021415   Meshkov Y I;Yakovleva I N;Glinushkin A P; Kruglyak E B;Drinyaev V A (Biological Studies Dep, All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshye Vyazyomy, 143050, Russia, Email: glinale@mail.ru) : Comparative aspects of the formation of resistant populations of the twospotted spider mite tetranychus urticae koch (Acariformes, tetranychidae) to two groups of avermectin preparations. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(4), 116-22.

The comparative rate of development of resistance to insectoacaricides based on abamectin (vertimec) and aversectin C (phytopharm-M and phytoverm) of the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch was studied under laboratory conditions by the method of artificial selection. The production population (<60><60>Mullinsky hothouse factory<62><62>, Perm) with initial 2-fold resistance to these drugs was systematically treated by them in sublethal concentrations during the evolution of 72 generations of mites. 50 treatments were performed, as a result of which the level of resistance to the vertimec increased by 38.6 times, to phytophythm-M and phytophythm in 63.3 and 102.2 times, respectively. The process of formation of resistance passed the stages characteristic for pesticides with their continuous application.

1 illus, 21 ref

021414   Jha A K;Singh S P;Singh S R (Zoology Dep, S.M.M. Town Post Graduate College, Ballia, Uttar Pradesh, Email: ashu_jha29@yahoo.co.in) : Observations on phytoplankton, primary production and fish yield of an ox-bow lake Dah-Reoti, Ballia (U.P.) India. Flora Fauna 2016, 22(2), 237-51.

Observations have been made over a period of two years on the phytoplankton primary production of an Oxbow lake in relation to abundance and composition of phytoplankton community and physico-chemical variables of water. The relative photosynthetic activities of different algal groups could not be observed due to dominance of blue green algal form Microcystis aeruginosa. throughout the year. Maximum production rates coincided with the super abundance presence of blue green forms. High temperature, nutrient loading, high ionic concentration were observed closely associated with higher rates of production. The fish harvest from the lake in relation to primary production suggests a conversion rate of only 0.09% The causative factors for low fish yeild have been discussed and measures to boost up the fishery, suggested.

7 illus, 7 tables, 19 ref

021413   Jayasree P J;Sumi N;Chitra K C (Endocrinology and Toxicology Lab, Zoology Dep, Calicut Univ, Malappuram District, Kerala) : Effects of octylphenol on oxidative stress-mediated neurotoxicity in brain of the fish, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). Int J Fish aqua Stud 2018, 6(1), 52-8.

The neurotoxic effect of octylphenol was determined on the brain tissue of the tilapian fish, Oreochromis niloticus. Fishes were exposed to octylphenol at sublethal concentration, i.e., 50.6 μg/L for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h duration along with control groups. Octylphenol treatment showed no significant changes in the body weight and the weight of brain tissues. Exposure to octylphenol showed significant (P<60>0.05) increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase after 48 h. However, the activities of catalase and glutathione reductase showed significant (P<60>0.05) reduction in all treatment groups in time-dependent manner. The biochemical estimation of the levels of lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide generation showed a significant increase in all treatment groups and this could be due to generation of reactive oxygen species in brain tissues. There was a significant decrease in the activity of acetylcholinesterase in the brain and blood serum after 48 h indicating neurotoxicity due to octylphenol treatment. Histological changes like atrophy, infiltration and neuronal cell degeneration were also observed in the brain tissues of the treated groups. Therefore, the present study suggests that octylphenol induced neurotoxicity by impairing the antioxidant status and also affects the histomorphology of brain tissues in the freshwater fish, Oreochromis niloticus.

11 illus, 27 ref

021412   Jawale C A (Zoology Dep, S.M.P. Mahavidyalaya, Murum, Dist. Osmanabad-413 605, Email: drcajawale@gmail.com ) : Freshwater fish biodiversity of benitura reservoir, Osmanabad (M.S.) India. Flora Fauna 2016, 22(2), 275-80.

The river Benitura is the medium river nearby Murum town in Osmanabad (M.S.). Fish biodiversityof reservoir essentially represents the fish faunal diversity. Reservoir conserves a rich variety of fish species which supports the commercial fisheries. The biodiversity of some fish fauna was observed from January 2013 to December 2014. A detailed account of status of fish biodiversity resources, the nature of fish fauna and capturing the method of fishes of Benitura reservoir was studied and assessed. Classified list of fish fauna has been given. Seventeen fish species under five order and eight families were collected and identified.

2 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

021411   Dhanya A M;Jeyabaskaran R;Prema D;Chinnadurai S;Abhilash K S;Sajikumar K K;Kripa V (NO, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box. 1603, Ernakulam North P.O, Kochi-682 018, Email: jbcmfri@gmail.com) : Non-indigenous sea slug Tenellia adspersa in the southeast coast of the Arabian sea, India. Curr Sci 2017, 113(1), 24-6.

3 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

021410   Bhure D B;Nanware S S (Zoology Dep, Yeshwant Mahavidyalaya, Nanded-431 602, Email: drajbhure82@gmail.com) : Protein contents of trematode, Orientocreadium batrachoides<. Flora Fauna 2016, 22(2), 299-301.

- 53 - The study deals with protein content in Orientocredium batrachoides¹ and its host tissue i.e. normal and infected intestinal tissue of Channa gachua. The result obtained an amount of protein present in Orientocredium batrachoides¹ is lower (2.42 mg/g wet weight) as compared to protein present in infected intestine (3.33 mg/g wet weight) as well as in host normal intestine of Channa gachua (4.24 mg/g wet weight).

1 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

021409   Baghel C L;Srivastav A K;Gupta M K;Amit Kumar (Office of Additional Director, Medical Health and Family Welfare, Jhansi Div Jhansi (U.P.), Email: beghelc@yahoo.co.in) : Larvicidal efficacy of azadirachitin and turpentine oil against Aedes mosquito. Flora Fauna 2016, 22(2), 225-31.

Present study assessed the role of larvicidal efficacy of different solvents of Azadirachitin and Turpentine oil against the larvae of Aedes. Twenty five third instar larvae of each species were exposed in 50ppm, 75ppm and100ppm solutions, mortality was observed after 24 hrs and noticed carefully with different concentrations. Cent percent mortality was observed with 100ppm solutions of the solution of Azadirachtin (Alcoholic sol.) and turpentine oil (Ether sol.). These were assayed in entomological laboratory. The larval mortality was calculated and corrected by Abbott's formula in both control and treated solution.

2 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

021408   Ahirwar R;Singh R P (Zoology Dep, Post Graduate College, Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: raginipgc@gmail.com) : Effect of diazinon on respiratory and excretory systems of Channa punctatus. Flora Fauna 2016, 22(2), 271-4.

The impact of pesticide like Diazinon was localized histochemically on the activities of the neutral lipid and phospholipids on gill and kidney of Channa punctatus. It has been observed that the pesticide interfere with protein and lipid metabolism. Our experimental evidences may be useful in revealing the mechanism of injury caused by this pesticide.

4 tables, 18 ref

021407   Agnes S B;Thirumathal K (Zoology Dep, Sri GVG Visalakshi College for Women, Udumalpet, Tamil Nadu) : Influence of earthworm powder as a supplementary feed diet in the growth and gonadal development in the male C. carpio. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2018, 6(1), 48-51.

The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of supplementary feed earthworm powder on the body weight, gonadal development and the Gonado Somatic Index (GSI) in the freshwater fish C. carpio. It is well noted that reproduction is sensitive to the state of energy reserves and there is a balance between energy and homeostasis and fertility. In this view the study examined the effect of supplementary diet on growth and reproductive performance of fresh water fish male Common carp C. carpio. The Earthworm powder with the composition of (0%, 5%,and 7.5%) were mixed with the normal fish feed diet during the month of June 2015 to December 2015. The body weight and the development of the gonads in the fishes were noted. The significant increase in the weight of the body (903.26 ± 0.08) and gonad (108.53 ± 0.019), GSI was increased during the month of August with the fishes fed with Supplementary feed 2(SF2) compared to the fishes fed with Control feed (CF) and Supplementary feed 1(SF1).

1 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

021406   Adite A;Gbaguidi H M;Adjibade N K;Arame H; Imorou R S;Sonon S P (Zoologie Dep, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques, Universite d'Abomey-Calavi, BP 526 Cotonou, Benin) : Food web structure in a sand-dragged man-made lake of Benin, West Africa: Implications for ecosystem management. Int J Fauna biol Stud 2018, 5(1), 5-12.

Knowledge on Lake food web is important to assess ecosystem structure, to depict habitat degradation, to evaluate changes in community structure and to implement sound ecosystem management. We investigated food web components, food chains and trophic levels of the man-made lake of Ahozon of Southern Benin in order to document trophic networks and ecosystem functioning. Biological data were sampled bimonthly from August 2014-October 2015, along with dietary analysis of fishes. Food web components recorded comprised detritus, macrophytes, phytoplankton, zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, fishes, frogs, varanids, turtles, snakes and bird fishers. Detrital and grazing food chains were depicted and interlinked to form the food web. Trophic levels comprised detritivores, producers (algae), herbivores, micro carnivores/omnivores, carnivores, top carnivores with fishes foraging on many trophic positions. Some interactions such as detritus-decomposers, detritus-consumers, nutrients-autotrophs and autotrophs-consumers were recorded and valorized the fishes and the lake. This food web study constituted documentation for fisheries - 52 - management, species conservation, and sustainable exploitation of the artificial lake of Ahozon.

2 illus, 6 tables, 32 ref

020533   Verma A K (Zoology Dep, Government Post Graduate College, Saidabad-Allahabad-221 508, Email: akv.apexz@gmail.com) : Ichthyo-diversity of munt jibpur pond of Allahabad (U.P.) India. Flora Fauna 2017, 23(1), 220-4.

An attempt was made to find the ichthyo-diversity of Muntjibpur pond of Allahabad. Systematic surveys were conducted during a period of one year. A total of 13 species of fishes belonging to 12 genera, 8 families and 5 orders were identified. Siluriformes order is represented by 5 genera and 5 species while Cypriniformes order by 4 genera and 5 species. Each of the orders Clupeiformes, Osteoglossiformes and Ophiocephaliformes is represented by single genus and single species.

2 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

020532   Sushil Kumar (Zoology Dep, Govt. PG College, Bisalpur, Pilibhit-262 201, Email: sushilsoni021@gmail.com) : Acetyl cholinesterase activity in forager worker bees of Apis mellifera under stress of pesticides. Flora Fauna 2017, 23(1), 237-44.

The effect of sublethal concentrations 1/8 and 1/4 of LC₅₀ at 24 h of five pesticides including three organophosphates, Dimethoate, Malathion and Quinalphos, one neonicotinoid Acetamiprid and one biopesticide Neem oil on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in forager bees of Apis mellifera was studied. The specific activities of - 83 - acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were measured in head and thorax of surviving foragers after 24 h of treatment. The data revealed that all the pesticides suppressed the AChE activity but organophosphates had more inhibitory effect on AChE activity as compared to neonicotinoid Acetamiprid. Among organophosphates Dimethoate proved to be most toxic at sublethal concentrations followed by Malathion, Quinalphos and acetamiprid. Significant changes were observed at 1/4 of LC₅₀ at 24 hrs but did not have so well defined inhibitory effect at 1/8 of LC₅₀ at 24 h Neem oil was found to be nontoxic.

2 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

020531   Suryawanshi G D (Zoology Dep, Yogeshwari Mahavidyalaya, Ambajogai, Dist. Beed-431 517, Email: gdsyma@yahoo.com) : Bioaccumulation and metabolic effects of zinc on marine rock oyster, Crassostrea cattuckensis. Flora Fauna 2017, 23(1), 165-72.

The Indian rock oysters, Crassostrea cattuckensis (80-90 mm shell length) were exposed to sub lethal levels of zinc for 15 days and 30 days for metal accumulation and next 15 days for metal depuration. The oysters, which served as experimental control after 15 days showed high amount of lipid (mg/100 mg) in hepatopancreas (3.32) followed by gills (3.20), mantle (3.08), gonad (2.90), adductor muscle (2.78) and siphon (2.11). During 15 days metal exposed oysters to (0.65) and (0.94) ppm concentrations there was changes observed in different body parts when compared to experimental control. The decreased rate upon 15 days in (0.65 ppm) concentrations was in mantle (2.96), than gill (2.22), hepatopancreas (1.72), gonad (1.59), siphon (1.51) and adductor muscle (1.50). While in (0.94 ppm) the protein was decreased in adductor muscle (2.51), gonad (1.61), siphon (1.44), gill (1.42) and it increased in mantle (3.90) and hepatopancreas (3.34) when it was compared to experimental control. Whereas upon 30 days exposure the lipid content increased among body parts in both concentration except the gills (1.35), gonads (1.97) and hepatopancreas (1.66) in higher concentration when compared with experimental control. The lipid increased in (0.65 ppm) from gonad (2.29), hepatopancreas (2.25), adductor muscle (2.22), gills (2.20), mantle (2.14) and siphon (1.44). While in (0.94 ppm) lipid increase trend was from mantle (4.27), adductor muscle (2.46) and siphon (1.42) and decreased from gonad (1.97), hepatopancreas (1.66) and gills (1.35) when compared with 30 days experimental control. During detoxification process the lipid content was increased in both concentrations except gill (2.11) in low and adductor muscle (0.99), siphon (0.74) in high concentrations when compared with respective concentrations of 15 days exposed oysters. The increase rate in low concentration was from mantle (4.32) than from adductor muscles (4.12), gonad (3.60), hepatopancreas (2.46) and siphon (1.05). In high concentration it was more in hepatopancreas (4.93) than gonad (4.42), gills (4.08) and mantle (4.01).

1 table, 38 ref

020530   Suman K S;Nirala S K;Bhadauria M (Zoology Dep, Guru Ghasidas Univ, Bilaspur-495 009, Email: monikabhadauria@rediffmail.com) : Naringenin mitigates beryllium induced behavioral alterations in rats. Flora Fauna 2017, 23(1), 245-51.

Beryllium induced neurotoxicity and therapeutic potential of naringenin had been explored for the first time in rats. For this purpose, 30 female albino rats were divided into six groups. Group 1 served as control, group 2 was naringenin per se and rest of the four groups were exposed to beryllium nitrate (1mg/kg, i.p.) daily for 28 days. Naringenin was orally administered in group 4, 5 and 6 at different doses (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) for 5 days after 28 days of neurotoxicity. All the animals were subjected to elevate plus maze, light dark chamber and rotarod experiments. Beryllium exposure decreased body weight, time spent and number of entries in open arm, - 82 - increased time spent in close arms as compared to control in elevated plus maze whereas decreased % time spent in bright arena, number of entries in bright arena and increased % time spent in the dark arena in light and dark chamber; decreased motar coordination and balance skills on rotarod. Naringenin showed therapeutic potential and brought the studied variables more towards control at 20 mg/kg dose. It can thus, be concluded that naringenin may be an agent of therapeutic choice in case of beryllium induced behavioral alterations.

3 illus, 13 ref

020529   Solanki D;Kanejiya J;Gohil B (Life Sciences Dep, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar Univ, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, Email: bharatsinhmgohil@gmail.com) : First record of Turris clausifossata, (gastropoda: conoidea, turridae) from gulf of khambat, India. Flora Fauna 2017, 23(1), 179-87.

Turris clausifossata, a Conoid, Turrid is being reported for the first time from Gopnath coast, Gulf of Khambhat the state of Gujarat situated on the west coast of India. Turris clausifossata was first recorded⁷ from Dwarka, Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat (21°49'N, 68°55'E), but not brought to light as first record to the west coast of India. Yet, its occurrence was reported only at two coasts of Gujarat. Current research reveals that Turris clausifossata is extending its distribution range to the south of Dwarka on the west coast of India. Present study was carried out from April 2015 to March 2016 and in this study, a status of species presented in form of population dynamics and seasonal availability.

7 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

020528   Pandey P;Jha Y N (Zoology Dep, Dr. C V Raman Univ, Kota Bilaspur, (Chhattisgarh), Email: drsndwivedi@yahoo.co.in ) : Check list of fish diversity of rani pond, Ratanpur CG. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2016, 7(8), 5127-9.

The present work was carried out to study of the fish diversity in Rani pond, Ratanpur Bilaspur. In present study were observed 24 species and 14 genera has been identified which are belonging to 07 orders of 08 families namely Notopteridae, Cyprinidae, Siluridae, Bagridae, Saccobranchidae Clariidae, Channidae and Mastacembelidae. Present study revealed that Cyprinidae (carps) were the dominant fish and Catla was a major contributor among carps. The following species of fishes i.e. Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo calbasu, Mystus and Cirrhinus reba etc. were noted as dominated fishes in Rani pond of Ratanpur, Bilaspur. It was observed that the following genera having single species Catla, Chitala, Clarias, Cyprinus, Heteropneustes, Notopterus and Wallago, 3 species of each genus Channa, Labeo and Puntius and 2 species of each genus Cirrhinus, Mastacembelus, Mystus, Ompok were reported from study sites. The aim of the present study reported on fish diversity in Rani pond, Ratanpur, Bilaspur.

1 table, 16 ref

020527   Mamta Kumari;Sushil Kumar (Zoology Dep, M.G. Balika (P.G.) College, Firozabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: mamta9219271251@gmail.com) : Morphological characteristics of taxonomically significant aquatic and semiaquatic families in heteroptera. Flora Fauna 2017, 23(1), 225-9.

The heteroptera is an important suborder of order hemiptera and includes a large number of aquatic and semiaquatic forms, which are of a taxonomic importance. The study recorded 14 families namely Napidae, Notonectidae Pleidae, Belostomatidae, Naucoridae, Corixidae, Gelastocoreidae, Ochtaridae, Hydrometridae, Velidae Mesoveliidae, Gerridae, Saldidae and Herbridae. Aquatic and semiaquatic heteropteran insects are of variable sizes from 1.5 mm. to 110 mm long living mainly in lentic and lotic fresh water. Some even live in brackish water, only a few species are marine. These are different in morphology and feeding habits from their terrestrial forms. Some are truly aquatic, provided with effective swimming respiratory structure along with modification of body shape and size. Besides the genitalia and copulatory complex of all the species studied has been dealt. The other morphological features of taxonomic - 81 - significance were also studied. This study finds various morphological features in the members of different aquatic and semiaquatic families of heteroptera.

7 illus, 10 ref

020526   Jha A K;Singh S R (Zoology P. G. Dep, S.M.M. Town (P.G.) College, Ballia (U.P.)-277 001, Email: ashu_jha29@yahoo.co.in) : Population kinetics and seasonal fluctuation of zooplankton of dah-reoti (ballia)- an ox- bow lake. Flora Fauna 2017, 23(1), 155-64.

The paper deals with the composition and seasonal variation of different groups of zooplankton as related to physico-chemical variables of water of an ox-bow lake - Dah Reoti, Ballia (U.P.) India. It was observed that Rotifera, copepoda and cladocera encountered in order of abundance (Rotifera<62>copepoda<62>cladocera) constituted the major groups of zooplankton. Protozoans and insect larvae were observed in negligible number hence not considered in the present study. Overall winter season provided the most propitious conditions for seasonal abundance (50.80%) probably owing to rich nutrient supply. Period from mid summer to mid monsoon was noticed tough period for zooplankton population owing to high silt load from tributary streamlets, fast wind action and increased pollution load.

7 tables, 21 ref

020525   Jawale C A (Zoology Dep, S.M.P. Mahavidyalaya, Murum, Tq: Omerga, District-Osmanabad-413 605, Email: drcajawale@gmail.com) : Histomorphological changes in the brain in relation to ovarian cycle of freshwater crab, Barytelphusa cunicularis. Flora Fauna 2017, 23(1), 230-6.

Ovarian maturation by neurosecretory cells in the brain of freshwater crab, Barytelphusa cunicularis have been examined. The histological scrutiny of the brain of Barytelphusa cunicularis related with three types (A, B and C) of neurosecretory cells, which are classified on the basis of size, shape and tinctorial characters. All these types of cells marked annual cyclic changes of cytoplasmic material in association with ovarian cycle. The activity of these cells has been correlated with the ovarian cycle. They are distinguishable by their size, nature locations, shape, nucleus position, cell measure and the secretory product in the cytoplasm. The result indicates that the neurosecretory A, B and C cells of the brain seen involved in the process of mating ovulation. The neurosecretory materials staining intensity index of these cells is described.

1 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

020524   Dixit V;Awasthi J K (Zoology Dep, L.C.H.L.M. Orai, Jalaun, Uttar Pradesh, Email: vivekjaluan73@gmail.com) : Effect of chemosterilant (tepa) on fecundity, sterlity and control over reproduction in Leucinodes orbonalis. Flora Fauna 2017, 23(1), 152-4.

The effect of different concentrations of chemosterilant by leaf dip method, show reduction in fecundity 39.2 to 79%, net sterility 7.75 to 86.38% and control over reproduction 50.4 to 94.6%. Under adult feeding method, reduction in fecundity was observed 38.6 to 72.7%, net sterility 10.62 to 80.40% and control on over reproduction 47.2 to 94.0%.

1 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

020523   Dixit V;Awasthi J K (Zoology Dep, L.C.H.L.M., Jalaun, Uttar Pradesh, Email: vivekjalaun73@gmail.com) : Study of different host plants suitable for the growth of Leucinodes orbonalis. Flora Fauna 2017, 23(1), 131-6.

Different host plants (Solanum melongena, Lycopersicon esculentum, Abelmoschus esculentus, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum nigrum, Cyndon indicum, Ocimum basilicum and Solanum indicum) affect the weight of larva on 5th, 10th and 15th day of development differently. On these plants the larval weight on 5th day varies from 2.2 to 2.8 mg. The tested plants affect the growth of larva on 10th day also. Solanum melongena reared larva was the heaviest (4.8 mg.) and the reared on Ocimum basilicum was the lightest (3.6 mg.) the larval weight on 15th day is also affected differently by different host plants. Solanum melongena produce the heaviest larva (9.8 mg.) and Ocimum basilicum both produced the lightest larva (7.4 mg.) However, the increase in larval weight with respect to the remaining plants was slightly less. The increase in the larval weight is possibly due to relative more feeding and more utilization of the ingested food and the differences in weight of larvae are mostly due to varying nutritive value of the tested plants.

2 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

020522   Dange S S;Rajput K H;Babare M G (Zoology Dep, S. M. P. College, Murum, Osmanabad, Maharashtra, Email: sandhyadange26@gmail.com) : Fish diversity in relation to fish economics of benetura reservoir from murum dist. Osmanabad (Maharashtra), India. Flora Fauna 2017, 23(1), 215-19.

An attempt was made to study the fish diversity and analysis of fish economics of Benetura Reservoir from Murum,Dist.Osmanabad in Marathwada region. It is a perennial water body resource for human consumption and agriculture. There is no report on the biodiversity of Benetura Reservoir with special reference to fish diversity and fish economics. In present investigation about 11 species of fish were identified among them 8 abundant, 1 moderate and 2 rare. The importance of fish economics in fish production and analysis of data were also studied.

1 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

020521   Banerjee S;Manna B;Sanyal A K (NO, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053, Email: serenebanerjee@gmail.com) : Description of four new species of Senga (platyhelminthes: cestoidea) from freshwater fishes of India. Flora Fauna 2017, 23(1), 189-214.

The genus Senga contains 47 valid species. Four new species of Senga⁶, reported from India.Senga kakdwipensis sp.nov. collected from the intestine of a freshwater fish, Mastacembelus armatus from Kakdwip, South 24-Parganas, West Bengal; Senga bengalensis sp.nov. collected from the freshwater fish, Mastacembelus armatus from Hasnabad, North 24-Parganas, West Bengal; Senga orissaensis sp.nov. collected from the intestine of a freshwater fish, Channa punctatus from Puri district of Orissa and Senga nagalandensis sp.nov. collected from the intestine of a freshwater fish Colisa fasciata from Mokokchung district of Nagaland. Senga kakdwipensis sp.nov. characterized by a triangular scolex, 0.115-0.56 in length and 0.275-0.08 in breadth ; absence of neck; rostellar hooks arranged in a single circle, 46-56 in number and testes 45-48 in number. Senga bengalensis sp.nov. characterized by a triangular scolex, 0.23-0.445 in length and 0.085-0.27 in breadth; a pair of fleshy bothria present; rostellar hooks 48-50 in number of two different sizes arranged in two semicircles; presence of neck; testes 50-60 in number.Senga orissaensis sp.nov. characterized by a pear-shaped scolex that measures 0.1 in length and 0.2 in breadth; rostellar hooks 54 in number arranged in two semicircles; presence of short apical disc; short neck present; testes 39-40 in number. Senga nagalandensis sp.nov. characterized by an ovoid scolex with a pair of fleshy half-moon-shaped bothria, measures 0.45 x 0.35; apical disc - 79 - present and is provided with 46 unequal rostellar hooks arranged in a single circle; neck absent; testes are 60-70 in number. The presence of these new morphological characters differentiates the three observed new species from the rest of the described species in the genus.

14 illus, 44 ref

020520   Ashok Kumar;Sharma A K;Srivastava S;Ashok Kumar (Zoology Dep, M. L. K. (P.G.) College, Balrampur-271 201, Email: srivastavsusmita@gmail.com) : Effect of hypoxia on carbohydrate metabolites and haematological indices of snakehead fish, Channa striatus. Flora Fauna 2017, 23(1), 173-8.

The effect of hypoxia on the level of carbohydrate metabolites glycogen and glucose were studied in brain, muscles and liver of snakehead fish, Channa striatus. Hypoxia exposure decreased the glycogen level in brain and muscles of female fishes but increased in male fishes. Hypoxia exposure increased glucose level in brain and muscles of female fishes but decreased in male fishes. The level of glycogen and glucose in liver decreased in both male and female fishes during hypoxia. In the present study, the haematological data of Channa striatus revealed that significant increase (P<60>0.05 and A0.01) was observed in red blood cell count (RBC) and hemoglobin (Hb) content respectively. White blood cell (WBC) count showed significant (P<60>0.01) increase when compared to the control. Increase in haematological indices means that fish was exposed to hypoxia and was under stress.

2 tables, 12 ref

020519   Acharya S;Dutta A (NO, Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053, Email: acharya.shelley@gmail.com) : Diversity and distribution of oribatid mite fauna(acari: oribatida) in the forest floor of satkosia basipally wild life sanctuary, Odisha, India. Flora Fauna 2017, 23(1), 137-51.

The studies - 78 - were mostly concentrated in Nine forest ranges of the WLS including the core areas. The soil of this region mostly is dry, red and with iron and silica content. Though the soil mites are prevalent in moist humid condition, we got a diversed population of 20 different species under 14 genera which is less than average probably due to the soil condition. Protoribates magnus is the dominant species in this study. The species with larger ranges were Scheloribates curvialatus.

4 illus, 5 tables, 4 ref

019516   Sufyan N (Zoology Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh-202 002, Email: nadia.sufyan@gmail.com) : Description of a new nematode species of the order chromadora bastian, 1865 from India. Indian J Nematol 2016, 46(2), 166-71.

^ssc2 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

019515   Shirbhate M V;Shirbhate A M (Zoology Dep, Shankarlal Khandelwal Arts, Science and Commerce College, Akola, Maharashtra, Email: milindshirbhate2912@gmail.com) : Diversity and distribution of spider fauna (family- araneidae) in and around Katepurna sanctuary, Akola, India. Envir Conserv J 2017, 18(3), 45-52.

A study on the diversity and distribution of spider fauna (Family- Araneidae) in and around the Katepurna Sanctuary, Akola India was conducted during February 2015 to December 2016. A total 11 genus and 26 species of family Araenidae (Arachnida: Araneae) were recorded. The generic diversity is in the order of Neoscona (9), Cyclosa (3), Larinia (3), Cyrtophora (2), Eriovixia (2), Poltys (2), Araneus (1), Argiope (1), Chorizopes (1), Gasteracantha (1), Zygiella (1).

2 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

019514   Saxena B (Pest and Parasite Research Lab, Zoology Dep, Bareilly College, Bareilly-243 005, Email: beenam_1972@yahoo.co.in) : Ovarian toxicity and oxidative stress induced by food colors in albino rats. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(4), 838-42.

Food colors have been in use since long to restore the original food appearance. The azo dyes tartrazine, metanil yellow and sunset yellow are used in different food items for coloring purpose. The great increase in the use of these food colors led to cause adverse effects in different body organs. A blend of two or more dyes may produce an altogether different response. So the present study was conducted to evaluate ovarian toxicity of blend of these food colors in female rats. Swiss albino rats were divided into four groups, each group having six animals. Group I served as control, Group II, Group III and Group IV were administered with 25, 50 and 75 mg per kg body weight of food colors for 30 days. The calculated dose of blend was mixed with the rat feed and was given daily at a fix time in morning during the entire experimental tenure. The body weight of albino rats was recorded weekly. The ovary from each animal was weighed, serially sectioned and observed for follicular studies. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) as well as the level of malondialdehyde were accessed in the ovarian tissue. The dye at all the doses caused increase in body weight but a significant decrease in net and relative weight of ovaries. The dye caused increase in malondialdehyde level in ovarian tissue. Significantly lowered levels of SOD, reduced GSH and CAT in ovarian tissue of treated animals were observed when compared with control animals. Histologically the dye caused a profound damage to the complete ovarian architecture. The result indicates that consumption of food color in diet induces reproductive toxicity so indiscriminate use of colors in food products is likely a threat to fecundity rate of experimental animals.

1 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

019513   Rana D;Gupta S K (Zoology Dep, Uttaranchal College of Biomedical Sciences and Hospital, SewlaKhurd, Dehradun-248 001, Email: deepali.doon@gmail.com) : Principal component analysis of fish species of Doon valley, Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Int J Sci Nat 2017, 8(1), 97-107.

The study of fish diversity of Eastern and Western Doon valley streams (March, 2012 - February, 2014) viz., Baldi, Song and Suswa in East and Tons and Asan in West has revealed it to be represented by 56 species belonging to 5 Orders, 13 families and 30 Genera. The present research communication highlights the PCA done on these species. Overall 3 situations have become evident while analyzing PCA for species. As many as 18 genera represented by 1 species each placed in circles, are identified as forming Groups A, B, C and D on the basis of their associations in preferential habitats as explained with reference to 'Factors' generated. 30 species belonging to 8 Genera viz., Puntius, Labeo, Barilius, Tor, Schistura, Glyptothorax, Colisa and Channa arranged themselves in the biplot quadrants according to the Factor coordinate values clearly highlighting their abundance, temporal variability pattern, habitat preferences and infrequent nature. The overall variance analyzed for all the species is indicative of well - established assemblages under the prevalent ecological conditions in the streams of East and West. Also, the results of PCA analyses (both East and West) clearly highlighted the temporal variability pattern and fish species relation with habitat. - 68 - 

15 illus, 2 tables, 49 ref

019512   Parihar R D;Sohal S K;Ohri P (Zoology Dep, Guru Nanak Dev Univ, Amritsar, Punjab, Email: ohri_puja_11@rediffmail.com ) : Morphometric variations in Distolabrellus veechi (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) collected from different localities in Punjab, India. Indian J Nematol 2016, 46(2), 193-7.

^ssc2 tables, 9 ref

019511   Nigam N K;Raghunathan C;Chandra K (Zoological Survey of India, Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre, Port Blair-744 102, Email: naveennigam88@gmail.com) : New addition of feather stars, Colobometra perspinosa (carpenter, 1881) and Petasometra clarae (Hartlaub, 1890) to indian echinoderms from Andaman & Nicobar islands. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(4), 748-51.

Crinoidea belonging to phylum Echinodermata is distributed in World Oceans up to the abyssal zone. Two species of crinoids viz. Colobometra perspinosa (Carpenter, 1881) and Petasometra clarae (Hartlaub, 1890) are recorded as new to Indian waters. This paper presents detailed taxonomic characters and morphological features of these species in addition to their geographical distribution.

2 illus, 15 ref

018628   Zeya S B;Fatima F;Jamali M M (Zoology Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh-202 002, Email: drsbz1966@gmail.com) : Distributional records of some parasitoids of tetracneminae from India (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Bionotes 2017, 19(4), 133-6.

13 ref

018627   Yadav P (Zoology Dep, Dharam Samaj College, Aligarh-202 001, Email: paruldsc@gmail.com) : Qualitative study of neuronal staining with a modified golgi cox method. Bionotes 2017, 19(4), 137-9.

1 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

018626   Wani H;Rahman S (Veterinary Pathology Div, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SK Univ of Agric, R. S. Pura, Jammu-181 102, Email: dr.henna02@gmail.com) : Pathological alterations due to sub-lethal doses of chlorpyrifos in immune organs of broiler chicken. J expl Zool 2017, 20(1), 521-5.

Seventy-two, three week old, unsexed broiler chicks were divided into four groups (I-IV), given chlorpyrifos, an organophosphorus compound orally in corn oil for a period of 6 weeks @ 0, 3.2, 1.6 and 0.64 mg kg-1, respectively, to study of pathological effects on immune organs. The representative tissues were collected at the time of post-mortem, and were fixed in 10% NBF. Gross, pale and atrophied bursa of Fabricius, spleen as well as thymus were observed in the treatment groups. Microscopic studies showed depletion of lymphocytes in white pulp and red pulp congestion in spleen along with lymphocytolysis and perivascular fibrosis, - 98 - increased interfollicular spaces with edema, extensive proliferation of connective tissue in interfollicular spaces causing bursal atrophy in bursa of Fabricius, severe lymphocytolysis with presence of necrotic remnants and empty spaces in thymic follicles. The study indicated the pathological effects of chlorpyrifos in various immune organs of broiler chicken at low dose levels.

10 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

018625   Vazirianzadeh B;Rashidi M;Vazirianzadeh M (Social Determinants of health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, Email: babakvazir@yahoo.co.uk) : Determining the sex ratios of two scorpion species in Khuzestan, province of Iran. J expl Zool 2017, 20(1), 185-7.

Species of Hemiscorpius lepturus and Androctonus crassicauda are the main species responsible for scorpion stings in Khuzestan area, a SW province of Iran. There are rare sex ratio data of two main scorpion species in Khuzestan. Therefore, the present study was carried out to find sex ratios of H. lepturus and A. crassicauda of Baghmalek County. The sex ratio of two species was determined by dividing numbers of males to females. Totally, 845 scorpion specimens were collected in the present study. The sex ratios of H. lepturus and A. crassicauda were determined 1:5 and 1:2.7, respectively. Consequently, sex ratio is a multifactorial phenomenon.

1 table, 17 ref

018624   Udit U K;Nandi S;Meher P K;Hussan A;Das R; Sundaray J K;Jayasankar P (NO, ICAR - Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar-751 002, Email: uday4cife@gmail.com) : DNA barcoding of Puntius sarana (Hamilton, 1822) : species validation and phylogenetic assessment. J expl Zool 2017, 20(1), 273-9.

- 97 - Genetic characterization of Puntius sarana with mitochondrial Cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) genes revealed that P. Sarana has 91% similarity with P. fasciatus followed by P. denisonii, P. chelynoides and P. brevis with 87, 86 and 86% similarity, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis also showed that P. sarana is closely related to P. fasciatus among all the Puntius species tested. The COI sequences obtained from 5 different individuals of P. sarana have been submitted to NCBI database with the reference of GenBank accession number KC879148.1. Intra-specific genetic distance observed among the individuals based on COI gene varied from 0.007 to 0.019 and the average within species variation is 0.0135±0.003. The transition/transversion rate ratios are k1 = 3.723 (purines) and k2 = 4.696 (pyrimidines) and overall transition/transversion bias is R =2.181. This study has strongly validated the efficacy of COI barcodes for identifying fish species. The result presented in this study present a step ahead for the inventory and conservation of commercial freshwater food fish Puntius sarana in Indian river. The originality of this work and its applicability for conservation purpose reside in the scope of the studied species. The present work contributes to cover deficient information for Puntius sarana. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting a genetictool for identification of the commercial food fish Puntius sarana in the Khandepar river basin (Goa) in India.

2 illus, 7 tables, 31 ref

018623   Suryawanshi R B;Kalse A T (Zoology G.E.T. Arts Dep, Commerce and Science College, Nagaon, Dist. Dhule, Maharashtra, Email: dr.ajit_kalse@yahoo.co.in) : Reporting a new species of the genus Avitellina from Capra hircus at Dhule (M.S.). Life Sci Bull 2016, 13(1), 45-8.

The present investigation deals with taxonomic studies of mammalian tapeworm of genus Avitellina, viz. A.caprain sp. collected from the host Capra hircus at Dhule (M.S.). The present worm differs from all other species of genus Avitellina in having scolex medium, quadrangular, suckers large, oval, neck long; mature segment 30-40 times broader than long; testes oval, medium, 8-12 in number, outer column 2-4, inner column 6-8 testes; cirrus pouch large, oval; vas deferens, medium; ovary medium, oval; vagina posterior to cirrus pouch and gravid segments with sac like par uterine organ, containing eggs.

1 illus, 10 ref

018622   Suresh Kumar;Tripathi G (Zoology Dep, Govt. College, Sirohi-307 001, Email: sureshgadhveer@gmail.com) : Seasonal variation in population of Pontoscolex corethrurus and Octochaetona beatrix in different habitats of Sirohi district of Rajasthan. J expl Zool 2017, 20(1), 511-14.

Quantitative sampling for earthworms by hand sorting was carried out in different habitats of Sirohi district of Rajasthan. Seasonal changes in population of earthworm species viz. Pontoscolex corethrurus and Octochaetona beatrix were studies in different fields. Population of the earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus varied in different seasons in agricultural, forest and grasslands. Similarly, the population of Octonochaetona beatrix changed in agricultural, garden and orchard lands. Highest population of Pontoscolex corethrurus was recorded in agricultural land in July, whereas its population was lowest in forest land. The earthworm Octochaetona beatrix was abundant in garden but poor in agricultural land. The highest population of both species was observed in the rainy season but it was meagre in the summer and winter seasons. Both the species of earthworms (Pontoscolex corethrurus, Octochaetona beatrix) showed their population peak twice i.e. one in July-August and another in February-March. Our aim was to understand the effect of seasonal changes on population density of these two earthworms.

2 illus, 31 ref

018621   Suman K;Suman K K (Zoology Post Graduate Dep, Vidyasagar College, Kolkata, Email: suman.deepmala@gmail.com) : Aphids on some medicinal plants in salt lake, Kolkata. Bionotes 2017, 19(4), 149-50.

1 table, 9 ref

018620   Sultana R;Santosh Kumar;Yanar D (Zoology Dep, Sindh Univ, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan) : Application of entomopathogenic fungi for insect pests control. J Ent Zool Stud 2017, 5(6), 7-13.

The grasshoppers and locust are one of the very familiar groups of insects to mankind. They cause significant damage to crops and cultivators protect their crops by using different chemical pesticides which put harmful effects on the human as well as on environment. During current era biological control is recommended to reduce the numbers of insects in field. In the complex of biological control agents entomopathogenic fungi are more effective and most successfully utilized insect pathogen. In this respect Aspergillus, Beauveria, Metarhizium, Lecanicillium spp. are gaining importance in the crop pest control in recent years due to the simpler, easier and cheaper mass production techniques. Many entomopathogenic species registered world-wide for insect's control but this practice is currently under consideration as a potential alternative to chemical insecticides for insects control in Pakistan. Present study focused on control of acridid because member of this group are major agricultural pests. They destroyed the rice, sugarcane, wheat, maize and fodder crops in everywhere. For control of this pest several - 96 - pesticides of billion rupees are used indiscriminately in every year. So, there should be suitable, beneficial and cheap alternative of these poisonous chemical. For this purpose the biological control is very important therefore, an attempt was made to introduce pathogenic fungi, against the reduction of acridid population in Sindh.

1 illus, 2 tables, 76 ref

018619   Srivastava P;Singh A;Pandey A K (Zoology Dep, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Gorakhpur Univ, Gorakhpur-273 009, Email: pallavi18.gkp@gmail.com) : Hematological profiles of commercially important wild fishes inhabiting polluted water of Maheshara lake, Gorakhpur (India). J expl Zool 2017, 20(1), 351-8.

Pollution due to increasing urbanization affects fish species that live in close contact with the environment and more susceptible to physical and chemical changes in the habitat which is being reflected in the blood profiles. Due to huge deposition of organic materials, heavy metals and agriculture pollutants, aquatic ecosystems are getting eutrophied with low dissolved oxygen and high biological oxygen demand which leads to prolonged hypoxic condition. An attempt has been made to assess the effect of physico-chemical parameters of ambient water on blood profiles of wild commercially important teleosts (Channa punctatus, Labeo rohita and Catla catla). The results depicted significant correlation (p<62>0.05; p<62>> 0.01) (2-tailed) between different profiles of blood with physico-chemical parameters of water of different sampling sites. The observations suggested that the prolonged exposure of fishes to low oxygen conditions severely affect blood profiles. Decrease values in red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin content (HGB), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and platelet counts (PLF) were found while increased values in white bolld cells (WBC), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume MCV and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) recorded during May-June, July-August and November-December at all the five sites. The results suggested that blood biomarkers can be a useful tool to evaluate the health status of fish population exposed to contaminated waters and easily be integrated with toxicity bioassays in wide programs for monitoring water quality.

5 illus, 4 tables, 49 ref

018618   Singh N N;Mishra V K;Raju S V S (Entomology and Agricultural Zoology Dep, IAS, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: premvijaybhu@gmail.com) : Regulation of insects diapause. J expl Zool 2017, 20(1), 1-13.

Diapause, a period of arrest of growth and development enables insects to overcome and survive the unfavourable environmental conditions. Environmental and hormonal regulation of diapause have been well defined, but our understanding of the molecular regulation of diapauses remains in its early stages many genes are shut down during diapause, others exhibit specific expression at this time. Categories of diapause-upregulated genes can be distinguished based on their expression patterns and others are expressed only in early diapauses or late diapause. The termination of diapause is also accompanied by a rapid decline in expr ession of the diapause-upregulated genes and conversely, an elevation in expression of many genes that were downregulated during diapause. A comparison of insect diapause with other forms of living organism suggests that upregulation of a subset of heat shock protein genes are responsible for different types of dormancies. The maintenance phase is - 95 - characterized by continuing developmental arrest and a relatively low and high metabolic rate, despite the fact that environmental conditions are still favourable for physiological and morphogenetic processes.

^iia4 illus, 92 ref

018617   Singh H N (Zoology Dep, T. B. D. S. Janta College, Akauna, Goh Dist. Aurangabad (Bihar), Email: hirdaynarayan74@gmail.com) : Studies on the morphological details of Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) infesting Brassica compestris Var. sarson of Gaya district (Bihar). Life Sci Bull 2016, 13(1), 69-72.

Morphological features of apterous viviparous females, alate viviparous females and all the four nymphal instars of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) were studied which were infesting the Brassica compestris van sarson plants planted in Tekari and konch blocks of Gaya district (Bihar). Only anholocycly was noted in this aphid.

8 illus, 22 ref

018616   Singh D;Gurmeet Kaur;Pathania P C (Life Sciences Dep, RIMT Univ, Mandi Gobindgarh (Punjab), Email: deepinderpal2002@yahoo.co.in) : Two months catch of butterflies (Lepidoptera) from district Ludhiana, Punjab. Bionotes 2017, 19(4), 140-41.

2 ref

018615   Singh A P;Mahajan S;Uniyal V P;Mondal R (Zoology Dep, Alpine Institute of Management and Technology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand) : First report on scarabaeid (coleoptera)fauna of Sahaspur, Uttarakhand. J Ent Zool Stud 2017, 5(6), 17-22.

The study was conducted in Sahaspur, Dehradun (Uttarakhand) in the month of October 2016-March 2017. The present study incorporates Faunistic record of 16 species of scarab beetles belonging to 9 genera, 2 subfamilies (Scarabaeinae and Aphodiinae) and 1 family (Scarabaeidae) of superfamily Scarabaeoidea of order Coleoptera. All the 16 species were reported for the first time from the Sahaspur of which Onthophagus mopsus (Fabricius), Onthophagus cervus (Fabricius), Aphodius rufipes (Linnaeus) and Aphodius erraticus (Linnaeus) are new record to the Scarab fauna of Uttarakhand.

3 illus, 19 ref

018614   Singh A P;Chauhan A K S;Chandel B S (Zoology Dep, Narain College, Sikohabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: chandelkanpur@rediffmail.com) : Insecticidal biopotency of Azadirachta indica, melia azedarach and Toona ciliate against Spilarctia obliqua walker. Life Sci Bull 2016, 13(1), 99-102.

An experiment was conducted to test the insecticidal efficacy of five meliaceous plant extracts against third instar larvae of Spilarctia obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera : Arctidae) under the laboratory conditions. The bio-efficacy of five meliaceous plant materials viz.,Azadirachta indicaA.. Juss. and Melia azedarach Linn. (leaves, bark and seed kernel), Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. (leaves) and Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.) A. Juss. and Toona dilate M.Roem (bark) were prepared with the help of the soxhlet apparatus under the laboratory conditions and neem by product Azedirachtin and one untreated control used for detail study. The laboratory trial was done in three glass petridishes (10 cm diameter) and replicated thrice by using each selected extracts per petridish. To record the mortality of ten larvae of Spilarctia obliqua were released inside each pair of petridishes and allow them to remain for 24 hours. These petridishes were kept as such under control conditions and mortality count was taken after 6,12,24 hours of exposure. The data depicted in Table. 1 indicated that Azedirachtin registered highest mortality (80.87%) to the 3rd instars larvae of Spilarctia obliqua Walk., when compared to other meliaceous plant extracts. NSKE (77.50) <62> MSKE (72.82) <62> Melia leaf extract (68.46) <62> Neem leaf extract (67.90) <62> - 94 - Toona bark extract (66.35) > Melia bark extract (59.54) > Neem bark extract (58.41) <62>Soymida bark extract (55.81) <62> Swietenia leaves extract (46.80) > control (12.29), respectively.

1 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

018613   Shivayogiyappa;Rachappa V;Naik H;Doddamani B M;Yelshetty S (Entomology Dep, Agricultural Research Station, Kalaburagi-585 101, Email: rachis1@rediffmail.com) : Biology of leafhopper, Empoasca kerri pruthi on pigeonpea. J expl Zool 2017, 20(1), 427-30.

Biology of Empoasca kerri Pruthi on pigeonpea was studied in detail under laboratory condition at Agricultural Research Station Kalaburagi, Karnataka. The results revealed that the average period of egg, first, second, third, fourth and nymphal instar were 4.95 ± 0.64, 1.65 ± 0.21, 2.13 ± 0.42, 2.95 ± 0.44, 3.3. ± 0.42 and 3.10 ± 0.46 days, respectively and total nymphal period was 13.13 ± 0.81 days. The pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods were found to be 3.20 ± 0.63, 4.25 ± 0.54 and 2.80 ± 0.63 days, respectively. The fecundity varied from 12.00 to 18.00 with an average of 15.70 ± 1.95 eggs. The average longevity of male and female adults was 7.80 ± 0.86 and 10.25 ± 1.06 days, respectively.

2 tables, 7 ref

018612   Shettar S;Navali G V;Pavithra H B;Patil S (Agricultural Entomology Dep, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru-560 065, Email: soumyashettar23@gmail.com) : RNA interference (RNAi) technology in insects. J expl Zool 2017, 20(1), 15-23.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a naturally occurring nucleotide defense in the cell, wherein the mRNA is targeted for the degradation by a dsRNA with a strand complimentary to a fragment of such mRNA. RNAi soon proved to be very promising in several research fields: in genomics for gene function determination and gene knockdown in eukaryotes and in medicine to control cancers and viral diseases. In biotechnology, this mechanism shows great potential because of its high specificity and might therefore serve as a new specific method to control pests in agriculture. In this branch, new techniques are most welcome, due to the continuous threat of resistance development against current insect control products and - 93 - techniques. The proof of principle for RNAi based controlling of agricultural pests has been demonstrated by several authors. However, RNAi technology for the management of agricultural pests is still in its infancy, particularly due to the cryptic understanding of the factors governing the RNAi efficiency. Nevertheless, RNAi is envisioned to be a potential tool due to its specificity and fur ther exploration of critical factors governing RNAi efficiency eventually aid in the enhancement of RNAi potentiality. Further, the development of transgenic plants in order to express high amounts of dsRNA opens newer avenues in the field of entomology.

^iia1 illus, 2 tables, 55 ref

018611   Saxena H (Zoology Dep, S. S. L. Jain P. G. College, Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, Email: sbsvds@gmail.com) : Effect of purified lipid fraction of Ricinus communis L. leaves ether extract on Bombyx mori L.. Life Sci Bull 2016, 13(1), 83-5.

Insects mainly depend on host plants for their dietary requirements which are fulfilled by them for various purposes including reproduction, growth and developments. The pertaining literature reveals that the growth and moulting hormones viz. ecdysone, juvenile hormones and even pheromones is basically lipid containing cholesterol, fatty acids and sterols. This is why, in the present study, the work has been carried out on lipid contents of plant Ricinus communis L. related to utilization of lipid by Bombyx mori L. The effect of lipid fraction of leaves ether extract of Ricinus communis L. were found to be growth retarding and it took more time to moult in to next instar when extract was applied topically on 1st instar larvae. The results shows that the female reared on treated leaves laid 110 eggs less than the normal female moths by testing the significance of difference between number of eggs laid by a female reared on untreated leaves and that of a female reared on treated leaves. The value of 't" test came to be significant (15.92) which is much greater than the table value of "t" (2.14) for 18% of freedom at 5% level of significance. The results also show that the hatching of the eggs was reduced by 36% in response to the feeding on treated leaves. Testing the significance of difference between hatching of the eggs of the female reared on untreated leaves and that of the eggs of female reared on treated leaves, the value of "t" obtained was 23.25 which is much greater than the table value, hence it is highly significant (p<60>0.05). This shows that plant extracts markedly affects and reduces the hatching of the eggs. The results also show that larvae fed with treated leaves were reported very poor in growth as compared to those fed with untreated leaves. This may be due to some insecticidal activities found in castor leaves. This is why, the feeding of treated leaves resulted 46.6% larval mortality while untreated leaves showed 6.6% larval mortality only. Similarly, the results of feeding of treated leaves on pupae were reported 37.5% mortality and untreated leaves feeding showed 7.1% mortality of pupae. These results suggest that Ricinus communis L. extract possess phytochemical which cause serious mortality. The larvae which died after feeding of treated mulberry leaves showed sign of rapid dehydration which shows insecticidal property against Bombyx mori L.

3 tables, 18 ref

018610   Sarkar D;Muthukrishnan S;Sarkar M (Research and Development Div, Godrej Consumer Products Ltd., Mumbai, Maharashtra) : Fluorescent marked mosquito offer a method for tracking and study mosquito behaviour. Int J Mosquito Res 2017, 4(6), 5-9.

Despite intensive research on vector-borne diseases, there remains a bias toward bionomics, ento-epidemiology, and operational research. In particular, relatively few studies have focused on vector behaviour and the use of labelling/marking techniques to do so. This manuscript dealt with a unique and easy mass marking technique, done using two different fluorescent colour dyes - Rhodamine and Fluorescein on Culex quinquefasciatus. We prepared 10% sugar solution in water containing these two dyes and fed the mosquitoes. Mosquito abdomen becomes marked with respective colour after feeding. Thus, by using this simple feeding technique, we could address and eliminate most of the challenges of insect marking observed in the past. Further, we found no significant difference in survival between mosquitoes marked with fluorescent dyes and the control group of mosquitoes. We also did not find any impact of two marking dyes on the reproductive health and life cycle of the mosquitoes. This method of colour marking can be used for studies related to the mark-release-recapture of mosquitoes, track free flying mosquito's behaviour in a dark room, simultaneous bio-toxicity or repellent experiment of different populations or strains of same species together in a single experiment and many more novel applications.

4 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref