024496   Yadav S;Anand Kumar (Zoology Dep, Agra College, Agra-282 002, Email: sujatayad@rediffmail.com) : Induction of ethological isolation among populations of Drosophila ananassae: a response to variation in diet. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 85-90.

Development of isolating mechanisms are thought to be the first steps of animal speciation. Ethological isolation is the most important class among the different isolating mechanisms without which evolution cannot occur. Sexual isolation was tested among three strains of D. ananassae reared on different food media (standard cornmeal - agar - yeast, ethanol and lactic acid) from two different localities using multiple-choice method in Elens-Wattiaux mating chamber. Sexual isolation was observed between strains reared in lactic acid and ethanol from both the localities. The results indicate that behavioural isolation may have developed as a pleiotropic byproduct of adaptive divergence between the strains.

5 tables, 34 ref

024495   Vetri Selvi C;Revathi K (Biochemistry Dep, Ethiraj College for Women, Chennai-600 008) : Histological changes in the gills and liver of Labeo rohita exposed to tebuconazole. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 279-81.

Aim of this study was the assess the toxic effect of tebuconazole by histological tissue examination of gills & liver of Labeo rohita. To determine the 96 hour LC₅₀ concentration, static renewable bioassay method was adopted. On this basis the LC₅₀ was calculated and two sub-lethal concentrations of 1/20th dose is 1.25mg/L and 1/4th dose is 0.625mg/L. Histological analysis of the gills showed pathological changes in sub lethal levels tested, caused atropy and disruption of the gill lamellae. The hepatic tissue of fish exposed to sub lethal concentration of tebuconazole showed extensive vacuolization and necrosis of hepatocytes.

4 illus, 15 ref

024494   Venugopal A;Raghupati M;Vidyunmala S;Reddy N S;Satyanarayana Raju C;Nirmal Kumar S (NO, Regional Sericultural Reseach Station, Post Box 50, Anantapur-515 001) : Effect of phyto-ecdysteroid hormone on the ripening and spinning in silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) under semi-arid conditions of Andhra Pradesh. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 157-62.

Phyto-ecdysteroid hormone from the Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore was tested at the Regional Sericultural Research Station, Anantapur and with the selected farmers at field level. Four farm and four field trials were conducted to study the effect of phyto-ecdysteroid on the uniform maturation in 5th instar silkworm larvae at the onset of spinning and larval response to phytoecdysteroid and its effects on cocoon characters. Known quantity of fresh leaf was sprayed with known concentration of phyto-ecdysteroid and fed to the silkworms at the onset of spinning. Maturation/ ripening (80%) was advanced by 8-12 h at laboratory and 20-25 h at field conditions compared to untreated larvae (control). Picking of ripening worms thus become easy due to uniform and advanced maturation resulting in reducing the cost on labour and time. The effect of phyto-ecdysteroid on cocoon characters was negligible. The results are discussed in terms of synchronization of larval ripening, cocoon characters and economic benefits at commercial silkworm rearing.

7 tables, 8 ref

024493   Tamot P;Awasthi A (Post Graduate Zoology Dep, Government Motilal Vigyan Mahavidyalaya, Bhopal-426 016, Email: tamot03@yahoo.co.in) : Ichthyo-faunal study and limnology of a protected (kerwan) reservoir, Bhopal, India. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 775-8.

The Capital city of Madhya Pradesh, "Bhopal" is also known as City of Lakes, in which more than fifteen wetlands are present in and around the city and water quality of these is deteriorated day by day due to multiple anthropogenic factors. Upper Lake (Ramsar site) and Kerwan reservoir (12 km away from the city) are most important wetlands, because drinking water supply of the city is dependent on both the wetlands. Kerwan reservoir is a newly constructed reservoir and primarily used for irrigation and secondary for city water supply. This reservoir is a protected reservoir for conservation and protection of threatened fish Mahseer(Tor-tor) because of its topography and also developed for ecotourism activities. The present paper deals with study of water quality monitoring and fish fauna in reservoir for its conservation and management point of view. On the basis of different physicochemical and biological parameters, the status of reservoir is semi-eutrophic in nature and during period under study 14 fish species, 21 phytoplankton and 27 zooplankton genera have been recorded.

3 tables, 16 ref

024492   Sudha V;Sivakumar R (PG and Research Zoology Dep, Government Arts College, Kumbakonam-612 001, Email: sivaera@gmail.com) : Gastro-somatic index in black rohu, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton 1822) from lower anicut, Tamil Nadu. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(3), 627-8.

Investigation on the gastro-somatic index (GaSI) of Labeo calbasu was carried out from April 2010 to March 2011. GaSI was determined at different length and weight ranges of different individual fishes. Whereas significantly lowest gastro-somatic index was 2.54 in male specimens, 2.82 in female specimens and 1.36 in juvenile specimens. GaSI was also determined from wide highest peak ranges of Labeo calbasu, 15.08 (July) in male specimens, 6.59 (September) in female specimens and 12.80 (October) in juvenile specimens. The study shows that the GaSI of fish increased with the increased in size and weight this species is endangered (IUCN).

1 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

024491   Srivastava A;Venkatesh Kumar R (Applied Animal Sciences Dep, Babasaheb Ambedkar Univ, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow-226 025, Email: dramit.sri7@gmail.com) : Effects of antibiotic administration and seasonal interaction of economic parameters of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 179-83.

Productivity and quality in sericulture is depends on the healthiness, growth of the silkworm larvae and the suitable environmental conditions. Nutritional requirements in food consumption have direct impact on larval and cocoon weight, amount of silk production, pupation and reproductive traits. Since antibiotic administration exerts a beneficial influence by affecting the intestinal flora of silkworm larvae, hence the present study was undertaken to ascertain the effects of newer generation antibiotics viz., ofloxacin, acyclovir and griesovin and their seasonal interaction on enhancement of major economic parameters in the silkworm.

1 table, 16 ref

024490   Srivastava A;Singh J P N (Zoology Dep, R.H.S.P.G. College, Singaramau, Jaunpur-221 175) : Impact of the trace element zinc on the secretory cells in the operculum of a climbing perch Anabas testudineus. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 201-7.

Lethal toxicity of the Zinc chloride on secretory cells in the opercular epidermis and the epithelial lining on the inner surface of the operculum of a climbing perch, Anabas testudineus was analysed. Increase in number and dimension of mucous cells in the fishes exposed to zinc chloride treatment in the present investigation may be correlated with increased mucous production. While studying the acute toxicity of Mercuric Chloride on the mucocyte density of the epidermis of Heteropneustes fossillis Rajan and Banerjee (1992) observed quick cyclic increases followed by decreases in the density of the mucous cells following heavy metal exposure. No such quick increases and decreases of mucous cells in OE or EISO of Anabas testudineus in present inveastigation were observed following acute toxicity of Zinc chloride perhaps due to the fact that Zinc is an essential tracer element and is also less toxic. The mucous cells showed substantial decrease in their number, only after 96 hours when the toxicity with this concentration was maximum with the highest number of fish death. In the present investigation disintegration of taste hairs of cellular components of taste buds and decline in glycoprotein moieties during the different durations of Zinc Chloride treatments suggests that the ability of the fish to sense the chemical nature of the surrounding water and food available in a particular feeding zone is greatly reduced. The present investigations show an enlargement of intercellular spaces between the epithelial cells during different exposures of the Zinc chloride treatment. The enlarged intercellular spaces have also been correlated to act as passage of nutrient and in the osmotic balance and oxygen supply for the general requirements and notably for the high metabolic rhythm of the epidermal cells. Further investigations are, however, needed to ascertain the functional significance of the enlarged intercellular spaces in the OE and EISO under stress.

10 illus, 29 ref

024489   Srivastava A;Singh J P N (Zoology Dep, R.H.S.P.G. College, Singaramau, Jaunpur-222 175) : Operculum of climbing perch Anabas testudineus: a histochemical investigation. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 123-7.

Present investigation aims to study the structural organization of epidermis covering the outer surface of operculum (OE) and the epithelial lining, the inner surface of the operculum (EISO) of a climbing perch, Anabas testudineus and to compare the structure of the (OE) and (EISO). Noticeable differences exhibited in the patterns of microridges on the epithelial cells, composition of glycoproteins elaborated by mucous cells and distribution of taste buds on the surfaces of the OE and the EISO of Anabas testudineus may be considerd as modifications relating to possible difference in the functional requirements at the two locations. In the OE of Anabas testudineus, compactly arranged microridges, may in addition impart firm consistency or rigidity to the free surfaces of the epithelial cells. This could be considered as an adaptation to withstand mechanical stress and protect the surface of the fish, which has the characteristic habit of bottom dwelling and burrowing in mud during drought. In the EISO, in contrast absence of microridges suggest less rigid surfaces of the epithelial cells. This is interesting since the EISO unlike the OE is not prone to abrasion during burrowing. The elaboration of mainly sulphated glycoproteins by most of mucous cells of OE in Anabas testudineus could thus be related to increase viscosity of the mucous and the lubrication of the surface of the fish. This could play a vital role in providing protection to the body against mechanical damage to which these fishes are highly vulnerable during burrowing in mud. Thus high proportions of sulphated glycoproteins in the mucous cell secretion on the surface of the OE in Anabas testudineus may also confer high resistence against pathogens and protect the fish. Elaboration of neutral glycoproteins in high concentraions by mucous cells in the EISO of Anabas testudineus would thus lower the viscosity of the mucous in this region. Mucous with lower viscosity is considered to fairly easily washed away with the respiratory water current. This prevents the accumulation of mucous on the surface of the EISO that could otherwise obstruct or disturb the smooth flow of respiratory current across the branchial chamber. The presence of prominent taste buds in the OE might be considered to increase the probability of accurately detecting and locating prey concealed by darkness or turbidity.

5 illus, 25 ref

024488   Srinivasulu C;Janaiah C (Zoology Dep, Govt. Degree College, Peddapalli, Karimnagar-505 122) : Morphology and chemical composition of metathoracic scent glands in Coridius janus (Heteroptera). J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 45-8.

One of the general defining characters of the heteroptera is the presence of metathoracic scent glands (MTG). Using scanning electron microscopy the morphology of the metathoracic scent glands (MTG) of Coridius janus was studied. The transverse duct is provided with a chitinous lid, which acts as a value. The transverse duct opens out side ventrally by a pair of ostiole located at the base of the coxae of the third pair of legs nearer of the ostioles. The metathoracic scent glands are composed of a median reservoir and a pair of accessory glands is connected to the reservoir by a chitinous duct. A groove like structure extends down wards from the ostiole. While this structure is long and wide, its ostiole is ovel; Extracts of the volatile fractions from adult metathoracic scent glands secretions were analysed by Capillary Gas Chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and exhibited a typical pentatomid composition. Seven chemical compounds were identified, investigated and the biological functions of the glandular secretions were discussed, In the analyses of the metathoracic scent glands of adult of C. janus 4,5 Dimethyl diazole, (E)-2-Hexenyl acetate, O-iso butenyl phenol, Undecane, undecylamine, 1,12-Dodecan-diol and Nmethyl dodec-6,10 diene amine. The function of the scent secretion is defensive against predators.

4 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

024487   Singh R;Chaturvedi S K (Zoology Dep, Satish Chandra (P.G.) College, Ballia-277 001, Email: ramss09@rediffmail.com) : Seasonal chenges in hypothalamic nuclei, the nucleus preopticus and pituitary gonadotrops in realtion to gonadal cycle of a freshwater murrel fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 129-34.

Seasonal changes in the morphohistological structure and secretory activity of hypothalamic nuclei, the nucleus preopticus (NPO) and pituitary gonadotrops (GtH) cells were studied in relation to reproductive cycle of a freshwater murrel fish Channa punctatus. The hypothalamo-neurosecretory complex constitute mainly of NPO, NLT (nucleus lateralis tuberis) and their axonal tracts. NPO is a paired structure situated on either side of third ventricle anterodorsal to the optic chiasma. It consists of dorsal pars magnocellularis (PMC) of larger and ventral pars parvocellularis (PPC) of smaller neurosecretory cells. The NPO cells of hypothalamus and pituitary GtH cells exhibit conspicuous seasonal changes in relation to reproductive cycle. Poor concentration of neurosecretory materials in NPO cells and glycoproteinous contents in the GtH cells were observed during resting phase. Progressive increased synthesis of neuronal and hormonal granules occur during preparatory phase. During prespawning/maturation phase maximum synthetic activity occurred as they were laden with secretory materials and exhibited intense staining properties. During spawning phase these cells undergo a process of hypertrophy and intense granulation followed by degranulation and vacuolisation exhibiting secretory and releasing activities respectively. These cells sharply release their contents during post- spawning phase showing vacuolisation and depleted appearance with least cytoplasm.

7 illus, 37 ref

024486   Singh D P;Anil Kumar (Zoology Dep, J.V. College, Baraut, Baghpat) : Effect of certain insecticides on the growth of ciliate protozoan (Tetrahymena pyriformis). J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 41-3.

Present study deals with effect of certain insecticides on the growth of Tetrahymena pyriforms. In the present in investigation revealed that effect of insecticides on microorganism with 1, 10, 50 and 100 ppm doses were statically significant, particularly with 50 and 100 ppm. The majority of the cells were cyst like with increased mortality a few burst cells also found but the number was very less compared to lethal toxicity

3 illus, 9 ref

024485   Shukla R K;Rastogi N (Insect Behavioural Ecology Laboratory, Zoology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: neelkamalrastogi@yahoo.co.in) : Seasonal variation in the population structure of the dimorphic ant, Pheidole sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) colonies. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 277-31.

Earlier studies have demonstrated the role of Pheidole sp. as an ecologically dominant ant species, effective in the predation of economically important insect pests of crops in an annual cropping agroecosystem. The present investigation seeks to understand the seasonal regulation of colony demography of Pheidole sp. The study revealed that the colony size was significantly greater during winter (668.95 ± 43.4) in comparison to the summer (629 ± 38.02) season. A significant positive correlation was found between the abundance of brood and the number of minors/majors per colony for each season, indicating that Pheidole sp. colony concomitantly regulates the production of each of the two worker subcastes to ensure care and survival of the young, on the increased production of the brood during periods of colony growth. The study also demonstrates that the ratio of majors with respect to remaining colony members was about 1: 6.9 (for summer season) and 1: 6.125 (for winter season) while that of minors with respect to remaining colony members was about 3.085 : 1 (for summer season) and 3.66 : 1 (for winter season). Thus the colony regulated production of the worker force of Pheidole sp. assists in rapid discovery, fast recruitment and active defence of valuable protein-rich food sources (e.g. insect pests). This is suggested to contribute towards its status as an ecologically dominant ant species in disturbed, ephemeral ecosystems.

2 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

024484   Shrivastava S;Srivastava S (Zoology Dep, K N (PG) College, Gyanpur-221 304, Email: shubhasri20032003@yahoo.com) : Emotion, cognition, social intelligence and related brain network in Indian green ring neck parrot Psittacula krameri. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 91-6.

Most of the scientists believe that speech or language is a unique and native ability of human, it is thought to be a unique adaptation to human. In non human species parrots are known for their communication skill and to reproduce the sound combinations like human speech. In our concept human cognition relies on human speech. Some birds (songbirds, humming birds and parrots) come closest to humans in their vocal learning capabilities and higher level of intelligence. Complex meaningful communication is thought to be a most important sign of intelligence in non human species, while other aspect of intelligence and cognition, like emotions, concepts of ideas, conceptual abilities, impacts of social behavior etc. are rarely investigated. Research elucidates that despite of speech some other unique capabilities of parrots may come close to the humans. In this paper we analyzed variety of conditions which may apply to reveal level of intelligence and cognitive capabilities including all aspect of intelligence like emotions, social behavior and conceptual abilities in parrots. Authors have found that pet parrots are very good learner, they can maintain emotional relationship with humans. They also do have emotions like human being and they love to show their emotions to their owner. Author observed jealous, fear, love, anger, loneliness, attentive, refusal, and mood as well as complain and facial expressions in Indian parrots. Observed almost all elements of emotions in Indian ring neck.We also studied all types of emotions (simple, complex, pure emotions, propositional attitude and complex propositional attitude) in pet parrots. It has been noticed that parrots are capable to feel, use, communicate, recognize, and can remember emotions. Results of this behavior study may reveal some interesting and unknown facts about parrots.

1 illus, 28 ref

024483   Shendge A N;Pawar B A;Pandarkar A K (Zoology Dep, Tuljaram Chaturchand College, Baramati-413 102, Email: anil_shendge@rediffmail.com) : Variation in protein content of fresh water catfsh Wallago attu (hamilton) in relation to sex and maturity cycle. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 251-2.

The present paper deals with the seasonal variations in the protein content of the cat fish Wallago attu (Hamilton). This fish is one the commenst cat fishes of India. The rapid growth and high nutritional quality encouraged investigation into the aquaculture potential of this excellent fish. It occurs throughout the country and forms the mainstay of inland fishery in many parts of India. It is a popular item of diet amongst the poor class of people and is sold rather cheaply. Among the cat fishes, the nutritive value of Wallago attu is higher than that of the other cat fishes (Jafri et al, 1964, 2011). Many authors have studied the proximate biochemical composition of the muscle of Wallago attu (Saha and Guha, 1939: Airan, 1950: Natarajan and Sreenivasan, 1961; Muhammad Yousaf et al, 2011; Jafri, 2011). Except for a recent study on the variations in the proximate and mineral composition of the muscle (Sreenivasan and Natarajan, 1961), there has been no detailed account on the seasonal variations in the protein content of the muscles of Wallago attu from Maharashtra.

1 table, 10 ref

024482   Shekhar Chand (PG Zoology Dep, R.P.G. College Jamuhai, Jaunpur-222 002) : Organophosphorus pesticides inflected impairments in the midgut histo-architecture of naiad of Trithemis aurora (Burm.) (Odonata:Libellulidae). J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 213-18.

Continuous forty hours of treatment of last instar naiad of T. aurora under LC₅₀ concentration, 5.12 x 10^-7 and 7.60 x 10^-8 ppm of chlorpyriphos and quinalphos respectively has proved toxic and induced histopathological derangements in various tissues of midgut. The mesenteron has observed to be prone to both the pesticides. The chlorpyriphos separated the epithelial folds and widen the inter fold space up to the basement membrane. The quinalphos penetrated inside the epithelial folds and damaged cellular mass. Both the pesticides induced the movement of cytoplasmic contents at various degrees towards the apical end of the epithelial folds. This movement presumed to be the genesis of intense vacuolation at the basal ends of all the epithelial cells. The continuous pressure of the internal cellular contents and weakend cell boundaries have caused the violent exclusion of cell contents. The nuclear membrane at many places damaged by chlorpyriphos and severely affected by quinalphos.

7 illus, 22 ref

024481   Sharma S;Dhalla A S (Zoology and Environmental Sciences Dep, Punjabi Univ, Patiala-147 002, Email: drsumansharma.15@rediffmail.com) : Hematological alterations in pesticide exposed rural punjabi farm workers. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 241-3.

Hematological profiles of blood provide important information about internal environment of the organisms. The present study has been undertaken to assess the effects of complex mixture of pesticides on hematological parameters of farm workers from Bathinda district. Blood samples were obtained from 60 farm workers who were exposed to pesticides and from control group of 30 males of similar age who were not involved in farming. The results indicated significant decrease in hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red blood cell count (RBC); however increase in white blood cell (WBC), platelet distribution width (PDW) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) were observed in the exposed group (sprayers) when compared with control group. The use of personal protective equipments (PPE), age and smoking habits were also considered in the analysis.

2 tables, 27 ref

024480   Sengar M S;Singh J P N (Zoology Dep, R.H.S.P.G. College, Singramau, Jaunpur-222 175) : 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) induced histopathological changes in labyrinthine organ of air breathing fish, Anabas testudineus. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 113-9.

Lethal toxicity of 2,4-D on labyrinthine organ of a climbing perch, Anabas testudineus was analysed. The climbing perch Anabas testudineus is well known for its varying degrees of bimodal gas exchange in its natural swampy environment, obtaining 54% of its oxygen from the air which is lower than in many other air breathing fishes. It indicates that labyrinthine organ plays vital role for sustenance of this species. The sulphated mucin is known to bind 2,4-D molecules, perhaps to keep the toxicants away from the respiratory surface epithelium at least temporarily. In 2,4-D exposed Anabas testudineus in latter stage, mucous cells exhibit decline in intensity of reaction for sulphated acidic glycoprotein moieties. This is perhaps due to the acute requirement of the sulphated slime to combat toxicity of 2,4-D. This extensive demand for sulphated mucins creates a marked gap between its demand and synthesis of the mucous cells. The protective role played by slimy coating however did not last long perhaps due to extensive loss and altered nature of slime following prolonged exposure. This led to wear and tear and sloughing of epithelial cells. Degeneration leading to exfoliation in superficial layer epithelial cells of labyrinthine organs of Anabas testudineus in different periods of 2,4-D treatment is significant. It seems that these cells as reactions to herbicide treatment are in various stages of their degeneration and ultimately reach at a point at which degenerative changes within these cells become irreversible terminating to cell death and leading to their exfoliation. Present investigation shows heavy vacuolization leading to necrosis in epithelial cells of labyrinthine organs of Anabas testudineus. Appearance of vacuoles in necrotic epithelial cells is perhaps due to the accumulation of fluids as result of increased influx from the surrounding medium caused by damage of superficial layer epithelial cells disrupting osmotic barrier at the surface. Further digestion of cell organelles by lysosomal enzymes could also cause the vacuolization.

6 illus, 37 ref

024479   Saokar C D;Mane U H (Zoology Dep, K.R.A. Arts Science & Commerce College, Deola, Nashik-423 102, Email: cdsaokar@gmail.com) : Seasonal changes in respiration of freshwater bivalve Indonaia caeruleus from Girna river, district Nashik, India. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 69-74.

The rate of respiration of Indonaia caeruleus was measured on every full-moon and no-moon days over a period of twelve months. The environmental parameters like day length, rain fall, temperature, oxygen content, pH and whole body wet weight and mussel's reproductive status were related to seasonal respiration. Decrease in rate of respiration was observed in rainy season as well as in December noon to February full moon period and then increased from March to June. The rate of respiration increased on full moon days before the period of adductor quiescence, i.e. till November and then increased generally on no-moon days i.e. from March onwards, after the dormancy period. The results are discussed in the light of environmental factors and reproductive status of the mussels on the seasonal respiratory rate.

2 tables, 52 ref

024478   Saini K C;Chauhan R;Mathur A;Singh N P (Entomology Lab Zoology Dep, Rajasthan Univ, Jaipur-302 055, Email: singhhnps@yahoo.co.in) : Diversity of spider fauna in shekhawati Aravalian region of Rajasthan. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 287-90.

Spiders are predatory arthropods grouped under orderAraneae, comprising of largest group of predatory animals. They are distributed on every continent except Antarctica, and have adapted to all known ecological conditions except air and open sea. Spiders have been found along with various moisture levels and canopy cover. As of today major part of spider diversity remains undiscovered. The potential of spiders as bio control agents of destructive insects has created considerable interest in learning more about the composition and abundance of spider species in various ecosystems. In view of this, a preliminary study has been conducted to document the spider fauna in Shekhawati Aravalian region of Rajasthan. A regular survey was made for collection of spiders in study area during March, 2010 to April, 2011. Thirty two species belonging to 25 genera and 12 families of spiders were collected and identified. The maximum number of spiders was found in woodland habitat belonging to 12 families and the minimum number of spiders were collected and identified from wetland area. In woodland, Araneidae and Salticidae were found as most abundant families while Lycosidae was found as most abundant family in both wetland and grassland habitats. In caves and rocks, family Pholcidae was found as most abundant. Thus, the present study reveals a rich biodiversity of spider fauna in Shekhawati Aravalian region and it can be possibly utilized in agricultural sector in Integrated pest management (IPM) as bio-control agent.

1 table, 19 ref

024477   Saha D;Ghosh L K (NO, Dinabandhu Andrews College, Garia, Kolkata-700 084) : Preliminary study on food preference of Myrmicaria brunnae Saunders, 1842 (Insecta:Hymenoptera:Formicidae) during non breeding season. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 103-5.

Experiments are carried out to note the preference of food viz. carbohydrate (sucrose, glucose, fructose), protein and fat of Myrmicariabrunnae. The ants showed an increasing preference for liquid food to solid food. The ascending order of preference of liquid food items was sucrose, fructose, glucose and fat. Experiments were conducted for a period of three months (December' 2010 to February `2010) and time ranging between 9:30 am to 1:30 am. In another set of experiments, it was observed that the acceptability of ants to liquid food was upto a concentration of about 20%.

5 illus, 19 ref

024476   Rathor V S;Hemant Kumar (Zoology Dep, Guru Hari Kishan Degree College, Jhansi-284 001) : Induced designer pearl production in freshwater mussel Lamellidens marginalis. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 283-5.

Natural pearl formation is instigated when a foreign particle such as a piece of sand, shell piece or parasite make its way into particular region of mollusc and cannot be expelled. The animal secrets a calcium carbonate material known as nacre to coat the foreign body, resulting in a shimmering and iridescent creation of a pearl. Cultured pearls are formed essentially by the same process. In the present investigation artificial pearl cultured in Lamellidens marginalis. After nine months the result were rounded pearls ( 3 mm to 4 mm ) and designed pearls like lord Ganesh, Om, Tajmahal, 786 and Saraswati etc. ( 10 cm to 15 cm ). This investigation first time attempt in Bhopal (M.P.). This study indicated to the artificial production of designed pearls will be great achievement for economic point of view.

2 tables, 8 ref

024475   Pundir G;Malhotra N M;Lal S S (Zoology Dep, R.G.(P.G.) College, Meerut-250 001, Email: gaarimaa112@yahoo.co.in) : Toxicopathological changes in liver of Clarias batrachus due to cadmium sulphate toxicity. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 253-8.

Objective of the present work was to analyse the account of toxicopathological effects of heavy metal cadmium sulphate in liver of Clarias batrachus. Preliminary toxicity tests were conducted to figure out the suitable ranges to be used in the final trials of lethality test. Static bioassays were conducted in the laboratory for 96 hours to determine the median lethal dose of toxicant. The (96-h) LC₅₀ for Cadmium sulphate was calculated to be 13.8 mg/l for the present study. 1/10th (1.38 mg/l) of this concentration was used for toxicity tests concentrations. Swelling of hepatocyte with blood congestion in sinusoids was observed after 15 days of chemical exposure. Cytoplasmic vacuolization, pyknotic nuclei, dilation and congestion in blood vessels were noted after 30 days of exposure period, while 45 days of exposure period showed degeneration in the hepatocytes with focal areas of necrosis pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrehexis with portal tract revealing marked degenerative changes. 60 days of exposure period showed hepatocyte cytoplasmic, vacuolation, pyknosis and hypertrophy of Kupffer cells.

1 illus, 31 ref

024474   Pooladgar A R;Moghadam A T;Heidary R;Foruzan A R;Maghami S G (NO, Razi Research Vaccine and Serum Institute, Ahwaz, Iran, Email: polladgar60@yahoo.com) : Biological control of scorpion by using Bacillus thuringiensis. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 299-301.

In this study, the biological control of scorpion was evaluated ,using statistical plan(complete random blocks),in 3 treatments, 360 scorpions, Hemiscorpius lepturus (Hemiscorpionidae) and Mesobuthus eupeus (Buthidae) were orally infected by Bacillus thuringiensis RIOTcc-1059. By visual observation 86 scorpions were identified with significant signs, isolated and approved by bacteriological methods. It was proved that B T can cause pathological signs and symptoms in scorpions and finally kills them while this bacteria is ecological-friendly and can be safely used for biological control of scorpions. The practical way for fighting of scorpions and possibility of biological control of them is discussed.

11 ref

024473   Pawar B A;Gite A B;Shendge A N;Pandarkar A K (Zoology Dep, P.V.P. College, Pravaranagar, Tal. Rahata, Ahmednagar-413 713, Email: ba_pwr2007@rediffmail.com) : Acute toxicity and impact of nuvan on biochemical content of larvae of Chironomus tentans- meigen (Diptera:Chironomidae). J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 23-6.

Acute toxicity of nuvan to the freshwater detritivore, third instar larvae of Chironomus tentans was studied in February 2011 using static renewal bioassay test. Mortality increased with increasing concentrations of nuvan. Median Lethal Concentration (LC₅₀) value for 96 hr was found to be 0.01705 ppm. To evaluate impact of nuvan on the biochemical content viz., protein, lipid and glycogen in the whole body tissues, the larvae were exposed to sublethal concentration (0.001705 ppm) of nuvan for 96 hr. The protein and lipid levels were found to be depleted significantly (p <60> 0.001) where as nonsignificant depletion in the glycogen level observed after pesticide exposure to sublethal concentration over the control. Among biochemical content, maximum decrease was observed in protein, followed by lipid and glycogen.

3 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

024472   Pathare M;Afonso G;Saxena G;Mohite V T; Agwuocha S B;Lahir Y K (Zoology Dep, Thakur College of Science and Commerce, kandivli (E), Mumbai-400 101) : Biodiversity of meiofauna from Dadar chowpatty (coast) central Mumbai. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 265-8.

This research paper reports on the biodiversity of meiofauna found along the Dadar Chowpatty (beach) Central Mumbai. Along this coast residential building, government offices, College, Mayor's bungalow etc. is located as a result it is devoid of industrial growth. This beach extends from Worli fort in the south to the Mahim causeway in north; at two to three places storm water and municipal sewage drainage are located. The current investigation revealed the existence of polychaete, oligochaete, harpacticoid, nematode and tardigrade. Eggs and ciliates were also not found in the sediment of this coast.

4 tables, 12 ref

024471   Pathare M;Afonso G;saxena G;Lahir Y K; Agwuocha S B;Mohite V T (Zoology Dep, Thakur College of Science and Commerce, Kandivli (East), Mumbai-400 101) : Human interference on feeding behavior of monkeys at kanheri caves (SGNP), Mumbai. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 143-7.

Sanjay Gandhi National Park is the only park within the metropolitan limits, and is affected by human interference. The current study is undertaken to find out the effect of tourist influx on the feeding habit of monkeys at a popular tourist spot Kanheri Caves, at SGNP, Mumbai. This survey revealed the existence of one troupe of Langur and two troupes of monkeys in the study area, one consisted of only Bonnet monkeys and other troupe included some Bonnet and some Rhesus monkeys (mixed group). Langurs never approached tourists for food and were never found searching food from leftover food packets and dustbins. Monkeys appeared at the study site exactly when tourists arrived. They applied threatening tactics and persistent chase to snatch food; they also browsed through the left-over food packages and dust-bins provided by the authority or hovering around the stalls and vendors within the study zones. It was observed that langurs and monkeys did not appear together in search of food at the survey site. This is an ongoing study, which will be continued further.

3 tables, 10 ref

024470   Pandey A K;Sarkar M;Mahapatra C T;Kanungo G; Arvidakshan P K (NO, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar-751 002, Email: akpandey_cifa@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of dietary lysine and methionine supplementation on growth of Catla catla and Labeo rohita fingerlings. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 259-62.

In order to evaluate the effect of dietary lysine and methionine supplementation on growth of Catla catla and Labeo rohita, fingerlings were reared on two different diets in 0.04 ha ponds under high stocking density of 30,000/ha. The control group fingerlings were given artificially pelleted (2 mm) diet containing ingredients such as fish meal 10%, groundnut oilcake 40%, soyabean oilcake 35%, rice bran 14.27 %, wheat flour 10%, vitamin mix 0.5%, calcium diphosphate 0.2% and ascorbic acid 0.03% whereas lysomix (1%) and methiomix (1%) were supplemented in the experimental feed prepared without fish meal. Fingerlings of the control as well as experimental groups were fed once daily @ 5% of their body weight for a period of 120 days. Samplings were carried out at the regular interval of 30 days and the feed was adjusted accordingly. Cow dung manuring was done in order to ensure adequate supply of plankton. Physico-chemical parameters of the pond water were monitored regularly and optimum conditions were maintained. Feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), protein efficiency ratio percentage (PER%) and specific growth rate percentage (SGR%) of the fingerlings of both the groups were calculated. It was observed that the addition of lysine and methionine @ 1% in the feed significantly (P<60>0.05) enhanced the growth of catla and rohu fingerlings as compared to those maintained on the control diet.

2 tables, 30 ref

024469   Pandey A K (NO, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, Lucknow-226 002, Email: akpandey_cifa@yahoo.co.in) : Recent advances in fish pheromone research with emphasis on their potential applications in aquaculture and fishery management. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 1-22.

Most of vital activities of fish like alarm communication, sex attraction and synchronization of reproductive processes, individual identification, group cohesion, parent-offspring recognition, territorial markings and migration are shaped by pheromones. The involvement of chemical signals has been assessed mainly by the behavioural responses, chemical nature of these languages are being explored. Various aspects pertaining to fright reaction and alarm substances, sex pheromones and synchronization of reproductive processes, individual recognition and social structure as well as fish migration have been discussed. Problems associated with chemoreception under environmental pollution have been emphasized. Possibilities of utilizing pheromones in advancing maturation and breeding of cultivable species as well as in management of native fish and containment of the invasive/alien species are also highlighted.

8 illus, 374 ref

024468   Narendran T C;Ignatius M;Menon P L D (Zoology Dep, Calicut Univ, Kerala-673 635) : Review of Pseuderimerus gahan (Hymenoptera:Torymidae) with description of a new species and a key to species. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 49-56.

New species Pseuderimerus corianderi Narendran& Mercysp.nov. is described. The genus Pseuderimerus Gahan is reviewed and a key to world species of Pseuderimerus Gahan is provided.

2 illus, 17 ref

024467   Mathialagan R;Sivakumar R (PG and Research Zoology Dep, Government Arts College, Kumbakonam-612 001, Email: mathialaganera@gmail.com) : Gonado-somatic index of reba carp Cirrhinus reba (hamilton) from Vadavar river, lower5 Anicut, Tamil Nadu. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(3), 624-6.

Present study aims to determine the gonado-somatic index of a freshwater carp Cirrhinus reba collected from Vadavar river at Lower Anicut, in Thanjavur District during the period of one year between April 2010 to March 2011. It is found that the sexual maturity in both the sexes is attained in July as evident from the minimum and maximum gonado-somatic indexes (GoSI) as observed presently (2.4- 18.2) in males and (2.8-16.1) in females. It may be concluded that this fish may be an annual breeder spawning from June to August as evidenced by the peak of GoSI. Further, as the maximum (GoSI) values were oberved in both sexes during July the peak spawning may occur in July. Cirrhinus reba from a good fishery in Lower Anicut and this information is quite useful for the rational exploitation and conservation of this resource.

1 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

024466   Kalaiyarasan S;Sivakumar R (Zoology PG and Research Dep, Government Arts College, (Autonomous) Kumbakonam-612 001, Email: kalaisounder@gmail.com) : Racial analysis of Oreochromis mossambicus peters, 1852 (Pisces : Cichlidae) from Arasalar and Vadavar river, Tamil Nadu. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(3A), 743-8.

Thirteen morphometric and six meristic characters of all specimens were examined statistically for population identification. The sexual differences were not recognized based on t test analysis. In racial analysis t test was employed among all morphometric characters between the Oreochromis mossambicus specimens of two localities of Tamil nadu like Arasalar and Vadavar. The significant variations were noticed in 9 morphometric characters. These results indicated the heterogeneity of the population.

2 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

024465   Gupta S;Sadguru Prakash;Ashok Kumar (Zoology Dep, M.L.K.(P.G.) College, Balrampur-271 201) : Crowding effect on Paramphistomum sp. in ruminants under natural conditions. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 263-4.

It has been found that crowding of Paramphistomum sp. has a definite effect on their size and the development of reproductive organs. When the intensity of infection, either by its own species or other parasites also is low they attain a very large size and remain immature. On the other hand in a heavily crowded state very small worms because fully mature and gravid. The reproductive organs and the eggs, however, are normal in the dwarfs.

1 table, 7 ref

024464   Gautam R K;Sharma S (Zoology Dep, School of Life Sciences, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Univ, Agra-282 002) : Copper nitrate alter inorganic compounds in liver and kidney of fresh water fish Clarias batrachus. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 209-11.

Experiment was conducted to determine the alteration in inorganic compounds (calcium and iron) in liver and kidney of Clarias batrachus at the chronic exposure of 30 days with the concentration of 2.5 mg/ liter of copper nitrate. Calcium metabolism in liver was affected by copper whereas they activated its synthesis in renal tissue. Copper did not interfere with iron contents in the liver however enhanced its accumulation in the kidney.

4 tables, 11 ref

024463   Dastidar B G (Zoology Dep, Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College, Kolkata-700 018, Email: bidishaghoshdastidar@yahoo.in) : Impact of pesticides on the development of chick embryo. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(3A), 659-63.

Insecticides and pesticides cause severe damage to the developing embryo in the egg of birds and overall fecundity of birds reduces. Developmental toxicity of two different classes of commercial formulations of insecticides treatment was studied on chick embryo. 24h-LD₅₀. Value of endosulfan and methyl parathion was determined to be 0.58037 mg/egg and 0.406753 mg/egg respectively by probit analysis method. In the next experiment 41 to 45 gm fertilized eggs were kept in l/5th LD₅₀ dose for 96 hours in an incubator (for endosulfan and methyl parathion it was 0.116 and 0.081 mg/egg respectively). It was found that protein content decreases in both the cases. However, lipid content increases, especially in endosulfan treated eggs. Number of somites was counted in both control and treated eggs. It was found that there is a severe developmental retardation in metacid (malathion) treated eggs including remarkable decrease in the number of somites and deformities in the neural tube.

1 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

024462   Chopra G;Bhoombak M B;Parmesh Kumar (Zoology Dep, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra-136 119, Email: parmeshkuk@rediffmail.com) : Group size and composition, sex ratio and birth seasons in hanuman langurs in Morni Hills of Haryana, India. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 219-25.

Survey of Hanuman Langurs was carried out in Morni Hills of Haryana from June 2009 to June 2011. Data were recorded on group size, group composition, sex ratio and birth seasons in the langurs. In all, 24 groups of Hanuman Langurs including 18 bisexual, 5 all male and 1solitary male with a population of 432 individuals were found inhabiting different habitats in the study area. Out of these, three bisexual study groups BT (20 individuals), ST (30 individuals) and TB (27 individuals) were selected for the detailed study. These three focal troops were living in three different ecological conditions. The average troop size was 22.3 (range 14-30) and average band size was 5.8 (range 5-10). The adult male to female ratio was 1:3.2. The langurs in Morni Hills are very shy and do not raid human settlements. They rely on natural food and show no interest in provisioned food. Their breeding has been found to be restricted only in few months of the year from, i.e., from December to March.

3 tables, 42 ref

024461   Cholan T;Palanivelu K (Zoology Dep, Government Arts College, Kumbakonam-612 001, Email: layaishanth@yahoo.com ) : Utilization of different organic wastes by using Earthworm Lampito mauritii (Kinberg). Envir Ecol 2012, 30(3), 615-9.

Production of cocoon by the earthworm, Lampito mauritii kept in 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% substrate ratio (PSR) prepared from partly decomposed cowdung (PDCW) and sheep dropping wastes (SDW) with soil was observed for three months. The worms kept in soil alone for three months, though showed no improvement in the size, laid cocoon during the course of study without any casuality. However, the worms kept in 75 PSR medium for one month produced more cocoons, laid 106 as total 0.07 cocoon/day/per worm, compared to cow dung for month produced in 95 as total, 0.064 cocoon/day per worm and sheep dropping mixed with cow dung 50 PSR medium produced more cocoons laid 112 cocoon as total, 0.075 cocoon/day. per worm. The cocoon production observed during December to February. December to January in 75 PSR (cow dung and sheep dropping medium) and February in 50 PSR (sheep dropping mixed with cow dung) medium. The levels of soil parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), macronutrients (N, P, K) present in these samples of partly decomposed compost PDC (before vermicomposting), unused residual compost URC (after vermicomposting) by Lampito mauritii for one month of waste were measured. In the samples before vermicomposting pH value was 8.6 ± 0.9 in (cowdung + shetp dropping). But the samples of unused residual compost obtained after one month Lampito mauritii showed pH of 7.9 ± 0.3. The levels of electrical conductivity measured for samples cowdung mixed sheep dropping were more (2.49 ± 0.20 and 2.30 ± 0.12) which indicate soluble salt levels reduceu in after vermicomposing of the macronutrient (N, P, K) analyzed in before samples nitrogen 176.2 ± 20.6, phosphorus 57.7 ±9.5 and potassium 2029 ± 118 were also high.

2 tables, 12 ref

024460   Cholan T;Palanivelu K (Zoology Dep, Government Arts College, Kumbakonam-612 001, Email: ilayaishanth@yahoo.com ) : Culture practices of Lampito mauritii (kinberg) on Pennisetum typhoides waste. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(3), 598-602.

Rates of cocoon production, earthworm body weight, time and hatchling success of lampito mauritii kept in 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 PSR (per cent substrate ratio) of partly decomposed in Pennisetum typhoides waste (DPTW) were studied for 30 days respectively. The worms kept in soil alone (OPSR) medium for 30 days though the showed 100% survival value, no cocoons were laid in during the course of study. But the worms kept in other different PSR media cocoons were laid. Only the 50 PSR media laid 65 cocoons/pots. Incubation time and minimum and maximum period for release of young differed. The earthworm body weight in 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 PSR medium in 30 days developed sufficient growth compared to control. The hatchling success at O PSR media there was no hatching for survival value in 60 days. But at different PSR (25-100) medium length and weight clitellum formation were 13.5 cm arid 782 g in 60. days. But 50 PSR medium increased their body weight and length, and sexual maturity in 60 days. The pH level measured in partially DPTW and URC-DPTW waste showed pH value of 7.6 ± 0.4-7.4 ± 0.2, and with decrease in the level of nutrients.

4 tables, 8 ref

024459   Chattopadhyay S (Zoology Dep, Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College, Kolkata-700 108, Email: sanjib_chatt@rediffmail.com) : Biodiversity of planktons in a tropical lake. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(3), 603-8.

Baranagar Lake was selected for ecological study. The lake is basically an oxbow lake, created by silting of a tributary of river Hooghly. Salinity of water is higher than local ponds. During post-monsoon period and winter the lake remained intested with weeds. For that reason free dissolved CO₂ increased in August to October and due to decaying of leaves there was a fall of pH. Permanent hardness was higher in lake water and it decreased in post-monsoon months due to leaching. It was observed that January to April phytoplankton concentrations in the lake were poor and among zdoplanktons rotifer population increased. During May to August phytoplanktons, mainly Chlamydomonas population in the lake increased enormously. While in September to December Chlamydomonas population decreased. Noticeably, during January to April their variety relative to total number of individuals was high. Hence, species richness index was high. Moreover, though concentration of all planktons were low in water, but Simpson's reciprocal index and Shannon-Wiener index were high due to 'evenness' of species. On the other hand, during May to August the species richness index (Which does not depend on 'evenness') was depleted. Shannon-Wiener index increased to some extent because the total number of species in the sample along with their relative concentration increased maximally. However, Simpson's reciprocal index became low. Shannon-Wiener index was elevated a little during the period. During September to December there was a decreasing trend of Simpson's index and Shannon-Wiener index due to low abundance and evenness of species. Concentration of rotifers, cladocerans and copepods then decreased significantly. Apart from physico-chemical factors the result can be negatively correlated with the increase of concentration of chromium, manganese, and lead. Brachionus thus shows a significant correlation with water pollution. Noticeably, Cladocerans and Copepods being important bioindicators were not visible throughout the year. Other rotifers except Brachionus were also found sporadic and some remained almost unaffected by heavy metal pollution. Hence Brachionus should be regarded as the ideal indicator of water pollution.

5 tables, 10 ref

024458   Chand S (Zoology Dep, R.P.G. College, Jamuhai, Jaunpur-222 001) : Impact of pyrethroid and organophosphorus pesticides on the level of various amino acids in the gut tissues of naiad of Trithemis aurora (Burm.) dragonfly (Libellulidae:Odonata). J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 291-8.

Occurrence and level of various amino acids in different regions of gut tissues of last instar naiad of Trithemis aurora (Burm.) were analysed through the one dimensional paper chromatography. In various regions of gut there observed the levels of different amino acids. Among twenty four amino acids several amino acids were observed missing in various gut tissues. Several amino acids were observed in moderate concentration and several amino acids in high concentration. Some of the amino acids were in feeble concentration. Impact of pyrethroid and organophosphorus pesticides was observed on the level of various essential and non essential aminoacids in gut regions. The 2.691 x 10^-5, 2.5 x 10^-3, 5.12 x 10^-7, 7.6 x 10^-8 ppm of LC₅₀ concentrations of cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyriphos and quinalphos applied respectively for 40 hrs. to observe the impact of these pesticides on the distribution and level of various amino acids. It was found that there was a great change in the distribution and level of various amino acids in various regions of gut under pesticidal stress.

5 tables, 6 ref

024457   Bindhuja M D;Revathi K (PG & Research Zoology Dep, Ethiraj College for Women, Chennai-600 008, Email: bindhu_01@rediffmail.com) : Effect of sublethal concentration of padan on the biochemical composition of Tilapia mossambica (peters). Pollut Res 2010, 29(4), 641-5.

In the present study sublethal dose of Padan (50SP) on Tilapia mossambica was studied. A significant decline in the biochemical parameter such as total protein, carbohydrate and lipid content was observed. As the pesticide concentration increases, higher decline in all the biochemical composition was noted. A dose dependent decrease of acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain and alkaline phosphatase activity in muscle was observed in the fish.

2 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

024456   Basavaraju Y;Reddy A N;Prashanth N T (NO, Fisheries Research & Information Center, 10th Cross, Mayura Street, Papanna Layout Hebbal Outer Ring Road, Bangalore-560 094, Email: ybraju55@gmail.com) : Evaluation of growth and survival of two stocks of common carp under polyculture in Karnataka. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(3), 470-3.

Field trials were conducted to assess the growth performance of two stocks (new breed Amur and existing stock) of common carp, Cyprinus carpio under polyculture at nine different locations of Karnataka. Amur, a Hungarian stock of common carp introduced to Karnataka under DFID carp genetics project during 2000. This stock was identified as best breed after its evaluation with other five stocks and was released for commercial production in 2006. As a part of evaluation, the growth performance of amur was assessed compared to existing stock under polyculture over a period of 28 weeks. Polyculture comparised common carp (Amur and existing stock), catla, grass carp and silver carp in the ratio o 4:4:1:1 at a stocking density of 5,000 fingerlings/ha. Results indicate that amur and existing stock of common carp attained a mean body weight of 583.03 ± 18.36 g and 484.60 g ± 19.69 g respectively. The mean body weight of Amur stock was significantly higher than that of existing stock. Amur stock registered 20.31% faster growth over the existing stock. Survival rates of Amur and existing stocks were 76.63 ±1.23 and 1.35 respectively and were insignificant. Amur stock showed consistently better growth over existing stock in all the locations. Thus, the Amur stock has greater practical significance in Twinnu aquaculture systems due to its better growth than the existing stock.

1 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

024455   Arif M (Zoology Dep, Dr. Ghanshyam Singh P.G. College, Soyepur, Lalpur, Varanasi-221 002, Email: arifmohdjnp@rediffmail.com) : Seasonal fluctuations in food and feeding habit in reference to preferential interest in Mystus seenghla (Sykes). J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 97-101.

Freshwater catfish Mystus seenghala is highly carnivorous in nature, and there is not any change of its feeding nature during various stages of life. Fish, insects crustaceans, annelids and molluscs are the main food this fish. Feeding intensity in relation to season, maturity stages and food items are investigated. Feeding intensity was high during October and November and reduce in monsoon period (July-August). Maximum value of feeding intensity in both male and female was observed in ripening stage and remarkably reduce in immature stage. The shape of mouth, structure of buccopharynx, strong dentition, gill rackers, well developed stomach, a short intestine and dominance of body part in gut content are related to its food and feeding habit.

4 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

024454   Anil Kumar (NO, High Altitude Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Solan-173 211, Email: anilsonta@gmail.com) : Breeding biology of Indian robin Saxicoloides fulicata in Northern India. J expl Zool 2012, 15(1), 57-61.

In the present study an effort has been made to document the breeding biology of an endemic passerine, the Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata. In Northern India this species breeds March to July. Males used songs for territory advertisement and mate acquisition. After pairing, both sexes participated in nest formation for about 6 to 13 days. The female laid 2-4 eggs (mean: 2.92 ± 0.3). Eggs were pale greenish in background with specks and small brownish, reddish blotches, laid at the intervals of about 24 hours during morning hours (5.00 to 10.00 am). Only female incubated the eggs and male guarded the nest. Average incubation period was 11.86 ± 0.09 days. After hatching both sexes participated in parental duties. The average nestling period was 13.25 ± 0.27 days.

4 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

024453   Ali H;Ansari K K;Sadguru Prakash (P.G. Zoology and Research Studies Dep, M.L.K. (P.G.) College, Balrampur-271 201, Email: kaykayansari@gmail.com) : Haematological abnormalities in an exotic carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, infested by a fish louse, Argulus spp.. Pollut Res 2010, 29(4), 593-5.

Present investigation was carried out to study the impact of the parasitic infestation with Argulus sp. (Crustacea, Argulids) on the haematological parameters of silver carp, H. molitrix. Fifty test fishes (Silver carps) with average body weight of 504.3 ± 4.5 g were subjected to haematological investigations. The haematological analysis showed significant reduction in RBC counts, Hb.%, PCV, MCV and lymphocytes, while TLC, MCHC, ESR, Neutrophils, Basophils, Monocytes and blood glucose level were significantly increased in the infested silver carp. This study concluded that Argulus sp. causes physiological dysfunctions on the infested fish by showing several alterations in haematological parameters that may often cause anaemia through reduction in RBC counts, haemoglobin value and packed cell volume.

1 table, 6 ref

023434   Villanueva R J T;Medina M N D;Jumawah K M (NO, , D3C Gahol Apartment, Lopez Jaena St., Davao City, 8000 Philippines, Email: rjtvillanueva@gmail.com) : Pericnemis melansoni sp. nov., a new damselfly (odonata:coenagrionidae) from compostela valley province, Mindanao island, Philippines. J Threatened Taxa 2013, 5(7), 4110-12.

1 illus, 3 ref

023433   Sujatha K;Shrikanya K V L (Marine Living Resources Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: sujatha.mlr@gmail.com) : Reproductive biology of striped grouper Epinephelus latifasciatus (temminck and schlegel, 1842), off Visakhapatnam, middle east coast of India. Indian J Geomar Sci 2013, 42(2), 183-90.

Present paper deals with several aspects of reproductive biology viz., maturity of gonads, gonado somatic index (GSI), size at first maturity and fecundity of striped grouper off Visakhapatnam, middle east coast of India. A few species of groupers follow a gonochoric sexual pattern where individuals function either as male or female without post-maturational sex change. Based on present study, striped grouper has been diagnosed as functionally gonochoric. 273 specimens were histologically tested for sex determination. Results of calculates gonadosomatic (GSI) index showed that maturation occurred from November to March with a peak in February. Size distribution and size at sexual maturity calculated as 660 mm TL for males and 610 mm TL for female. Fecundity was estimated from 37 specimens of length range 543 to 885 mm TL, number of ova ranged from 1,53,419 to 37,72,37,72,803 with an average of 18,68,589.

6 illus, 2 tabls, 12 ref

023432   Srivastava S M;Singh S P;Aprajita Kumari; Pandey A K (NO, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh) : Fecundity of threatened bronze featherback, Notopterus notopterus (pallas) from river Gomti, Lucknow, (India). Natn J Life Sci 2012, 9(2), 193-200.

Wild bronze featherback, Notopterus notopterus, were collected from Daliganj and Khadra sampling stations of river Gomti at Lucknow (India) during February,2010-January,2012. Owing to lower fecundity and larger ova, total numbers of eggs from the preserved ovaries were counted for determination of fecundity in this species. The absolute fecundity, relative fecundity and relationship of fecundity with other variables like length, weight, ovary weight and age of the fish were evaluated. There was a proportional increase in the fecundity with increase in length and weight. Small fishes appeared less fecund because for 180-189 mm, fecundity varied from 140-161 eggs, 260-269 mm from 481-535 eggs, 320-329 mm 1,235-1,377 eggs and for the largest feather back (340-349 mm), the fecundity was 1,392 eggs. Linear relationship of fecundity of the fish increases with weight. These observations will help in formulating strategies for conservation and stock improvement of this species.

2 illus, 87 ref

023431   Singh R;Nafisat S;Singh R B;Isyaku N T (Biological Sciences (Zoology Unit) Dep, Kebbi State Sci. and Tech. Aliero Univ, Kebbi State, Nigeria, Email: singhrupashree@yahoo.com) : Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites in Clarias gariepinus from Jega (Gulbi) river Kebbi state, Nigeria. Natn J Life Sci 2012, 9(2), 133-5.

Total of one hundred live fresh C.gariepinus were randomly selected and subjected to parasitological investigations, out of that 71 fish were male and 29 were female. Sex determination was done by observing the external reproductive structure of the adult male and female Clarias gariepinus. Forty two gastro intestinal helminthes were recovered from five (two female and three male) C.gariepinus comprising 13 cestodes of the same Polyonchobothrium clarias and 29 nematodes of the same Procamallanus species. Three parasites were found in intestine and two were in stomach. The overall prevalence of infection was 5% and the prevalence of parasites in male and female fish was 4.23% and 6.90% respectively. According to fisher's exact test analysis there is no statistically significant difference (calculated=0.64) in the infection between the male and female. Intensity of infection was 8.4, density of infection was 0.42 and index of infection was 2.1. Though, heavy fish parasitism has not been recorded in the study, it is nevertheless worth mentioning that the fish farmer should continue good management practices like avoidance of overcrowding and taking care not introduced parasites. Good culinary practices should be ensured as these will reduce greatly, any risk of infection in humans.

4 tables, 18 ref

023430   Singh R N (Zoology Dep, Kamala Nehru Institute of Physical and Social Sciences, Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: msingh_zool@rediffmail.com) : Histopathological alterations in the kidney of Cyprinus carpio after exposure to dimethoate (EC 30%). Indian J scient Res 2012, 3(1), 127-31.

This study was conducted to assess the histopathological damage of kidney in common carp, Cyprinus carpio after sub lethal exposure to dimethoate. In a short term (96 hr) study healthy juveniles of common carp were exposed to 0.96 mgl^-1 of dimethoate (60% of 96 hr LC₅₀), and a parallel control was run simultaneously. Kidney of exposed individuals exhibited remarkable changes in their histology in comparison to control. Prominent changes include shrinkage of glomerulus, and dilation of tubular lumen. Vacuolization, desquamation, hydropic swelling and hyaline degeneration of tubular epithelium is also observed. Cyst formation and hemorrhage also appear in certain specimens. Duration of exposure appears to have profound effect as with increasing duration of exposure histopathological damages become more severe.

4 illus, 12 ref

023429   Shendage N;Sathe T V;Jadhav A D (Zoology Dep, Shivaji Univ, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, Email: profdrtvsathe@rediffmail.com) : Natural enemies of uzifly Exorista sorbillans (Wied.): a pest of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L. in Kolhapur (Maharashtra). Natn J Life Sci 2012, 9(2), 157-8.

Uzifly, Exorista sorbillans (Wied.) is an endo-parasite of silk worm Bombyx mori L. and causes considerable damage to B.mori population. Use of pesticides against uzifly on B.mori is not out of danger. Therefore, its biocontrol will be better. In the present study natural enemies of uzifly E.sorbillans have been surveyed from Maharashtra. In all, 15 parasitoids have been recorded on uzifly fly, E.sorbillans from Maharashtra. More potential parasitoids were Dirhinus antracia, Tetrastichus haiwardii, Neysolynx thymus and Spilomicrus karnatetensis which caused about 62%, 64%, 63% and 55% mortality respectively in the silkworm.

1 table, 16 ref