019517   Ahmad W;Khan R M;Ahmad M;Chaudhry A R (Ilmul Advia (Pharmacology) Dep, Mohammadia Tibbia College, Malegaon, Nashik-423 203, Email: drwasim@gmail.com) : Therapeutics, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Vitex negundo Linn: a review. Hippocratic J Unani med 2016, 11(2), 65-78.

Vitex negundo Linn is a deciduous, woody, hard, aromatic shrub growing to a small tree and flourishing mainly in the Indian subcontinent. Almost all parts of the plant possess a multitude of phytochemical secondary metabolites which impart an unprecedented variety of medicinal uses to the plant. The plant has been extensively used in treatment of a number of ailments by the healers of traditional medicine and folk medicine, and in recent years scientific evidence has been generated in respect of its pharmacological and therapeutic sues. It is used in all systems of medicine including Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy, and Allopathy. It is commonly used in folk medicine in India, Bangladesh, China, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Japan. Keeping in view the medicinal importance of the drug in Unani Medicine and other traditional systems of medicine, an attempt has been made to review the available stock of knowledge available in traditional, ethnobotanical and scientific literature on its phytochemical and ethno-pharmacological properties, and therapeutic uses.

2 illus, 27 ref

018706   Yarbagi K;Rajana N;Moses Babu J;Venkateswara Rao B;Douglas P (Custom Pharmaceutical Services, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Bollaram road, Miyapur, Hyderabad-500 049, Email: kaviraj@drreddys.com) : Identification and characterization of E. Z isomers for acid degradents of secondary alcohol in API by HS/GC/EI-MS. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4637-43.

2° alcohols under acidic conditions (such as sulphuric acid) undergo degradation into E & Z isomers. There are many drug substances with sulphate as salt, and sulphuric acid is used for the preparation of sulphate of drug substance. Also, sulphuric acid is widely used in synthetic process for many drug substances. 2° alcohols are widely used as process solvents and as crystallization solvents. Loss of solvents is very high, when 2° alcohols used as crystallization solvent and drug substance will have high crystalline stability. Flash points of 2° alcohols are comparatively higher - 134 - than other solvents such as methanol, ethanol, benzene, dichloromethane and many other volatile solvents resulting into better fire safety for reactions and also lower exposure limits. Residual odour while drying of drug substance is minimum. 2° alcohols possess very low practical handling difficulties. For all these reasons, 2° alcohols are the preferred choice as process solvents and crystallization solvent. However and unfortunately when these 2° alcohols and sulphuric acids used together in a reaction, 2° alcohols undergo degradation into their E & Z isomers, the impact of these E & Z isomers on drug substance are unknown, hence, they need to be evaluated.

9 ref

018705   Yadav E;Rao R (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Guru Jambheshwar Univ of Science and Technology, Hisar-125 001, Email: rekhaline@gmail.com) : Promising bioactive component terpinen-4-ol. Int J Pharmac 2016, 3(8), 336-45.

Since the middle ages, essential oils have been widely used for bactericidal, fungicidal, insecticidal, virucidal, cosmetic and medicinal applications, especially now a days in agriculture, food, sanitary and pharmaceutical industries. Distillation is the common mode of extraction used for aromatic plants, which results in a variety of volatile molecules such as terpenes, terpenoids, aliphatic components and phenol derived aromatic components. Extensive research has been done in the last decade to screen and evaluate the pharmaceutical potential of the phytochemical constituent, terpinen-4-ol. It is found in various asdflkjdfljfsdflplants species and has gained attention because of its antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antifungal properties. This monoterpene is a bioactive component of tea tree oil (TTO) present in plant belonging to the genus Melaleuca. In the present review, an overview of the current status and knowledge on the physicochemical properties, analytical techniques, formulations, pharmacological applications, irritation and toxicity potential of terpinen-4-ol have been discussed.

^iia1 table, 50 ref

018704   Williams G P;Anand A;Parvathy A;Raj R C;Raju R;Krishna Kumar S (Botany and Biotechnology P.G. Dep, Bishop Moore College, Mavelikara, Alapuzha-690 110, Email: prakash.gw@gmail.com) : In vitro antibacterial potential of halophilic bacterial secondary metabolites from salted fish. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2016, 8(4), 235-9.

Living organisms can be found over a wide range of extreme conditions. Most of the organisms living in extreme environments (i.e, extremophiles) belong to the prokaryotes. Halophiles are interesting class of extremophilic organisms that have adapted to harsh, hypersaline conditions. They are able to compete successfully for water and resist the denaturing effects of salts. The present study was an investigation on the in vitro antibacterial effect of secondary metabolites from halophilic bacteria isolated from salted fish samples. The cured salted fish samples were collected and enumerated using halophilic Nutrient Agar supplemented with 4% NaCl. The isolated and purified bacterial cultures are numbered as SF1, SF2, SF3, SF4 and SF5 are further identified using VITEK 2 system as Bacillus vallismortis, Ralstonia - 133 - mannitolytica, Bacillus subtilis, Rhizoboum radiobacter and Kocuria kristina. Growth kinetics of halobacterial isolates were determined by spectrophotometric assay. The antibiotic resistance pattern of tested pathogenic microorganisms using the commercial antibiotics was screened and almost all the tested microorganisms are resistant to Penicillin. The antimicrobial activity of secondary metabolites of halophilic bacteria against drug resistant microbes was assessed using the Agar well diffusion assay. Among the different extracts of the halophilic bacteria, the chloroform extracts of R. mannitolytica showed maximum antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441 and Xanthomonas campestris MTCC 2286. The results of antimicrobial activity are considerable because it enables the identification of potential secondary metabolites present in marine halophilic bacteria, which act as source of innumerable therapeutic agents. Further research is highly warranted to find out the active principle responsible for the antibacterial property and to elucidate the structure of particular compound.

1 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

018703   Vijay Kumar S;Hussain S M Z;Bharath C (Pharmacognosy Dep, Sri Krishna Chaitanya College of pharmacy (SKCP), Madanapalle-Chittur dist-517 325, Email: hzakir33@gmail.com) : Design and in vitro evaluation of prochlorperazine maleate buccoadhesive tablets and comparison of monolayer, bilayer and compressed coated tablets. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4485-93.

Buccoadhesive tablets have long been employed to improve the bioavailability of drugs undergoing significant first pass hepatic metabolism. Prochlorperazine maleate is an anti-emetic drug. It was under goes extensive first pass metabolism resulting in an oral bioavailability of 0 to 16 % and it shows variable absorption from GIT. Hence in the present work Buccoadhesive bilayered tablets of Prochlorperazine maleate were prepared with the objective of avoiding first pass metabolism and controlling the release of drug for prolog period of time. Controlled release buccoadhesive bilayered tablets containing Prochlorperazine Maleate was prepared using a 3² full factorial design. Amount of HPMC K4M CR and Carbopol 974 P NF were taken as the formulation variables (factors) for optimizing Bioadhesive strength and percentage release of drug. The bilayered buccoadhesive tablets were evaluated for Physical characterization, Assay, Swelling index, Adhesion study, In-vitro residence time, Microenvironment pH, In-vitro drug release and In-vitro permeation. The formulation with 5 mg HPMC and 7.5 mg Carbopol was consider as a best product with respect to Adhesive strength, in vitro residence time, in vitro drug release and in vitro permeation study. The drug release pattern of this formulation was found to be non-fickian and approaching zero order kinetics. This product was further subjected to stability study, the results of which indicated no significant change with respect to Adhesive strength, in vitro residence time, in vitro drug release and in vitro permeation study.

12 ref

018702   Verma P;Vishnu Kumar;Rathore B;Singh R K; Mahdi A A (Biochemistry Dep, Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College, Kanpur Road, Jhansi-284 001, Email: pbmlbc@gmail.com) : Anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant properties of Aloe vera in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int J Pharmac 2016, 3(7), 319-24.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Aloe vera (A. vera,Ghee-kuwar; family: Liliaceae) extract against alloxan induced diabetes in male adult Charles Foster rats to scientifically validate its use against diabetes. A. vera extract and standard drug (glibenclamide) prepared in aqueous gum acacia (2%, w/v) suspension and fed orally to alloxan induced diabetic ratsfor 30 days. Biochemical parameters in normal, diabetic control, standard (600 μg/kg bw p.o.) and treated (1 g/kg bw p.o.) animals group were determined and compared. Treatment of alloxan induced diabetic rats with A. vera extract showed significant reduction (p<60>0.001) in blood glucose, lipid peroxide and significantly increased (p<60>0.001) Superoxide dismutase, Catalase and Protein. - 132 - Furthermore, the extract (100-200 μg) when tested for its antioxidant activity in vitro, showed significant (p<60>0.001) inhibition in generation of super oxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. The results of the present study demonstrated anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant activities ofA. vera extract which could help in treatment of diabetes and related complications.

2 tables, 28 ref

018701   Vasanani P R;Patel L D;Detroja C M (NO, , D-404, Silver Pearl Apartment, Chankyapuri road, Behind Ganesh Maradian, Opposite Aryan flats, Ghatlodia, Ahmedabad-380, Email: parasvasanani@gmail.com) : Formulation and development of stable metaxalone nanosuspension using 3<. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2016, 8(4), 223-8.

Nanosuspensions are the dispersions of nanosized particles in a suitable vehicle prepared using surfactants or solubilizers to aid in nanosize distribution. Nanosuspension is best suited for dosage form development of poorly soluble drugs. According to the biopharmaceutical classification system, drugs with poor solubility fall either in BCS class II or BCS class IV. BCS class II drugs show poor solubility and good permeability; hence their bioavailability problems can be overcome by improving their solubility. Metaxalone is one such BCS class II drug from an oxazolidin-2-one class of centrally acting muscle relaxant drugs, indicated for relief of discomforts associated with acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions. Therefore, in present investigation, nanosuspension of Metaxalone has been formulated as an attempt to improve solubility and hence the overall bioavailability of Metaxalone. Media milling technique has been employed for nanosuspension preparation. Surfactant concentration (Poloxamer 407) and stirring time has been optimized using 3² factorial design to achieve desired particle size and saturation solubility responses as dependent variables. The particle size (PS) of 215.3 nm and maximum saturation solubility (SS) of 2805μg/ml was obtained as suggested solutions from factorial design which was further confirmed using check point analysis. Interaction of surfactant concentration and stirring time and their effect on particle size and saturation solubility was predicted using the contour plots and response surface plots. The optimized formulation showed around 99% metaxalone in vitro dissolution in comparison to around 46% dissolution from SKELAXIN^r tablet at 30 minutes. These methodologies could therefore be employed successfully to improve solubility of any BCS class II drug and to predict effects and interactions of many experimental variables at the same time.

7 illus, 10 tables, 12 ref

018700   Tyagi S;Rawat S;Saxena S (NO, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, J3-Block, Sector-125, Expressway Highway, Amity Univ, Noida-201 303, Email: shikhar89@gmail.com) : Folate conjugates: A boon in the anti-cancer therapeutics. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4278-303.

Targeted delivery system is a promising strategy for improving cancer treatment and diagnostics. Molecular targeted drug delivery system has the potential to maximize the cancer treatment efficacy and minimize the toxicity to normal cells. Folate receptor (FR), an established ovarian cancer marker, is frequently found to be overexpressed in other major epithelial tumors. Overexpression of FR-β in myeloid leukemi as & in inflammatory macrophages, including tumor associated macrophages indicates exploitation of FR for targeted drug delivery. Active research taking place in the field of FR based tumor drug targeting has led to development of FR targeted radioimaging agents and chemotherapeutic agents of highly significant value in the field of oncology. FR is targeted by using conjugates of folic acid or anti FR antibodies. Though, both these techniques have their own advantages & disadvantages. To date, promising folate targeted antibodies, Farletuzumab & the low molecular weight folate conjugates like EC20, EC145 etc. have moved from phase II to phase III trials. This review focuses on all the developments made so far from discovery of the FR as a potential drug target as well as - 131 - radioimaging agents which provide clear insights to this targeted drug delivery system of the future.

^iia172 ref

018699   Thakur S;Thakur N;Ghosh N S (School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bahra Univ, Shimla Hills, Himachal Pradesh, Email: thakur21nisha@gmail.com) : Formulation and in-vitro evaluation of polyherbal micro-emulgel containing Tinospora cordifolia and curcumin for treatment of arthritis. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2016, 8(5), 259-64.

Arthritis is the condition which is associated with inflammation of a joint, pain, swelling, and stiffness. Drug delivery to the target site remains a challenge due to ineffective drug delivery system. An attempt has been made to formulate and evaluate micro-emulgel for the effective drug delivery in the treatment of Arthritis. Micro-emulgel was loaded with Curcumin and Tinospora cordifolia to enhance bioavailability of extracts which have been widely used in the treatment of arthritis. Micro-emulgel was prepared by emulsion-solvent diffusion method using carbopol 940P as a gelling agent. Micro-emulsion was formulated using Liquid paraffin oil as oil phase; Tween 80 and Span 20 as surfactant and co-surfactant respectively. FTIR studies proved the compatibility between drug, excipient and carbopol. The Prepared micro-emulgel was subjected to various parameters such as pH, rheological studies, spreadability, thermodynamic stability tests, drug content, electro conductivity, and in-vitro release studies. The pH of all formulations was found near to the skin pH value. Viscosity and spreadability of F1 optimized formulation was found to be 146.5 x 10³ cPs and 2.24 gxcm. From the in vitro drug release study, it was revealed that sustained release of formulation last up to 18 hours. F1 formulation showed the highest drug release of Curcumin (92.37%) and Tinospora cordifolia (90.75%). SEM images showed the diameter of oil globules of Micro-emulgel were in range of 1.50 to 2.13μm. Drug release kinetics showed the zero order drug release from the optimized F1 formulation. From the stability studies, F1 formulations had an excellent physical stability.

11 illus, 7 tables, 20 ref

018698   Tambekar D H;Tambekar S D;Jadhav A S; Babhulkar B V (Microbiology Dep, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati Univ, Amravati-444 602, Email: diliptambekar@rediffmail.com) : Isolation and partial characterization of protease from Bacillus halodurans (AJ302709) from alkaline lonar lake. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4546-9.

Alkaline protease alone account for 60% of the total world enzyme market with its improved properties such as higher optimum temperature and alkaline pH. Alkaline Lonar Lake, situated in the Buldhana District of the Maharashtra State, India, is a unique ecosystem and harbors various haloalkaliphilic bacterial species which produces biotechnologically important thermo-haloalkaliphilic enzymes. The present study deals with the production and partial characterizations of enzyme protease isolated from the extremophilic Lonar Lake bacterium. A total six bacterial strains were isolated on Horikoshi medium from the water, sediment and matt samples collected from Lonar crater. Out of these, one bacterium showing prominent proteolytic activity was characterized on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical parameter and identified as Bacillus halodurans (AJ302709) by16S rRNA sequencing. The alkaline protease produced by Bacillus halodurans showed optimum activities at pH 8, at temperature 70°C. It proves that the enzyme alkaline protease produced by this bacillus has potential applications in food, pharmaceutical and detergent - 130 - industries.

10 ref

018697   Tabassum;Mazumder A;Das S (NO, Pharmacy Institute, NIET, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, Email: saifi.tb@gmail.com) : Study of oral hypoglycemic activity of rhizomes of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. in albino wistar rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4602-7.

The present study was carried out to evaluate oral hypoglycemic activity of rhizome of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. in Albino wistar rats. Hemidesmus indicus (Family: Asclepiadaceae) is a commonly known Indian Medicinal Plant. It contains various phytoconstituents like hemidesminine, hemidine, hemidesmin-1 and hemidesmin-2 and other chemical constituents like glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, sterols and volatile oils. Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Streptozotocin induced diabetic albino wistar rat by administrating graded oral doses (200 and 400 mg/kg b.wt.) injected to group 3 and 4 for 90 days. This study also includes histopathological studies of pancreas. Phytochemical screening of methanol rhizome extract of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. The presence of alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, tannins and steroid. Metformin (100mg/kg) as standard oral hypoglycemic agent for 12 weeks resulting in significantly reduction in blood glucose. The present research work indicated that Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. methanol extract of rhizome (HIME) have prominent antidiabetic effect at a dose of 400 mg/kg in experimental diabetic rats.. Experimental results showed that the extract is capable of decreasing blood glucose level associated with diabetes. It was concluded that administration of methanol extract of rhizome of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br.(HIME) was effective in decreasing the blood glucose level.

12 ref

018696   Sundararaman B;Muthuramu K L (Civil Engineering Dep, S.K.P. Institute of Technology, Tiruvannamalai-606 611, Email: sundararaman.b@gmail.com) : Comparison of mango seed kernel powder, mango leaf powder and Manilkara zapota seed powder for decolorization of methylene blue dye and antimicrobial activity. J envir Biol 2016, 37(6), 1315-21.

The waste mango seed generated from mango pulp industry in India is a major problem in handling the waste and hence, conversion of mango seed kernel. Mango seeds were collected and processed for oil extraction. Decolorization of methylene blue was achieved by mango seed kernel powder, mango leaf powder and Manilkara zapota seed powder. Higher efficiency was attained in mango seed kernel powder when compared to mango leaf powder and Manilkara zapota seed powder. A 60 to 95 % of removal efficiency was achieved by varying concentration. Effect of pH, dye concentration, adsorbent dosage and - 129 - temperature were studied. Mango seed kernel powder is a better option that can be used as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue and basic red dye from its aqueous solutions.

6 illus, 29 ref

018695   Sudheer B;Vidyadhara S;Basaveswara Rao M V; Sasidhar R L C;Venkata Ramana K (NO, Chebrolu Hanumaiah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, Email: svidyadhara@gmail.com) : Formulation and characterization of diltiazem HCL matrix tablets by employing electrolytes with gum kondagogu. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4592-601.

The objective of the present investigation is to prepare and evaluate the sustained release matrix tablets of Diltiazem HCl using a natural polymer Gum kondagogu. Diltiazem HCl was formulated as sustained release matrix tablet formulations with natural polymer by employing pharmaceutically acceptable electrolytes. Electrolytes such as Sodium carbonate, Magnesium carbonate and Calcium carbonate were used at specific concentration, in various formulations. Total twelve formulations (DG1-DG12) were prepared by using different proportions of drug and Gum kondagogu (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2) with the aid of granulating fluids such as distilled water, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol. From 12 formulations DG3, DG7 and DG11 were optimized based on results from physicochemical evaluation and drug release studies. These formulations have composition of 1:1.5 ratio of drug and Gum kondagogu & they have shown more than 95% drug release at 12 hours. Hence based on studies, formulation DG10 with drug and polymer with 1:1 ratio was selected for further studies by employing electrolytes in different concentrations. These electrolytes were employed to examine matrix swelling and gel properties. These were tested for release studies and to signify the influence of electrolytes type in sustaining the release of drug. Based on results the formulation DGE8 contains magnesium carbonate as electrolyte with 50 mg concentration was found to extend the drug release over extended period of time. The results signified that the drug released at a sustained rate, owing to differential swelling rate and matrix rigidity, and provides a uniform gel layer.

20 ref

018694   Soren K R;Gangwar P;Khatterwani P;Chaudhary R G;Datta S (Plant Biotechnology Div, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur-208 024, Email: sorenars@gmail.com) : Genetic diversity assessment of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp ciceris isolates of indian chickpea fields as revealed by the SRAP marker system. J envir Biol 2016, 37(6), 1291-7.

An experiment was conducted to study the precise geographical distribution and racial complexity of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp ciceris (Foc) isolates representing 12 states of 4 agro-climatic zones of India at morphological, pathogenic and molecular level. The DNA based sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers was employed to differentiate Foc isolates at genome level. The genotypic data output of the isolates was examined for diversity parameter as marker's Polymorphic percentage (PM %), Polymorphic Information Content (PIC), Marker Index (MI) and Gene Diversity Index (DI). As a result, 15 primers used in this study could generated total of 154 reproducible alleles ranging from 100-2100 bp (average allele per marker 10.26) in size, of that 149 (97%) were found to be polymorphic. The neighbor-joining analysis effectively classified the isolates of North East Plain Zone (NEPZ), Central Zone (CZ), North West Plain Zone (NWPZ) and South Zone (SZ) into four clusters. In - 128 - summary, DNA based marker analysis could differentiate as per isolates geographical location, however pathogenic interaction of isolates from same geographical location could not match the genetic differentiation. Accordingly, considering the present complexity in racial profile, precise classification based on homologs virulence genes specific to races would give a more meaningful in correlating isolates with their native geographical distribution and helps in future resistance breeding programs for sustainable management of vascular wilt disease.

3 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

018693   Singhal K;Raj N;Gupta K;Singh S (Oral Pathology Dep, Career Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: hitokhushi@gmail.com) : Probable benefits of green tea with genetic implications. J oral maxillofacial Pathol 2017, 21(1), 107-14.

Tea is produced from the Camellia sinensis plant and can generally be divided into categories based on how they are processed. In general, green tea that is unfermented C. sinensis has been considered superior to black tea in health benefits. It contains a unique set of catechins that possess biological activity as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative, which is potentially significant to the prevention and treatment of various forms of diseases. Oral cavity oxidative stress and inflammation, consequent cigarettes due to nicotine and acrolein, may be reduced in the presence of green tea polyphenols. In addition, green tea polyphenols can close down halitosis through modification of odorant sulfur components. Usually, green tea defends healthy cells from malignant transformation and locally has the ability to induce apoptosis in oral cancer cells. In unison, there is an increasing implication in the health benefits of green tea in the field of oral health. This review will cover recent findings on the therapeutic properties and anticancer health benefits of green tea.

3 illus, 5 tables, 76 ref

018692   Singh Y;Sapre S;Prakash V;Tiwari S (Biotechnology Center, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur-482 004, Email: yogendrasinghbt@gmail.com) : Genetic fidelity assessment in micropropagated sugarcane plants using RAPD markers. Envir Ecol 2016, 34(4), 1629-33.

The sugarcane crop stands out in the world mainly because it is a renewable energy source for producing ethanol and contributing to produce 65% of world sugar. In vitro micropropogation technique is emerging as a powerful tool for fast multiplication at larger scale and production of disease free planting material in a number of crops. Induction of direct organogenesis leading to reduced duration in vitro can lead to production of genetically stable plantlets. The present work describes early assessment of clonal fidelity in sugarcane plants regenerated through direct organogenesis using RAPD markers. Somaclones of sugarcane (SCI- SC12) were obtained by above micropropagation. Twelve samples were collected at random from regenerated plantlets (SCI-SC12) being transferred for hardening and form field grown mother plant. Analysis of RAPD banding patterns generated by PCR amplification using Thirty RAPD primers were - 127 - screened in 12 somaclones samples but only 15 primers were selected to compare genetic similarity among somaclones of sugarcane with mother plant. Analysis of RAPD banding patterns gave no evidences for somaclonal variation and RAPD patterns of the plantlets were identical to the original mother plant. This indicated that direct regeneration from eye-bud did not induce any somaclonal variation in micropropagated plants during seven cycles. RAPD banding pattern confirmed the strong genetic purity of all micropropagated plants under study resembling to the parental genotype. Early assessment of genetic fidelity of micropropagated plants supports the acceptable modifications in protocol parameters and measure suitability of regeneration protocol for large scale applications.

1 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

018691   Singh M;Chaudhary S;Sareen D (Biochemistry Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh, Email: diptsare@pu.ac.in) : Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases: Identifying the cryptic gene clusters and decoding the natural product. J Biosci, Bangalore 2017, 42(1), 175-87.

Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs) present in bacteria and fungi are the major multi-modular enzyme complexes which synthesize secondary metabolites like the pharmacologically important antibiotics and siderophores. Each of the multiple modules of an NRPS activates a different amino or aryl acid, followed by their condensation to synthesize a linear or cyclic natural product. The studies on NRPS domains, the knowledge of their gene cluster architecture and tailoring enzymes have helped in the in silico genetic screening of the ever-expanding sequenced microbial genomic data for the identification of novel NRPS/PKS clusters and thus deciphering novel non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs). Adenylation domain is an integral part of the NRPSs and is the substrate selecting unit for the final assembled NRP. In some cases, it also requires a small protein, the MbtH homolog, for its optimum activity. The presence of putative adenylation domain and MbtH homologs in a sequenced genome can help identify the novel secondary metabolite producers. The role of the adenylation domain in the NRPS gene clusters and its characterization as a tool for the discovery of novel cryptic NRPS gene clusters are discussed.

^iia5 illus, 1 table, 73 ref

018690   Shrestha R L (Chemistry Dep, Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan Univ, Lainchour, Kathmandu) : GC-MS analysis, antibacterial, antioxidant and brine shrimp lethality assay of Murraya koenigii Spreng. Pharma Innovation 2017, 6(12), 35-8.

Extraction of essential oil of leaves of Murraya koenigii Spreng. was done by hydro distillation in Clevenger apparatus. Also, it was subjected to extraction with methanol. The composition of essential oil so collected were determined by GC-MS system and showed the presence of 23 different - 126 - compounds. Caryophyllene (27.89%), α-Pinene (14.22%), Caryophyllene oxide (7.74%), α-Caryophyllene (7.25%), á-Pinene (6.01%), α-Selinene (5.36%) and D-Limonene (5.04%) were the most abundant. Antibacterial, antioxidant activity and brine shrimp lethality assay were studied. Oil exhibited moderate antibacterial activity. Extract showed efficient DPPH antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ 93.2 ± 7.5 μg/mL. From Brine shrimp lethality assay, the LD₅₀ of the sample of plant was found to be 125μg/mL.

2 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

018689   Sharma V;Tarun Kumar;Dev K (NO, , Faculty of Biotechnology, Chandigarh Univ, Email: sharma.vipasha@gmail.com ) : Effect of medicinal plant extracts on the antimicrobial activity of amoxyclave and erythromycin against E. coli and S. aureus. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4615-25.

Development of microbial resistance leads new drug discovery, modification of antibiotics, administration of two or more antibiotics, use of traditional medicinal plants and their combinations with antibiotics. In the present study, 72 medicinal plants extracts were screened to potentiate the antimicrobial with erythromycin and amoxyclave. Among all the medicinal plant, Colehrookea oppositifolia was selected to analyze the synergistic activity with erythromycin and amoxyclave. The class I synergism (increase in the zone of inhibition) was observed in petroleum ether extract of leaves and inflorescence of C. oppositifolia in combination with amoxyclave with the increased zone from 6 ± 0.2 mm to 8 ± 0.2 mm and 6 ± 0.2 mm to 10 ± 0.2 mm, respectively. The class I synergisms also exhibited in methanol leaf extract of C. oppositifolia in combination with erythromycin and arnoxyclave against S. aureus. Interestingly, the methanolic leaf extract (alone) did not show any antibacterial effect against S. aureus, but in combination with erythromycin/arnoxyclave enhanced the zone of inhibition from 3 ± 0.1 mm to 9 ± 0.2 mm and 5 ± 0.2 mm to 9 ± 0.2 mm, respectively. Class II synergism (making drug bactericidal) was exhibited by methanol leaf extract against S. aureus. The sequential fractionation of the methanolic extract using solvent extraction (n- butanol, ethyl acetate) showed the class I synergism in combination with amoxyclave and erythromycin. The solvent fraction of ethyl acetate has mcreased the zone of inhibition of erythromycin from 4 ± 0.3 to 11 ± 0.2 mm and arnoxyclave from 8 ± 0.1 to 12 ± 0.1 mm against S. aureus. The 11-butanol fraction increases the zone of inhibition of erythromycin from 4 ± 0.1 to 12 ± 0.2 mm, whereas the zone of inhibition of amoxyclave was increased from 8±O.1 rnm to 13 ± 0.1 mrn by against S. aureus. The solvent fractions did not show synergism against E. coli. Class II synergism was shown by n- butanol and ethyl acetate fraction, which enhanced the potency of erythromycin by making it bactericidal.

28 ref

018688   Sharma P;Choudhary B;Nagpure A;Gupta R K (Univ School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprashta Univ, Sector-16C, Dwarka, New Delhi-110 078, Email: rkg67ap@yahoo.com) : Antifungal potential of actinomycete isolate Streptomyces exfoliatus MT9 against wood-rotting fungi. J envir Biol 2016, 37(6), 1231-7.

An actinomycete isolate, Streptomyces exfoliatus MT9 was assessed for in vitro antagonism against wood-rotting fungi. Strain MT9 showed strong antagonistic activity (ZOI ≥ 25 mm) towards various tested wood-rotting fungi. Extracellular production of antifungal metabolite(s) including primary and secondary was monitored up to 10 days of submerged fermentation. Antagonist S. exfoliatus MT9 produces fungal cell-wall lytic enzymes, namely chitinase (3.098 U ml^-1), β-1,3 glucanase (2.4 U ml^-1) and protease (144.0 U ml^-1) and also showed antifungal activity towards tested P. chrysosporium MTCC 787 (12.0 mm) and P. placenta MTCC 144 (16.0 mm). Extracellular culture filtrate (ECF) of S. exfoliatus MT9 also exhibited strong antifungal activity (ZOI ≥ 25 mm) towards tested wood-rotting fungi and n-butanol was found to be the suitable solvent for complete extraction of antifungal metabolite(s) from ECF. Reduced antifungal activity of n-butanol extract against P. chrysosporium MTCC 787 (11.00 mm) and P. placenta MTCC 144 (10.00 mm) on ergosterol agar plate, no activity against bacteria and characteristic UV spectra at - 125 - 224 nm revealed the polyene nature of antifungal metabolite(s) present in the n-butanol extract. A novel actinomycete isolate, S. exfoliatus MT9 is producing antifungal metabolite(s) that makes it suitable for biotechnological processes and has the potential to be used as a bioactive agent for controlling wood-rotting fungi.

3 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

018687   Sharma B;Joshi S C;Jasuja N D;Singh S K; Sharma G (School of Science, Suresh Gyan Vihar Univ, Jagatpura, Jaipur-302 017, Email: jai_gaurav06@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of anti-diabetic and heapatoprotectivity of Coriandrum sativum in alloxan induced experimental animals: A histopathology study. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4510-15.

Diabetes mellitus is metabolic disorder and day by day number of people increased across the world. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antidiabetic and heapatoprotectivity of ethanolic extracts of Coriandrum sativum in alloxan induced diabetic rat and find out the harmonious activity of the extract. The alloxan (150 mg/kg, i.p) used for induction of diabetes after making diabetic model the ethanolic extract of Coriandrum sativum leaves used at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. respectively for single extract treatment for four weeks including metformin (200mg/kg b.w) as a reference drug. The statistical analyses were carried out by one- way ANOVA with post-hoc by Dunnett's Multiple Comparison Test. After 28 days treatment the extracts significantly (p<60>0.001) reduces serum glucose level and recovered liver function tests (p<60>0.001) (SGOT, SGPT, ALP and bilirubin) as well glycosylated haemoglobin (p<60>0.001). Histopathological study showed amelioration in alloxan treated groups. The result suggested that anti-antidiabetic and heapatoprotectivity potential of Coriandrum sativum.

28 ref

018686   Selvadurai S;Dhana Raju M D;Rao A V;Kirubha T S V (NO, , Pharmacognosy Dep, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh-533 296, Email: sasdurai85@gmail.com) : In-vitro anthelmintic activity of methanolic leaf extract of Abrus precatorius Linn. (fabaceae). Int J Pharmac 2016, 3(8), 371-4.

The present study was aimed to investigation of the anthelmintic potential of crude methanolic extract of the leaves of Abrus precatorius Linn. on Indian earth-worm "Pheretima posthum" and "Tubifex tubifex". Three concentrations (5, 10, 15 mg/ml) of methanolic extract were studied in activity which involved the determination of time of paralysis (vermifuge) and time of death - 124 - (vermicidal) of the worms. Piperazine citrate (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard drug whereas distilled water as control. Determination of paralysis time and death time of the worms were recorded. The result shows that methanolic extract possesses vermicidal activity and found to be effective as an anthelmintic. Therefore, the anthelmintic activity of the methanolic extract of Abrus precatorius Linn. Leaves has been reported.

1 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

018685   Sarker A;Amin N;Shimu I J;Akhter M P;Alam M A;Rahman M M;Sultana H (Pharmacy Dep, Primeasia Univ, Star Tower, 12 Kemal Ataturk Avenue, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh) : Antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of langra mango pulp. J Pharmac Phytochem 2017, 6(6), 28-30.

Mango is antioxidant rich one of the most popular fruits in the world. Mangoes (Mangifera indica) belong to genus Mangifera under the family of Anacardiaceae. In Bangladesh, Mango is called as the "King of fruit" over a large area, but locally known as "aam". Mango contains different types of chemicals and most of them are bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, vitamin C, carotenoids, anthocyanin, and flavonoids. The present study was to extract the chemicals from Langra mango as well as investigated the antimicrobial properties by using various in vitro methods. The mature fruit was extracted with methanol. Chemicals from mango pulps were extracted by using Rotary evaporator. Phytochemical tests were performed to investigate the possible phytochemicals present in the mango pulp extract. Antimicrobial activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) were performed by disc diffusion and broth dilution assay against five (5) pathogenic bacteria. The antimicrobial activity exerted by the extract was compared with standard and results showed that extract contained significant antimicrobial activity. The order of zone of inhibition was Staphylococcus aureus (17mm) <62> Bacillus subtilis (16 mm) <62> Escherichia coli (14 mm) <62> Salmonella typhi (14 mm) <62> Klebsiella pneumoniae (12 mm). The MIC values were in the range 0.6 mg/ml to 1.25 mg/ml for extract of Langra mango pulp. The lowest MIC was found for Escherichia coli (0.6 mg/ml). So the extract (methanolic) of langra mango pulp has potent antimicrobial properties.

1 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

018684   Samrot A V;Rohan B;Divya Kumar;Sahiti K;Raji P;Sree Samanvitha K (Biotechnology Dep, Sathyabama Univ, Jeppiaar Nagar, Sholinganallur, Chennai-600 119, Email: antonysamrot@gmail.com) : Detection of antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Mangifera indica using TLC bio-autography. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4467-72.

Mangifera indica is commonly found in India, which contains exalted medicinal values. TLC bioautography help us to identify the bioactivity of separated molecules in less time. In this study, leaves of Mangifera indica was subjected for various solvent extraction, followed with phytochemical screening and TLC bioautography for antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Column fractionation was done for all the extracts and subjected for spot assay. The plant chosen for this study was found to have antioxidant and antibacterial activity.

44 ref

018683   Ratna Kumari;Chouhan S;Singh S;Chhipa R R; Ajay A K;Bhat M K (National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune Univ Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411 007, Email: manojkbhat@nccs.res.in) : Constitutively activated ERK sensitizes cancer cells to doxorubicin: Involvement of p53-EGFR-ERK pathway. J Biosci, Bangalore 2017, 42(1), 31-41.

The tumour suppressor gene p53 is mutated in approximately 50% of the human cancers. p53 is involved in genotoxic stress-induced cellular responses. The role of EGFR and ERK in DNA-damage-induced apoptosis is well known. We investigated the involvement of activation of ERK signalling as a consequence of non-functional p53, in sensitivity of cells to doxorubicin. We performed cell survival assays in cancer cell lines with varying p53 status: MCF-7 (wild-type p53, WTp53), MDA MB-468 (mutant p53, MUTp53), H1299 (absence of p53, NULLp53) and an isogenic cell line MCF-7As (WTp53 abrogated). Our results indicate that enhanced chemosensitivity of cells lacking wild-type p53 function is because of elevated levels of EGFR which activates ERK. Additionally, we noted that independent of p53 status, pERK contributes to doxorubicin-induced cell death.

7 illus, 33 ref

018682   Ramya L (Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Univ, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur-613 401, Email: lramya174@gmail.com) : Physicochemical properties of insect and plant antifreeze proteins: A computational study. Curr Sci 2017, 112(7), 1512-20.

Antifreeze proteins are found in cold-surviving organisms. These proteins have greater structural diversity among same and different species. In this study, a total of 14 antifreeze proteins from both insects and plants were selected randomly and their physicochemical characteristics along with their structural features were analysed using computational tools. The results indicate that plant antifreeze proteins are mostly hydrophilic, which can interact with ice/water effectively. The study shows that the thermal stability of plant antifreeze proteins is greater than insect antifreeze proteins. Among the chosen sequences, insect antifreeze proteins were mostly β-sheet and plant antifreeze proteins were α-helix.

4 illus, 6 tables, 36 ref

018681   Ramalakshmi S;Kavimani S;Srineevas S; Vetriselvi V;Bhaskar L V K S (NO, K. K. College of Pharmacy, Gerugambakkam, Chennai, Tamilnadu, Email: sramalakshmi@rediffmail.com) : Molecular markers for capecitabine therapy. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4315-26.

Capecitabine an oral prodrug of 5- fluorouracil is widely used for the treatment of variety of solid tumors, particularly colorectal cancer. However it is not devoid of toxicities and may limit therapy. A little is known about predictors of toxicity, response and survival in patients treated with capecitabine. The pharmacogenetic testing methods can identify such - 122 - variants and thus indicate those patients who are at risk for adverse effects with capecitabine. Various studies have been carried out to assess the various genetic predictive and prognostic markers with treatment. The purpose of this review is to describe the comprehensive reports and draw conclusion with the available information on capecitabine pharmacogenetics and future directions on ongoing research. An extensive literature search was carried out on the genes encoding the enzymes involved in the metabolism of capecitabine. Overall, evidence indicates multiple genes associated with the response/toxicity with capecitabine therapy, however majority of reports indicate DPD deficiency as a source of life-threatening toxic effects. Hence, prospective studies correlating the enzymes and the concentration of the drug and its metabolites in the body are needed before validated SNP tests can enter routine clinical practice.

^iia96 ref

018680   Ramachandran R;Sangeetha D (Microbiology Dep, Faculty of Science, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu) : Antibiofilm efficacy of silver nanoparticles against biofilm forming multidrug resistant clinical isolates. Pharma Innovation 2017, 6(11), 36-43.

The purpose of this study was to assess the antibiofilm activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against multidrug resistant gram negative bacterial isolates. Different approaches have been used for preventing biofilm-related infections in health care settings. Many of these methods have their own difficulty, which include chemical-based complications; emergent antibiotic resistant strains, etc. Therefore, the aim of present study was to demonstrate the anti-biofilm activity of silver nanoparticles against the selected five strong biofilm forming multidrug resistant gram negative bacterial strains includes {Escherichia coli (ETEC12), Klebsiella pneumoniae (SKP7), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ETPS11), Proteus mirabilis (PPM8) and Acinetobacter baumannii (SAB5)} were used in this study. The anti-biofilm activity of AgNPs with different concentration of 12.5 to 100 μg/ml was investigated by direct visualisation applying test tube method and congo red agar method along with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The biofilm inhibitory concentration was found to be in the range of 12.5 - 100 μg/ml. The technique using SEM provides the visual evidence that AgNPs arrested the bacterial growth and prevent the exopolysaccharides formation. The AgNPs effectively restricted biofilm formation of the tested bacteria. In our study, we could expose the complete anti-biofilm activity of AgNPs at a concentration as low as 100 μg/ml. The findings suggested that AgNPs can be defeated towards the development of potential anti-bacterial coatings for various biomedical and environmental applications. In future, the AgNPs may play major role in the coating of medical devices and treatment of infections caused due to extensively antibiotic resistant biofilm.

3 illus, 1 table, 51 ref

018679   Qiu D R;Cong J;Zhang Y M;Wang D C;Sun J Z;Wei D S;He S L;Guo J;Kuang Y;Qin J C;Yang S X (School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen Univ, South Xiangan Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China, Email: qinjc@jlu.edu.cn) : Bioassay-guided isolation of herbicidal allelochemicals from essential oils of Geranium carolinianum L. and Geranium koreanum Kom. Allelopathy J 2017, 42(1), 65-78.

The essential oils of air-dried Geranium carolinianum L. and G. koreanum Kom. were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. Twenty and 22-compounds were identified in the essential oils from G. carolinianum and G. koreanum, respectively. The effects of these essential oils were investigated against two weed species Amaranthus viridis L. and Portulaca oleracea L. Based on bioactivity-guided fractionation, the main active constituent maltol (36.13%) was isolated from G. carolinianum oil and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester (38.25%) and (E)-2-Hexen-1-ol (11.98%) were isolated from G. koreanum oil and their structures were determined by EI-MS and 1D - 121 - NMR. As a result, the inhibitory effects of G. koreanum oil on seed germination and seeding growth of A. viridis L. and P. oleracea L. were much stronger than G. carolinianum L. At 200 μg/mL concentration, three isolated active allelochemicals had different inhibitory effects on seed germination and seeding growth of A. viridis L. and P. Oleracea L. Among them, the inhibitory effects of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester on shoot length of A. viridis L. (RI =-0.92±0.03) was strongest. These results suggested that the essential oils play major role in allelopathic activity of these two aromatic plants.

8 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

018678   Pradhan K K (Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology Dep, Birla Institute of Technology, MESRA, Ranchi-835 215, Email: kkpradhan@bitmesra.ac.in) : Development of validated stability indicating RP-HPLC method for estimation of irbesartan in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4531-9.

A stability indicating RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of Irbesartan in bulk and dosage forms using Telmisartan (10 μg/ml) as the internal standard. An Inert ODS C-18, 5μm column having 250 x 4.6mm internal diameter in isocratic mode with mobile phase containing methanol: water (90:10) and the pH was adjusted to 3 with 1 % GAA. The flow rate was 1 ml/min and effluents were monitored at the wavelength of 246 nm. The retention time for Irbesartan was 2.3 min. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines for linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found 6.51μg/ml and 1.973μg/ml respectively and recovery of Irbesartan from bulk and dosage forms was found from 99.94% to 99.97%. As the separation of the degradants using this mobile phase is quite good, isolation of the degradants with preparative techniques can also be achieved using this mobile phase. The drug was prone to degrade more in acidic, alkaline, oxidative and thermal conditions. Further LC MS-MS analysis will help to deduce the structures of the degradants which can help to establish the possible degradation pathway of this drug. So this method can be economically very useful in both research and industrial aspect.

13 ref

018677   Patel M;Gadhavi H;Tiwari T;Pandya P;Patel S; Rawal R M;Pandya H A (Botany Dep, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Scienc, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat) : Comparative genome analysis of Plasmodium sp. and identification of unique signature with next generation sequencing technology. Pharma Innovation 2017, 6(12), 30-4.

Malaria is a malignant disease which is growing all over the world and its causative agent. Plasmodium species easily develops resistant to commonly used antimalarial drugs easily. These empower different strains of Plasmodium e.g. Plasmodium falciparum - 120 - and Plasmodium vivax to infect humans with malaria.To get the deeper molecular insights, next generation sequencing data were used for further analysis as it has shifted the paradigm of genomics to address biological questions with high confidence and in timely manner. The short reads for above mentioned parasites were retrieved from SRA (Sequence read archive) and de novo assembly was performed. Several novel genes along with known genes were predicted from assembled contigs, Functional annotation followed by gene ontology and pathway analysis. Comparison between species gave structural and functional diversity of the specific genes responsible for disease condition which further can be studied for disease biology.

3 illus, 3 tables, 39 ref

018676   Patel A K;Jaspreet Kaur;Yadav D K;Hasan M; Tyagi P K (College of Pharmacy, Shree Ganpati Institute of Technology, Hapur-245 101, Email: amritkaimur@gmail.com) : Influence of fluconazole pre-treatment on antidiabetic activity of thiazolidinediones in diabetic rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4480-4.

The influence of fluconazole pre-treatment on the hypoglycaemic effect of pioglitazone (10 mg/kg, p.o) and rosiglitazone (720 μg/kg, p.o) was studied. This study was conducted on diabetic rats of either sex, randomly distributed into two different groups. Diabetes was induced by administering 120mg/kg of alloxan intraperitonially. Then they were pretreated with fluconazole (36 mg/kg) in 2% w/v gum acacia suspension for seven days. On eighth day, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone were administered to respective groups one hour after fluconazole treatment. Blood samples were collected by retro orbital plexus under light ether anesthesia at different time intervals up to 24 hours. The hypoglycaemic activity of thiazolidinediones was studied and it indicated that fluconazole pretreatment has enhanced the hypoglycaemic effect of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, at higher dose, significantly. Hence it is suggested that during the concomitant usage of fluconazole and thiazolidinediones, the therapeutic drug monitoring is essential and may also require readjusting the dose and frequency of administration of thiazolidinediones.

18 ref

018675   Pappu P;Madduru D;Chandrasekharan M;Modhukur V;Nallapeta S;Suravajhala P (Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Bioclues Organization, IKP Knowledge Park, Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, Email: prash@bioclues.org) : Next generation sequencing analysis of lung cancer datasets: A functional genomics perspective. Indian J Cancer 2016, 53(1), 1-7.

- 119 - Cigarette smoking leads to serious epidemics in humans, creating torsion of infection in epithelial cells lining the respiratory tracts. Several researchers in the recent past have theorized that the next generation sequencing (NGS), especially transcriptome sequencing has enhanced understanding lung cancers and other epithelial epidemics. Conversely, pathogenesis specific to lung cancer with respect to molecular fraction of genomic ribonucleic acid has some mutant effect in various populations like smokers with lung cancer, healthy never smokers and vice versa. We review the impending impact of NGS data while providing insights into the biology of lung cancer affecting various populations, which we believe would be an add-on service for predictive biology approaches. Furthermore, we conclude what would be the outcome of such analysis for Indian population. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using various tools. We identified five genes namely epidermal growth factor receptor, Kirsten rat sarcoma, adenomatosis polyposis down regulated-1, N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein, gamma and Piezo type mechanosensitive ion channel component 2 whose role was implicated in lung cancer and further analysis has to be performed to check whether or not the genes are indeed completely involved in causing lung cancer.

^iia4 illus, 1 table, 48 ref

018674   Pandey A;Kaushik A (School of Studies in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiwaji Univ, Gwalior-474 001, Email: pandey_pharma@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of anti-nociceptive and anti-pyretic activity of Aerva pseudotomentosa leaves aqueous extract. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4686-92.

Aerva pseudotomentosa Blatt. & Hallb. (Amaranthaceae) is arid region plant commonly known as Bui. It is used in ethno medicinal practices for the treatment of pain and inflammatory hyperalgesic disorders such as rheumatic pain, fever, inflammation, wounds and urinary disorders. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-nociceptive, antipyretic effects of A. pseudotomentosa leaves aqueous extract. The aqueous extract of A. pseudotomentosa leaves (APAE) was prepared by maceration. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined spectrophtometrically. Two dose levels (200 and 400 mg/kg) of the extract were administered by oral route to laboratory mice and rats. Peripheral nociception was induced in rodents using (acetic acid induced abdominal writhing and formalin), supra spinal (hot plate) and spinal (tail immersion) behavioral models of acute pain were used, while the fever was induced by using brewer's yeast. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were estimated 359.3 mg tannic acid equivalents/g and 248.5 mg quercetin equivalents/g of extract, respectively in aqueous extract. The APAE at dose 400 mg/kg exhibited significant anti-nociceptive effect (p <60> 0.001) in all tests as well as pronounced antipyretic effect. In conclusion the leaves of A. pseudotomentosa exhibited significant peripheral, central anti-nociceptive effect and antipyretic potential, which substantiates its uses as folk remedies in treatment of inflammatory hyperalgesic disorders.

42 ref

018673   Pahal V;Arashdeep Kaur;Dadhich K S (Microbiology Dep, Dolphin Post Graduate College of Science and Agriculture, Chunni Kalan, F.G. Sahib, Punjab-140 406, Email: vikaspahal@gmail.com) : Synergistic antibacterial effect of some - 118 - indian medicinal plants and cow (Bos indicus) urine distillate against selective pathogenic gram-positive bacteria. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4429-36.

Pathogenic bacterial infections are of serious clinical concern around the world. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics makes this situation beyond control. Hence, microbiologists are trying to find out the new and promising therapies against these bacterial infections. In the present research, combination therapy, which comprises extract of different medicinal plants and cow urine distillate, was used against six pathogenic gram positive bacteria. The efficacy of this combination therapy was evaluated by two methods: agar well diffusion method and XTT-colorimetric method. It has been demonstrated that CUD has profound synergistic effect on the efficacy of plants-derived extracts against the pathogenic bacteria at the specified level. The relative activity of different extracts with CUD as solvent medium was found to be increased (R.A.I= 1.61 to 2.13) against every bacteria of present study. MIC & MBC results were greatly improved (upto 2 to 3 folds) by the combination therapy. The results obtained in the present study could be useful for further research to assess the effect of combination therapy against other pathogenic microorganisms like fungi and viruses.

19 ref

018672   Padmaja N;Veerabhadram G (Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ College of Technology, Osmaina Univ, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: gvbhadram@gmail.com) : Development and validation of a novel stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for the determination of empagliflozin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4523-30.

A novel stability-indicative of RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the quantitative estimation of Empagliflozin in bulk drugs and pharmaceutical dosage form in the presence of degradation products. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Intersil C₁₈ (150mmx4.6mm, 5 μm) analytical column using mobile phase composition of methanol and acetonitrile in ratio of (50: 50 v/v) that was set at a flow rate of 20 μl/min with detection of 265 nm. The retention time of Empagliflozin was found to be 2.184 min. The high correlation coefficient value indicated clear correlation and their peak area within the LOQ (Limit of quantification) to 150% level. The drug was analyzed by following the guidelines of International conference on Harmonization (ICH) underneath hydrolytic, photolytic, oxidative, and thermal stress conditions. The presentation of the method was validated according to the present ICH guidelines for accuracy, precision and robustness, Linearity, limit of quantification, limit of detection linearity.

18 ref

018671   Nishat R;Ramachandra S;Behura S S;Harish Kumar (Oral Pathology and Microbiology Dep, Campus Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Univ, Bhubaneswar-751 024, Email: sujathagoutham8@gmail.com) : Digital cytopathology. J oral maxillofacial Pathol 2017, 21(1), 99-106.

The advancements in the fields of technology and networking have revolutionized the world including the fields of medicine and dentistry. Telemedicine and its various branches provide a broad platform to medical professionals for consultations and investigations and can also act as a valuable educational aid. This review highlights the components, methods employed, clinical applications, advantages, disadvantages of telepathology and telecytology.

^iia5 illus, 55 ref

018670   Nerella A;Dontamsetti B R;Mantena A D (NO, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, West Godavari-534 202, Email: rptlemp006@gmail.com) : Effect of lipids on physicochemical properties of letrozole loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2016, 8(5), 244-8.

The objective of the current investigation was to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) from different lipids and to study the effect of lipids on physicochemical characteristics of letrozole loaded SLN. In order to prepare small, stable, uniform and high Letrozole loaded SLNs, many factors such as lipid and stabilizer concentration and preparation parameters can be - 117 - considered. Out of these, we have selected solid lipid as lipid matrix to investigate an effect on SLNs. SLNs were prepared using different lipids by modified hot sonication method. The effect of different lipids and stabilizers on physicochemical characteristics of Letrozole loaded SLNs were investigated. Letrozole loaded SLNs showed different physicochemical properties and release profiles according to used solid lipid. In case of particle size, SLN1 showed biggest particle size (532.5 ± 26.4nm) and highest encapsulation efficiency (81.37 ± 6.72%) and, SLN4 showed highest cumulative drug percentage (89.4 ± 1.8%, 24 h) release. These results suggest that lipids type affect physicochemical properties and release profile of SLN. The choice of lipid and stabilizer played important role on the physicochemical characteristics and in vitro release of Letrozole loaded SLNs.

4 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

018669   Negi P;Kingsley P A;Sachdeva J;Srivastava H (Radiation Oncology Dep, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, Email: drpreetinegi@gmail.com) : Radiation therapy- an effective tool for analgesia in metastatic bone disease in breast cancer. J Evolution med dent Sci 2017, 6(61), 4450-53.

5 tables, 21 ref

018668   Neeraj Kumar;Mishra S S;Sharma C S;Singh H P (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Geetanjali Institute of Pharmacy, Udaipur-313 002, Email: neerajkumarkamra@gmail.com) : In silico ADME, bioactivity and toxicity prediction of some selected anti-epileptic agents. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2016, 8(5), 254-8.

Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by partial or generalized spontaneous (unprovoked) recurrent epileptic seizures and often, comorbidities such as anxiety and depression. Epilepsy is fourth most common neurological disorder. In developed countries, new cases occur of epilepsy in babies and elderly due to the differences in the frequency of disease causes. All available antiepileptic drugs have antiepileptogenic effects; they only prevent the development or progression of epilepsy. However, no drugs have been reported with epileptogenesis effect. This computational research investigation provides the pharmacokinetic, bioactivity and toxicity profiles of some selected antiepileptic agents that would be useful for development of new antiepileptic molecule having good pharmacological profile.

1 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

018667   Nahid A;Neelabh C;Navneet Kumar (Molecular Biology and Genetics Dep, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara, Punjab) : Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of Eclipta prostrata collected from the Nepal region. Pharma Innovation 2017, 6(11), 4-7.

Eclipta prostrata is a perennial herb which is used to treat various ailments as a part of the traditional medicine in different parts of the world. Considering the ethnopharmacological importance of the plant, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract were evaluated. Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH scavenging activity assay, ferric reducing power assay and total antioxidant assay. The phenol and flavonoid content were also quantitatively determined. The extract was able to scavenge DPPH free radical and reduce ferric ion. It showed a significant amount of phenol and flavonoid content. It inhibited the growth of pathogenic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria effectively. Further study needs to be done for identifying the future applications of E. prostrata in drug and food industry.

1 table, 30 ref

018666   Mule V S;Naikwade N S;Magdum C S;Jagtap V A (NO, Yashwantrao Bhonsale College of Pharmacy, Sawantwadi, Maharashtra, Email: vsmule.tkcp@gmail.com) : Antidiabetic activity of extracts of Pithecellobium dulce benth leaves in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2016, 8(5), 275-80.

The objective of the present study was to study effect of Pithecellobium dulce Benth (P. dulce) leaves in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The P. dulce leaves were extracted by maceration and soxhelation method by using water and ethanol as solvent. Acute toxicity study was performed according to OECD 425 guidelines for both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. dulce leaves. The dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg was selected for further studies. Animals were rendered diabetic by administration of alloxan (130 mg/kg, i.p.). The albino rats were divided in to seven groups with five animals in each group. Diabetic animals were treated with aqueous and ethanolic extract for 20 days. Then blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, urea, uric acid, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and glycogen level in liver, muscle and kidney were estimated according to standard procedures. The result shows significant decrease in blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, urea, uric acid, creatinine, AST and ALT level when compared to diabetic group. The liver and muscle glycogen level was increased significantly in extract treated groups when compared to diabetic control group. Both extract of P. dulce posses antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potential.

1 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

018665   Mukundan D;Mohankumar R;Vasanthakumari R (Polymer Nano Technology Centre, B S A Crescent Univ, Chennai-600 048, Email: mukundraj85@gmail.com) : Comparative study of synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles using leaves extract of Bauhinia tomentosa Linn and their anticancer efficacy. Bull Mater Sci 2017, 40(2), 335-44.

Nanotechnology is an emerging field in science and technology, which can be applied to synthesize new materials at the nanoscale level. The present investigation aimed at comparing the synthesis, characterization andin vitro anticancer efficacy of synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles using leaves extract of Bauhinia tomentosa Linn. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized using aqueous extractof leaves with solution of silver nitrate (AgNO₃, 1 mM) and chloroauric acid (HAuCl₄ú3H₂O, 1 mM), respectively. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infraredspectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and cyclic voltammetry, which confirmed the reduction of Ag⁺ ions to Ag⁰ and Au³⁺ ions to Au⁰. The in vitro anticancer efficacy of AgNPs, AuNPs and aqueous extract of leaves confirmed by MTT assay exhibited IC₅₀ concentrations of 28.125, 46.875 and 50 μgml^-1 for lung A-549 cells, 103.125, 34.375 and 53.125 μgml^-1 for HEp-2 cells and 62.5, 23.4 and 13.26 μgml^-1 for MCF-7 cells, respectively. The concentrations indicate that both silver and gold nanoparticles as well as aqueous extract of leaves exhibited high anticancer efficacy.

15 illus, 5 tables, 48 ref

018664   Mskhiladze L;Chincharadze D;St-Gelais A; Mshvildadze V;Pichette A;Ledoux A;Tits M;Frederich M (Parmacognosy and Botany Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tbilisi State Medical Univ, 33, Vazha Pshavela Ave., Tbilisi, 0177, Georgia, Email: lashamskhiladze@gmail.com) : Isolation and identification of steroid and flavonoid glycosides from the flowers of Allium gramineum. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2016, 8(4), 240-3.

The isolation and identification of á-sitosterol 3-O-á-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-á-glucopyranoside, isorhamnetin 3,4'-di-O-á-glucopyranoside and isorhamnetin 3,7-di-O-á-glucopyranoside from the flowers of Allium gramineum that grows in Georgia. The structures of isolated compounds have been determined by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

1 illus, 27 ref

018663   Moghal M M R;Millat M S;Hussain M S;Islam M R (Pharmacy Dep, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology Univ, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Email: rashed1505@yahoo.com) : Thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities of Launaea sarmentosa. Int J Pharmac 2016, 3(8), 354-8.

This study was carried out to evaluate the thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities of Launaea sarmentosa plants. The crude methanolic extract of L. sarmentosa (whole plants) was investigated for in vitro thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities at five different concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg/ml respectively. In case of thrombolytic study, it was dose dependently increased (p <60> 0.01), where streptokinase (30,000 I.U.) was used as standard and distilled water was treated as negative control. In the in vitro clot lysis assay method, 10 mg/ml concentration most significantly showed 22.57 % lysis of clot (p <60> 0.001). Similarly, crude methanolic extract of L. sarmentosa dose dependently increased the membrane stabilizing activity in comparison to the standard drug, acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml; p <60> 0.01). 10 mg/ml of the extract exhibited 12.11 % and 20.55 % inhibition of haemolysis by both hypotonic solution and heat-induced haemolysis, respectively.

3 tables, 14 ref

018662   Mayilsamy D;Krishnaswamy K (Biochemistry Dep, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore-641 029, Email: dharani.biochem89@gmail.com) : Evaluation of anticancer effect of Brassica rapa chinensis linn. using in vivo model. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4516-22.

The present study aims to evaluate the anticancer effect of methanolic extract of bokchoy (Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves) using in vivo model in mice. The experimental mice were divided to 5 groups. The methanolic extract - 114 - (800 mg/kg) and nanoparticles of methanolic extract (1mg/kg) of Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves, was administered to mice of group III and IV respectively. The mice were induced with DLA. Group I mice served as normal control and group II as DLA control. Cyclophosphamide at 3mg/kg b.wt was administered to group V. Treatment with methanolic extract and nanoparticles of methanolic extract of Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves (800, 1mg/kg, orally) against Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) in mice by the activities of marker enzymes as Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), Alkanine phosphatase (ALP), Acid phosphatase (ACP), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), γ Glutamyl transpeptidase (γGT), 5'Nucleotidase, β-D-Glucuronidase, β-D-Galactosidase and Cathepsin D levels in serum. The extract also enhanced in a dose dependent manner with 3mg dose revealing more defending effect in line with the standard drug, Cyclophosphamide. The observed results indicate that the Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves extract at both the doses were effective in curbing the toxic insult of DLA.

30 ref

018661   Masud A A;Begum I (Pharmacy Dep, Jagannath Univ, Dhaka-1100, Bangladesh, Email: masud_pr14@yahoo.com) : Development and validation of a RP HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of aspirine and clopidogrel in combined tablet dosage form. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4443-8.

In this present study a novel, simple, economical, accurate and precise RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of aspirine and clopidogrel in combined tablet dosage form. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a Kromasil HD C₁₈ (150 x 4.6 mm, 5μm) column with a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.1% (v/v) orthophosphoric acid aqueous solution in a ratio of 40:60 (v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. Detection was accomplished at 237 nm by employing a DAD (Diode array detector). The retention times were 2.78 and 4.99 min for aspirine and clopidogrel respectively. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines for accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity and sensitivity. Calibration plots were linear over the concentration range 10 - 70 μg/ml for both aspirine and clopidogrel with r²<62>0.997. Recovery was found to be 99.2 - 99.8% and 99.2 - 99.9% for aspirine and clopidogrel respectively with RSD <60> 2 for both. There were no interference due to any components of pharmaceutical dosage indicating high specificity of the method. LOD and LOQ value were found to be26.2 ng/ml and 78.2 ng/ml for aspirine and 52.7 ng/ml and 152.1 ng/ml for clopidogrel reflecting high sensitivity of the method. The method was successfully employed for quantitative analysis of commercial product. Validation study revealed that method is specific, rapid, reliable and reproducible, so it can be used for routine quality control study of aspirine and clopidogrel in combined tablet dosage form.

32 ref

018660   Marimuthu S;Sheik Noor Mohamed M;Saravanan P; Anand D;Rajarajan S (P.G. & Research Dep of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai-600 004 - 113 - , Email: anandesingh@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of in vitro antiviral activity of Hypericum mysorense F. Heyne against HSV-2. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2017, 9(1), 34-7.

The medicinal plants have played a vital role in drug discovery. Many plants are used traditionally for the treatment of different types of viral disorders and other infectious diseases. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a ubiquitous organism that causes infections in human populations throughout the world. It causes a variety of diseases ranging in severity from mild to life-threatening. The present study was to evaluate antiviral activity of Hypericum mysorense F. Heyne ethanolic leaf extract against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) using HEp-2 cell line. The toxic free concentrations of ethanolic extract were determined using MTT assay, followed by anti HSV-2 activity and a positive control was maintained. 50 μg/ml of ethanol extract was observed to be maximum non toxic free concentration against HEp-2 cell line and also exhibited significant inhibitory activity against HSV-2.

2 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

018659   Manpreet Kaur;Singh R (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, G.H.G Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana-141 104, Email: asrpreet2007@rediffmail.com) : Genus hunteria- a ethnopharmacological chemical and pharmacological perspectives. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(11), 4367-73.

Hunteria is a genus of plant in family Apocynaceae. It comprises of 12 species but more prevalent are Hunteria umbellata and Hunteria zeylanica. Taditionally H. umbellata have been used in the treatment of yaws and sexually transmitted infections, stomach ache, ulcers, diabetes mellitus and dysmenorrhoea. H. zeylanica is used to cure profile but its prolonged use, particularly, at high doses should be with great caution. The phytochemical analysis of the H. stomach-ache, wounds and cuts. H. umbellata has a relatively low oral toxicity umbellata plant extract revealed the presence of saponins, steroids, tannins, volatile oils, phenols and copious amount of alkaloids. H. zeylanica leaves and stem bark prominently contains alkaloids. Scientific researchers have shown that H. umbellata and H. zeylanica were active against various diseases such as bacterial infections, pain, fever, inflammation, diabetes, in obesity, hyperlipidemia, heart problems, in child birth and malaria. Aim of the current review is to explore potential species of Genus Hunteria for ethnopharmacology, toxicological studies, safety, phytochemical investigation and pharmacological properties.

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018658   Kehail M A A;Bashir N H H (Center of Biosciences and Biotehnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Gezira Univ, Wad Medani, Sudan) : Larvicidal activity of - 112 - powders and aqueous- extracts different parts of four plant species fruits against Anopheles arabiensis paton (diptera : culicidae) larvae from Wad Medani, central Sudan. Int J Mosquito Res 2017, 4(6), 1-4.

According to WHO, populations of Anopheles arabiensis Paton (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Gezira state, central Sudan, produced strains showing resistance to a wide range of insecticides. Natural products are substances or combinations of substances and elements found in nature, and used for the purpose of maintaining or improving health, treating or preventing diseases and control of vectors. In the present work, the larvicidal potentialies of four different local plants fruits were investigated using different morphological parts (seeds, whole fruit, pericarp) and in the forms of powders or aqueous -extracts. These plants were: orange (Citrus sinensis L.), Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis Schrad). and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The standard methods of WHO for rearing and assesment of mosquitoes susceptibility were carefully followed. The results revealed that the LD50 for bitter apple fruit powder was 144.2 mg/L, for pepper fruit 165.3 mg/, for orange seeds powder 255.9 mg/L, for pomegranate seeds powder 718.7 mg/L, for orange pericarp powder (980.7 mg/L and, lastly for pomegranate pericarp powder was 1266.9 mg/L. The effects of the treatments on the larvae showed significant differences in their persistence in water. Pepper fruit powder killed 50-80% within the first 3 days, whereas orange seeds powder killed 35-100% within the first 6 days. The bitter apple powder effect persited for 2 days only (85 and 55% for days 1 and 2, respectively) and, then drastically declined (15 and 10% for days 3 and 4, respectively). More investigations are needed to isolate the active ingredients of each powder and subject them to bioassay.

4 tables, 27 ref