 tables, 37 ref

011631   Khan A;Anand V;Badrinarayanan V;Thirunethiran K;Natarajan P (Biochemistry Dep, Manonmaniam Sundaranar Univ, Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli-612 001, Email: avamiet@yahoo.com) : In vitro antioxidant and cytotoxicity analysis of leaves of Ficus racemosa. Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(1), 8-12.

The present study assessed the phytochemical components, In vitro antioxidant ability and cytotoxicity of leaf extract of Ficus racemosa. Preliminary phytochemical analysis in aqueous and ethanol was carried out for the presence of phytochemical components. Of the two extracts used ethanolic extract possessed the highest phytochemical constituents compared to aqueous extract. Hence the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of F. racemosa was performed by several antioxidant assays including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assay, reducing power and superoxide radical (SO) scavenging assay. From the results, F. racemosa has been found to have the significant antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner and IC₅₀ value was 150 μg/ml for DPPH and 100 μg/ml for both NO and SO scavenging assays. Further, the cytotoxicity analysis was determined against Dalton Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cell line and the IC₅₀ value was found to be 175 μg/ml for ethanolic leaf extract of F. racemosa. Hence, the current study attests that F. racemosa is enriched in phytochemicals and a fine source of natural antioxidants with anticancer agents and can be used in pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment of diseases induced by oxidative stress.

5 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

011630   Kanchan D M;Kale S S;Somani G S;Kaikini A A; Sathaye S (Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Dep, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, Email: sadhanasathaye@hotmail.com) : Thymol, a monoterpene, inhibits aldose reductase and high-glucose-induced cataract on isolated goat lens. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016, 8(4), 277-83.

Overactivation of aldose reductase (AR) enzyme has been implicated in the development of various diabetic complications. In the present study, the inhibitory effect of thymol was investigated on AR enzyme and its anti-cataract activity was also examined on isolated goat lens. Various concentrations of thymol were incubated with AR enzyme prepared from isolated goat lens. Molecular docking studies were carried out using Schrodinger software to verify the binding of thymol with AR as well as to understand their binding pattern. Further, thymol was evaluated for its anti-cataract activity in high-glucose-induced cataract in isolated goat lens in vitro. Quercetin was maintained as standard (positive control) throughout the study. Thymol showed potent inhibitory activity against goat lens AR enzyme with an IC50value of 0.65 μg/ml. Docking studies revealed that thymol binds with AR in similar binding pattern as that of quercetin. The high-glucose-induced cataract in isolated goat lens was also improved by thymol treatment. Thymol was also able to significantly (P <60> 0.001) reduce the oxidative stress associated with cataract. The results suggest that thymol may be a potential therapeutic approach in the prevention of diabetic complications through its AR inhibitory and antioxidant activities.

4 illus, 3 tabkes, 30 ref

011629   Kaliyappan M;Nallasamy N;Thirumuruthy S P K ( Botany Dep, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore-641 029 , Email: raifzyama@gmail.com) : In vitro-oxidant activity in methanolic extracts of five Pogostemon species. Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(2), 190-4.

The Oxidation damages are induced by highly reactive oxygen species in human body. Antioxidants terminate the inactive of these radicals and reduce the risk. In this study, we compared the antioxidant properties of five Pogostemon species. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS, reducing power assay, ferrous ion chelating activity, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FARP) assay. The antioxidants compound like total phenols and total flavonoid were also evaluated in these plants. The presence of high amount of phenols and flavonoid in these plants, the metanolic extract's antioxidant can strongly scavenge DPPH and ABTS radical with significant IC50 value range. Other modals of experimented where have potential antioxidant activity. These Pogostemon species had significant antioxidant agent, it could be an excellent source of antioxidants with great explore as therapeutic agent.

2 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

011628   Kadhim M M;Aldujaili A N;Homady M H (NO, Technical Institute of Diwaniyah/AL-Furat AL-Awsat Technical Univ, Najaf, Iraq, Email: murtadham.alkhafaji@student.uokufa.edu.iq) : Assessment of hepatoprotective role of phenolic extract of Urtica dioica and silver nanoparticles in male rat induced by carbon tetra-chloride. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(2), 305-12.

This study showed the protective role of the phenolic extract of Urtica dioica and silver nanoparticles (AgNPS) on the hepatotoxicity effect via carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) within white male rats. Hundred and ten male albino rats weighing (200-250g) and aged (10-17week). Animals were housed in the animal house of faculty of Science/University of Kufa under control condition; light 12 and 12 dark hours and temperature (24±2C°).Animals divided into four groups as follows the control groups, carbon tetrachloride groups, phenolic extract groups, and silver nanoparticles, groups. Subdivided groups above depending on the concentration (250 and 500mg/kg) of phenolic extract, (10 and 5mg/kg) of silver nanoparticles for (two and three) month add to dosage after and before induced by carbon tetrachloride (five animals per group).The current study revealed the occurrence of a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the level of regucalcin when the administered by phenolic extract and silver nanoparticles for (two and three months) compared with carbon tetrachloride group. Highly significant (p≤0.05) with the concentration of the (500mg/kg) for phenolic extract and (10mg/kg) for silver nanoparticles, and no significant observed between extract and silver nanoparticles for (two and three months) and before and after induced by the carbon tetrachloride.

5 illus, 61 ref

011627   Jain P;Sharma HP;Basri F;Kumari P;Singh P ( Laboratory of plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Univ Dep of Botany, Ranchi Univ, Ranchi-834 008, Email: paras.jain42@yahoo.in) : Phtochemical analysis of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst and their anti-fungal activities. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2017, 16(2), 310-18.

Realization of hazardous effects of synthetic fungicides has led to an interest in the usage of biocontrol agents. The present study, therefore, designed to investigate the anti-fungal activities of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. and understand its possible mechanism. To estimate the anti-fungal activity, food poisoning method was applied. Extract of Bacopa effectively controlled the growth of chosen fungi as evidenced by the IC₅₀

6 illus, 3 table, 23 ref

011626   Iqbal S;Sivaraj C;Gunasekaran K (Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, Madras Univ, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: saleemiqbal550@gmail.com) : Antioxidant and anticancer activities of methanol extract of seeds of Datura stramonium I.. Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(2), 184-9.

Aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of methanol extract of seeds of D. stramonium. Antioxidant assays such as DPPH^- radical, superoxide radical, ABTS⁺ radical cation, OH^- radical scavenging assays, Phoshomolybdenum reduction and Fe³⁺ reducing power assays were investigated. Thin layer chromatography was performed to find out compounds present in the methanol extract. in vitro cytotoxic activity for MCF7 (breast cancer) cell line was too studied by MTT reagent assay method. IC₅₀ values of DPPH^- radical, superoxide radical, ABTS⁺ radical cation, OH^- radical scavenging assays were 35.26, 10.50, 49.36 μg/mL concentration respectively. TLC analysis showed the presence of compounds with Rf values of 0.76 and 0.58 in the methanol extract of D. stramonium. Cytotoxic activity for MCF7 cell line was 66.84% at 500 μg/mL concentration of methanol extract. Here Current study corroborates that D. stramonium is enriched with fine source of significant natural oxidants with anticancer agents and has therapeutic potential for treatment of diseases, induced by oxidative stress, Further research work is required to isolate active compounds for clinical trials.

5 illus, 5 tables, 33 ref

011625   Gurol A O;Kasim V;Suzergoz F (Immunology Dep , (Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine), Istanbul Univ, Istanbul, Turkey) : Antiproliferative effects of fluorine substitute 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol bearing schiff bases using CFSE-based cell proliferation assay. Curr Sci 2017, 112(3), 619-24.

The determination of antiproliferative properties of wpounds on tumour cells is important for assess-lent of their efficacy in cancer treatment. CFSE-abelled K562 cells were incubated with doxorubicin and ortho- or para-fluorosubstitute Schiff bases (com-pounds 1 and 2 respectively). CFSE intensities were analysed using flow cytometry. K562 cells treated with doxorubicin resulted in homogeneous high intensity fluorescence after 96 h of incubation. Schiff bases exhibited antiproliferative effects, but lower than doxorubicin. Our results reveal that CFSE assay can be used for determining in vitro antiproliferative features of anticancer drugs and/or compounds from herbal or chemical sources.

3 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

011624   Gupta S;Gupta A K;Verma M;Singh K;Amandeep Kaur;Chopra B;Vaneet Kaur (Biochemistry Dep, Gian Sagar Medical College and Hospital, Ram Nagar, Patiala District-140 401, Email: shalinidr2000@yahoo.com) : Compare the plasma glucose levels obtained in sodium fluoride and citrate buffer tubes at a tertiary care hospital in Punjab. Int J appl basic med Res 2016, 6(1), 50-3.

Recent guidelines for estimation of glucose recommend the use of citrate buffer tubes to inhibit glycolysis if the sample cannot be cooled immediately and separated within 30 min. These tubes are currently not available in India. We prepared the citrate tubes and compared the glucose results obtained with sodium fluoride tubes. Random blood samples of 44 apparently healthy volunteers were collected in three pairs of citrate buffer and sodium fluoride tubes during September to October 2013. They were labeled as 0 h, 1 h and 2 h samples indicating a delay in centrifugation to separate plasma. Glucose was analyzed on the fully auto analyzer in duplicates using glucose oxidase-peroxidase method. The mean glucose concentrations at 0 h in citrate tubes were 105.8 ± 19.5 mg/dl compared to 99.6 ± 18.3 mg/dl in sodium fluoride tube. There was statistically significant difference in the glucose levels measured in plasma separated from citrate buffer tube and sodium fluoride tube at 0 h, 1 h, and 2 h. The difference between citrate and sodium fluoride tube results ranged from 6.1 mg/dl at 0 h to 7.4 mg/dl at 2 h. Glucose levels decreased significantly at 2 h in both citrate and sodium fluoride tubes. There is a significant decrease in glucose levels in sodium fluoride tubes even with immediate separation of plasma. There is urgent need to standardize the preanalytical conditions for glucose estimation so that effective inhibition of glycolysis can be done.

2 tables, 11 ref

011623   Goswami B R;Das M K;Das P P;Medhi T;Ramteke A;Hazarika S;Dutta R K (Chemical Sciences Dep, Tezpur Univ, Tezpur-784 028, Email: robind@tezu.ernet.in) : Mahi: a unique traditional herbal ink of early Assam. Curr Sci 2017, 112(3), 591-5.

Mahi, a unique herbal ink prepared with cow urine as extractant, was used for manuscript writing in early Assam. The ink had a deep and fast colour and was persistent on Sancipat manuscripts due to its resistance to aerial oxidation and fungi. It was also noncorrosive unlike the corrosive acidic iron gall ink of contemporary Europe. The present study was aimed at analysing the physico-chemical properties of Mahi, including its special properties. The study includes phytochemical analysis, Antimicrobial assay, UV-visible with fluoresence analysis, iron and copper estimation and identification of some polyphenols by HPLC-UV.

4 illus, 18 ref

011622   Gnanasekaran N;John J R;Sakthivel G;Kalavathy S (Medical Biochemistry Dep, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, ETHIOPIA, Email: ngsbio@yahoo.co.uk) : Comparative studies of the phytochemical levels and the in vitro antioxidant activity of Tridax procumbens L. from different habitats. Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(1), 50-56.

Tridax procumbens is weed and randomly used in Ayurvedic system of medicine for hepatic problems such as jaundice, hepatitis, cirrhosis. It has been established that most powerful in improving the oxidative damage of liver injury caused by various factors. Objectives: To compared the in vitro antioxidant activity and quantity of the phytochemicals such as tannins, flavonoids, and total phenols, of the leaves and the flowers extracts of Tridax procumbens L. from different habitats. Methods & Methods: Tridax leaves and flowers were collected widely from the three different locations;-Hilly terrain, Dry-land, Wet-land and washed with distilled water, shade dried, coarsely powdered and extracted using 70% ethanol. The Phytochemicals levels and in vitro free radical scavenging activity were evaluated using standard protocols. Results: The flower and the leaf extracts of the hilly-terrain expressed the highest percentage of yield, total phenol and flavonoids contents, compared to the respective extracts of the dry and the wet-lands. Amongst all the extracts made, the flower extract of the hilly-terrain showed the lowest IC₅₀ value and the highest in vitro free radical scavenging activity because of the highest contents of the flavonoids and total phenols. Biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites of Tridax procumbens is not only controlled genetically, but also strongly influenced by the habitats. Moreover, the antioxidant potential of plant extracts derived from high altitude samples were higher than dry and wet-lands. The location of collection of plants was found to have profound influence in repeatability of the experimental results.

5 illus, 1 table, 43 ref

011621   Gangurde NS;Patil YP;Jain R;Sayyed RZ ( Microbiology Dep, PSGVP Mandal's Arts, Science and Commerce College , Shahada, Nandurbar, Maharastra-425 409, Email: nsgangurde@gmail.com) : Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate biodegradation by mixed culture population vis-a-vis single culture population under varying environmental conditions: A new approach. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(5), 311-20.

Mostly, studies on biodegradation of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) employs only single or dual culture of degrading microorganisms and often in single environmental condition. In this study, as a new and sustainable approach, we used natural communities (mixed culture population) for biodegradation of PHB under variable environmental conditions. Alcaligenes sp. RZS 4 yielded 5.60 g/L of PHB by submerged fermentation. The absence of polysaccharides, cell component in PHB extract and thin layer chromatography reassert the purity of PHB extract. Eighteen bacterial and 7 fungal cultures were used for assessment of biodegradation PHB. The study using single culture population suggests thatthemetabolism of fungal and bacterial isolates varies from species to species, in solid environment; maximum degradation lasts up to 15 days of incubation while in liquid environment it lasts up to 10 days. The biodegradation of PHB in liquid environment by a mixed population exhibit a much higher biodegradation rate than single culture population and also reduces biodegradation time by 2 days. The times profile suggested that the rate of PHB biodegradation depended on the incubation period and amount of PHB. This study, thus documents the use of natural communities (mixed culture population) in defined media stimulated environmental conditions for efficient biodegradation of PHB.

3 illus, 2 table, 32 ref