003000   SAYED R M, EL-GHOBARY M A (Natural Product Research Dep, National Center of Radiation Research and Technology, Cairo, Egypt) : Molecular diversity in Earias insulana populations from different Egyptian governorates. Int J Entomol Res 2019, 4(3), 10-5.

The present study was conducted to assess the molecular diversity among four populations of spiny bollworm from different insecticides treated Egyptian governorates (Gharbia, Kafr ELShaikh, Daqahlia and Behira) and a population from untreated field cotton. The protein profile displayed deviation in the resulted bands among the studied samples. The distribution of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase isoenzymes and the intensity of peroxidase presented no difference between the tested samples when compared to control population and each other. While, there was a variation in the intensity of the detected polyphenol oxidase isoenzyme. Data of RAPD-PCR presented a variation in DNA bands of the studied populations. As well as, the similarity index revealed that the control population recorded low similarity index with the other studied populations. Furthermore, it the studied population could be clustered into 2 groups Daqahlia and Behira (100 % similar) and Gharbia and Kafr El Shaikh (92 %). Therefore, it could be concluded that Earias insulana larvae were adapted to the environment changes and the use of insecticides.

4 illus, 6 tables, 23 ref

002997   RAO U S M, KRISHNASAMY L, SIVAKUMAR J, SUNDARAM C S (Microbiology Dep, Hindustan Coll of Arts & Science, Padur, Chennai- 603 103, Tamil Nadu, Email: amudhashanmugam1977@gmail.com) : Impact of sand organic carbon and climatic changes on the population density and morphometric characters of Emerita asiatica in the East Coast of Southern India. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2019, 56(3), 240-4.

A population density of Emerita asiatica in relation to sand organic carbon in the Nemmeli beach, East coast, Kanchipuram District of Tamil Nadu was studied. Specimens were collected once in a fortnight from April 2017 to March 2018 by hand picking method in the intertidal region of Nemmeli beach. The total sand organic carbon level was recorded once in a fortnight. The population presented a smaller incidence of males in relation to females (48.66:51.34); however, in May 2017 an inverse pattern occurred (73:27). Ovigerous females were present in all samples with greater frequencies in October and November 2017 whereas, the highest juveniles were present in May and September 2017. The variation noted in a population of Emerita asiatica showed there is a relationship to sand organic carbon fluctuations; it can be determined that the sand organic carbon fluctuations have an influence on the population density of this species in Nemmeli beach. Hence, the rather stable sand organic carbon throughout the year and moderate changes in the sand may well be conducive to population biology of Emerita asiatica.

2 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

002990   NURSID M, MARRASKURANTO E, KUSWARDINI A, WINANTO T (Ministry of Marine and Fisheries Affairs, Jakarta, Indonesia, Email: muhammadnursid@gmail.com) : Screening of tyrosinase inhibitor, antioxidant and cytotoxicity of dried sea cucumber from Tomini Bay, Indonesia. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 555-8.

Indonesia, as a tropical country, is one of the important producers of sea cucumbers (beche-de-mer). Sea cucumber is a marine invertebrate that contains attractive bioactive secondary metabolites and these metabolites can be used for health as well as cosmetics. The aim of the study was to determine the activity of tyrosinase inhibitors, antioxidants, and cytotoxicity of sea cucumber methanolic extract. Dried sea cucumber samples were taken from Boalemo waters, Tomini Bay, Indonesia. Tyrosinase inhibitor assay was carried out spectrophotometrically using tyrosinase enzymes and L-DOPA as a substrate and antioxidant tests were carried out by DPPH method. Cytotoxicity test against human breast cancer cell line (T47D) was conducted using the MTT assay. The study showed that Bohadschia vitiensis had the best tyrosinase inhibitor activity with IC₅₀ value of 0.28 mg/ml. The DPPH free radical scavenging testing showed that all sea cucumbers had weak antioxidant activity. On the other hand, cytotoxicity assay revealed that several sea cucumbers had good cytotoxicity against T47D cells, where Holothuria atra and Bohadschia marmorata showed strong cytotoxicities with IC₅₀ values of 23.0 and 28.1 ug/mL, respectively. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the dried sea cucumber from the Tomini bay region, Indonesia, has the potential to be developed as a source of tyrosinase inhibitors and cytotoxic agents.

2 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

002966   AGUNBIADE M O, SAHEED S, HEERDEN E V, POHL C H (Microbial Dep, Free State Univ, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa, Email: mayorlala@gmail.com) : In vivo toxicopathological evaluation of a purified bioflocculant produced by Arthrobacter humicola. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 486-92.

In spite of the commendable flocculating activities of microbial flocculants, a good number of them potentiate significant toxicity. This study evaluated the in vivo toxicological implications of treatment with the Purified bioflocculant (PB) from Arthrobacter humicola using OECD guidelines. In the acute toxicity assessment, a single oral administration of 2000 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) of PB was given to the Wistar rats and the animals were observed for 2 weeks. The daily dose toxicity testing was performed through daily oral treatment with graded doses (50, 200 and 500 mg/kg b.w.) of PB for 4 weeks. Clinical signs of toxicity, behavioral changes, hematological and biochemical parameters were thereafter evaluated. PB at 2000 mg/kg b.w. produced no treatment-mediated signs of toxicity, behavioral changes or mortality in the animals. Thus, its no-observed-adverse-effect level was estimated to be above 2000 mg/kg b.w. In the repeated dose toxicity testing, treatments with PB also revealed no significant differences in the feeding patterns, lipid profiles, hematological and clinical biochemistry parameters when compared with the control group. Although, at 500 mg/kg b.w. PB, a significant increase was observed in the serum activities of alkaline phosphatase, nonetheless, cage side observations recorded no treatment-induced signs of toxicity and macro-histopathological examinations of all the investigated organs also revealed no obvious morphological changes. The overall results suggested that PB was well tolerated by the animals and is endowed with monosaccharides bearing functional groups of flocculation importance, thus, suggesting its potential application as a safe actinomycetes bioflocculant for water treatment.

4 illus, 7 tables, 27 ref

003007   THAKUR P S, PARDHI B N (Zoology Dep, Shankarlal Agrawal Science Coll, Salekasa, Gondia, Maharashtra) : Significant study of dispersal by freshwater living with reference to ecological and evolutionary behavior. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 2107-11.

Some freshwater invertebrates may exist in classic Levins metapopulations. The other species fit into a broader metapopulation definition, where temporal dispersal via diapause is functionally equivalent to spatial dispersal. In the latter case, local extinctions and rescue effects may be rare or absent. Finally, limited dispersal rates in many taxa suggest that theories of freshwater community assembly and structure can be made more robust by integrating dispersal and local processes as joint, contingent regulators. Recent research on freshwater invertebrate dispersal has substantially advanced our basic and applied understanding of freshwaters, as well as evolutionary ecology in general. Traditional expectations for how widely and how often freshwater invertebrates disperse differ from empirical data. Freshwater invertebrates have been characterized as frequent, widespread dispersers, particularly those that are transported passively. Our review finds that this characterization may describe the potential for dispersal in some taxa, but it is not an accurate generalization for actual dispersal rates.

79 ref

002977   JOSHI V, KUMAR S, RAWAT S (Plant Pathology Dep, G.B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, Email: vij.joshi94@gmail.com) : Efficacy of botanicals on mortality of second stage juveniles and egg hatching of Meloidogyne javanica L: An eco-friendly management approach. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 710-4.

Root knot nematode is an important pest in many vegetable, fruits and field crops. The extracts of seven different botanicals were tested for their effect on the egg hatching and mortality of Meloidogyne javanica. The results revealed that neem (Azadirachta indica) had the highest inhibitory effect and recorded lowest egg hatching percentage and highest larval mortality. It was followed by Carrissa spinarum (Wild Karonda) root extract. The inhibitory effect of the botanicals on egg hatching and larval mortality was directly proportional to the exposure period and inversely proportional to the concentration.

2 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

002996   RAJESWARI K (Microbiology Dep, Madura Coll, Madurai, Tamil Nadu) : Isolation and identification of bacterial gill disease in goldfish, Carassius auratus in Madurai. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 675-7.

Aquarium fish sometimes suffer from a disease complex called bacterial gill disease. Although it most often affects young fishes, it can affect any type of aquarium fish. The bacterial gill disease (BGD) were diagnosed in goldfish Carassius auratus purchased from Madurai. Histologically, the fish from all outbreaks had large numbers of filamentous bacteria associated with the gill tissue. The bacterial species such as Flavobacteria, Aeromonas and Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from the experimental fishes. The results of this present work, concludes that the ornamental fishes from Madurai district indicate that the pathogenic bacteria species were abounded in the aquarium. Epidemics of bacterial diseases are common in dense populations of cultured food or aquarium fish. Predisposition to such outbreaks frequently is associated with poor water quality, organic loading of the aquatic environment, handling and transport of fish, marked temperature changes, hypoxia, or other stressful conditions. Most bacterial pathogens of fish are aerobic, gram-negative rods. Diagnosis is by isolation of the organism in pure culture from infected tissues and identification of the bacterial agent.

1 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

002985   KUMAR R, AHAD I, RASOOL K, KUMAR R (Entomology Dep, G. B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand) : Influence of abiotic factors on population dynamics of sucking insect pests in oats. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 591-5.

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of abiotic factors on population dynamics of sucking insect pests in oats variety Sabzar viz.,Wheat aphid (Schizaphis graminum), Green Stink bug (Carpocoris spp), Aster Leafhoppers (Macrosteles quadrillineatus), Broad-headed bug (Camptopus lateralis Germar) under unprotected condition. S. graminum, M. quadrillineatus and Carpocoris spp were observed from the experimental site. Among these, aphid population appeared from 9^th meteorological week (2.29/plant) and reached their peak (17.95/plant) in the 22^nd meteorological week. Hoppers appeared from 10th meteorological week (2.68/plant) and reached their peak in the 24^th meteorological week (17.23/plant). However, bug’s appeared from 9^th meteorological week (2.37/plant) and reached their peak (12.56/plant) in the 21^st meteorological week. All hemipteran insect pests after reaching the peak showed declining trend as crop progressed to the maturity. Correlation analysis with the weather parameter viz., temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, sunshine hours and rainfall revealed that correlation of hemipteran insect pests (aphids, hopper and bug’s) these pests exhibited a highly significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r = 0.75), minimum temperature (r = 0.76), sunshine (r = 0.55). While, these pests exhibited highly significant negative correlation with relative humidity of morning and non-significant correlation with relative humidity of evening, aphids hoppers and bugs showed non-significant correlation with rainfall.

1 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

003002   SIDDIQUE A B, BACHCHU M A A, UDDIN M N, NOMUN M A A, RANA M S (Entomology Dep, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology Univ, Dinajpur, Bangladesh) : Repellent and insecticidal efficacy of some botanical extracts against Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae). J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(3), 124-9.

Botanical insecticides are considered to be the alternative to synthetic chemical pesticides since these compounds are biodegradable and less persistent in the environment. To investigate the repellent and insecticidal efficacy of six selected botanical extracts against Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquilliett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) at ambient laboratory conditions (27 ± 2 ⁰C, RH 65 ± 5 %) using acetone solvent was used. The results indicated that all the plant extracts had the repellent and insecticidal effect through ovipositional deterrent against B. cucurbitae that inhibited progeny development as well. The order of toxicity of the plant extracts based on repellency and ovipositional deterrent were found as tobacco > water pepper > neem> eucalyptus> bullock’s heart> castor. However, progeny recovery, repellency and ovipositional deterrent rate acted as dose dependent manner where repellency and ovipositional deterrence was decreased with the decreased doses of plant extracts. Tobacco and neem plant extracts were showed the complete oviposional deterrent (100 %) whereas the lowest oviposional deterrent was in castor (52.63 %) followed by bullock’s heart (58.63 %) at 5 % concentration of the plant extracts applied. The minimum numbers of progeny were found at 2 % concentration in tobacco (0.67), water pepper (1.00) and neem (1.67) whereas the highest at 0.5 % concentration in neem (10.00) and tobacco (3.67) meanwhile 4.0 % concentration of all extracts totally protects the oviposition. The repellency and ovipositional deterrent activity was increased with the increase of the doses of the plant extract and were found statistically significant (p< 0.01). It is evident from the results that at all plant extracts exhibited a remarkable decrease in adult settled, larvae and pupae recovery, and adult emergence through repellent and ovipositional deterant activities as compared with control.

5 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

002998   RONGON N R, KAMAL N, AKTER S, HOSSAIN A, HOQUE Z B, RAHMATULLAH M (Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Dep, Development Alternative Univ, Dhaka, Bangladesh) : Use of leeches to cure diseases by a folk herbalist of Tangail district, Bangladesh. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(3), 01-4.

Leeches have been used in traditional medicinal practices from ancient times and is making a comeback in modern medicine in recent days. The objective of this study was to document the therapeutic practices of a folk herbalist (FH) in Tang ail district, Bangladesh who used a combination of leeches and plantderived oil mainly to treat various types of pain. However, interestingly, leeches were not used by the FH for sucking blood; rather, leeches were fried or decomposed in olive or coconut oil and the oil used for treatment of various types of pain and skin disorders. This type of particular use of leeches is novel and to our knowledge not previously reported from Bangladesh. The practice also suggests that leeches might possess chemical substance(s) in their body, which can assuage pain and skin infections.

38 ref

001751   GNANESWARAN R (Zoology Dep, Jaffna Univ, Jaffna, Sri Lanka) : New host record for Goniagnathus (Tropicognathus) punctifer (Walker), a leafy vegetable Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. from Jaffna with the distribution of the genus (Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) in Sri Lanka. Int J Entomol Res 2019, 4(2), 71-3.

The leafy vegetable Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. is reported as a host plant of a deltacephaline leafhopper Goniagnathus (Tropicognathus) punctifer (Walker) from Jaffna and the distributional records of all five species of Goniagnathus (Tropicognathus) in Sri Lanka is described.

5 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

001759   OJHA R V S, SINGH K (Zoology Dep, Raja Balwant Singh Coll, Agra, Uttar Pradesh) : Morphological features of first stage larva (crawler) of Aonidiella orientalis (newstead) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Int J Entomol Res 2019, 4(2), 68-70.

Authors have studied morphological features of scale insect first stage larva (crawler) of Aonidiella orientalis. Aonidiella orientalis belongs to subfamily Aspidiotinae, family Diaspididae, super family Coccoidea, Order Homoptera. All the insects of this family are known as armored scales. Armored scales are cosmopolitan found in tropics, subtropics and warmer portions of the temperate zones. It is an important pest of Mangifera indica, Saraca indica, Musa paradisiaca, Dalbergia sissoo, Psidium guayava, Syzygium cumini, Syzygium jambos, Annona squamosa and other economical, ornamental and horticultural plants which had been collected in Northern India from the leaves, fruits and twigs. The crawler of Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) body oval and has a pair eyes, a pair six segmented forwardly directed antennae, a pair of each pro, meso and metathoracic legs, two pairs spiracles, pygidium with three pairs of lobes along with dorsal seta, without macro ducts, eight pairs micro ducts pores opening and dorsal anus.

2 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

001755   MANOJ P D, RAVI G (Plant Protection Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu) : Studies on host sex pheromone interaction in parasitization behaviour of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Trichogrammatidae: Hymenoptera) in brinjal ecosystem. Int J Entomol Res 2019, 4(2), 51-2.

The brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee is the most noxious and destructive pest of brinjal and widely distributed in South Asian countries. In this present study the behavioural approach of use of sex pheromone is found compatible with augmentative biocontrol Trichogramma chilonis Ishii suggested for L. orbonalis. The laboratory study indicated that the maximum number of parasitization in Corcyra card + pheromone lure (77 eggs/ card) which is higher than in host egg placed alone (73.33 eggs/ card). In field condition also a maximum numbers of parasitization was observed in brinjal cropped plot imposed with sex pheromone trap (29.04 eggs/ card) compared to brinjal sole cropped plot (28.59 eggs/ card). The findings of the present study has greater potential for inclusion in the organic cultivation of brinjal crop in the light of emerging demand for the organic produce in the WTO era.

2 tables, 5 ref

001750   ECHUDE D, ADAKOLE J A, MBAH C E, ABUBAKAR A (Zoology and Environmental Biology Dep, Nigeria Univ, Enugu State, Nigeria) : Species compositions and relative abundance of soil arthropods in Leventis agricultural training school maize (Zea may) farmland, Yaba, FCT Abuja Nigeria. Int J Entomol Res 2019, 4(2), 36-41.

This study was conducted to determine the species compositions and relative abundance of soil arthropods in Leventis agricultural training school maize farmland Yaba, FCT, Abuja Nigeria from 28th of January, 2018 to December 28th, 2018. Soil arthropods were sampled using pitfall trap of height of 14.40 cm and diameter 9.50 cm with an overlap cover of 11.00 cm held attached to the trap by two iron rod of length 1.65 cm. A total of 3202 soil arthropods were sampled belonging to 7 orders, 8 families and 35 species. The Order Coleoptera had the dominant taxa of 3099 (96.78 %), while Orthoptera had the least taxa of 25 (0.78 %). In terms of family dominance, Scarabaeidae had the highest taxa of 2067(64.96 %) while Buprestidae, Acrididae, Lygaeidae and Tiphiidae has the least taxa of 1(0.03 %). In species dominance, Hister monitor (Lewis) had the highest of 901 (28.14 %) followed by Copris sp. 879 (27.45 %) and Gymnopleurus fulgidus 719 (22.45 %). In the Monthly sampling, the month of June had the highest number of taxa 2016 (62.96 %) followed by the month of May 381(11.91 %), while the month of December had the least number of taxa 1(0.03 %). From these results, it was observed that stable rainfall and vegetation are good predictors of soil arthropods abundance in a particular farmland.

5 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

001756   MATHESWARAN P, RAJA L, GANI S B (Zoology Dep, NKR Government Arts Coll for Women, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu) : Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of functional proteins obtained from seven edible insects. Int J Entomol Res 2019, 4(2), 24-31.

Edible insects are alternate approaches for the manufacturing of cost-effective, energy-competent protein-rich diet. These alternative diets and foodstuffs are immediate requirements for the exploiting global population. Hence, the present study aimed to prepare the functional proteins obtained from seven edible insects using gastrointestinal digestion and absorption mechanisms. Furthermore, these functional proteins were undergone to determine antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy. Seven insects’ proteins were isolated and determined by SDS-PAGE followed by gastrointestinal enzymatic (α-amylase, pepsin, pancreatin, and bile) digestion. The concentration of functional proteins was quantified using trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid method. Antioxidant efficacy of functional proteins was determined by using radical scavenging assay (DPPH and ABTS), Fe²⁺ chelating assay, and ferric reducing power. Anti-inflammatory efficacy was determined using the inhibitory activity of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2. Based on the findings, the results suggest that the consumption of edible insects and foods enriched with insect proteins that may be potential therapeutic effects on the human body.

5 illus, 2 tables, 38 ref

001752   HOSSAIN T, YESMIN F, UDDIN M N (Radiation Entomology and Acarology Div, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh) : Effects of sucrose in adult diet on survivorship of males of Bactrocera cucurbitae. Int J Entomol Res 2019, 4(2), 20-3.

Mortality of adult males of melon flies, Bactrocera cucurbitae, fed sucrose and protein was studied in the present study. Flies fed only sucrose plus protein (optimal food) or only sugar from the day of adult eclosion shows long survivorship, or no significant mortality, in the study period. However, flies fed only protein from the day of eclosion or no food shows rapid change of survivorship from 100 % to 1.7 % and 8.4 % respectively within four days. At the same time, flies diet changed from optimal diet to protein or optimal diet to no food on 7^th day results survivorship of only 0 % and 6.6 %, and on 11^th day survivorship of 0 % in only 96 hours. However, no significant mortality of adults was observed when flies were shifted from the optimal diet to sugar-only on 7^th and 11^th day onwards. Therefore, the experiment demonstrates that flies have an absolute requirement of carbohydrate in the adult diet. It also indicates that flies have limited capability to convert lipids to metabolic energy.

4 tables, 26 ref

001749   D’SOUZA A, MAHALINGAPPA M, VENKAT S (Zoology Dep, Manasagangotri Univ of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka) : Impact of geographical elevations on the eco-distributional pattern of Drosophila (Diptera) species in four different ecosystems of Karnataka, India. Int J Entomol Res 2019, 4(2), 1-8.

Analyzing the changes in eco system co-related with species diversity across different altitudinal and latitudinal gradients are essential in understanding the complex nature of biodiversity. Four different eco systems was selected and analyzed to examine the altitudinal and latitudinal variations in the distributional pattern of Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophiladae) Population in Kodachadri Hills, Kath lekhan, Gopal Swamy Hills and Nandi Hill regions of Karnataka state, India. Cluster analysis, constancy methods, Simpson’s, Berger-Parker’s, and Shannon-Weiner indices were used to analyze the species occurrence qualitatively. We hypothesized that the Gause’s competitive exclusion principle still remains to be questionable and have used 4 sets of environmental data to build a model using Venn’s 4 set diagram illustrating the common species accommodated at differing eco systems and have characterized species- environment relationship. We recorded 13 species from 8 different altitudes varying between 530 m and 1478 m and evaluated clinal trends in species distributional pattern among different ecological niche. The result indicates that Drosophila community was significantly affected by elevation as the density of Drosophila decreased with increasing altitudes. Drosophila ananssae, Drosophila bipectinata, Drosophila malerkotliana, Drosophila nasuta and Phorticella striata were the 5 common dominant species, further, Drosophila bipectinata and Drosophila malerkotliana being the two competing sympatric species was co-existed in all the four different eco systems. These data indicate there is a positive correlation between species diversity and elevation and also there is an emphatical interaction between competing species to co-exist in the same niche.

4 illus, 3 tables, 50 ref

001746   AL-DEGHAYEM W A-A A, SULIMAN E A M (Zoology Dep, King Saud Univ, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia, Email: elaminsuliman@yahoo.com) : The effects of diet and temperature on enzymes, hormones, and fecundity of the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822). J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2019, 7(2), 71-7.

The aim of this study was to check the effect of multiple temperatures and various protein diet formulas on liver enzymes, gonadotropins, and growth hormone (GH) using African catfish Clarias gariepinus. C. gariepinus was exposed to multiple temperatures (T₂₄°C, T₂₈°C, and T₃₂°C) and various protein diet formulas: D₁ (fishmeal-based diet), D₂ (soymeal-based diet), and D₃ (pea-meal based diet). Tilapia commercial feed (D₄ ) was used as reference diet. A total of 720 individuals with an average weight (101–104 g) were stocked at a density of 20 individual fish per tank in 12 tanks of three replicates. Liver enzymes, gonadotropins, GH, and fish fecundity were measured after 16 weeks. The results revealed that liver enzyme like glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase was significantly (P < 0.05) lowered at T₂₈°C: D₂ diet, while glutamic pyruvic acid transaminase was lowered by T₂₈°C: D₄ diet. However, no effect was observed on creatinine (P > 0.05) at any experimental condition. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were significantly (P < 0.05) increased at T₂₈°C: D₁ diet and T₃₂°C: D₁ diet, respectively. GH was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by T₂₈°C: D₁ . The relative weight of the ovary of C. gariepinus was significantly (P < 0.05) increase at T₃₂°C: D₁ , while the testis relative weight was increased with T₂₄°C: D₃ . The result from this study revealed that there is a direct relationship of temperature on fish fecundity, enzymes, and reproductive hormones in C. gariepinus. The temperature of 28°C along with fishmeal or soy-meal positively improved the fecundity and health of fish.

3 illus, 10 tables, 43 ref

001769   VELÁZQUEZ A M, MALLORQUÍN Z E, MONTALBETTI Y, CAMPUZANO-BUBLITZ M A, HELLIÓN-IBARROLA M C, KENNEDY M L, IBARROLA D A (Farmacología Dep, Nacional de Asunción Univ, San Lorenzo, Paraguay, Email: dibarrol@qui.una.py) : Assessment of general effects and gastrointestinal prokinetic activity of Baccharis crispa in mice. J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2019, 7(2), 30-4.

Baccharis crispa is commonly known to be used in the treatment of several digestive disorders and the primary purpose of this study was to detect its acute toxicity. Its influence on general behavior, sleeping time and intestinal transit activity in mice were followed as a mean of initial validation for popular use. The gastrointestinal effect was determined by testing the influence of B. crispa (Bc) on both intestinal motility (in vivo) and spontaneous contractile response of isolated ileum (in vitro). Oral administration of Bc showed low toxicity and induced a significant shortening of sleeping time in mice. After in vitro evaluation on isolated ileum, doses of 5.10⁻⁴; 10⁻⁴ and 5.10⁻³ mg/mL of Bc potentiated the contractile response to acetylcholine. The intestinal propulsive activity increased with oral doses of 1, 5 and 50 mg/kg of Bc. After in vitro and in vivo gastrointestinal evaluations of Bc extract, it was clear that an efficient prokinetic activity and a significant increase in spontaneous contraction induced by acetylcholine in isolated mouse ileum occurred. These results partially support and justify the traditional use of B. crispa to treat gastrointestinal disorders.

4 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

001747   BARSAGADE D D, NAGARKAR D A, KIRSAN J R (Zoology Dep, RTM Nagpur Univ, Nagpur - 440 033, Email: dewashreenagarkar@gmail.com) : Surface ultrastructure of antenna and distribution of sensilla in the Leptogenys chinensis (Mayr)(Fabricus) (Formicidae: Hymenoptera). J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2019, 7(2), 1-6.

Ants have a well-developed pair of antenna with sensory system used in chemical communication for social lives. The antennae comprise of two parts scape and funiculus. Funiculus contains single segmented pedicel and ten segmented flagellum. The surface micro-morphology of the antennal sensilla of Leptogenys chinensis worker showsthe presence of various types ofsensilla viz.sensilla trichodea, sensilla trichodea curvata, sensilla basiconica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla chaetica, sensilla coelocapitular. Sensilla trichodea is distributed on all parts of the antenna. Sensilla trichodea curvata type III is typically present on flagellar segments only. Sensilla basiconica with arrowhead present on scape ball is slightly different than the sensilla basiconica with rounded head present on the flagellar tip. Sensilla coelocapitularis observed only on the flagellar tip. On the joint ofscape ball and pedicilar shaft, three types of sensilla trichodea are present on the ball ridge while sensilla basiconica distributed on the dorso-lateral margin of the ball..

10 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

001767   TOTHOVA C, SESZTAKOVA E, BIELIK B, NAGY O (Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice Univ, Kosice, Slovak Republic, Email: Csilla.Tothova@uvlf.sk) : Changes of total protein and protein fractions in broiler chickens during the fattening period. Vet World 2019, 12(4), 598-604.

Blood proteins in birds serve as an important indicator in the evaluation of health status and represent a basis in general biochemistry allowing the identification of metabolic alterations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protein profile in broiler chickens extended by the concentrations of serum protein fractions at different periods of fattening. Into the evaluation, we included 24 clinically healthy Ross 308 line meat-type chickens at the age of 2 days. Blood samples were taken on day 4, 18, 32, and 46 of fattening always from six randomly selected chickens. Chickens were fed with a commercial starter, grower, and finisher feeds. The concentrations of total serum protein and protein fractions were evaluated. Various significant changes in the proportion of the individual protein fractions were found during the observed period except for the beta-globulins in all protein fractions and the albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio. At the beginning of the fattening period, the relative concentrations of albumin, α₁ -globulins, and A/G ratio were significantly lower and the values of α₂ - and γ-globulins significantly higher (p<0.05). The values of pre-albumin fraction were found as a small band preceding the albumin fraction differed significantly between the different age groups of chickens (p<0.05). The total serum protein concentrations showed higher values in older broilers; the significantly highest mean value was recorded on day 32 of fattening. The results suggest that fattening and age of broilers influences not only the production patterns, metabolic processes, and lipid and mineral profile but also the parameters of protein profile. However, seeing that some contradictory data exist regarding the number and size of globulin fractions in chickens, further analyses are needed.

1 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

001758   NASIRIAN H, SALEHZADEH A (Medical Entomology and Vector Control Dep, Tehran Univ of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Email: hanasirian@yahoo.com) : Effect of seasonality on the population density of wetland aquatic insects: A case study of the Hawr Al Azim and Shadegan wetlands, Iran. Vet World 2019, 12(4), 584-92.

Wetlands are extremely suitable ecosystems to assess the effect of climate change on the density of aquatic insects. This study aimed to assess the effect of seasonality on populations of aquatic insects in the Hawr Al Azim and Shadegan wetlands. The insect samplings were conducted at a large area of the Hawr Al Azim and five different sites of the Shadegan wetlands. In total, 18,534 arthropods of different life stages, including 12 orders containing 51 families, were collected and identified from the selected sites of the Shadegan and Hawr Al Azim wetlands. Results showed that the population density of wetland aquatic insects gradually increased as the average daily temperature decreased, positively increased with daily mean relative humidity and precipitation, and decreased with the mean daily evaporation between October and April. Conversely, the population density of wetland aquatic insects gradually decreased with increasing average daily temperature and reduction of the mean relative humidity and precipitation and increasing the average evaporation from April to September. When differences between the average daily and water temperatures reached minimum in April, the population density of wetland aquatic insects reached maximum and turned mainly to families that they have high level of biological indices, indicating that wetlands have clean waters around the spring. While around the autumn conversely, they mostly changed to families that they have low level of biological indices, indicating that wetlands have unclean waters.The present study showed an optimum condition for the growth of insects around spring. Seasonality affects the population density of wetland aquatic insects during a year.

5 illus, 4 tables, 63 ref

001762   SAINI S, SINGHA H, SIWACH P, TRIPATHI B N (ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, Email: hsssankarbty@gmail.com) : Recombinant horse interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 induced a mixed inflammatory cytokine response in horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Vet World 2019, 12(4), 496-503.

Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 activate plethora of immune cells and induce the humoral immune response. However, recombinant version of horse IL-4 and IL-10 has not been investigated to understand their immunomodulating activities. This study aimed to produce recombinant horse mature IL-4 and IL-10 in Escherichia coli. Immune-modulating activities of recombinant horse IL-4 and IL-10 were investigated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Equine PBMCs were stimulated with recombinant IL-4 and IL-10. A proliferation of PBMCs was measured by XTT assay and cytokines induction was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis displayed a molecular weight of 15 kDa for IL-4 and 19 kDa for IL-10. Recombinant IL-4 and IL-10 significantly induced cell proliferation at 250 ng/ml. The results demonstrated that IL-4 enhanced expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and IL-10, while recombinant horse IL-10 induced expression of IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. The present study demonstrated that biologically active horse IL-4 and IL-10 could be produced in E. coli.

4 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

001748   BEHERA D P, SETHI A P S, SINGH C, SINGH U, WADHWA M (Animal Nutrition Dep, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Ludhiana, Punjab, Email: apss_pau_ldh@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of citrus waste on blood parameters of broiler birds with and without cocktail of enzymes. Vet World 2019, 12(4), 483-8.

This study aimed to assess the effect of different levels of citrus waste (CW) with or without enzyme cocktail on blood profile of broilers. CW was sun-dried and grounded to powder CW. 256-day-old birds were distributed into eight groups; control (C), CW-supplemented diets (2.5 % CW, 5.0 % CW, and 7.5 % CW), enzyme (E) cocktail supplemented diets (CE, 2.5 % CWE, 5.0 % CWE, and 7.5 % CWE). The diets were fed during starter (0-14 days), grower (15-21 days), and finisher (22-42 days) phases. Blood was collected from the wing vein from four birds per treatment. Serum was separated out after centrifugation and stored at −20°C until further analysis. The samples were analyzed for liver function test (glucose, total protein [TP], albumin [ALB], and globulin), lipid profile (cholesterol and triglyceride), kidney function test (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase [AST], blood urea nitrogen [BUN], and creatinine), and antioxidant levels (catalase, superoxide dismutase [SOD], lipid peroxidation [LPx], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], glutathione [GSH], and Vitamins E and C). Blood profile data revealed that supplementation of CW showed no effect on TP, ALB, globulin, and BUN levels. Plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and AST levels decreased linearly with an increase in the levels of CW in the diet. Catalase and SOD activity increased non-significantly with an increase in inclusion level of CW in the diets. LPx, GPx, and GSH activities decreased (p≤0.05) up to 5 % CW-fed groups. Vitamin E and C activity were found to be highest (p≤0.05) in birds fed with diet supplemented with 5 % CW. GPx and GSH activities and serum Vitamin C levels were observed to be highest (p<0.05) in birds fed CW (at 5 %)-based diet supplemented with enzymes. The blood profile showed that supplementation of CW up to 5 % decreased cholesterol, triglyceride, and AST levels and improved the antioxidant status. Vitamin C levels were observed to be highest (p<0.05) in birds fed CW (at 5 %)- based diet supplemented with enzymes.

12 tables, 21 ref

001754   KUSMAYADI A, BACHTIAR K R, PRAYITNO C H (Animal Science Dep, Perjuangan Univ, Tasikmalaya 46115, West Java, Email: andrikusmayadi1@gmail.com) : The effects of mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) and turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val) flour dietary supplementation on the growth performance, lipid profile, and abdominal fat content in Cihateup ducks. Vet World 2019, 12(3), 402-8.

Bioactive compounds in mangosteen peel and turmeric have been shown to possess antioxidant and hypolipidemic properties. This study aimed to examine the effect of mangosteen peel flour (MF) and turmeric flour (TF) dietary supplementation on the performance, lipid profile, and abdominal fat content of Cihateup ducks. The study was conducted for 56 days (8 weeks) using 84-day-old male Cihateup ducks that were allocated into seven treatments with three replications and each containing four ducks as subreplicates. The seven groups were positive control, containing 100% of basal ration/BR + 50 ppm bacitracin (R₀ ), BR + 2 % MF (R₁ ), BR + 1.5 % MF + 0.5 % TF (R₂ ), BR + 1 % MF + 1 % TF (R₃ ), BR + 0.5 % MF + 1.5 % TF (R₄ ), BR + 2 % TF (R₅ ), and BR only as negative control (R₆ ). The data of each variable were analyzed using a completely randomized design (one way). Significant differences (p<0.05) were determined with Duncan test. The results indicated that the addition of MF and TF significantly affected (p0.05) in feed intake and feed conversion of Cihateup ducks were observed. The combination of MF and TF at a balanced ratio (R₃ ) can be used as an alternative feed additive to improve performance, lipid profile, and abdominal fat of Cihateup ducks.

4 tables, 42 ref

001768   URGEL M F M, YBANEZ R H D, YBANEZ A P (The Philippines Cebu Univ, Lahug, Cebu City 6000, Philippines, Email: dr.adrianpybanez@gmail.com) : The detection of gastrointestinal parasites in owned and shelter dogs in Cebu, Philippines. Vet World 2019, 12(3), 372-6.

Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) parasites affect the health of dogs and may also be zoonotic. The prevalence of these parasites has been well studied in several countries, but reports in the Philippines have been limited. This study generally aimed to detect the presence of common GIT parasites in owned and shelter dogs in Cebu, Philippines. A total of 200 fecal samples (130 from owned dogs and 70 from shelter dogs) were collected. Profiles of owned dogs and their owners were obtained. Fecalysis was performed using three methods: Direct smear, sedimentation, and flotation techniques. Majority of the sampled dogs were 5 years old and below that (79.2 %), male (64.6 %) and of pure breed (53.1 %). Among the most common parasites detected were Ancylostoma, Trichuris and Toxocara spp. Statistical analyses revealed a significant association between the presence of parasites and the body score of the dogs (p=0.000), the deworming status (p=0.000), and the rearing practice (contact with other dogs, p=0.000, where it spends its time (p=0.000), plays in the grass (p=0.050), where it defecates (p=0.014), contact with other animals (p=0.000). GIT parasites were detected in owned and shelter dogs in Cebu, Philippines. The results of this study can serve as baseline information about the canine parasitic fauna in the Philippines.

3 tables, 28 ref

001760   REDDY G B M, SINGH R, SINGH K P, SHARMA A K, VINEETHA S, SAMINATHAN M, SAJJANAR B (Veterinary Pathology Dep, ICAR-National Instt of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: gbmpatho@gmail.com) : Molecular epidemiological analysis of wild animal rabies isolates from India. Vet World 2019, 12(3), 352-7.

This study was conducted to know the genetic variability of rabies viruses (RVs) from wild animals in India. A total of 20 rabies suspected brain samples of wild animals from different states of India were included in the study. The samples were subjected for direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The phylogenetic analysis of partial nucleoprotein gene sequences was performed. Of 20 samples, 11, 10, and 12 cases were found positive by dFAT, RT-PCR, and RT-qPCR, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all Indian wild RVs isolates belonged to classical genotype 1 of Lyssavirus and were closely related to Arctic/Arctic-like single cluster indicating the possibility of a spillover of rabies among different species. The results indicated the circulation of similar RVs in sylvatic and urban cycles in India. However, understanding the role of wild animals as reservoir host needs to be studied in India.

3 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

001763   SARIZAN N-M, MOHAMAD F, ISMAIL N, ABU-BAKAR L, TENGKU-MUHAMMAD T-S (Malaysia Terengganu Univ, Terengganu, Malaysia, Email: noraznawati@umt.edu.my) : Anti-atherosclerotic bioactive compound from a marine mollusc, Chicoreus sp.. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1259-62.

This study reports the potential of a marine mollusk, Chicoreus sp., as a producer of peroxisome proliferator activated receptorgamma (PPAR-γ) ligand that activate the scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) for anti-atherosclerotic activity. The objective of this study is to determine the cytotoxicity of the obtained compound C35, with a molecular weight of 270.1 and the level of SR-B1 expression of a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) after treatment with the compound. Various concentrations of compound C35 were treated against HepG2 to determine its cytotoxicity level (MTS assay) and against transfected HepG2 with SRB1 promoter (luciferase assay). A non-toxic result obtained in MTS assay where the IC₅₀ is exceeding 100 µg/mL. For luciferase activities, the compound increases the transcriptional regulations of SR-B1 promoter at specific effective concentrations of 12.5 µg/ml with 1.8-fold higher as compared to the positive control. The compound increased the transcriptional regulations of SR-B1 promoter activity and subsequently increased the luciferase activity of the assay system which also reflects the ability of it as a ligand for PPAR-γ. The efficiency of these compounds was comparable to the liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) suggesting that Chicoreus sp. have the potential as a source for an anti-atherosclerotic agent.

3 illus, 10 ref

001761   REWATKAR H N, AGASHE J L, JADHAO G M (Animal Nutrition Dep, Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Akola, Maharashtra) : The effect of supplementation of oregano oil and probiotic on blood biochemicals and immune response of broiler chicken. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1894-7.

To evaluate the effect of oregano oil and probiotic on blood biochemicals and immune response of Broiler Chicken. The blood biochemical parameter was estimated by autoanalyzer using standard kit of AGD, biochemicals (P), Ltd., and Mumbai, India. Serum samples were used for Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test as per procedure of O.I.E (1992) to detect the antibody titer against New Castle Disease. The Biochemical analysis showed that group T₃ oregano essential oil + probiotic in basal feed of broiler higher protein concentration in blood serum, lower cholesterol, BUN value was significantly dropped than control in the treatment group. The values for haemagglutination inhibition test were highest for treatment (T3 group). From the result obtained, it was concluded that feeding of oregano essential oil and probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibited beneficial effect on the growth performance of broiler chicken.

6 tables, 23 ref

001765   SHINDE K P, CHANDRA R, GROVER C R, PANCHBHAI G, VERMA S, GUPTA S K, SINGH A K (ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana) : Effect of supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum CRD 2 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRD 9 probiotic cultures on physiological responses in Murrah buffalo calves. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1790-9.

The present experiment was carried out from November 2017 to April 2018 i.e. during the winter and summer season at ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana) to investigate the effect of supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum CRD 2 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRD 9 probiotic cultures on physiological responses in Murrah buffalo calves. The new born Murrah buffalo calves were divided into four groups viz., T₁, T₂, T₃, and T₄. The calves of control group (T₁) were fed according to ICAR, 2013 feeding standard. Calves of T₂ were fed according to control group (T₁) except Lactobacillus plantarum CRD 2 supplementation 108 cfu/ml (As fermented milk @ 100 ml/calf/day). The calves T₃ were fed according to control group (T₁) except Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRD 9 supplementation 10⁸ cfu/ml (As a fermented milk @ 100 ml/calf/day), also the calves of T₄ fed according to control group (T₁) except combination of Lactobacillus plantarum CRD 2 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRD 9 10⁸ cfu/ml [1:1 Ratio] (As a fermented milk @ 100 ml/calf/day) supplementation. During the winter season the overall mean ± SE values of maximum and minimum temperature were 21.49 ± 0.88 and 08.18 ± 0.85 respectively while during the summer season the overall mean ± SE values of maximum and minimum temperature were 30.22 ± 1.74 and 13.45 ± 1.38 respectively. The mean temperature-humidity index (THI) at morning and afternoon sessions during the winter season were 58.49 ± 1.43 and 60.54 ± 3.45 respectively while 75.07 ± 1.72 and 59.20 ± 1.29 respectively during the summer seasons. There were no significant (P<0.05) differences observed in rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate between different treatment groups at the morning and afternoon session during the winter as well as summer season also during the pre-ruminant as well as post-ruminant phase while the rectal temperature, respiration and pulse rate in buffalo calves at afternoon session was slightly higher in all groups during the winter as well as summer season. There were also no significant (P<0.05) differences observed in rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate between different treatment groups of female and male buffalo calves in the morning as well as afternoon session. The rectal temperature and respiration rate of treatment groups in the morning and at afternoon session in the both sexes was slightly lower than control group. The all observation were falls in the normal physiological range so these findings indicated that probiotic supplementation had no adverse effect on physiology of calves resulted in normal physiological responses in buffalo calves, so probiotic supplementation advantageous in the removal of stress in the young buffalo calves during the stress period which are more prone to cold as well as heat stress.

10 tables, 14 ref

001753   KAMALIYA R P, JETHVA D M, KACHHADIYA N M, BHUT J B, DHOLARIYA N D (Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Junagadh, Gujarat) : Bio-efficacy of entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis indica against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1770-4.

The investigations on bio-efficacy of entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis indica against Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) was carried out at Biocontrol Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during 2014-15. Bio-efficacy of H. indica against H. armigera revealed that H. indica caused cent per cent larval mortality of 3rd, 4th and 5th instar larvae of H. armigera at inoculum levels of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 IJs/larva after exposure time of 120 hrs. Third instar larvae were most susceptible to H. indica than fourth and fifth instar larva.

3 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

001757   MEHTA M C, RAGHURAMAN M (Entomology and Agricultural Zoology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) : Study on biology and morphometric aspects of Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on parthenium in Varanasi region, India. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1694-9.

The work on biology of Zygogramma bicolorata reared on Parthenium hysterophorus was done in laboratory at department of entomology and agricultural zoology. The study show that the Mexican beetle oviposit small, oblong, elongated, light yellow or orange eggs on leaf surface and lid of Petri plate under laboratory condition. The average egg, larval, pre-pupal, pupal and adult period was found out to be 4.53 ± 1.04 days, 13.80 ± 1.36 days, 1.65 ± 0.58 days, 9.95 ± 0.85 days, 34.20 ± 8.05 days (male) and 42.68 ± 7.33 days (female). Hatching percentage and adult emergence percentage was 78.72 ± 0.50 %, 71.08 ± 2.81 % respectively. The larvae molted four times and the larval periods are 4.49 ± 0.93 days (1^st instar), 2.82 ± 0.78 days (2^nd instar), 3.40 ± 0.63 days (3^rd instar), 4.60 ± 0.74 days (4^th instar) respectively. Entire life cycle escalates to 61.42 ± 7.31 days for male and 69.33 ± 8.26 days for female. The average fecundity, pre-oviposition, oviposition, post oviposition periods and sex ratio were 663.5 eggs, 8.59 ± 0.72 days, 44.26 ± 1.53 days, 18.35 ± 0.81 days and 1:1.35 respectively. Total average developmental period lasted for 26.82 days.

7 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

001766   SINGH M, BAIRWA D K, DADRWAL B K, CHAUHAN J (Entomology Dep, SKNAU, Jobner, Rajasthan) : Relative efficacy of new generation insecticides against sucking insect pests of green gram. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 882-6.

A field experiment was conducted to determine the relative efficacy of different newer insecticides against sucking insect pest viz., white fly (Bemisia tabaci), jassid (Empoasca kerri), infesting Green gram at Agronomy Farm, S. K. N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan) during Kharif. The efficacy of eight insecticides tested against insect pest of green gram revealed that acetamiprid (0.004 %) proved to be the most effective followed by imidacloprid (0.005 %) and fipronil (0.01 %). The treatments of thiamethoxam (0.005 %) and dimethoate (0.03 %) stood in middle order of efficacy followed by the treatments of spiromesifen (0.001 %) and fenpropathrin (0.05 %) which were proved to be least effective against insect pest of green gram. The total avoidable loss and percent avoidable loss was found to be zero in the treatment of acetamiprid (0.04 %), whereas, maximum in spiromesifen (0.001 %).

2 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

001764   SHARMA K, MEENA N K (Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phoole Univ, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Diversity of insect pollinators in coriander (Coriandrum sativum Linn.) VAR. ACR-1 under semi-arid region of Rajasthan. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 198-201.

The diversity of various insect visitors associated with coriander (Coriandrum sativum Linn) was carried out under open field conditions at research farm, National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Tabiji, Ajmer in semi-arid region of Rajasthan. The coriander flowers were visited by 28 insect species belonging to18 families and 6 orders. Among these insect visitors, 10 species were recorded from Hymenoptera (53.05 %), 4 unidentified species of hymenoptera from different families (4.58 %), 8 species of Diptera from two families (36.09  %), 3 species of Hemiptera from three families, 3 species of Coleoptera from two families, 1 species of Neuroptera and 3 species from Lepidoptera of three familieson coriander crop. were the three major groups comprising 93.72 percent of the total visitors recorded on coriander ecosystem. Among all pollinators, Apis florea was recorded as most dominating species (34.1 %) followed by Apis mellifera (11.92 %), Episyrphus balteatus De Geer (9.44 %), Eristalis sp. (8.32 %) Musca sp. 1 (7.73 %), Apis dorsata (6.37 %) and Episyrphus sp. (4.75 %).

1 table, 14 ref

000614   SUCITHA C, MUTHUKUMARAVEL K, KUMARASAMY P, VASANTHI N (Zoology Dep, Khadir Mohideen Coll, Adirampattinam - 614 701, Email: pkkpkumar18@gmail.com) : Impact of monocrotophos on the gill ultrastructure of the freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 267-70.

The impact of monocrotophos on the gill ultrastructure of Oreochromis mossambicus, fingerlings was investigated on exposure to 10 % sublethal concentration of LC₅₀ value (0.0045 ppm) for a period of 10, 20 and 30 days. Fusion and clumping of secondary gill lamellae were observed in the SEM analysis of the gill of 10 days exposed fish. In the gill tissues of 20 days exposed fish, erosion of epithelial cells, more mucus secretions and acute destruction to denticular structures were observed. Where as in the gill tissues of 30 days treated fish, swelling and fusion of lamellae, severe erosions of epithelial layer and high mucus secretion were noticed, the gill rocker ventricular structures were also totally damaged and were uprooted from their bases.

6 illus, 20 ref

000586   BALASUBRAMANIAN P, SIVAKAMI R (PG & Research Zoology Dep, Arignar Anna Govt. Arts Coll, Musiri - 621 211, Email: drsiva17@gmail.com) : Analysis of bacterial population in water, sediment and the fish Mystus vittatus collected from lower anicut, Thanjavur district, Tamil nadu. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 135-8.

Even though India is presently ranked second in aquaculture production, the outbreak of infectious diseases has resulted in heavy losses to the aquaculture industry. Among the various groups of pathogens affecting fishes, bacteria appear to be the most common pathogen. Hence the present study was attempted to find the bacteria that occur in water, sediment and the common fish Mystus vittatus collected from Lower Anicut area in Tamil Nadu. A total of 20 bacteria were identified in both sediment and water samples. The skin of Mystus vittatus recorded 11 bacteria while the foregut 12, midgut 9 and hindgut, 17 bacteria. Out of these, eight bacteria were common to gut. During this study, bacteria that could pose a threat to human beings were also isolated. This warrants immediate action as well as dissipation of information to the fishermen and handlers.

1 table, 14 ref

000613   SUCITHA C, MUTHUKUMARAVEL K, KUMARASAMY P, VASANTHI N (PG & Research Zoology Dep, Khadir Mohideen Coll, Adirampattinam - 614 701, Email: pkkpkumar18@gmail.com) : Studies on the impact of heavy metal copper on the ultrastructure of gill in the mangrove crab Sesarma brocki. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 109-12.

Ultrastructural alternations in the in the gill architecture of the mangrove crab Sesarma brocki were observe on chronic exposure to 10 % and 30 % of the 96 hr LC₅₀-value (10.91 mg/l) of copper. In the gill tissue of control crab gill epithelial cell and pillar cell nucleus were having dispersed chromatin, abundance of mitochondria was visualized. In the gill cells of low toxicity exposed crab condensation of chromatin, swelling of mitochondria and numerous vesicles were seen. High sublethal toxicity inflicted crab gill tissue revealed fragmentation of chromatin and infiltration of nephrocytes also called as podocytes into the haemolymph spaces were observed. The present remarkable ultrastructural alterations on exposure to copper could serve as “Biomarker” for assessing heavy metal toxicity in the aquatic environment.

19 ref

000605   PRIYA M S, KUMARASAMY P, PUGAZHENDI A, GANAPIRIYA V, MUTHUKUMARAVEL K (Zoology Dep, Khadir Mohideen Coll, Adirampattinam - 614 701, Email: pkkpkumar18@gmail.com) : Histochemistry of the male reproductive tissue and their secretions in the marine hermit crab Diogenes costatus (Hilgendorf- 1893). Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 103-8.

Histochemical analysis of the testis and vas deferens of the hermit crab Diogenes costatus reveals that the testis, PVD, MVD and DVD secrete unique secretions. These secretions are utilized in the synthesize of ampulla, stalk and pedestal of spermatophore and the seminal plasma. Histochemical characterization elucidates the possible origin of these substances from the epithelial cells of the vas deferens and the testis of D.costatus. Substance A, the secretion from the testis is a glycoprotein with basic group of proteins. The substance B & C secreted by the anterior and posterior part of the proximal vas deferens respectively. Substance D of MVD and substance E of DVD are of aromatic proteins and mucopolysaccharides in nature. The ampulla, stalk and pedestal are glycoproteins with aromatic group. Similarities in the histochemical composition of the spermatophore and the secretions of the vas deferens show the possible origin of components of spermatophore from the secretions of vas deferens.

3 tables, 23 ref

000604   PRIYA M S, KUMARASAMY P, PUGAZHENDI A, GANAPIRIYA V, MUTHUKUMARAVEL K (Zoology Dep, Khadir Mohideen Coll, Adirampattinam - 614 701, Email: pkkpkumar18@gmail.com) : Electrophoretic analysis of reproductive tissues and haemolymph of the marine pebble crab Leucosia anatum (Herbst, 1783). Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 89-93.

Elecrophoretic studies were carried out in the reproductive tissues and haemolymph of the pebble crab Leucosia anatum obtained from the fishermen employing trawl net on prior request from Adirampattinam sea shore. The reproductive organs like testis, vas deferens were removed; the spermatophores and seminal plasma were separated from the posterior vas deferens are used for electrophoretic study. Eleven (11) bands (peptides) were resolved in the haemolymph of L. anatum, whereas the testis, proximal middle and distal vas deferens, spermatophore and seminal plasma contain 3, 8, 8, 7, 6 and 3 respectively of the eleven bands. From the results, it was evident that the occurrence of homologous protein fractions suggests the possible origin of spermatophore, seminal plasma from testis, vas deferens and haemolymph.

19 ref

000600   NAIR N, BEDWAL S, SHARMA P, SAINI A, KUMARI D, BEDWAL R S (Zoology Dep, Rajasthan Univ, Jaipur - 302 004, Email: neenazoology@yahoo.co.in) : Non enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant status of Wistar rat erythrocyte after dietary zinc deficiency. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 763-8.

Zinc deficiency is prevalent worldwide. The present study deals with the effect of dietary zinc deficiency on erythrocytes of Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats (40-50 g) were divided into 3 groups: control (ZC) fed 100 μg/g zinc; pair fed (PF) fed 100 μg/g zinc but the diet given was based on the diet consumed the previous day and zinc deficient (ZD) fed 1 μg/g zinc. The experiment was carried out for 2, 4 and 6 weeks. Erythrocyte cell suspension revealed significant increase in catalase activity and decrease in glutathione concentration after zinc deficiency. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in erythrocyte lysate superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-s-transferase was observed while glutathione reductase decreased significantly after zinc deficiency. The decreased glutathione reductase coordinates with decreased glutathione concentration making erythrocytes prone to oxidative stress while increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-s-transferase reflects generation of excess free radicals not only due to auto-oxidation of haemoglobin but also due to loss of osmotic fragility leading to oxidative stress indicative of perturbation of erythrocytes on account of dietary zinc deficiency.

2 tables, 54 ref

000606   RACHANA B, SREEPADA K S (Applied Zoology Dep, Mangalore Univ, Mangaluru - 574 199, Email: srisuchith@gmail.com) : Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of cow urine from Malnad gidda - An indigenous breed. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 612-8.

The study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of raw (ARCU) and distilled (ADCU) urine from an adult indigenous cow breed, Malnad gidda. Different radical scavenging models assessed antioxidant activity. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method. The first group received saline and served as control. The second group received the standard drug Indomethacin (10 mg/kg b.w.), third (ARCU, 3 mL/kg b.w.), fourth (ARCU, 6 mL/kg b.w.), fifth (ADCU, 3 mL/kg b.w.) and sixth (ADCU, 6 mL/kg b.w.) groups served as treatment groups and received the urine samples.1 h later, paw edema was induced by injecting 0.1 mL of carrageenan (1 % w/v) in saline solution into the sub-plantar region of the left hind paw of the rats. The paw volume was measured before the injection (basal volume) and after the injection of carrageenan at hourly intervals using Plethysmometer. The ARCU and ADCU treated groups showed significant (P < 0.001) decrease in edema with a maximum inhibition of 81.07 %; 72.09 % (6 mL/kg b.w.) and 79.53 %; 64.47 % (3 mL/kg b.w.) at 5 h compared to control. ARCU and ADCU showed potent antioxidant effect on the inhibition of DPPH (IC₅₀: 33.11 and 204.64 µL/mL), superoxide anion (IC₅₀: 19.36 and 371.53 µL/mL), nitric oxide (IC₅₀: 72.44 and 114.81 µL/mL) and hydroxyl free radical (IC₅₀: 53.80 and 75.64 µL/mL). Also, ARCU and ADCU exhibited potent reducing ability (IC₅₀: 8.70 and 8.89 µL/mL). Cow urine (ARCU; ADCU) of an indigenous breed, Malnad gidda exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

6 illus, 1 table, 47 ref

000599   MISHRA V, SHARMA S K, SHARMA B K, SHUKLA A, SHUKLA B N (MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan) : Zooplanktonic fauna in relation to physicochemical characteristics in Lake Pichhola, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 155-8.

Zooplanktons are small animals that float freely in surface water, column of water bodies and whose distribution is primarily determined by water waves and current. Zooplanktons of Indian freshwaters have been studied by various researchers. Rapid development in recent years has led to an increased demand for water and it does depend on ground water. The freshwater zooplankton consists mainly of 4 major groups i.e. Protozoa, Rotifera and two orders of Crustacea viz., Cladocera and Copepoda. The physico-chemical parameters of lake Pichhola were fairly moderate. The average water quality parameters of the lake during the study period were, air temperature-28.30 ºC, water temperature-25.07 ºC, Depth of visibility-85.56 cm., pH-7.68, EC-0.45 mS/cm^-1 , dissolved oxygen-5.95 mg l^-1 , free CO2-17.08 mg l^-1 , Total dissolved solids-296.83 mg l^-1 , carbonates-33.74 mg l^-1 , bicarbonates-136.67 mg l^-1 , total alkalinity-156.13 mg l^-1 , orthophosphates-0.14 mg l^-1 , nitrate-nitrogen-0.60 mg l^-1 , GPP-0.39 g C m³ h^-1 , NPP-0.24 g C m³ h^-1 , CR-0.15 g C m3 h^-1 .

1 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

000608   REDDY S G E, KUMARI A (CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur - 176 061, Email: ereddy2001@yahoo.com) : Seasonal incidence of black scale, Saissetia oleae (Olivier) on the fern, Thelypteris tylodes (Kunze) from western Himalaya. Indian J Exp Biol 2019, 57(1), 59-62.

Incidence of insect pests on ferns, particularly sap suckers, needs attention as it causes more damage indirectly. Here, we recorded seasonal incidence of black scale, Saissetia oleae (Olivier) on Thelypteris tylodes (Kunze) (Thelypteridaceae) for a period of one year from May 2012 to April 2013 at weekly interval. Results have shown that incidence of S. oleae first occurs in the first week of May 2012 (5.4 scales/rachis).The infestation increases gradually from second week of May (6.6 scales/rachis) and attains its peak during the last week of July 2012 (27.8 scales/rachis) due to high temperature (20–27 $°$) and relative humidity (74-83 %). The infestation starts declining gradually from August 2012 to November 2012 (24.7 scales/rachis to 3.4 scales/rachis). The lowest scale incidence was observed during the last week of December 2012 (0.50 scales/ rachis) and second week of January 2013 (0.2 scales/rachis). The scale infestation was not observed from third week of January 2013 to entire March 2013. The incidences of scale infestation during the period of observation have shown to be significant linear positive correlation with temperature, relative humidity and rainfall.

2 illus, 25 ref

000592   COELHO J R, HOLLIDAY C W, HASTINGS J M (Quincy Univ, Quincy, IL 62301, Email: coelhjo@quincy.edu) : Intra- and interspecific prey theft in cicada killers (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecius). J Insect Sci 2019, 19(1), 13.

We studied prey theft in two cicada killer aggregations: Ruby, Arizona (Sphecius convallis Patton) and Easton, Pennsylvania (Sphecius speciosus Drury). Many prey (Tibicen parallelus Davis [Hemiptera: Cicadidae]) were stolen from S. convallis by kingbirds and Greater Roadrunners at Ruby. Seventy percent of kingbird attacks on provisioning wasps were successful. Using sand-filled trap nests baited with a cicada, we tested the hypothesis that conspecific females might kleptoparasitize by laying an egg on the cicada and closing the nest cell. At Ruby, 45 % were so appropriated, and at Easton, 52 %. Easton data showed that the longer a nest cell was left open, the higher the rate of kleptoparasitism. Hence, intraspecific kleptoparasitism likely occurs at high rates in both populations. Not needing to dig a burrow, or to hunt, capture, and carry a paralyzed cicada favors intraspecific kleptoparasitism in cicada killers. Low cicada availability and intense avian kleptoparasitism of cicada killers may intensify selection pressure for this behavior at the Arizona site. Pirating cicadas may be the only viable reproductive outlet for females that are small or in environments with few prey. We suggest that provisioned nest cell kleptoparasitism may have evolved in cicada killers as an alternative strategy to standard provisioning, given the dual uncertainties of adult body size and prey availability.

6 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

000616   TRUZI C C, HOLZHAUSEN H G, ÁLVARO J C, LAURENTIS V L D, VIEIRA N F, VACARI A M, BORTOLI S A D (Franca Univ, 14404–600, Franca, SP, Brazil, Email: alessandra.vacari@unifran.edu.br) : Food consumption utilization, and life history parameters of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) reared on diets of varying protein level. J Insect Sci 2019, 19(1), 12.

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is an important pest of crops worldwide, and several studies have focused on the development of this species on different artificial diets. However, studies evaluating the insect’s food consumption and utilization using nutritionally different diets are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biology and to compare the consumption and use of food by H. armigera larvae on diets with different protein levels provided by several dietary ingredients used in the diets. The nutritional index, the relative consumption rate, the relative metabolic rate, the relative growth rate, and the apparent digestibility were higher in the diet with higher than the optimum level of protein. On the other hand, the conversion efficiency of digested food was lower, resulting in a higher metabolic cost. In terms of biological aspects, larval survival was higher for the diet with optimal protein content and lower for the diet with a higher protein level. The pupal period was longer for the diet with a higher protein content, while pupal survival was lower. Among the evaluated diets, the diet with an optimal protein containing white bean 75 g, wheat germ 60 g, soy bran 30 g, milk powder 30 g, brewer’s yeast 37.5 g as the protein sources resulted in a higher net reproductive rate, a shorter time for the population to double in number, and the highest rates of population growth. The results suggest that lower or higher protein contents in the diets of H. armigera negatively affect the biological aspects of this species.

2 illus, 6 tables, 34 ref

000617   ZHANG M, CAO T-T, WEI Z-G, ZHANG Y-Q (Soochow Univ, Suzhou- 215123, PR China, Email: sericult@suda.edu.cn) : Silk sericin hydrolysate is a potential candidate as a serum-substitute in the culture of Chinese hamster ovary and Henrietta Lacks cells. J Insect Sci 2019, 19(1), 9.

The silk sericin hydrolysate (SSH) from the waste of silk processing as a substitute of fetal bovine serum (FBS) was used for the culture of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and Henrietta Lacks (Hela) strain of human cervical cancer cells. The survival ratio of these cells cultured in SSH media were similar to or higher than those in FBS media. Especially after the serum was replaced by low concentration of SSH at 15.0 μg/ml for 5 d, the proliferation of both cells was also similar to or higher than that of FBS group; the percentages of CHO and Hela cells in S-phase were 28.9 and 28.0 %, respectively. The former is nearly two times that of FBS group, the latter is also higher than the control group. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that among the differentially expressed genes, the relative expression of CXCL12 gene of CHO cells in SSH group increased, was three times that of serum group, and the relative expression of LCN2 gene of Hela cells increased 2.8 times, indicating that these related genes were activated to promote cell growth and proliferation. These results fully illustrated the hydrolysated sericin has a potential use as serum substitutes in cell culture.

7 illus, 3 tables, 61 ref

000598   LIU L, WANG W, LIU Y, SUN P, LEI C, HUANG Q (Huazhong Agricultural Univ, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China, Email: qyhuang2006@mail.hzau.edu.cn) : The influence of allogrooming behavior on individual innate immunity in the subterranean termite reticulitermes chinensis (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). J Insect Sci 2019, 19(1), 6.

Insect societies have evolved a series of disease defenses against pathogens, including social sanitary behavior and individual innate immunity. However, whether sanitary behavior can affect individual innate immunity remains unknown. Here, we exposed the termite Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin(Ascomycota: Hypocreales), and then measured their allogrooming behavior, conidia load, infection mortality, antifungal activity and immune gene expressions . Our results showed that most of the fungal conidia were fast removed from the cuticles of the grouped termites by intensive allogrooming behavior, resulting in low mortality. The antifungal activity and immune gene expressions (termicin and transferrin) in grouped exposed termites were significantly lower than those in single exposed termite but not significantly different from those in unexposed treatments. These results suggest that allogrooming behavior can fast remove fungal conidia from termite cuticles and then decrease their physiological investment in individual innate immunity.

5 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

000589   BELLEFEUILLE Y, FOURNIER M, LUCAS E (Des Sciences Biologiques Dep, Du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) Univ, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada, Email: lucas.eric@uqam.ca) : Evaluation of two potential biological control agents against the foxglove aphid at low temperatures. J Insect Sci 2019, 19(1), 2.

The foxglove aphid, Aulacorthum solani Kaltenbach (Hemiptera: Aphididae), has become a significant pest in horticulture as it can up build high populations from 10 to 18°C. Currently, chemical control is used as no commercially available biocontrol agent is effective at these temperatures. In this study, two potential biocontrol agents were evaluated: the silverfly, Leucopis glyphinivora Tanasijtshuk (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), and the American hoverfly, Eupeodes americanus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Syrphidae). Active flight, oviposition, and larval voracity were tested at 12, 15, and 18°C. The proportion of individuals demonstrating flight decreased at 12°C for the hoverfly and decreased at 15 and 12°C for the silverfly. Delay before active flight was greater for both species at 12°C. More hoverflies laid eggs after 7 d at all temperatures (12, 15, and 18°C) compared with silverflies. Hoverflies laid a higher number of eggs than silverflies at all temperatures. When given an additional 7 d at 12°C, oviposition increased for both species. Daily aphid consumption decreased as temperature decreased for both species, but average total aphid consumption did not decrease regardless of the temperature. This means that larval voracity for both the silvery and the American hoverfly was similar at all temperatures (12, 15, and 18°C) when considering aphid development. Hoverfly larvae consumed two times more aphids than silverfly larvae at all temperatures. This study demonstrates a clear superiority of the hoverfly over the silverfly at low temperatures and identifies it as a potential biocontrol agent of the foxglove aphid.

4 illus, 65 ref

000615   TRIPATHI R, SHUKLA S, SHARMA U D (Zoology Dep, Lucknow Univ, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dr.u.d.sharma@gmail.com) : Seasonal changes in reproductive cycle of female fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium dayanum (Henderson) from River Gomti, Lucknow (India). J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 149-54.

The present study was conducted on the experimental animals, Macrobrachium dayanum (Henderson) (Crustacea: Decapoda) to analyze the seasonal changes in reproductive cycle of female, found at different locations in river Gomti (26°55´; 80°59´ E), in and around Lucknow (U.P. India). The reproductive activities were found in cyclic manner in M.dayanum, which breeds continuously throughout the year but with two distinct peaks one major in the month of May-July and one minor in the month of January – Feburary. Five stages of Oogenesis i.e. proliferative, meiotic, previtellogenic, vitellogenic and resorbtion or atretic oocyte phase have been recorded in M. dayanum. Mature ova were noticed in two peaks i.e. major in month of July – August and September and minor in months of February and March. Histoarchitecture of hepatopancreas showed seasonal changes in accordance with the gonadal development. The reproductive cycle of M.dayanum is reported for the first time and very little work is known on the seasonal changes with respect to reproduction and its correlation with hepatopancreas.

4 illus, 60 ref

000607   RASHID M, SAGIR M, DOBRIYAL A K (Zoology Dep, H N B Garhwal Univ, Pauri Garhwal-246 001, Email: anoopkdobriyal@rediffmail.com) : Analysis and interdependence of morphometric characters in the Hill stream fish Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede) from Garhwal Himalaya. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 107-15.

Study of morphometric characters is generally carried out for species identification in fish biology. It includes the measurements of all body lengths and their inter relationships in terms of ratios and percentages to the independent lengths (Total length, standard length and head length). Present paper deals with the analysis of various morphometric characters with species characteristics in Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede),  which is one of the most important eel like hillstream fish belonging to order Mastacembeliformes and family Mastacembelidae from river Western Nayar (29⁰ 45^’ to 30⁰ 15^’ latitude and 78⁰ 34^’ to 79⁰ 12^’ longitude ). Total length, standard length and head lengths were considered as an independent variables in ratio of which other lengths (caudal length, pre orbital length, post orbital length, maximum body depth, snout length and eye diameter) were analysed. The maximum size of fish was observed as 60 cm and the minimum being 10 cm. By using regression and correlation analysis, the modelling of data is presented to find out their interrelationship. The closest correlation was in between total length and standard length (r= 0.999) and the farthest between total length and caudal length ( r= 0.878). The linearity of regression was tested by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) which showed that all the relationships were significant at the level of 5 % significance. The multivariate analysis was also done by using cluster technique which sowed except caudal length rest all characters were forming a close cluster.

21 illus, 10 tables, 33 ref