018657   Kavitha P;Sowmia C (PG Dep of Biochemistry, Dr. N.G.P. Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, Email: kavirajan83@yahoo.com) : Screening of phytochemical and in-vitro antioxidant property of a polyherbal formulation. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4608-14.

Herbal plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a rich source of different types of medicines. Thus, a proper scientific evidence or assessment has become the criteria for acceptance of herbal health claims. As such developing a polyherbal formulation will definitely produce synergistic effect as needed comparable to standard drugs that are available in market all over the world. The polyherbal formulation, which has a combination of medicinal herbs such as Allium sativum, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Linum usitatissimum was tested for its antioxidant activity, total phenolic and alkaloid contents in-vitro. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the in-vitro antioxidant, total phenolic and alkaloid content of polyherbal formulation and its application for treating life threatening diseases such as cancer, cardiac diseases, diabetes mellitus. In this paper we report the results of such studies in order to orient future investigations towards the finding of new, potent, safe and easily available food antioxidants.

25 ref

018656   Kandan A;Akhtar J;Singh B;Pal D;Dinesh Chand; Rajkumar S;Agarwal P C (Plant Quarantine Div, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110 012, Email: genekannz@gmail.com) : Genetic diversity analysis of fungal pathogen Bipolaris sorghicola infecting Sorghum bicolor in India. J envir Biol 2016, , 1323-30.

Bipolaris sorghicola (Lefebvre and Sherwin) is a well known and economically important seed-borne pathogen with the specific species of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L] Moench) as host. Thirty-two strains were obtained from different geographical area of sorghum growing places in India. Molecular characterization using three marker systems i.e., universal rice primers (URP), inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was carried out. Molecular marker work revealed differences along with geographical origin clustering of various B. sorghicola strains which could not be revealed through conventional method of characterization. Out of 13 URPs, 20 ISSR and 50 RAPD primers screened, 8 primers each from URP and ISSR, and 10 primers from RAPD marker were found to result in reproducible banding pattern. One hundred per cent of polymorphic bands was recorded in all three molecular markers. Total number of bands was recorded 1986 with average of 248.25 in URP marker, and 2026 bands with average of 253.25 in ISSR marker and 2158 bands with average of 215.80 in RAPD markers. Maximum heterozygosity (Hn) was revealed by URP 17R (0.40), ISSR 10 (0.41) and RAPD marker OPC-5 (0.34). The polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged between 5.89 to 8.28 in URP, 4.57 to 8.79 in ISSR and 4.44 to 9.64 in RAPD marker profiles. Maximum cophenetic correlation was found in URP (r = 0.910) followed by ISSR (r = 0.904) and RAPD (r = 0.870). The combined analysis of all three marker systems showed high cophenetic correlation (r = 0.911), which indicated a very good fit of the data for genetic diversity analysis. To best of our knowledge, this is a first report of genetic characterization of B. sorghicola. Hence, combined use of three marker systems would be more sensitive and reliable in characterizing genetic variability in B. sorghicola strains.

2 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

018655   Kamath K K;Shabaraya A R (Pharmaceutics Dep, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valachil, Mangalore-574 143, Email: kamathkrishnananda@yahoo.com) : Antibacterial poly-herbal semisolid formulations containing leaves extracts of Tectona grandis, Mangifera indica and Anacardium occidentale. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2016, 8(5), 265-8.

Herbal medicine have become an item of global importance both has medicinal and economical value. Plants used for medicinal purposes long before recorded history. Many plant species have been proved to have antibacterial activity. Thus, the main objective of the study was to formulate and evaluate a poly-herbal semisolid dosage forms using ethanolic extracts of frontal leaves of T. grandis, M. indica and A. occidentale. Formulations were evaluated for its physicochemical properties like color, consistency, pH, spreadability, extrudability and the results were found satisfactory. Antibacterial activity of formulations was studied against S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa by agar well diffusion method. (E. coli, P. aeruginosa) bacteria. The order of activity was as follows: Water Soluble bases <62> Gel Bases <62> Hydrocarbon Bases. The zones of inhibition of poly herbal formulations were in between 23-28 mm which can be comparable with standard formulation 24-29 mm. Activity of the formulations may be due to the presence of alkaloids, flavanoids, phenols and tannins in the extracts. The formulations were found to be very efficacious in all the parameters.

5 tables, 26 ref

018654   Jayanti N;Verma P;Vishnu Kumar;Mahdi F;Mahdi A A;Khanna A K;Saxena J K;Singh R K (Biochemistry Dep, Era's Lucknow Medical & Hospital, Sarfaraz Ganj Hardoi Road-226 003, Email: vkawasthi@hotmail.com) : Antidyslipidemic and antioxidant activity of medicinal plants in rat model of hyperlipidemia. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4579-87.

The antidyslipidemic and antioxidant activities of Allium sativum (Garlic) and Aloe vera (Ghee- kuwar) extracts have been studied in two models of hyperlipidemia, triton and cholesterol rich high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia. A. sativum, A. vera and Gemfibrogil were macerated with 0.2% aqueous gum acacia and the suspension was fed orally to rats of group III, IV and V at a dose of 400mg, 1g/Kg, and 50 mg/Kg (b.w.p.o.) respectively with triton. Serum lipids were found to be lowered by Allium sativum and Aloe-vera in triton induced hyperlipidemia. On the other hand chronic feeding of these extracts to animals in cholesterol rich high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia for 30 days caused lowering in lipid and protein levels of β lipoproteins followed by an increase in a lipoproteins. The results of present study demonstrate that hypolipidemic activity of these extracts mediate through inhibition of hepatic lipid synthesis, increased faecal bile acid excretion and induced plasma LCAT activity in rats. Furthermore these extracts (100 and 200 μg/ml) inhibited the in vitro generation of superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals in both enzymatic and non enzymatic systems.

33 ref

018653   Iswarya S;Subha T S;John Sundar V;Gnanamani A (Microbiology Div, Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-New Delhi), Adyar, Chennai 20, Tamil Nadu, Email: gnanamani3@gmail.com) : Microsphere formulation of essential oil of Acorus calamus L. controls, Aspergillus niger growth in finished leather at an extended period of storage: Featuring extraction, formulation and evaluation. Int J Pharmac 2016, 3(7), 295-305.

Plant oils have been used for a variety of purposes for many thousands of years. In particular, the anti-microbial & anti-fungal activity of plant extracts and oils have formed the basis of many applications. Since, Aspergillus niger contamination in leather and leather apparels reduces the export value considerably, demand appropriate solution. The present study emphasizes anti-Aspergillus potential of an essential oil and microsphere formulation in combating the A.niger growth in finished leather. A.niger ATCC 16888 strain was chosen for the present study. Both well diffusion and broth dilution methods are used. Mode of action and microsphere formulation and its impact on leather studied using standard protocols. Essential oil (EO) of Acoruscalamus L. exhibited appreciable Anti-Aspergillus potency compared to untreated control and standard drugs (Itraconazole &Voriconazole). The oil contains components in addition to asarone. The damage in plasma membrane and reduction in ergosterol content authenticate the antifungal action EO. The new microsphere formulation of an essential oil appreciably prevent the growth of A.niger in when tested in leather for more than 90 days compared to free oil wherein reoccurrence was evidenced within 60 days.

7 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

018652   Ilanchezhian T;Vanaja R;Rajagopalan B (Biochemistry Dep, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Ammapettai, Kanchipuram District-603 108, Email: lovelyilan1986@gmail.com) : Comparative study of the estimation of LDL cholesterol by the direct method and Friedewald equation in secondary hyperlipidemia. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4632-6.

The objective of the study is to measure the difference between the levels of LDL by Direct method versus Friedewald equation. The study includes 30 patients and 30 controls in the age of 25 - 75 years of both sexes. Fasting blood samples were collected and estimated Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL-C) cholesterol and High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, LDL cholesterol by direct method and by Friedewald's formula (FW). There is a significant difference between LDL Direct and LDL-FW at triglyceride range of 1 - 100, (p= 0.01), 201 - 300 (p= 0.01) and no significant difference (p= 0.9) at 101 - 200, (p= 0.3) at 301 - 400 and (p= 0.2) at <62>400. There is a significant difference between LDL Direct and LDL-FW (p= 0.01) at total cholesterol range of 200 - 249 and no significant difference (p= 1.0) at 100 - 149, (p= 1.0) at 150 - 199 and (p= 0.9) at <62>250. There is significant difference between LDL values by direct and FW method (p=0.0490). LDL by Direct method is lower due to non interference of cholesterol and triglyceride, and LDL by FW is higher due to interference by cholesterol and triglyceride. The study has concluded that LDL-C by Direct method is reliable than Friedewald equation.

15 ref

018651   Hegde K;Arathi A P;Mathew A (Pharmacology Dep, Srinivas College of Pharmacy Manglore, Karnataka, Email: khegde_sh2003@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of hydro alcoholic extract of Chrysophyllum cainito fruits. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4422-8.

Antidiabetic activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Chrysophyllum cainito frutis (CCE) was investigated against experimentally induced diabetics in rats using alloxan and streptozotocin (STZ). Acute toxicity study was performed and hydro-alcoholic extract of CCE was found to be safe at a dose of 2000 mg/kg bodyweight. Two doses 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg b.w p.o. of the CCE were subjected for the evaluation of anti-diabetic activity against the diabetic induced by alloxan (100 mg/kg, i.p) and STZ (50 mg/kg, i.p) in rats. Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg p.o) was served as standard in both the models. Fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, lipid profile (HDL and LDL) and histopathology were evaluated in the study. Both the lower (200 mg/kg) and higher dose (400 mg/kg) of CCE showed a dose dependent significant decrease in blood glucose level, triglyceride, cholesterol levels and LDL and an increase in HDL in the treated diabetic rats when compared with diabetic control. Histopathology of pancreas showed regeneration of β-cells in extract treated diabetic rats. The results obtained were comparable with that of the standard drug Glibenclamide. The present study concluded that Chrysophyllum cainito fruits were found to be effective plant against alloxan and streptozotocin induced diabetes and also help in preservation of islet cells.

19 ref

018650   Gupta S S;Azmi L;Shukla I;Pal L;Mohaptra P K; Rao C V (Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Div, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001, Email: chvrao72@yahoo.com) : Serpyllifolia leaves extract of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Pharmac 2016, 3(8), 346-53.

The purpose of study was to determine the leaves of Andrographis serpyllifolia for anti-diabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The aqueous, alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extractsof Andrographis serpyllifolia were tested for toxicity upto 4000 mg kg^-1 as per OECD-425 guidelines. Anti-diabetic activity was assessed by oral glucose tolerance test and streptozotocin-induced model. In oral glucose tolerance test alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extractsexhibited greater activity compared to aqueous extract. Hence the alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extracts were further screened by streptozotocin-induced model at 75, 150 and 300mg kg^-1 for 15 days. The alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extracts effectively lowered serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, low density lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins, aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, creatinine and elevated high density lipoprotein levels, body weight and liver glycogen levels. The alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extracts elicited dose-dependent effect and the effect produced at the lower dose was not considerable. Hydroalcoholic extract (300 mg kg^-1) elicited greater anti-diabetic and antihyperlipidemia activity compared to alcoholic extract (300 mg kg^-1).

2 illus, 7 tables, 19 ref

018649   Gupta R;Gupta G D (Pharmacogosy Dep, ASBASJSM College of Pharmacy, Bela (Ropar)-140 111, Email: rgcornosy@gmail.com) : Pharmacognostic, phytochemical and antioxidant activity studies on Cordia obliqua Willd. leaf. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4669-77.

Cordia obliqua Willd. (Clammy Cherry) belongs to genus Cordia and family Boraginaceae. It possesses a number of traditionally mentioned medicinal activities like purgative, diuretic, antipyretic, anthelmintic, analgesic and hepatoprotective. The present work is related with Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and antioxidant study of Cordia obliqua leaf. Under Pharmacognostic study various parameters like macroscopic, microscopic and physiochemical parameters were studied as per WHO guidelines. This work will be helpful in authentication of Cordia obliqua Willd. plant. After this successive soxhlet extraction was performed for leaf powder with various solvents in increasing order of polarity like Hexane, Chloroform, Methanol and water. These extracts were used to study presence of various chemical constituents as well as to determine amount of total Phenol and Flavonoids content. Further antioxidant activity study was performed with help of DPPH and H₂O₂ radical scavenging methods. The leaf methanol extract was found to have maximum amount of Phenols and Flavonoids. In antioxidant activity study, again the results with methanol extract were found better and comparable with standard and it may be due to presence of more amounts of Phenols and Flavonoids. Finally it was concluded that the leaf methanol extract is a good antioxidant and it may also be helpful in other biological activity study.

15 ref

018648   Gulia A;Patel F D;Santam C;Bhavana R;Reena K; Sharma S C (Radiotherapy Dep, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Email: drabhishekgulia@gmail.com) : Clinical significance of geographic miss when using conventional four - 107 - field radiotherapy technique in treatment of locally advanced carcinoma cervix. Indian J Cancer 2016, 53(1), 80-5.

Although conventional four- field radiotherapy based on bony landmarks has been traditionally used, areas of geographical miss due to individual variation in pelvic anatomy have been identified with advanced imaging techniques. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the geographical miss in patientswhen using the conventional four-field planningplanning and to find out the impact of 3-D conformal CT based in patients with locally advanced carcinoma cervix. In 50 patients, target volume delineation was done on planning computed tomography (CT) scans, according to guidelines by Taylor et al. Patients were treated with modified four field plan, except for the superior, where field border was kept at L4-L5 interspace A dosimetric comparison was done between the conventional four-field based on bony landmarks and the target volume delineated on computed tomography. The disease free survival, pelvic and para aortic nodal free survival, distant failures free survival were calculated using Kaplan Meir Product Limit Method. Patients were followed-up for a median period of 11 months. The median V95 for conventional and modified extended four field plans were 89.4% and 91.3% respectively. Patients with V95 for modified extended pelvic fields less than 91.3% had a trend toward inferior disease free survival (mean DFS 9.8 vs. 13.9 months) though the difference was not statistically significant log rank test. The preliminary data shows trend toward lower DFS in patients with inadequate target volume coverage. We recommend routine use of CT based planning for four field technique.

10 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

018647   Gopal G R;Anuja G I;Latha P G;Nair A J; Gangaprasad A;Sudhakaran P R;Muraleedharan D;Nair G M (Inter Univ Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Kerala Univ, Kariavattom-695 581, Email: rajeswarigopal@gmail.com) : Anti-hepatotoxic property of roots and leaves of Chassalia curviflora (Wall.) thwaites against CCl₄ induced liver damage in rats. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2016, 8(5), 269-74.

In the present study the roots and leaf ethanolic extracts of Chassalia curviflora were screened for their anti hepatotoxic and anti oxidant effects in experimentally induced liver injury by carbon tetra chloride. Liver serum marker enzymes as well as antioxidant enzymes mainly superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione levels were determined. The plant root and leaf ethanolic extracts at 50, 100, 200 mg concentrations significantly (**P ≤ 0.05) reduced the elevated serum hepato specific enzyme [serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum alkaline phosphatase (SAKP), serum bilirubin (SB)] and cholesterol levels induced by CCl₄. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and non enzymatic reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were increased whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) level was reduced by the extracts. Compared to the leaf extract, root extract significantly reduced serum hepato parameters and increased the levels of anti-oxidant enzymes in a dose dependent manner. The results were comparable to that of silymarin, reference drug used for the study. The histopathological studies also supported the biochemical findings. Acute toxicity studies revealed that it is safe for pharmacological uses upto 2000mg/kg. The present study scientifically validated the traditional use of plant root in hepatoprotection.

1 illus, 3 tables, 42 ref

018646   Ghosal S;Chakraborty I;Pradhan N K (PG Dep of Physiology, Hooghly Mohsin College, West Bengal-700 073, Email: pradhan.nirmal11@gmail.com) : Effects of Jussiaea repens L on sperm DNA integrity in male albino rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4660-68.

Fertility control is an issue of global challenge. Researchers are trying to develop male herbal contraceptives from natural sources. Jussiaea repens L (JR) is such an herb which is reported to have non toxic antigonadal activity in male rats. The present study has designed to evaluate whether crude - 106 - queous extract of JR affects the DNA integrity of spermatozoa and also to study whether its actions are reversible or not. In this study, toluidine blue (TB), acridine orange (AO) and aniline blue (AB) staining were used to assess sperm chromatin / DNA integrity and comet assay for sperm DNA damage. Results show that the DNA integrity or denaturation by TB, AO and AB positive staining of spermatozoa of JR treated group were significantly increased when compared with control. But TB positive staining was much higher (34.51%) than AO (27.06 %) and AB (18.91%) positive staining. But no denaturation was observed in epididymal spermatozoa of rats after withdrawal of extract treatment. Results of Comet assay also support the reduced change in Head DNA % and increase in Tail DNA %, Tail length (TL), Comet length (CL), Tail movement( TM) and Olive tail movement (OTM) than control groups. However, in the recovery group no significant changes were observed. All parameters returned almost towards control in withdrawal group suggesting the reversible action of extract. So, it may be concluded that Jussiaea repens at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight/day for 28 days, induce temporary DNA damage of epididymal spermatozoa and infertility in rats. So, at regulated dose and duration, Jussiaea repens extract can be used as non-toxic male herbal contraceptive in future.

37 ref

018645   Geetanjali;Jain P (Biotechnology Dep, Univ Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra, Haryana, Email: drpranayjain@gmail.com) : Antibiotic production by rhizospheric soil microflora. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4304-14.

The rhizosphere represents the thin layer of soil surrounding plant roots and the soil occupied by the roots, supports large active groups of microorganisms. The vast organic compounds (amino acids, sugars etc.) secreted by plant roots in the rhizosphere provide a food source for microorganisms increasing microbial biomass and their activity in the rhizosphere. Antibiotics are antimicrobial compounds produced by living microorganism as secondary metabolites. These compounds are used therapeutically and sometimes prophylactically in the control of infectious diseases. The isolation of antibiotics from microorganisms is relatively easy as compared to chemical synthesis of antimicrobial agents. The isolation of antibiotics from microorganisms improved the discovery of novel antibiotics that could act as better chemotherapeutic agents. With the increased population pressure, costs and side effects and the development of resistance of pathogens to drugs for infectious diseases, there is an urgent need to explore microbes for development of new antimicrobial metabolites. As microorganisms grow in unique and extreme habitats, they may have the capability to produce unique and unusual metabolites. So rhizospheric soil gives an excellent option as a source for search of some new alternative medicines. This review highlights the recent developments in the production of antimicrobial compounds from rhizospheric soil microflora.

^iia39 ref

018644   Gbaguidi B A;Adjou E S;Koutchiko A; Dahouenon-Ahoussi E;Sezan A;Dominique S (Lab of Research in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, Univ of Abomey-Calavi, P.O.B, Cotonou, Benin) : Phytochemical and acute toxicity of ethanolic extract from leaves of Annona muricata (L.) from benin in experimental albino rats. Int J chem Stud 2017, 5(6), 39-41.

The aims of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical composition and acute toxicity of ethanolic extract from leaves of Annona muricata (L.) from Benin. The results of phytochemical analysis indicated that tanins gallics, tanins catechics, flavonoids, leuco-anthocyans and mucilages are presents in leaves of Annona muricata. However, quinonics and cyanogenics derivatives as well as saponosides are not detected. The results of acute oral toxicity of ethanolic extract from leaves of Annona muricata indicated that the LD₅₀ value of the ethanolic extract from leaves of Annona muricata was 3750 mg.kg^-1, corresponding to the low class toxicity substance.

1 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

018643   Gadgil M (Chemical Engineering and Process Development Div, CSIR-National Chemical Lab, Pune-411 008, Email: mc.gadgil@ncl.res.in) : Cell culture processes for biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Curr Sci 2017, 112(7), 1478-88.

Recombinant proteins manufactured using animal cell culture processes comprise a significant fraction of biopharmaceuticals. With the expiry of patents on this class of therapeutics, there is also a significant interest in manufacture of biosimilar versions of such therapeutics. This article provides a birds-eye view of upstream process development for animal cell culture processes, with a focus on advances pertinent to the development of processes for biosimilars.

2 illus, 108 ref

018642   Dias M P;Nozari R M;Santarem E R (Lab of Plant Biotechnology, Faculdade de Biociencias, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Gran, Porto Alegre, CEP 90619-900, RS, Brazil, Email: esantarem@pucrs.br) : Herbicidal activity of natural compounds from Baccharis spp. on the germination and seedlings growth of Lactuca sativa and Bidens pilosa. Allelopathy J 2017, 42(1), 21-36.

Authors evaluated the effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from 3-Baccharis species (B. dentata, B. uncinella and B. anomala) on the germination and seedlings growth of Lactuca sativa (model specie) and Bidens pilosa (weed) and by chemical analysis determined the phenolic compounds present in extracts. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of B. dentata, B. uncinella and B. anomala were tested at 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% concentrations. Allelopathic effects of three Baccharis species were variable. The B. pilosa was more sensitive to the extracts than L. sativa and germination was inhibited with ethanolic extracts of B. anomala and B. uncinella from 5 to 10%. Aqueous extract of B. dentata and B. uncinella at 10% concentration reduced the germination of B. pilosa by 80%. The ethanolic extracts of B. uncinella (2.5 to 10%) and B. anomala (5 to 10%) caused 100% mortality of seedlings. Total phenolic compounds were more abundant in aqueous extracts. Amongst the phenolics, catechin was most abundant (1.61 to 6.16 mg g^-1 DM) in aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Baccharis species tested. This study showed that Baccharis uncinella may be used as an alternative bioherbicide to control the weeds in agroecosystems.

4 illus, 2 tables, 59 ref

018641   Deepika M Y;Lakshmi Devi M A R;Nagaraju B; Ramya Deepthi P;Vasudha Bakshi B (Pharmacology Dep, Anurag group of Institutions, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad, Telangana, Email: yashodeepika@gmail.com) : Anti obesity activity and beneficial effects of methanolic extract of Desmostachya bipinnata in HFD and progesterone induced obesity in rats and mice. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4644-55.

Obesity is very serious and concerned problem these days. From the first human civilization, research is going to find the drugs to treat obesity and its complications. Despite availability of many drugs in market to treat obesity, no single drug is ideal for treating all sorts of problems - 104 - caused by obesity. So the research is going on finding perfect drug. Prior going to evaluating drugs on humans, it is necessary to go for preclinical evaluation and usually the rodents are suitable models. The ideal obesity models available for obesity are induced by using chemicals and high fat diet. Methanolic extract of aerial parts of Desmostachya bipinnata plant was studied for its Anti-obesity activity in animal experimental models. Wistar albino rats, albino mice were used to study anti-obesity activity of methanolic extract of D.bipinnata plant aerial parts at doses 200 mg/kg p.o. and 400 mg/kg p.o. against the standard orlistat 50 mg/kg p.o. in models of anti-obesity activity viz. High fat induced obesity, Progesterone induced obesity model. The induction of obesity is done by diet (20 grams/animal/day) and progesterone (subcutaneous) in High fat induced obesity, Progesterone induced obesity models respectively. The study period is 28 days for both models. In both models, the plant showed anti-obesity activity significantly through the biochemical and behavioral parameters.

31 ref

018640   De Oliveira D T;Savio A L V;De Castro Marcondes J P;Barros T M;Barbosa L C;Salvadori D M F;Da Silva G N (Escola de Farmacia, Departamento de Analises Clinicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil, Email: glenda_silva@yahoo.com) : Cytotoxic and toxicogenomic effects of silibinin in bladder cancer cells with different TP53 status. J Biosci, Bangalore 2017, 42(1), 91-101.

Silibinin is a natural phenol found in the seeds of the milk thistle plant. Recent data have shown its effectiveness for preventing/treating bladder tumours. Therefore, in this study we investigated the cytotoxic and toxicogenetic activity of silibinin in bladder cancer cells with different TP53 statuses. Two bladder urothelial carcinoma cell lines were used: RT4 (wild-type TP53 gene) and T24 (mutated TP53 gene). Cell proliferation, clonogenic survival, apoptosis rates, genotoxicity and relative expression profile of FRAP/mTOR, FGFR3, AKT2 and DNMT1 genes and of miR100 and miR203 were evaluated. Silibinin promoted decreased proliferation and increased late apoptosis in TP53 mutated cells. Increased early apoptosis rates, primary DNA damage, and decrease of cell colonies in the clonogenic survival assay were detected in both RT4 and T24 cell lines. Down-regulation of FRAP/mTOR, AKT2, FGFR3, DNMT1 and miR100 expression occurred in RT4 cells. Modulation of miR203 was observed in both cell lines. In conclusion, despite the reduction of clone formation in both cell lines, the toxicogenomic effect of silibinin on FRAP/mTOR, AKT2, FGFR3, DNMT1 and miR100 was dependent on the TP53 status. Taken together, the data confirmed the role of silibinin as an antiproliferative compound, whose mechanism of action was related to the TP53 status.

7 illus, 67 ref

018639   Dash G K;Ansari M T;Sami F;Majeed S (Research and Post Graduate Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal, 30450 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia, Email: gkdash2@gmail.com) : Proximate analysis and quantitative estimation of gallic acid in Quercus infectoria Oliv. galls by HPTLC. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4400-6.

The galls of Quercus infectoria Oliv. (Family: Fagaceae) are commonly known as "Manjakani" by Malaysian community. It is one of the most popular traditional medicines used by the females to help regression of prolapsed uterus. The aim of this study was to perform the proximate analysis and quantitative estimation of gallic acid in the methanol extract of locally available galls of Q. infectoria - 103 - using HPTLC. The gall powder was subjected to the quantitative determination of moisture content, ash and extractive values according British Pharmacopoeia. Preliminary phytochemical studies were performed on different extracts to find out the nature of phytoconstituents they contain. Quantitative estimation of gallic acid in the methanol extract was assessed through denstiometric scanning using a TLC Scanner 3 (Camag, Switzerland) with win CATS software. The results of the preliminary phytochemical screening of various extracts revealed presence of steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, gums and mucilages respectively in the galls. Amount of of gallic acid in the sample was found to be 0.218 ± 0.0011% w/w. The present method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, and specificity with reference to ICH guidelines. The developed method is capable of quantifying gallic acid in locally available samples of Q. infectoria.

14 ref

018638   Das J;Dey P;Banerjee P (Biochemistry Dep, School of Biological Sciences, Dayananda Sagar Institutions, Dayanand, Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumarsamy Layout, Bengaluru-560 078, Email: jayashreedas26@gmail.com) : Redesigning nature: to be or not to be?. Curr Sci 2017, 112(7), 1346-52.

The concept of designer babies' is indeed intriguing, wherein offspring characteristics can be modified in the embryonic stage by gene editing. Genome editing has got an immense boost with the advent of the Cas/CRISPR technology that utilizes proteins from a bacterial immune system to remove defective genes and replaces them with a rectified edition. The technique is proving to be successful in fighting a host of genetic diseases, including cancer and has even made headway with HIV. The technology has sparked a revolution in genomics with a storm brewing over its patent rights.

2 illus, 22 ref

018637   Damle M C;Rokade P C (NO, AISSMS College of Pharmacy, Kennedy road, Near R.T.O, Pune-411 001, Email: mcdamle@rediffmail.com) : Development and validation of stability-indicating HPTLC method for determination of solifenacin succinate as bulk drug and in tablet dosage form. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2016, 8(4), 218-22.

A new simple, stability- indicating high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed and validated for estimation of Solifenacin succinate in bulk and in tablet dosage form. The optimized mobile phase was Methanol: Water: Glacial acetic acid (9:1:0.1v/v/v) with UV detection at 216 nm. The retention factor for Solifenacin succinate was found to be 0.49 ± 0.03. The drug was subjected to stress conditions of hydrolysis under different pH conditions, oxidation, photolysis and thermal degradation as per ICH guidelines. Results were found to be linear in the concentration range of 2000-10000ng band^-1.

4 illus, 7 tables, 17 ref

018636   Churasia A;Singh J;Ajay Kumar (Biotechnology and Biosciences Dep, Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara-144 411, Email: kumarajaybiotech@gmail.com) : Production of biodiesel from soybean oil biomass as renewable energy source. J envir Biol 2016, 37(6), 1303-7.

Transesterification of vegetable oils with short-chain alcohols is used to produce biodiesel. In the present study, crude soybean oil was investigated on the basis of three principal variables, such as optimum reaction temperature (60°C), the amount of catalyst concentration from 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5% and molar ratio of methanol 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6, respectively affecting yield of biodiesel. Under optimum condition, at molar ratio 1:6 in the presence of 0.5% NaOH and 60°C reaction temperature and 350 rpm approximately 99.1% biodiesel yield was obtained.

5 illus, 1 table, 38 ref

018635   Chandra Mohan T;Raghuramudu K;Prasad P A; Sandya C R;Shanthanna P;Kumar P R (Aquatic Environment Management Dep, College of Fisheries, Mangalore, Karnataka) : Algal biofuels alternative energy source. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2017, 5(6), 41-6.

World population is increasing day by day alarmingly at the same time dependence on fossil fuel increases. As a result of this fossil fuel has become expensive and is near to exhaust. Usage of fossil fuel is creating harmful impact on environment and living biota. The energy crises, especially depletion of fossil fuels has become serious issue. In other way use of fossil and its end products are threatening the life by environmental pollution, global warming, greenhouse effect and rains. In these conditions algal biofuel is only alternative and renewable source to replace the fossil fuels. It mitigate the harmful effects of fossil fuels on environment and it assist in maintenance of the healthy environment. The main causes for this are high yields, a near-continuous harvest stream, and the potential to site the algal bioreactors on non-arable land. Production of fuel from algae biomass can be done by different approaches as mechanically and non-mechanical way. Extract the biofuel from algae can be done by numerous ways. The most commonly use method is Trans esterification. Conversion of triglycerides into esters and glycerol by using different catalyst is the main strategy of trans esterification.

2 illus, 4 tables, 46 ref

018634   Baishya H;Hui L S;Ping X X;Zibin Z (NO, Beijing Sciecure Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.,, North Shi Zhen in the North industrial area, shunyi district, Beijing, China, Email: himankar@sciecure.com) : Lyophilization cycle comparison and scale-up of esomeprazole sodium for injection between lab scale and scale-up batches vs FDM study. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4407-13.

Lyophilization also known as freeze drying is a process in which water is removed from a product after it was frozen and placed under a vacuum, allowing the ice to change directly from solid to vapor without passing through a liquid phase. The process consists of three separate, unique, and interdependent processes; freezing, primary drying (sublimation), and secondary drying (desorption). Esomeprazole sodium for Injection 20 mg and 40 mg formulation was developed by optimized Lyophilization cycle. The objective of the research work was to compare the lyophilsation process cycle between Lab scale and scale up batches. The collapse temperature (Tc) for the product was identified using Freeze-drying microscope (FDM). During manufacturing the samples were exposed to above said collapse temperature to study the impact on product quality. Lab scale manufacturing was executed in Tofflon Lyophilizer 0.5 and scale-up batches were executed in Tofflon Lyophilizer 13. The Lyophilisation cycle and analytical results for both the batches were compared.

10 ref

018633   Arjun J K;Aneesh B;Kavitha T;Hari Krishnan K (Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Environmental Biology Lab, Kerala, Email: harikrishnan@rgcb.res.in) : Therapeutic L-asparaginase activity of bacteria isolated from marine sediments. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2016, 8(4), 229-34.

L-Asparaginase, a therapeutic enzyme used in lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphosarcoma chemotherapy which is derived mostly from the bacterial sources Escherichia coli and Erwinia sp. The long term administration of the drug leads to the development of resistant tumours and anaphylactic shock in certain individuals. Hence serologically different L-Asparaginase from novel microbial sources with enhanced therapeutic potential and immunological characteristics is an essential requirement. The marine bacteria having diverse range of potential enzymes might be a source for L-Asparaginase with novel properties, which are still unexplored. In this study, we have screened marine bacteria isolated from the coastal regions of Kerala which showed both intra and extra cellular L-Asparaginase activity. Bacillus sp. (Accession no KF142395) was found to have the highest extracellular enzyme activity (2.31 IU/ml) while Shewanella sp. (Accession no KF142390) showed maximum intracellular Asparaginase - 101 - activity (2.16 IU/ml).The crude extracellular enzyme preparation from Bacillus sp. had cytotoxic effect on HL60 cell line with an IC₅₀ value of 12.5μg/ml.

4 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

018632   Agarwal V;Rathore D S;Bajpai M (College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rajkumar Goel Institute of Technology, 5-Km. Stone, Delhi-Meerut Road, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: vagarwal5@rediffmail.com) : Investigation of effect of non-ionic - 100 - stabilizers on the physical stability of drug nanosuspension prepared by bottom up approach. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2016, 8(4), 189-98.

In this research work, the effects of nonionic stabilizers on the physical stability of drug nanosuspensions were investigated. For this purpose five nonionic polymers (hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and pluronic F68) and esomeprazole were selected as stabilizers and drug candidate, respectively. All the nanosuspensions were prepared using bottom up approach. The potential of Ostwald ripening for the nanosuspensions was investigated by subjecting them to various stress conditions such as storage at various temperature conditions (15øC, 25øC, 35øC, 45øC), mechanically shaking for 72 hours and fluctuation in storage temperature. All the polyvinylpyrrolidone and hydroxypropyl cellulose based formulations that were stored under different stress conditions exhibited the increase in particle size. In other cases the highest increase in mean particle size was observed at 45oC, followed by 35øC. Samples stored at 15øC and 25øC did not exhibit the significant changes in particle size. The HPMC 1 formulation stored at 45øC, exhibited a steep increase in particle size, probably due to desolvation of the HPMC molecules at this temperature and subsequent loss of stabilization of the nanoparticles. However, in case of HPMC 2 and HPMC 3 formulations (stored at 45øC), the gradual increase in particles size was obtained. This trend of increase in particle size was attributed to presentation of excess amount of HPMC. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that all the prepared nanosuspensions were in crystalline state. Hence, physical treatments and other factors did not change the crystalline state of nanosuspensions. To Confirm the crystalline state of those samples which were undergo for 3 cycles of temperature fluctuation, the DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry) analysis was performed, and compare with raw drug. Esomeprazole exhibited the melting endotherm at an onset temperature of 178.1øC and a peak temperature at 185.31øC. The thermogram revealed that crystalline state of raw drug was not changes but the melting peak drifted slightly due to presence of stabilizers.

9 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

018631   Adhikari A;Hazra A K;Bhattacharya S;Seal T; Sur T K (Pharmacology Dep, R.G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata-700 004, Email: drtapaskumarsur@gmail.com) : Dietary polyphenolics supplementation with drinking black tea ameliorates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2016, 8(4), 204-9.

Black tea (Camellia sinensis) supplement on renal disorders has poorly been explored. The present study was aimed to identified essential polyphenols present in black tea and it's the role in gentamicin (GEN) induced nephrotoxicity in mice. The polyphenols present in 2.5% black tea infusion (BT) was determined by HPLC and antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging. The renoprotective role of BT (125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg orally for 7 days) was assessed in GEN (80 mg/kg, i.p, daily for 7 days) induced mice. BUN and creatinine was estimated in blood and lipid peroxides, glutathione, catalase and protein was determined in renal tissues. Ten polyphenols including catechin, caffeic acid, rutin, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, myricetin, gallic acid, quercetin and kaempferol were identified and quantified in BT by HPLC. Moreover, it also exhibited powerful DPPH radical scavenging property (IC₅₀ 74.75μg/mg black tea). Finally, BT not only significantly and dose dependently (p<0.05) lowered BUN and creatinine in blood and reduced lipid peroxides in kidney, but also eventually enhanced the cellular antioxidants, glutathione and catalase in renal tissues. Therefore, black tea could be a good source of polyphenols that may protect kidneys from gentamicin induced oxidative stress.

2 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

018630   Acharya H A;Patel R P (Faculty of Pharmacy, Ganpat Univ, Kherva, Mahesana-Gozaria Highway, Mahesana, Gujarat, Email: himans90@gmail.com) : Development and optimization of gastro-retentive formulation of hydralazine HCl. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2016, 8(5), 249-53.

Hydralazine hydrochloride has a half-life of 2 to 4 hours with an oral bioavailability of 26-50%. Since hydralazine has a demethylating effect on various - 99 - suppressor genes, it can be used in various types of cancer to support chemotherapy. The purpose of this study was to optimize and evaluate floating tablets of hydralazine hydrochloride designed to prolong the gastric residence time and to provide controlled release of the drug for 24 h. The floating tablets of hydralazine hydrochloride were prepared by the wet granulation method. Polymers of hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K100M), HPMC K15M, carbopol 940 and sodium bicarbonate were used as the release retarding agents. This study investigated utility of a 3-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design and optimization process for floating tablet of Hydralazine with 5 replicates of center points. Amount of HPMC K4 (Hydroxy Propyl Methyl cellulose), amount of sodium bicarbonate were selected as the independent variables whereas total floating time (TFT), T90, % cumulative drug release at 24 hours, and T20, Q1 were selected as dependent variables. Non-Fickian diffusion release transport was confirmed as the release mechanism for the optimized formulation and the predicted values agreed well with the experimental values. Drug excipient compatibility studies were investigated by FTIR, DSC and XRD. The produced tablets exhibited good floating time and controlled drug release over a period of 24 h. The resultant data were critically analyzed to locate the composition of optimum formulations. All predicted values of response variables of optimized formulation demonstrated close agreement with the experimental data during optimization procedure.

3 illus, 10 tables, 16 ref

018629   Abbaszadegan S;Hosseinzadeh H;Alavizadeh S H; Mohamadi M;Abbasi A;Jaafari M R (Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad Univ of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Email: jafarimr@mums.ac.ir) : Characterization and anti-tumor activity of pegylated nanoliposomes containing safranal in mice bearing C26 colon carcinoma. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4379-86.

The cytotoxic effect of safranal, a pharmacologically active component of saffron, has been established in vitro. The aim of this study was to develop safranal nanoliposomes with a higher therapeutic index for the treatment of cancer. Thus, various PEGylated safranal nanoliposomes were prepared using HSPC and cholesterol by solvent evaporation. The liposomes were characterized by their size, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo therapeutic efficacy against C26 tumor bearing mice. Liposome characterization illustrated the size range of 140-230 nm and PDI of 0.2-0.3. The entrapment efficiency was considerably low due to the high instability of safranal in liposomes, causing a substantial in vitro release. In vitro cytotoxicity indicated higher toxic effects of safranal liposomes compared to free form. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with selected safranal liposomes (50 mg/kg) did not improve the tumor size and survival of animals compared to controls. These results were presumably due to the physicochemical properties and dose dependent effects of safranal molecules. In addition, the intensive hydrophobic molecular interaction between safranal and cholesterol within the bilayers of liposomes cause the low percentage of encapsulation, high instability while in the circulation and untoward site directed drug delivery. Results indicated that the current safranal liposomes could increase the in vitro cytotoxicity, however did not enhance the antitumor activity at a dose of 50 mg/kg; thus, to obtain an optimal formulation, it merit further investigation.

30 ref

017731   Vishal S S;Dalal S N (KS215, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre Kharghar Node, Navi Mumbai-410 210, Email: sdalal@actrec.gov.in) : Transgenesis: Embryo modification to sperm mediated gene transfer. Indian J Biotechnol 2016, 15(4), 459-66.

The generation of transgenic animals by conventional transgenic protocols is cumbersome and not very efficient. To improve the efficiency of obtaining transgenic animals, different groups have attempted to genetically modify spermatozoa and these technologies are collectively referred to as sperm mediated gene transfer (SMGT). SMGT technologies involve the modification of either spermatozoa or spermatogonial stem cells that give rise to spermatozoa, followed by either in vitro fertilization or mating with a wild type female to generate transgenic progeny. In addition to the generation of transgenic mice, the use of SMGT technologies has resulted in multiple insights into male reproductive biology. SMGT has bypassed most of the problems associated with the traditional methods of transgenesis and has considerably improved the efficiency of obtaining transgenic animals. Various techniques have been developed by which SMGT can be achieved and this review provides an overview of the evolution of SMGT technology and will indicate how these might be used to further our understanding of mammalian growth and development.

1 illus, 64 ref

017730   Vijayalakshmi A;Ravichandiran V;Masilamani K (Pharmacognosy Dep, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, VISTAS, Vels Univ, Pallavaram, Chennai-117, Tamil Nadu, Email: aviji_1975@rediffmail.com) : Inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity by standardized extract of Givotia rottleriformis Griff. ex wight bark. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(4), 269-76.

A standardized ethanol extract of Givotia rottleriformis Griff. ex Wight bark was tested in vitro for anti-inflammatory activity on key pro-inflammatory enzymes, cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) and membrane stabilizing potential. The extract was standardized in terms of the presence of flavonoids by HPLC, total phenolics by Folin-Ciocalteu method, flavonoid content using AlCl₃ method, and free radical scavenging activity using inhibition of hydroxyl, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and nitric oxide radical. The anti-inflammatory effect was screened using cyclooxygenase inhibition and membrane stabilizing potential. In the HPLC analysis, 4 - 151 - flavonoids were identified by comparing with the calibration curve derived from the standard rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin. The total phenolic content and flavonoid contents were found to be 13.80 and 5.7 % w/w, respectively. Significant hydroxyl, DPPH, and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity was observed with IC₅₀ values of 230, 220, and 180 μg/mL, respectively. The ethanol extract significantly protected the rat erythrocyte membrane against lysis induced by hypotonic solution. The ability of the extract to inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) was determined by calculating percent inhibition of PGE₂ production measured by enzyme immunoassay. The extract inhibited both enzymes with IC₅₀ value of 45 and 37 μg/mL, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activity of G. rottleriformis bark could be at least in part due to free radical-scavenging activity and cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition.

4 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

017729   Venkatesh P;Mukherjee S;Santhi N;Ramakrishna G (NO, Durga Femto Technologies and Research (DFTR) Chamarajpet, Bangalore-560 018, Email: drgp@dftr.org) : Embryotoxicity in danio rerio using Foeniculum vulgare and its abortifacient activity. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(3), 1469-75.

Danio rerio is one of the best model organisms to study various kinds of disorders. Their genome is fully sequenced and they possess easily detectable developmental properties. The development of their embryo is quite rapid. This is important as the embryos are formed by external fertilization, are large and transparent. Abortifacient is a substance that induces abortion. It can be used in the form of a herbal extract or a synthetic drug. This study was conducted by treating Danio rerio embryos with a well-known plant having abortifacient activity like Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) seeds. A methanolic seed extract of Foaeniculum vulgare was prepared and subjected to the embryos at different post fertilization periods and at different concentrations. The compounds in the extract were characterized by GC-MS and docking studies were done to identify the compound showing maximum activity. The fertilized embryos were observed at regular intervals. The fertilized embryos are surrounded by an acellular envelope called chorion. Hence, the embryos that were treated with different concentrations of the plant extract underwent shrinkage of the chorion, which affected the normal embryonic development.

15 ref

017728   Veeresh Babu P;Vamsi Krishna M;Ashwini T; Ganga Raju M (Pharmacology Dep, Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Bachupally, Hyderabad-500 090, Email: pratap.veeresh@gmail.com) : Antilithiatic activity of Grewia asiatica in male rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(3), 1326-35.

Lithiasis is the process of stone formation in the kidney, bladder, and/or urethra. Herbal drugs are reported to be effective in the treatment of urolithiasis with no side effects. Grewia asiatica is a plant commonly used as a traditional herbal medicine and possesses the wide range of pharmacological applications. The present study investigated the antilithiatic activity of an ethanolic leaf extract of Grewia asiatica Linn (EEGA). Ethylene glycol (0.75% in water) feeding - 150 - resulted in hyperoxaluria as well as increased urinary volume and its pH. EEGA (200 & 400 mg/kg) was given orally in curative and preventive regimens over a period of 28 days. Supplementation with EEGA significantly (p<60>0.05) restored urea, uric acid, creatinine, volume of urine and pH levels. The preventive regimen was found to be better than the curative regimen. The results were comparable with the standard drug, Cystone (750 mg/kg). Histopathological examination further corroborated the antilithiatic or nephoprotective activity of the extract. The presence of triterpenoids, flavonoids and saponins in extract might be responsible for significant antilithiatic activity of the plant. From this study, we conclude that both the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with ethanolic leaf extract of Grewia asiatica had an inhibitory effect on crystal growth, with improvement of kidney function as well as cytoprotective effect.

16 ref

017727   Umer K H;Zeenat F;Ahmad W;Khan A V (Ilmul Advia Dep, Mohammadia Tibbia College, Malegaon, Nashik, Maharashtra) : Therapeutics, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Iklilul malik (Astragalus hamosus Linn): A natural unani remedy. Int J herb Med 2017, 5(5), 1-5.

Astragalus hamosus Linn is one of the most important medicinal plants traditionally used for various health needs. It is an annual herbaceous plant growing up to 30 cm of height. The fruits perfectly characterize this species as they are strongly curved. The plant is found in plains of Punjab. It is also cultivated into Afghanistan, Persia, Balochistan and Sindh. It has been in use as a pot herb from a very early period. The pods of the plant possess mohallil-e-warm (anti-inflammatory) property and have been described to be useful in various ailments. The plant has shown diverse biological and pharmacological activities. It has been used in Unani Medicine (Tibb-e-Unani) and other Traditional System of Medicine from time immemorial. Keeping in view the high medicinal importance of the drug in Unani Medicine, this review provides available information on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Unani drug Iklilul Malik.

32 ref

017726   Udobang J A;Okokon J E (Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Dep, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Uyo Univ, Uyo, Nigeria) : Evaluation of nephroprotective effects of Setaria mega phylla (Steud T. Durand sphinz (poaceae) root extract on paracetamol-induced in juryin rats. Int J herb Med 2017, 5(5), 27-31.

Setariamega phylla (Steud) T. Dur and Schinz (Poaceae), is apopular medicinal plant used by the indigenes of Nigeria's Niger Delta region to treat malaria, hemorrhoids, urethritis, inflammation, diabetes, fevers and various pains. Due to the claims by the traditional users of this plants' about its effectiveness, it becomes essential to investigate the potential toxic or protective effect of Setariamega phylla. This work is therefore designed to investigate the nephroprotective effects of Setariamega phyla ethanol root extract. Setariamega phylla ethanol root extract (150, 300, 450 mg/kg) was investigated for its biochemical and histological effects in rats kidneys using standard procedures. There was decrease in weights of kidneys. Reductions in urea and creatinine levels of animals pretreated with the extract (150 - 450 mg/kg) when compared to the paracetamol group was also seen. Histology showed hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects in the paracetamol group which were absent in the extract treated groups. The results of this study revealed that S. megaphylla ethanol root extract possesses nephroprotective effect.

6 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

017725   Udobang J A;Bassey A I L;Okokon J E (Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Dep, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Uyo Univ, Uyo, Nigeria) : Antiulcer activities of the ethanol root extract of Setaria megaphylla (Steud) T. Dur and schinz in rat. Int J herb Med 2017, 5(5), 22-6.

Setaria megaphylla (Steud) T. Dur and Schinz (Poaceae), is a medicinal plant used in South-South Nigeria to treat malaria, hemorrhoids, urethritis, inflammation, diabetes, fevers and various pains. While some researches have been carried out to authenticate the uses of the leaves of the plant, very little research has been done on the root extract and its fractions. This work is therefore designed to investigate the antiulcer potential of Setaria megaphylla ethanol root extract. The ethanol root extract (150, 300, 450 mg/kg) was investigated for indomethacin, ethanol and histamine- induced ulcers in rats using standard procedures. The extract caused a progressive, dose-dependent and statistically significant (p<60>0.05 - 0.001) decline in ulcer index of the rats pretreated with the extract and a dose-dependent progressive preventive ratio. The observed effect of the extract (150 - 450 mg/kg) was weak compared to the standard drugs, cimetidine 100 mg/kg and propranolol 40mg/kg respectively used in the indomethacin and ethanol models, but the 450 mg/kg dose of the histamine model had a higher effect than the standard drug, cimetidine 100 mg/kg. The results of this study revealed that the ethanol root extract of S. megaphylla possesses anti-ulcer effects from its phytochemical components.

3 tables, 38 ref

017724   Tiwari A K;Dwivedi N;Tripathi M K;Tiwari A; Ahirwar P K;Tripathi S P (Ayurveda Sadan, Arogyadham, JRD Tata Foundation for Research in Ayurveda and Yoga Sciences, Deenda, Chitrakoot, Satna, Madhya Pradesh-485 334, Email: gangagargi@gmail.com) : Standardization and quality control of Kutajastaka kvatha ghana vati: An ayurvedic formulation. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(4), 310-13.

Quality assurance of herbal medicine is an important factor and basic requirement for herbal drug industry and other drug development organizations. Kutajastaka Kvatha Ghana Vati is one of the ancient, most commonly used Ayurvedic formulations which are made in combination of nine plant ingredients. Ayurvedic literature reveals that the formulation was used for the treatment of Daha (burning sensation), Raktatisara (Diarrhoea with blood), Sula (pain), Amadosa (products of impaired digestion and metabolism) and Sarvatisara (all types of diarrhoea). Due to the lack of quality standards, there are batch to batch variations. The present study was thus undertaken to develop standards for the quality control of the Vati. All the ingredients were procured locally; identified by a taxonomist and an Ayurvedacharya; Vati was prepared in laboratory scale using GMP; and analyzed as per standard methods. All the samples were subjected to physico-chemical analysis, HPTLC finger printing, heavy metals analysis, and microbial load. The data obtained can be adopted for laying down the pharmacopoeial standards for Kutajastaka Kvatha Ghana Vati.

1 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

017723   Theis M;Richard M;Bell K;DeGolier T (Biological Sciences Dep, Bethel Univ, 3900 Bethel Drive, St. Paul, MN 55112, USA) : Crescentia cujete (calabash tree) seed extract and fruit pulp juice contract isolated uterine smooth muscle tissues from Mus musculus. J med Pl Stud 2017, 5(5), 10-15.

Traditional Mayan healers have recommend the fruits of the calabash tree (Crescentia cujete) to force menses, birth, after birth, or trigger abortions. The purpose of this research was to directly apply either an aqueous seed extract or raw juice from the fruit pulp directly to isolated uterine tissues from Mus musculus, and evaluate the resulting smooth muscle contractile responses. The seed extracts (0.1 - 10%) increased the force and frequency of contractions when compared to the tissue's spontaneous motility (P = 0.0575; P = 0.0048, respectively). The fruit pulp juice (50 - 500 μL) also produced increases in contractile forces (P = 0.0049) when compared to the tissue's spontaneous - 148 - motility. Changes in frequency were less remarkable (P = 0.4855). These observations collected at a reduced model of investigation support traditional claims from Mayan healers that the prescriptive consumption of Crescentia cujete fruit evokes a contractile response from the uterus.

3 illus, 41 ref

017722   Swami U;Rishi P;Soni S K (Microbiology Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: sonisk@pu.ac.in) : Anti-diabetic hypolipidemic and hepato-renal protective effect of a novel fermented beverage from Syzygium cumini stem. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(3), 1336-45.

In view of therapeutic values associated with Syzygium cumini and increasing consumer demand for functional foods, a non-conventional alcoholic beverage prepared from the stem of Syzygium cumini was evaluated for its efficacy against streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in male wistar rats. The beverage was observed to be safe for consumption as it did not produce any anomalies in the biochemical markers of liver and kidney of normal rats, rather exerted protective effects on hepatic and renal functions by improving the levels of biochemical indicators. After an oral administration of a daily single of dose of 4ml/kg for a period of 30 days, stem beverage was able to rectify the abnormalities in blood glucose levels, lipid profile and atherogenic index of diabetic rats. The beverage also arrested the deviations in hepatic and renal functions of diabetic rats. Histological studies of pancreas also confirmed the anti-diabetic behaviour of stem beverage. The pharmacological properties of the beverage can be ascribed to the presence of various phenolics and tannins in it. The use of this beverage for the management of diabetes mellitus and associated dyslipidemia is suggested.

43 ref

017721   Sunil Kumar R;Narasingappa R B;Joshi C G; Girish T K;Ummiti J S;Rao P;Danagoudar A (Biotechnology Dep, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: rameshbn20@uasbangalore.edu.in) : Evaluation of Cassia tora linn. against oxidative stress-induced DNA and cell membrane damage. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2017, 9(1), 33-43.

The study aims to evaluate antioxidants and protective role of Cassia tora Linn. against oxidative stress-induced DNA and cell membrane damage. The total and profiles of flavonoids were identified and quantified through reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. In vitro antioxidant activity was determined using standard antioxidant assays. The protective role of C. tora extracts against oxidative stress-induced DNA and cell - 147 - membrane damage was examined by electrophoretic and scanning electron microscopic studies, respectively. The total flavonoid content of CtEA was 106.8 ± 2.8 mg/g d.w.QE, CtME was 72.4 ± 1.12 mg/g d.w.QE, and CtWE was 30.4 ± 0.8 mg/g d.w.QE. The concentration of flavonoids present in CtEA in decreasing order: quercetin <62>kaempferol <62>epicatechin; in CtME: quercetin <62>rutin <62>kaempferol; whereas, in CtWE: quercetin <62>rutin <62>kaempferol. The CtEA inhibited free radical-induced red blood cell hemolysis and cell membrane morphology better than CtME as confirmed by a scanning electron micrograph. CtEA also showed better protection than CtME and CtWE against free radical-induced DNA damage as confirmed by electrophoresis. C. tora contains flavonoids and inhibits oxidative stress and can be used for many health benefits and pharmacotherapy.

8 illus, 3 tables, 80 ref

017720   Sugunakala S;Selvaraj S (Bioinformatics Dep, Bharathidasan Univ, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Email: selvarajsamuel@gmail.com) : Identification of potential inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase by virtual screening and docking studies. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(3), 1264-74.

Understanding the mode of inhibition through the crystal structures of EGFR kinase domain complex with small molecule inhibitors provides us to search for potential ligands of EGFR. The binding mode analysis of pyridopyrimidine analog reveals that the presence of hydrogen bonds between the target protein amino acid Met 793 (i.e. the hinge region which is responsible for catalytic activity of the domain) and the ring nitrogen of the small molecule inhibitor. In addition, amino acid Asp 855 and Lys 745 were also involved in the interaction. The present work focuses on the identification of novel ligands through computational approach. By screening of pubchem database compounds, based on the bioactive and structural similarity of a pyridopyrimidine derivative (highly potent inhibitor of EGFR), 117 compounds were identified and all are having kinase inhibition activity but were not analyzed in EGFR. Using GLIDE software, the docking was done and complete analysis of the binding mode results in eleven compounds having same pattern of interactions and these compounds may be further analyzed by in vitro for their EGFR kinase inhibition activity.

34 ref

017719   Sridevi Sangeetha K S;Umamaheswari S;Uma Maheswara Reddy C;Narayana Kalkura S (Pharmacology Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Univ, Chennai, Tamilnadu, Email: sageethacologist@gmail.com) : Chrysin loaded chitosan nanoparticle: Formulation and in-vitro characterization. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(3), 1102-9.

Flavonoids are natural products widely distributed in plant kingdom that gained lot of importance due to variety of biological effects relevance to numerous healthcare. It has been chosen as a drug molecule and gained attention in the area of novel drug delivery system because of their disease preventing property and therapeutic expediency in multiple biological effects. Chrysin (C) is one of the most utilized flavonoid having pharmacological effects such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antidiabetic and anti hypertensive actions. Even though it has potential therapeutic value and beneficial effects on human health, it possesses some disadvantages like poor solubility and low - 146 - bio-availability, this limits its therapeutic usage of Chrysin. The present work designed to improve the solubility and the bioavailability of chrysin by the developing a chrysin loaded chitosan nanoparticles (NC). It was prepared by ionic gelation of chitosan and tripolyphosphate. The chrysin loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared in 5 batches and named as NC1, NC2, NC3, NC4 and NC5. The formulated nanoparticles were characterized by particle size analyzer, Zeta potential, Scanning Electron Microscopy, transmission Electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The in vitro drug encapsulation efficiency and drug release were performed in the formulated nanoparticle. Among the different batches studied, NC1 batch showed lowest mean particle size and highest entrapment efficiency. Scanning Electron Microscopy of polymeric encapsulated chrysin nanoparticles morphology revealed that spherical in shape. In vitro drug release study showed the chrysin loaded chitosan nanoparticles were capable of releasing drug in sustained manner. It is concluded that, the developed chrysin loaded chitosan nanoparticles might be used as vehicle for the improved solubility and prolonged delivery of chrysin.

28 ref

017718   Sowbhagya R;Anupama S K;Bhagyalakshmi D;Anand S;Ravikiran T (Biotechnology Dep, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore Univ, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: ravikaran@bub.ernet.in) : Modulatory effects of Decalepis hamiltonii extract and its compounds on the antioxidant status of the aging rat brain. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2017, 9(1), 8-15.

The study was aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Decalepis hamiltonii (Dh) aqueous root extract and its compounds against age-related oxidative stress (OS) in the discrete regions of the rat brain. Male Wistar albino rats of 4- and 22-month-old were divided into control and six supplemented groups. The supplemented groups were orally administered with ellagic acid (EA), 4-hydroxyisophthalic acid (4-HIA), and Dh extract for 30 days. Age-related decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities was noticed. The hippocampus was found to be more vulnerable to OS as seen by the elevation in the OS markers. Supplementation of the Dh extract, EA, and 4-HIA was found to be effective in up-regulating the antioxidant status. However, the extent of up-regulation was more evident in Dh supplemented animals. The results suggest that Dh extract and its compounds exhibit neuroprotective effects against age-related OS and can be used as a dietary therapeutic intervention for the treatment of neurological disorders.

3 illus, 4 tables, 29 ref

017717   Sivalingam S;Kandhasamy S;Vijayan K;Perumal A (Biotechnology Dep, Karpaga Vinayaga College of Engineering and Technology, Kancheepuram-608 308, Email: ksivakumar76@gmail.com) : Phytochemical profiling and effect of Andrographis echioides (L.) nees leaf extract on glucose uptake by 3T3-L1 cell lines - an in vitro study. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(4), 282-6.

The human population worldwide appears to be in - 145 - the midst of an epidemic of diabetes, a metabolic disorder characterised by problems in carbohydrate metabolism. The existing synthetic drugs have several limitations such as, diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Thus, in spite of remarkable progress in the treatment of diabetes by oral hypoglycemic agents, search for newer drugs continues. Hence, in the present study, Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees was examined for its in vitro antidiabetic efficacy by amylase inhibition and glucose uptake by 3T3 cell lines assays. In addition, the bioactive components were analysed by GC-MS technique. The data obtained suggests that methanol extract of A. echioides was effective in enhancing glucose uptake by the 3T3 cell lines in vitro. The GC-MS profile revealed the presence of 5-ethyl-2-imino thiazolidin-4-one recorded at 15.95min. Literature survey has proved that thiazolidin-4-one derivatives have important biological activities and thus, the antidiabetic potential of A. echioides can be related to its presence. Further mechanistic studies could be taken up to prove the effect in vivo.

3 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

017716   Singh A L;Singh V K;Yadav A (Bioremediation Lab, Botany Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: ashalata65bhu@rediffmail.com) : Arsenic sequestration by manganese-oxidizing Acinetobacter sp.. Indian J Biotechnol 2016, 15(4), 525-30.

This paper presents the potential of manganese (Mn)-oxidizing bacteria in removing arsenic from synthetic solution. Mn-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from arsenic and manganese contaminated ground water from district Ballia (UP), India. The bacterium was identified as Acinetobacter sp. by the Institue of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. Synthetic solution of Mn (25 ppm) was treated with Acinetobacter sp. (20 mg/mL) biomass in neutral pH (7.0) at ambient temperature. Acinetobacter sp. was found efficient to oxidize 44.04% (11.01 ppm) Mn within 2 h. Kinetics of Mn oxidation showed that maximum velocity (Vmax) for Mn oxidation was 16.69 μM mg^-1 h^-1, while kinetic constant (Km) was found to be 1.09 mM. Mn oxidation by Acinetobacter sp. follows the Michalis-Menten kinetics. Free and immobilized cells of Mn-oxide laden Acinetobacter sp. was used for removal of arsenite [As(III)] from arsenite contaminated water. Free and immobilized cells of Mn-oxide (11.01 ppm) laden Acinetobacter sp. biomass (20 mg/mL) was effective in removing of 0.760 ppm arsenite within 30 min and 3.39 ppm arsenite within 15 min from 5 ppm As(III) containing synthetic solution at pH 7. The immobilized cells of Mn-oxide laden Acinetobacter sp. were found to be 4.46 times more effective for the removal of As(III) as compared to the free cells.

5 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

017715   Shrivastava S;Gilhotra R (School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar Univ, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: sarika.kanaha@gmail.com) : Hepatoprotective potential of polyherbal preparation against CCl₄-induced liver toxicity in rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(3), 1498-503.

Hepatoprotective activity of Polyherbal preparation against CCl4 -induced hepatic damage in rats was observed. The healthy control (normal), control, and standard drug Silymarin treated groups were also maintained for the comparison. The liver marker enzymes SGOT, SGPT, ALP and total Bilirubin were assessed in all the experimental groups. The changes in liver function parameters were significant in comparison to control group and the observed efficacy was comparable to standard drug. The efficacy of the polyherbal preparation was found to be dose dependent. From the present study it is evident that the Polyherbal preparation has no mortality in selected doses. Liver antioxidant markers were elevated significantly, while the serum and lipid parameters were maintained at normal levels compared to control groups. Histopathological examinations of the liver showed that extract and Silymarin have a protective role over the toxicity of paracetamol and carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hence Polyherbal preparation could be one of the best sources of natural hepatoprotective agents.

22 ref

017714   Shivaramakrishnan B;Gurumurthy B; Balasubramanian A (Pharmacology Dep, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamandalam-643 001, Email: shivaram14@jsscpooty.org) : Potential biomedical applications of metallic nanobiomaterials. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(3), 985-1000.

Nanobiomaterials are very effective components for several biomedical and pharmaceutical studies. Among the metallic, organic, ceramic and polymeric nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterials have shown certain prominent biomedical applications. Enormous works have been done to synthesize, analyse and administer the metallic nanoparticles for various kinds of medical and therapeutic applications, during the last forty years. In these analyses, the prominent biomedical applications of ten metallic nanobiomaterials have been reviewed from various sources and works. It has been found that almost nine of them are used in a very wide spectrum of medical and theranostic applications.

^iia222 ref

017713   Shajan A;Banu S;Peter V;Raju S;Das C (Pharmaceutics Dep, Nazareth College of Pharmacy, Othera-689 546, Email: vidyapeter1990@gmail.com) : Formulation and evaluation of pulsatile drug delivery system containing domperidone and paracetamol. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(3), 1407-12.

The objective of the study to formulate and evaluate of pulsatile drug delivery containing combination of domperidone and paracetamol for the treatment of migraine which is used to deliver the drug at specific time as per pathophysiological need of the disease and improvement of therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Domperidone and paracetamol in the core tablet was formulated with different concentration of superdisintegrants and microcrystalline cellulose, an outer shell tablet which is formulated with different weight ratios of ethyl cellulose (EC) and hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose (HPMC). The effects of the formulation of core tablet and outer shell of press coated tablets; on drug release and the lag time were investigated. The formulation was optimized based on acceptable tablet properties and in vitro drug release. The release profile of press coated tablet exhibited a lag time dependent upon the amount of HPMC K15 and EC in compression coating, followed by burst release. The optimized batch PRT3 gave a lag time of 6.1 h and drug release of 98.67% and 92.56% of paracetamol and domperidone respectively. This consisted of equal amount of HPMC: EC (75:75 w/w). Based on the results programmable pulsatile release has been achieved by formulation PRT3 which meet the demand of Chrono therapeutic objective of migraine.

10 ref

017712   Sekar M;Sivalinggam P;Mahmad A (Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Kuala Lumpur Univ, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh-30450, Malaysia, Email: mahendransekar@unikl.edu.my) : Formulation and evaluation of novel antiaging cream containing rambutan fruits extract. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(3), 1056-65.

Skin aging is a complex process induced by constant exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and damages human skin. Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), a delicious tropical fruit that grow in Malaysia and spread widely in most Southeast Asian countries, have strong antioxidants properties due to the presence of ellagic acid, corilagin, geraniin, β-carotene and vitamin C. These compounds scavenge the free radical and thereby protect the skin against oxidative damage. The aim of the present study is to formulate and evaluate an antiaging cream containing Rambutan fruits - 143 - extract. The SMEP, SMEF, CMEP and CMEF produced significant antioxidant activities and tyrosinase inhibition with low IC₅₀ values. All the four extracts were formulated into an antiaging cream and evaluated. The results showed that the formulated antiaging creams and its ingredients were consistent in quality and can be easily used. From the above results, it is concluded that the formulation containing SMEF and CMEF are safe and usable for the skin. The present results demonstrate that the Rambutan fruits extracts has a good potential for cosmetic product development.

17 ref

017711   Saydut A;Kafadar A B;Aydin F;Erdogan S;Kaya C;Hamamci C (Mining Engineering Dep, Engineering Faculty, Dicle Univ, TR-21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey, Email: saydut@dicle.edu.tr) : Effect of homogeneous alkaline catalyst type on biodiesel production from soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] oil. Indian J Biotechnol 2016, 15(4), 596-600.

Transesterification or alcoholysis is the most commonly applied method for biodiesel production. A catalyst is needed to improve the transesterification reaction and yield. The present study used soybean oil as the raw oil to mix with methanol and four strong alkali catalysts (NaOH, KOH, CH₃ONa & CH₃OK) to undergo a transesterification reaction. Transesterification was carried out using 100% excess alcohol, i.e., molar ratio of alcohol to soybean oil was 6:1, and catalyst concentration of 1% at 60°C. Alkali metal alkoxides were found to be more effective transesterification catalysts compared to hydroxides. Sodium methoxide was the most efficient catalyst, although KOH and NaOH could also be used because they are cheaper and are used widely in large scale processing.

1 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref