022293   Venkatesan P (Advanced Zoology & Biotechnology Dep, Loyola College, Chennai-600 034, Email: p_venkatesan@yahoo.com) : Effect of moulting on prey- predator interaction of the Water Bug Diplonychus rusticus (Hemiptera). J Ecobiol 2012, 29(1-2), 7-13.

Belostomatid bug, Diplonychus rusticus has been reported to be highly predaceous on mosquito larvae. Their predatory efficiency was tested from the fresh moult of first nymph on successive days till adulthood for 1 h and 24 h. With an increase in prey density, predatory efficiency of the bug also increased. The rate of predation was high in 24 hours treatment. Impact of moulting on the predatory performance of D. rusticus was significant that first, second and third nymphs predated more than the fourth and fifth nymphs as well as adults.

2 tables, 7 ref

022292   Tarik Kabir M;Farid Ahsan M (Zoology Dep, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh, Email: bankmyna_chapai@yahoo.com) : Present status and distribution of long-tailed macaque Macaca fascicularis aurea (Mammalia: Primates:Cercopithecidae) in Bangladesh. J Threatened Taxa 2012, 4(1), 2330-32.

An investigation was carried out to determine the present status of the Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis aurea I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1830) in the mangrove coastal belt along the Naf river of Teknaf, Chakaria Sunderbans and Maheshkhali Island of Bangladesh. Eighteen visits were made from July 2007 to February 2011 and one group of three macaques was found at Keruntoli near Teknaf Port living within the home of 7.91 ha.

7 ref

022291   Sudhakaran M R;Doss P S (Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology Dep, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu-627 412, Email: sudhakaranmr@gmail.com) : Food and foraging preferences of three pteropodid bats in Southern India. J Threatened Taxa 2012, 4(1), 2295-2303.

Food, foraging and flight height in three species of pteropodid bats, namely Cynopterus sphinx, Rousettus leschenaultii and Pteropus giganteus was conducted in Tirunelveli and Tuticorin districts of southern Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 37 species of plants were identified as potential food plants of the pteropodid bats. The preference for fruits by pteropodids varied according to the developmental stages of fruits namely, immature, unripe and ripe. There is a relationship between the foraging activities of bats and the moon phase. Bats exhibit a varied foraging pattern and flight height. A variation in the foraging flight height was observed in C. sphinx and R. leschenaultii. R. leschenaultii was observed to have a higher foraging echelon than that of the C. sphinx. In our study we found that the C. sphinx forages normally at canopy level (up to 3.5m), R. leschenaultii forages at upper canopy levels (up to 9m) and P. giganteus at a height above the canopy area (<62>9m).

5 tables, 35 ref

022290   Solanke A K (Mahatma Fule Arts, Commerce and Sitaramji Choudhari Science Mahavidyalaya, Warud Amravati-444 607) : Toxicity of Cadmium in fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(1), 32-3.

Heavy metals and their salts constitute a very important group of environmental pollutants as they are potent metabolic inhibitors. This study was performed to begin an assessment of effect of heavy metal Cadmium on biochemistry of blood serum as blood is a good patho-physiological indicator. In this study biochemical parameter studied was total protein, Cholesterol, Glucose, and Urea, Creatine, Glucose showed decreased value after intoxication while total protein, Choleterol, Urea and Creatine showed increased values after intoxication as compared to the control values.

1 table, 8 ref

022289   Sivani G;Reddy D C;Bhaskar M (Animal Biotechnology Div, Zoology Dep, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517 502, Email: matchabhaskar@yahoo.com) : Effect of Nymphaea meal incorporated diets on growth, feed efficiency and body composition in fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio L. J appl nat Sci 2013, 5(1), 5-9.

The effect of varying levels of Nymphaea leaf meal on the growth and survival of common carp, Cyprinus carpio was investigated. In a feeding trail of 45 days, three experimental diets containing nymphaea leaf meal at 300, 400 and 500g kg^-1 level of incorporation were fed to triplicate groups of 10 fish each. The conventional feed used in India, consisting of a mixture of groundnut oil cake and rice bran in 1:1 ratio served as the control. Best growth in terms of weight gain (35.2g), specific growth rate (4.67), protein efficiency ratio (PER) (2.7), feed conversion ratio (FCR) (2.5) was obtained for the test diet with 400g kg^-1 nymphaea meal inclusion level. However no statistical difference was observed between the three experimental diets. Digestive enzyme activity and digestibility studies also indicated the same pattern. Thus the results of the present study indicate that a diet of 300g kg^-1 overall protein with nymphaea meal included at 400g kg^-1 can elicit good growth response and survival in common carp.

3 tables, 28 ref

022288   Singh N;Singh J (Zoological Survey of India, Road No. 11-D, Rajendernagar, Patna-800 01, , , Email: nsgill007@gmail.com) : Genitalic studies of Amerila eugenia (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) from Karnataka, India. J Threatened Taxa 2012, 4(2), 2398-2401.

In this manuscript, external male and female genitalic characters of Amerila eugenia (Fabricius) have been studied and illustrated for the first time. Besides this, a dichotomous key for the separation of all four Indian species of this genus has been provide.

17 ref

022287   Shekhawat J;Vyas N (Zoology & Environmental Science Dep, Lachoo Memorial College of Science & Technology, Jodhpur, Email: jyotsnashekhawat@yahoo.com) : Efficacy of Capparis decidua in control of Lymnea acuminata and their cercaria larvae at Balsamand lake, Jodhpur. J appl nat Sci 2013, 5(1), 137-8.

The snail Lymnea acuminata is considered to be intermediate hosts because humans harbour the sexual stages of the parasites and the snails harbour the asexual stages. Herbs are believed to be safer than the synthetic drugs for the control of snails. Alcoholic extracts of Capparis decidua flowers have been evaluated for their lethal effect against L. acuminata and their cercarial larvae. 1%, 2%, 5% concentration of alcoholic flower extract of Capparis were not effective for cercaria after 9 hrs of treatment. 100% mortality was not observed in echinostome and furcocerous even in 24 hrs. But surprisingly after 17 hrs 100% mortality was observed in 5% concentration for xiphdio.

15 ref

022286   Sharma B K;Sharma S (Freshwater Biology Laboratory, Zoology Dep, North-Eastern Hill University, Permanent Campus, Shillong, Meghalaya-793 022, Email: profbksharma@gmail.com) : Some rare and interesting Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) from Deepor Beel, Assam, India. J Threatened Taxa 2012, 4(1), 2304-09.

Plankton samples collected from Deepor Beel, a Ramsar site of India, during August 2008-July 2010, revealed six rare and interesting Cladocera belonging to four genera of the family Chydoridae. The globally important elements include the Australasian Disperalona caudata; the Asian Kurzia (Rostrokurzia) brevilabris; the Indo-Malayan Alona macronyx; and Leydigiopsis curvirostris which is known to occur elsewhere in North and South America. Kurzia (Rostrokurzia) brevilabris is a new record from India while Alona guttata tuberculata, A. macronyx and Coronatella anodonta are new records from Assam. The documented species are briefly diagnosed and comments are made on their distribution.

15 ref

022285   Saikia A C;Goswami R N;Roy T C;Naskar S (Animal Genetics and Breeding Dep, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-781 022) : Selection indices for soviet chinchilla rabbits. Indian vet J 2011, 88(11), 38-40.

Eleven unrestricted selection indices were constructed using records of 1264 Soviet Chincilla rabbits incorporating body weights at 42(X₁), 90(X₂), 120(X₃) and 180(X₄) days of age that were maintained in an organized farm of Meghalaya. Direct and correlated responses in respect of the four body weights were estimated. The three best indices were 1₆ = 0.3651X₁ + 0.5148X₂ (R_lH = 0.760),I₂ = 0.3907X₁ + 0.5564X₂ + 0.3322X₃ (R_lH = 0.72) and I₉ = 0.5776X₂ + 0.3561X₃ (R_lH = 0.710).

4 tables, 8 ref

022284   Rao R M;Chandra S;Singh S K (Zoology Dep, Kutir Post Graduate College, Chakke, Jaunpur-222 146, Email: drsuneelkumarsingh@gmail.com) : Occurrence of phthirapteran ectoparasite parasitizing on domestic dogs, Canis familiaris (Linne) in Jaunpur district (U.P.). J appl nat Sci 2013, 5(1), 207-12.

Only two species of biting louse, Heterodoxus spiniger (Enderlein) (43.27%) and Trichodectes canis (De Geer) (13.47%) have been recorded from 245 dogs examined in twelve different localities in Jaunpur district during 2009 to 2011. Female dogs were found most prevalent in comparison to the male in both the cases. Different parameters like host sex, hair colour, hygienic condition, health and age group have been taken into the consideration during the survey. Older age groups, unhealthy and unhygienic condition of dogs were found more prone for the lice. In case of relative intensity of lice 38% were found moderately infested with H. spiniger while 23% and 16% were very light and light infested. Only 12% could be recorded heavy infested dog while 8% remained very heavy infested. Similar trends were recorded for T. canis where moderate infestation followed by very light, light, heavy and very heavy infestation respectively. Besides these two lice, some other ectoparasites (ticks, mites and fleas) (5.31%) were also recorded casually but not used the data for prevalence.

2 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

022283   Puinyabati H;Shomorendra M;Kar D (Wetlands Div, Fishery Science and Aquaculture, Life Science and Bioinf, Assam (Central) University, Silchar-11, Email: hpuinya@rediffmai.com ) : Correlation of water's physico-chemical characteristics and trematode parasites of Channa punctata (Bloch) in Awangsoi Lake, Manipur, India. J appl nat Sci 2013, 5(1), 190-3.

Infection with trematode parasites can lead to severe change in nutrient content and may result in host mortalities and character of a water body may influence the parasitic fauna. Hence a study was carried out from 2010 to 2011 to find out a correlation of water's physic-chemical characteristics and trematode parasites of Channa punctata (Bloch) in Awangsoi Lake, Manipur, India. During the present investigation three species of trematodes were recorded. In the present study there were concurrent infections by two or more parasite species. The percentage of infection was positively correlated with temperature, pH, DO and conductivity in Awangsoi Lake. There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.652; p<60>0.05) with FCO2 and a negative correlation with alkalinity. Seasonal variation in the occurrence of these parasites may be attributed to ecological conditions, particularly distribution of intermediate hosts and also the age of the host and the life cycle of the parasite species.

1 illus, 15 ref

022282   Preety Singh (Zoology Dep, BSNV PG Collegte, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: Preetysinghleo@gmail.com) : Seasonal status of denswity of phytoplanktons and zooplanktons in Gomti river of Lucknow (U.P.), India. J appl nat Sci 2013, 5(1), 58-62.

Biodiversity of river Gomti is heavily affected by pollution. Planktons are important biological parameters to access the pollution level. Zooplanktons are the source of food for higher organism and phytoplankton play important role in biosynthesis of organic material and influence the river ecosystem, aquatic food chain and water characteristic. The biological productivity as ecological indicator to identify the ecological quality of river Gomti. The phytoplankton density fluctuated maximum in between the range of (140-900 In/l) during monsoon season and minimum (40-140 In/l) during winter season. Zooplanktons were reported to be highest (168-220 In/l) during winter and lowest (114-155 In/l) during summer season. During study period the total of phytoplanktons (17 sp.) and zooplanktons (10 sp.) were noticed during different seasons. Present study concluded that seasonal differences of planktons density will help in further planning of water management and their use for beneficial purpose like agricultural, drinking for mankind.

2 tables, 32 ref

022281   Prasad G;Ali A;Harikrishnan M;Raghavan R (Laboratory of Conservation Biology, Zoology Dep, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695 581, Email: probios2003@yahoo.co.in) : Population dynamics of an endemic and threatened yellow catfish Horabagrus brachysoma (Gunther) from Periyar River, Southern Western Ghats, India. J Threatened Taxa 2012, 4(2), 2333-42.

Based on the annual length frequency data collected from three major fish landing centres along the River Periyar, draining the southern Western Ghats, the von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF) estimates of Horobagrus brachysoma were worked out as asymptotic length (La) = 422mm total length, growth co-efficient (K) = 0.55 yr^-1 and growth performance index (φ) = 4.99. The total mortality rate (Z) was estimated at 5.64 yr^-1, natural mortality rate (M) at 1.04 yr^-1, fishing mortality (F) at 4.60 yr^-1, and exploitation rate (E) at 0.82 yr^-1. Yield per recruit (expected lifetime yield per fish recruited in the stock at a specific age) analysis showed an excessive fishing effort. Using the analysis of probability of capture of each length class, the length at first capture (L_c) of H. brachysoma was estimated to be 110mm. An indication of both growth and recruitment fishing is provided by the dominance of year 1 class in the exploited population and the capture of immature individuals below first maturity. Management of H. brachysoma fishing should include setting of a minimum mesh size limit of 160-180 mm for gill nets as well as a closed season starting from the month of May till August aimed at protecting the spawning stock. This study on H. brachysoma, an endemic and threatened catfish of peninsular India, provides hard evidence that species targeted by artisanal fishermen, in small-scale tropical riverine fisheries, are vulnerable to overexploitation.

8 illus, 56 ref

022280   Pande S;Bastawade D;Padhye A;Pawashe A (Ela Foundation, C-9, Bhosale Park, Sahakar Nagar-2, Pune, Maharashtra-, , , Email: pande.satish@gmail.com) : Diversity of scorpion fauna of Saswad-Jejuri, Pune district, Maharashtra, Western India. J Threatened Taxa 2012, 4(2), 2381-9.

Paper deals with the diversity of the scorpion fauna of Saswad-Jejuri region in western India, and highlights the conservation implications of quantitative studies. Eight species of scorpions from five genera and three families are recorded in 10 microhabitats. Some of these areas are categorized as `wastelands' and hence are vulnerable for land use modifications. The interdependence of such microhabitats and their neglected inhabitants like scorpions is highlighted in this study. This information provides a baseline biological data for further demographic and ecological studies and stresses the need for impact assessment prior to undertaking developmental projects in `wastelands', since arachnids exhibit restricted movements and are vulnerable to habitat modification.

3 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

022279   Padhe A;Jadhav A;Diwekar M;Dahanukar N (Zoology Abasaheb Dep, Garware College, Karve Road, Pune, Maharashtra-411 004, Email: adpadhye@gmail.com) : Population variations in the fungoid frog Hylarana malabarica (Anura: Ranidae) from Northern Western Ghats of India. J Threatened Taxa 2012, 4(2), 2343-52.

Widely distributed species often show interpopulation variation. Studying such variations can be helpful in understanding contributing factors and distinguishing widespread species and species complexes. We studied six populations of Hylarana malabarica distributed along the northern Western Ghats of India using morphometric and genetic analysis. Of 24 size-adjusted morphometric characters, 14 were significantly different among populations. Hierarchical clustering and discriminant analysis of morphometric characters suggested that the six populations form at least four distinct clusters. Analysis of morphometric data was supported by genetic polymorphism data obtained by the Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. Since the similarity and variation observed among populations was independent of their spatial distribution, it is possible that this widely-distributed species may be a species complex.

2 illus, 5 tables, 30 ref

022278   Nebeshwar K;Bagra K;Das D N (Centre of Biodiversity, Zoology Dep, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh-791 112, Email: knebeshwar@yahoo.com) : Garra kalpangi, a new cyprinid fish species (Pisces: Teleostei) from upper Brahmaputra basin in Arunachal Pradesh, India. J Threatened Taxa 2012, 4(2), 2353-62.

new cyprinid species, Garra kalpangi is described from the Kalpangi River (Brahmaputra basin) in Arunachal Pradesh, India. The species is closely similar to G. gravelyi, G. rotundinasus and G. elongata in having a shared character i.e. a weakly developed proboscis. It is distinguishable from G. gravelyi for the absence of indistinct black spot at the bases of branched dorsal fin rays and lateral stripes on the side of the body. However, G. rotundinasus possesses lateral stripe along the lateral line. Further, the absence of transverse groove at the tip of snout and longitudinal black band in medial coudal fin differentiated it from G. elongata. The detail comparative account of the 16 available species of northeastern India confirmed its distinct diagnosis as a new species under the genus. Accordingly, after thorough investigation, the taxonomic keys for all the available species under the genus from the region have also been erected in this article.

2 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

022277   Nautiyal P;Mishra A S;Singh K R;Singh U (Aquatic Biodiversity Unit, Zoology and Biotechnology Dep, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar-246 174, Email: lotic.biodiversity@gmail.com ) : Longitudinal distribution of the fish fauna in the river Ganga from Gangotri to Kanpur. J appl nat Sci 2013, 5(1), 63-8.

Fish fauna of the river Ganga from Gangotri to Kanpur consisted of 140 fish species from 9 orders and 25 families; 63 fish species from 6 orders and 12 families in the mountain section (MS), while 122 species from 9 orders and 25 families in the Plains section (PS) of Upper Ganga. Cypriniformes and Cyprinidae were most species rich order and family in both sections. Forty six fish species primarily Cypriniformes and Siluriformes are common to both sections, only 17 in MS and 76 in PS. Orders Tetradontiformes, Osteoglossiformes and Clupeiformes were present in PS only. The taxonomic richness in the MS was low compared to PS. Probably motility and physiological requirements in respect of tolerance for temperature restrict faunal elements.

2 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

022276   Monirul M;Khan H (Zoology Dep, Jahangimagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Email: mmhkhan@hotmail.com) : Population and prey of the Bengal Tiger Panthera tigris tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) (Carnivora: Felidae) in the Sundarbans, Bangladesh. J Threatened Taxa 2012, 4(2), 2370-2380.

Results from intensive small scale surveys are often difficult to extrapolate to wider spatial scales, yet an understanding at such scales is critical for assessing the minimum densities and populations of rare and wide ranging species. In this paper, the minimum size of population and minimum density estimates of Bengal Tigers Panthera tigris tigris and its prey were conducted from 2005 to 2007 using camera traps for 90 days and using distance sampling surveys for over 200 days, respectively. The results were extrapolated from the core study area in Katka-Kochikhali, southeastern Sundarbans, to five additional sites using indices of abundance. With the use of 10 camera-traps at 15 trap-points, field data provided a total of 829 photos, including seven photos of five individual tigers. A total of 5.0 (SE = 0.98) tigers (adults and sub-adults) are thus estimated in the core area with an estimated density of 4.8 tigers/100km². Distance sampling surveys conducted on large mammalian prey species obtained an overall density estimate of 27.9 individuals/km² and a biomass density of 1,037kg/km². Indices of abundance were obtained by using tiger track sighting rates (number of tracks/km of riverbank) and the sighting rates of the prey species (number of prey/km of riverbank) in the core area and in five additional sites across the region. The densities of tiger tracks and sighting rates of prey were strongly correlated suggesting a wide scale relationship between predator and prey in the region. By combining the estimates of absolute density with indices of abundance, an average of 3.7 tigers/100km² across the region is estimated, which given an area of 5,770km², predicts a minimum of approximately 200 tigers in the Bangladesh Sundarbans.

1 illus, 4 tables, 67 ref

022275   Mogali S M;Saidapur S K;Shanbhag B A (Zoology Dep, Karnatak Univ, Dharwad-580 003, Email: bhagyashrishanbhag@gmail.com) : Receding water levels hasten metamorphosis in the Frog, Sphaerotheca breviceps (Schneider, 1799): a laboratory study. Curr Sci 2011, 101(9), 1219-22.

Gosner stage 19 tadpoles of Sphaerotheca breviceps were exposed to constant or progressively decreasing water levels until metamorphosis with abundant food supply. The tadpoles experiencing constant water levels (column height of 40 mm) reached metamorphic climax (MC) in 35.07 ± 0.44 days and metamorphosed at 39.00 ± 0.43 days at a mean body mass of 409 ± 9.0 mg and 14.64 ± 0.08 mm snout-vent length. In contrast, the larvae experiencing decreasing water levels (from 40 to 12 mm column height) reached MC in 30.93 ± 0.35 days and metamorphosed at 34.73 ± 0.35 days at a significantly smaller body mass and size compared to those reared in constant water levels. In both the treatments survival of tadpoles was 100%. The study reveals that S. breviceps tadpoles are capable of developmental plasticity and with progressive decrease in water levels, the trade-off between growth and development is in favour of development, resulting in early metamorphosis at a small size.

1 illus, 24 ref

022274   Mayalekshmi P;Nair K G P;Santhy G (Biochemistry Dep, N S S College, Pandalam-689 501, Email: santhysatheesh@gmail.com) : Biochemical composition of two endemic freshwater fish species of Southern Kerala. J Ecobiol 2012, 29(1-2), 59-64.

Proximate composition of two endemic freshwater fish species Horobagrus brachysoma and Heteropneustes fossilis, of River Pampa were estimated and compared for major nutrient components. In H. brachysoma the protein, carbohydrate, lipid, cholesterol, ash and water contents (%) were 13.6, 0.04, 1.4, 0.30, 3.4 and 78.6 respectively, whereas triglyceride, phospholipids and free fattyacids content (%) were 0.04, 0.02 and 0.4. But in H. fossilis the protein, carbohydrate, lipid, cholesterol, ash and water contents were 13.2, 0.05, 1.4, 0.17, 3.5 and 79.0 respectively, whereas triglyceride, phospholipids and freefattyacids content were 0.05,0.01, and 0.43, respectively. Significant variations in the protein, carbohydrate, lipid, cholesterol, ash and water contents were observed indicating that the two species constitute a high protein, low-fat composition and are rich in various macro and micro nutrients, so an ideal source of animal protein.

2 tables, 18 ref

022273   Maurice N;Ashwani Kumar;Lall P V;Mondol D (Plant Protection Dep, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Naini, Allahabad-211 007, Email: navoditageorge@gmail.com) : Effect of food on oviposition pattern of Zygogramma bicolorata. Ann Pl Prot Sci 2012, 20(1), 270-1.

^ssc2 illus, 3 ref

022272   Laharia R (Zoology Dep, Brijlal Biyani Science College, Amravati, Email: reena.laharia@rediffmail.com) : Immune response and status of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) affected fishes Channa punctatus and Clarias magur. J appl nat Sci 2013, 5(1), 103-7.

In Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) affected Channa punctatus and Clarias magur, the serum total proteins were decreased by 24.63% and 38.75% respectively along with A:G ratio. During immune response, the antibodies produced were found to be positively exponential with the amount of antigens (bacteria, fungus and viruses). The present changes may be because of the changing environmental conditions especially temperature fluctuations producing stress conditions in the fishes.

1 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

022271   Kumar N R;Rana N;Kalia P (Zoology Dep, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Email: preeti.kalia84@gmail.com) : Biochemical changes in haemolymph of Apis mellifera L. drone under the influence of cell phone radiations. J appl nat Sci 2013, 5(1), 139-41.

The effects of Electromagnetic radiations (EMR) are being felt by wildlife and the environment as a whole, birds, bees, worms, trees are being affected. So the main focus of present study was carried out to analyse the influence of cell phone radiations on the biochemical aspects of drone of Apis mellifera L. The drone was exposed for 30 mins to radiations using live cell phones kept in working mode with tape recorder at the speaker end and positive response at the receiver's end. The results of the treatment were analyzed and compared with the control. The concentration of various biomolecules increased from 1.65 mg/ml to 2.75 mg/ml for carbohydrates, 3.74 mg/ml to 4.85 mg/ml for proteins and from 0.325 mg/ml to 1.33 mg/ml for lipids under the influence of EMR.

1 table, 20 ref

022270   Khan S A;Prasanna Kumar C;Lyla P S;Murugan S (Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science Annamalai Univ, Parangipettai-608 502, Email: lailanair3@gmail.com) : Identifying marine fin fishes using DNA barcodes. Curr Sci 2011, 101(9), 1152-4.

1 illus, 14 ref

022269   Kaura T;Ravinder Kumar;Chaudhry S (Mosquito Cytogenetics Unit, Zoology Dep, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: tarunakaura@yahoo.co.in) : Genome fingerprinting of two populations of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse (Asian Tiger) using random primers (Diptera: Culicidae). J appl nat Sci 2013, 5(1), 95-102.

The present paper deals with RAPD-PCR based genomic characterization of two allopatric populations of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse which is a major vector of dengue fever and a source of many other pathogenic infections in man. For the present purpose one population was collected from village Dhunater, Distt. Hamirpur in Himachal Pradesh (pop.A) while the other was procured from Panjab University campus (pop.B). The genomic DNA from the legs of individual specimens was amplified by using three random primers viz: Primer I- 5'-TTTGCCCGGA-3', Primer II- 5'-GTCCCGACGA-3' and Primer III- 5'-CAGGCCCTTC-3'. The amplification of the DNA of pop.A with primer I, produced a total of 7 bands ranging from 230-880 bp while 3 bands ranging from 450-820 bp were produced from pop. B. Similarly, with primer II a total of 8 bands were produced from pop. A, which ranged from 220-800 bp while 9 were produced from the DNA of the individuals of pop. B, which ranged from 200-900 bp. With primer III, a total of 15 bands were produced from pop. A, with a base pair composition varying from 210-1031 bp while 5 were produced from pop. B with a range of 210-370 bp. From the hierarichial cluster sharing analysis of bands, primers I and II were found to ideal for the differentiation of the individuals at the population level studies of this species of considerable epidemiological significance.

6 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

022268   Gulbhile V D (Zoology Dep, Late. Laximibai Deshmukh Mahila College, Parli-Vaijinath-431 515, Email: drgulbhilevd@rediffmail.com) : Prevalence of gregarine parasites in beetle from Parli- Vaijinath, Marathwada region. J Ecobiol 2012, 29(1-2), 141-4.

Gregarines are protozoan parasites found in the intestinal tracts of many invertebrates especially arthropods and annelids which show heavy infections. The intestine of beetle Rhytinota sp. was noted to be heavily infected with gregarine parasites. The hosts were collected from Parli -Vaijinath in Marathwada region, during a period of one year from June 2008 to May 2009 and 602 beetles were examined, of which 156 were shown as the gregarine infections. The prevalence rate was 25.9%. The gregarines were more concentrated in midgut and hindgut region. The pattern of prevalence shows that the prevalence is increased during rainy season and gradually decreased in winter season.

1 table, 10 ref

022267   Faritha Begam H (Zoology & Bio Technology Dep, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College, Poondi-613 503) : Histopathological changes in the Gills and digestive gland of Bivalve mactra violacea exposed to pesticide TBTC. J Ecobiol 2012, 29(1-2), 151-6.

Healthy speciemens of Mactra violacea were collected from a clam plot of Agniar estuary. All clams collected were reared in the laboratory conditions before the onset of bioassay studies. Tributyltin chloride (TBTC) was chosen to study its toxicity on the histomorphology of two primary target body tissues viz. gills and digestive gland. Varied concentrations from 0.15 to 1.35 ppm were prepared from the TBTC stock solution. After LC 50 determination, the clams were divided into two groups namely control and experimental. The experimental groups were subjected to two sublethal treatments Acute and Chronic exposures of TBTC concentrations. The results confirmed that the digestive gland suffered more than gills by TBTC toxicity. The pathological changes of gills ranged from hyperplasia of gill epithelium to extensive fusion of the adjacent gill filaments. After 5 days of chorine exposure to 1/5 of the 96 LC₅₀, the gill lamellae were swollen, the epithilium separated and haemocytes increased. Ten days of exposure caused vacuolization in the gill filament. After 48 hours, the Digestive diverticulae showed vacuolization, disappearance of cellular integrity, reduced lumens, disorganization of individual cells, and reduction in secretory and absorptive cells. Five days exposure resulted in a granular cytoplasm, the displacement of nuclei from their original position and occasional expulsion of nuclei from cells.

11 illus, 12 ref

022266   Dishma M;Vishwanath W (Life Sciences Dep, Manipur University, Canchipur, Manipur-795 003, Email: disma27@gmail.com) : Barilius profundus, a new cyprinid fish (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from the Koladyne basin, India. J Threatened Taxa 2012, 4(2), 2363-9.

Barilius profundus, a new species of bariline cyprinid fish is described from the Koladyne River, Mizoram, India. It is distinguished from congeners in having the following combination of characters: great body depth at dorsal-fin origin (32.0-37.3 % SL), 17-18 pre-dorsal scales, 7-10 dark blue bars on the sides of the body, 30-32 + 2-3 lateral line scales, 1/2 7 1/2 1/2 lateral transverse scales and 12 circumpeduncular scales. Key to species of Barilius of northeastern India is provided.

1 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

022265   Dhembare A J;Gholap A B;Tambe D S (Zoology Dep, P.V.P. College, Pravaranagar-413 713) : Diversity and density of zooplankton from mula dam Rahuri, Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra. Geobios 2012, 39(1), 3-8.

Twenty seven species of zooplanktons were recorded, out of these 10 belong to rotifers, 6 to protozoa, 5 to cladocera, 3 each to copepoda and decapoda. Seasonal density was: summer <62> winter <62> rainy; and were in order: rotifer (53%) <62> cladocera (17%) <62> copepoda (13%) <62> decapoda (10%) <60> protozoa (7%).

2 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

022264   Dahanukar N;Paingankar M;Raut R N;Kharat S S (NO, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Sai Trinity, Garware Circle, Pune, Maharashtra-411 021, Email: kharat.sanjay@gmail.com) : Fish fauna of Indrayani river, Northern Western Ghats, India. J Threatened Taxa 2012, 4(1), 2310-17.

Freshwater fish fauna of the Indrayani River, a northern tributary of the Krishna River system in the Western Ghats of India was studied. A total of 57 species of freshwater fish belonging to 18 families and 39 genera were recorded. However, based on the previous literature it is possible that the Indrayani River harbours around 67 species. Out of the 57 species in the present collection, 12 are endemic to the Western Ghats while six are endemic to the Krishna River system. Neotropius khavalchor, an endemic fish of the Krishna River system, was recorded for the first time from the northern tributaries. The fish fauna of the Indrayani River is threatened due to seven introduced species and anthropogenic activities such as deforestation leading to siltation, tourism, sand mining, over fishing and organic and inorganic pollution. Since the Indrayani River hosts endemic and threatened species, including Glyptothorax poonaensis, conservation measures to ensure habitat protection in the river are essential.

1 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

022263   Chaudhry S;Kaura T;Savita;Kumar R (Mosquito Cytogenetics Units, Zoology Dep, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: tarunakaura@yahoo.co.in) : Inversion dynamics in some population of an emerging vector of malaria Anopheles (Celia) subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae). J appl nat Sci 2013, 5(1), 69-75.

The present paper deals with the polytene chromosome inversion polymorphism based genomic characterization of Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Culicidae: Diptera) which has attained the status of an emerging vector of malaria in Srilanka, West Bengal and some coastal parts of India. The inversion data of the present population from Hoshairpur, Punjab (pop.A), India has also been compared with five other populations of this species worked out earlier in this laboratory so as to have a comprehensive assessment of inversion dynamics in this taxon. From the percentage frequency of inversions it was also evident that both rural and urban populations of An. subpictus had nearly similar inversion frequencies. In addition to these observations, it was interesting to note that irrespective of the number of individuals sacrificed, cells studied and the number of aberrations encountered from each population, inversions always constituted 50% of the total mutational index. On the basis of the present comparative data of inversion polymorphism, it is logical to suggest that, similar to "meiotic drive" and "molecular drive" there is also a type of "inversion drive" which constantly changes population genomics to augment competitive fitness of the species. Our recent studies on the r DNA ITS2 sequence variations also suggest this contension.

1 illus, 4 tables, 49 ref

022262   Chandra S (P.G. Zoology Dep, B.S.N.V. College, Lucknow-226 001, Email: sudhish1953@gmail.com) : Impact of pesticide Rogor toxicity on serum phosphomonoesterase levels of freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus. J appl nat Sci 2013, 5(1), 20-3.

The exposure of pesticide Rogor had significantly altered serum alkaline and acid phosphatase activities in freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus at different concentrations and duration under static conditions. However, the intensity of activity of both the enzymes were interestingly different. The fish elicited marked behavioral changes with increasing concentrations and exposure duration. The rising trend in enzyme levels which mediate membrane transport mechanism and biosynthesis of macromolecules, have been correlated with the induction and leakage of respective enzymes from liver following membrane damage and necrosis due to pesticide toxicity.

2 tables, 38 ref

022261   Chandavar V R;Raghu N;Lalitha R;Naik P R (Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Zoology Dep, Yuvaraja's College, University of Mysore, Mysore-570 005, Email: vidyachandavar@yahoo.co.uk) : Biochemical indices to monitor health status with respect to reproductive cycle of Melanochelys trijuga. J appl nat Sci 2013, 5(1), 118-24.

Blood analysis can provide information regarding the physiological condition of an individual animal or population health as a whole. The present investigation analyzed clinical laboratory data of soluble organic substances of plasma namely triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT/ aspartate amionotransferase) and albumin of Asian pond turtle Melanochelys trijuga. Using multiple samples measures of analysis and variance was determined. M. trijuga exhibited variation in biochemical parameters with respect to reproductive cycle. Biochemical profiles of cholesterol, HDL, LDL, SGPT and albumin values found to be high in preparative period and minimum in recrudescent period of the reproductive cycle. This indicates that the preparative period is the stage where the animals prepare for the forth coming reproductive period. The level of triglycerides and cholesterol varied independently. All the parameters fluctuated with in normal range. The data may be useful to evaluate the health status of the turtle for veterinary care and conservation.

6 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

022260   Bhuvaneswari E;Sivaprasad S (Zoology Dep, Smt. N.P.S. Government College for Women, Chittoor-517 002, Email: sivprasadzoology@yahoo.co.in) : Impact of photoperiod on circadian trehalose and trehalase rhythms in the digestive system of silkworm, Bombyx mori. J appl nat Sci 2013, 5(1), 82-94.

Circadian trehalose and trehalase rhythms were studied in the digestive system of Bombyx mori under 12 hr light-dark cycle (LD), continuous light (LL) and continuous dark (DD). The rhythmic changes were interpreted as synthetic cycles in gut wall and release cycles in gut lumen. The trehalose rhythm of gut wall comprised 8 trehalose synthetic cycles (TS cycles) under LD and LL and 7 under DD. The 24 hr trehalose rhythm of LD and LL was clock shifted to 27.2 hr under DD. The trehalose rhythm included 4 TR cycles under LD, 5 under LL and DD in the gut lumen and the 24 hr rhythm of LD was clock shifted to 19.2 hr under LL and DD. In the gut wall trehalase rhythm maintained 8 trehalase enzyme synthetic cycles (TES cycles) under LD, 10 LL and 7 under DD and the 24 hr rhythm of LD was clock shifted to 19.2 hr under LL and 27.2 hr under DD. In the gut lumen it included 4 TER cycles under LD and DD, 5 under LL and its 24-hr rhythm was advanced to 19.2 hr. Further analysis of data showed that LD favours trehalose synthesis, while LL and DD favour trehalase synthesis.

4 illus, 6 tables, 68 ref

022259   Bhuvaneswari E;Sailaja B;Sivaprasad S (Zoology Dep, Smt N.P.S. Government College for Women, Chittoor-517 002, Email: sivprasadzoology@yahoo.co.in) : Impact of photoperiod on circadian sucrose and sucrase rhythms in the digestive system of silkworm, Bombyx mori. J appl nat Sci 2013, 5(1), 230-41.

The impact of photoperiod on circadian sucrose and sucrase rhythms were analyzed in the digestive system of Bombyx mori under 12 hr light-dark cycle (LD), continuous light (LL) and continuous dark (DD). The rhythmic changes were interpreted as synthetic cycles in gut wall and release or uptake cycles in gut lumen. The gut wall comprised 6 sucrose synthetic cycles (SS cycles) under LD, LL and 5 under DD. The 24 hr rhythm of LD and LL was clock shifted to 28.8 hr under DD. In gut content, the sucrose rhythm showed 7 sucrose uptake cycles (SU cycles) under LD, 6 under LL and 5 under DD and the 24 hr rhythm of LD was clock shifted to 28.0 hr under LL and 34 hr under DD. In the gut wall sucrase rhythm maintained 7 SES cycles under LD and DD and 9 cycles under LL and its 24-hr rhythm is advanced to 18.2 hr. In the gut lumen 5 SER cycles under LD, 8 under LL and 6 under DD and its rhythm is advanced to 15 hr under LL and 20 hr under DD. Further analysis of data showed that LD favoured both synthesis and uptake of sucrose while LL, favoured the sucrase synthesis and its release.

4 illus, 6 tables, 38 ref

022258   Bhandari J C;Nikam S V (Zoology Dep, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, Email: joproto@gmail.com) : Description of a new species cephaline gregarine Stenophora bristili (Apicomplexa, Sporozoea) from Millipede (Chondromorpha severini) in Aurangabad district (M.S), INDIA. J appl nat Sci 2013, 5(1), 128-31.

The study of the endoparasitic cephaline gregarine in the gut content of millipede (Chondromorpha severini) was found to be infested with a new species (Stenophora bristili) of genus Stenophora (Labee, 1899). It differs from all the earlier reported species. The shape of the body of cephalont small elongated, slightly curved and rounded posterior end. Potomerite consists of fine bundle of bristles. The Sporont is elongated curved, slightly tapering and rounded posterior end, having brush like broader in between protomerite and deutomerite, Nucleus is spherical with ecentric karyosome. The different developmental stages including cephalont, sporont, gametocyst and sporocyst have been observed.

3 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

022257   Begam H F (Zoology & Bio Technology Dep, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College, Poomdi-613 503) : Influence of fish culture system on haematology of Catla catla, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Cyprinus carpio. J Ecobiol 2012, 29(1-2), 131-4.

Fresh water fishes Catla catla, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Cyprinus carpio were collected from the freshwater culture pond near Thanjavur. The physico chemical parameters showed marked variations during study period. The blood parameters of total protein, glucose, cholesterol, calcium, sodium, potassium, urea and RBC count were thoroughly studied. The total protein content of the blood showed high value when compared to other biochemical components. It indicates that the fishes have higher protein value in their blood and muscles. Hence the present study suggested that the fishes are important sources of protein and soluble cholesterol and are also having moderate amount of calcium, potassium, sodium and urea which are essential for human nutrition.

2 tables, 12 ref

022256   Bahuguna S N;Chowdhary A K;Shurveer Singh (Zoology and Biotechnology Dep, P.B. 70, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar-Garhwal-246 174, Email: profsnbahuguna@rediffmail.com) : Quantitative osteological study of a bottom feeder hillstream cyprinoid fish Crossocheilus latius latius (Hamilton- Buchanan). J appl nat Sci 2013, 5(1), 17-19.

The quantitative osteological study has been conducted on a Hillstream bottom feeder fish Crossocheilus latius latius. C. latius latius is a common hillstream fish of Snowfed Rivers of Alaknanda. The bones have been taken from different sized fishes ranged from 13 to 27 Cm in length and 39 to 132 gm in weight. The correlation is applied between Body Weight and the Weight of different disarticulated bones of C. latius latius. The correlation (r) is highly significant among the different parameter of body in relation to osteology which ranged from r = 0.952; P<62> 0.1 to r = 0.999; P<62> 0.1.

1 illus, 9 ref

022255   Archna Rashmi;Arya G;Ahmad A;Saxena A K (Zoology Dep, Government Raza Postgraduate College, Rampur-244 901, Email: akscsir@radiffmail.com) : Population of Haematopinus suis of Indian hogs. Indian vet J 2011, 88(11), 21-2.

Forty six percent pigs (n=65) examined in district Rampur during 2007-08 were found infested with Haematopinus suis (mean intensity 75.9, sample mean abundance 35.0, range of infestation 12-219). Female lice outnumbered males in natural population. Mean monthly lice index was significantly correlated (negatively) with mean monthly temperature.

4 ref

022254   Anudeep;Neelima;Kumar R (Zoology Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: anuresearch_aedes@yahoo.com) : Biodiversity in Apis dorsata F. : Sem comparison of antenna from two different populations. Geobios 2012, 39(1), 75-9.

SEM on the antenna of Apis dorsata from Chandigarh and Jalandhar populations are compared. Sensilla trichodea were found most frequently, being present on all the antennal segments in both populations. Sensilla placodea were abundant on the underside of segments IV to IX in Jalandhar population. Sensilla trichodea D was present only on III segment, sensilla basiconica on VI and VII segments and sensilla campaniformia on III segment of Chandigarh population. This paper highlights significant differences found in the structure and shape of sensilla trichodea types A, B, C and D in both the populations.

28 illus, 21 ref

022253   Ajay Kumar;Alok Kumar (Zoology Dep, Chinmaya Degree College, Haridwar-249 403, Email: ajaykumar232099@gmail.com) : Impact of dietary glutathione on hematological indices in rats poisoned with hexavalent chromium. J appl nat Sci 2013, 5(1), 217-20.

The effects of dietary glutathione against chromium induced hematological indices were studied in rats, Rattus rattus albino. Supplementation of glutahione to the diet of chromium fed rats, elevated significantly percent hemoglobin (40.4%), number of red blood corpuscles (48.7%), plasma corpuscular volume (43.4%) and mean corpuscular volume (37.1%) which were inhibited in chromium poisoned rats. However, no marked elevation was noticed in number of white blood corpuscles and total proteins. Intake of glutahione checked the accumulation of glucose, cholesterol, tryglcerides, phospholipids and bilirubin in chromium treated rats. Chromium intoxication significantly increased the activities of transaminases (p<60>0.001) and dehydrogenases (p<60>0.01/p<60>0.001) which declined by supplementation of gltathione which also restored the chromium inhibited activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase. Specific reasons for these pharmacoticological aspects of glutathione have also been discussed.

1 table, 34 ref

021370   Yeole A K;Ali Khatib S A (Zoology Dep, K.G.D.M. College, Niphad, Dist. Nashik, Maharashtra, Email: akyeole74@rediffmail.com) : Impact of endosulean and malathion of enzymatic activity of Earthworm. Life Sci Bull 2011, 8(2), 185-8.

Earthworm is very important component of the environment, which enhances soil fertility. The main contribution of earthworm seems to be breakdown of organic matter and combining with soil particals, which enhancing microbial activity and helps to improve the soil structure by their enzymatic activity. In agriculture, insecticides like Endosulfan and Malathion used on large scale for protecting crop from the pest. Endosulfan and Malathion are non-biodegradable insecticides; its residue remains persistent in the soil. The persistent residue accumulates in soil through food chain and affected on digestive and nervous system, cause heavy mortality. The digestive enzyme, which catalyses rate of chemical reaction but due to deposition of insecticidal residue in the tissue of alimentary canal; reduces its activity. During the present investigation, it was found that digestive enzymes like Amylase and Cellulase in the tissue, reduces due to the action of insecticidal residue. If earthworm consumes such insecticide contaminated soil, the persistent residue gets concentrated in the tissue and affected its enzymatic activity.

2 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

021369   Yadav P P;Nanaware S G (Zoology Dep, S.M.Dr. Bapuji Salunkhe College, Miraj, Maharashtra) : Impact of eye-stalk ablation on the mucopolysaccharide regulation in the albumen gland of S. maculata. Life Sci Bull 2011, 8(2), 217-20.

Galactogen an unusual mucopolysaccharide synthesized in the albumen gland of the slug S.maculata is under the control of neurohormones synthesizes in the brain and optic tentacles (Nanaware and Yadav,1993). Concentration is also influenced by the hormones synthesized in the ovotestis (Nanaware and Yadav,1993) It was also studied, polysaccharide metabolism in spermtheca and oviduct regulated by hormones in eye stalk and ovotetis (Yadav et al., 2002, 2009, 2010).in the present contribution the effect of the ablation of unilateral and bilateral eye stalks has been studied by employing biochemical and histochemical techniques.

1 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

021368   Warsi Z;Capoor A (Zoology Dep, Agra College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of bacterial preparations on development of Diacrisia obliqua. Trends Biosci 2012, 5(1), 57-60.

This study was carried out to determined the effectiveness of different concentrations of all the bacterial preparations of B. thuringiensis like Dipel, Thuricide HP, Bactospeine against the development of test insect Bihar hairy caterpillar i.e. D. obliqua. The biocontrol agents such as Bacillus thuringiensis used for controlling Lepidopteran, coleopteran and dipteran pests. These insecticides are considered safe to the environment and natural enemies. It is evident from the result of the experiments that lethal concentration of dipel had marked effect on the larval development and it is also significant that the surviving larvae of D. oblique were shorter in length, and lighter in weight when compared with control.

6 tables, 11 ref

021367   Warsi Z;Capoor A (Zoology Dep, Agra College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of different formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis on larval mortality of Diacrisia obliqua. Trends Biosci 2012, 5(1), 45-6.

This study was carried out to determine the effect of commercial preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis (biocontrol agent) namely Dipel, Thuricide HP and Bactospeine against the Bihar hairy caterpillar that is Diacrisia oblique walker of the family Arctiidae belong to order Lepidoptera. Five concentrations i.e. 0.05, 0.10,0.50, 0.75, and !.0% of different formulations are used against the third instar larvae of D. obliqua. All these three microbial prepration that is Dipel, Thuricide HP and Bactospeine were toxic to the test insect but Dipel proved to be most effective.

2 tables, 3 ref

021366   Verma K K (NO, , HIG 1/327, Housing Board Colony, Borsi, Durg-491 001, Chhattisgarh, Email: kkverma.sheel@gmail.com) : Mechanism of hypoallometry of insect genitalia- a supplement. Bionotes 2012, 14(1), 18.

2 ref

021365   Thilak J (Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, 130 Santhome High Road, Chennai-600 028) : Record of the cladocerans from Southern Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu. Bionotes 2012, 14(1), 9-10.

8 ref

021364   Singh R K S P;Sushil Kumar;Chauhanh K S (Zoology Dep, Amar Deep (P.G.) College, Firozabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: akschauhan6@gmail.com) : Effect of varietal resistance of rice germplasms on the growth and development of Rhizopertha dominica (Fabricius). Life Sci Bull 2011, 8(2), 221-3.

Rhizopertha dominica (fabricius) a cereals pest of rice. The storage losses were measured around 10 percent which were directly correlated with insect population. R.dominica is the most ruinous and well distributed insect in hot humid climate and also infests maize, barley. Both adults and larvae were internal feeders and caused great damage tocereals in storage, affecting the quality as well as quantity of the product. The present studies described the effect of different rice germplasms to Rhizopertha dominica (Fabricius) in relation to their physico-biochemical parameters for protection of storage grains.

1 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

021363   Singh J;Jagdish Kaur;Simarjit Kaur (Zoology & Environmental Sciences Dep, Punjabi Univ, Patiala-147 002, Email: prjagbir2005@gmail.com) : Observation of new variations on wings and palpi of two species of Anopheles mosquitoes from Northwest India. Bionotes 2012, 14(3), 82-3.

9 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

021362   Singh D P (P.G. Zoology Dep, J.V. College, Baraut, Distt. Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of dimethoate on the growth of a yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bionotes 2012, 14(1), 24.

4 ref