000597   KUMAR A, KUMAR M, SINHA M P (Zoology Dep, Kolhan Univ, Chaibasa, Jharkhand, Email: amarzoology3@gmail.com) : Hepatoprotective efficacy of edible macrofungi Dacryopinax spathularia (Schwein) and Schizophyllum commune (Fries) against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino Wistar rats. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 62-5.

In the present study the hepatoprotective efficacy of two edible macrofungi Dacryopinax spathularia and Schizophyllum commune has been assessed against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in albino wistar rats. The administration of CCl₄(1 ml/Kg) resulted into significant (p<0.05) rise in the levels of liver function marker enzymes Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin and decrease in the levels of total protein and albumin in blood. On administration of low dose (250 mg/Kg) and high dose (500 mg/Kg) of both macrofungal extracts in different hepatotoxic group of rats, the serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP and bilirubin significantly (p<0.05) lowered down and the levels of total protein and albumin significantly (p<0.05) increased in comparison to the hepatotoxic group of rats, reflecting the hepatoprotective impact of both the extracts.

2 tables, 30 ref

000612   SINGH P, GUPTA N, KHAN G, KUMAR S, AHMAD A (Zoology Dep, Government Raza Postgraduate Coll, Rampur - 244 901, Email: dr.nidhigpta@gmail.com) : Diagnostic characters of three nymphal instars and morphological features of adult collard - dove louse Columbicola bacillus (Phthiraptera : Insecta). J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 7-11.

The morphological features of three instars of nymphs and adults of Columbicola bacillus(Ischnocera: Phthiraptera) collected from Collard-dove Streptopelia decaocto were studied. Present report furnishes Second instar nymph can be separated from first instar due to appearance of additional seta on pterothorax on seventh to eight adominal segments. Third instars can be distinguished from second instar due to appearance of pleural seta on abdominal segment seventh to ninth.

1 illus, 20 ref

000610   ROY D, MITRA A, BISWAS M, CHAKRABORTY S, PAL S, HOMECHAUDHURI S (Zoology Dep, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata, West Bengal) : Early ontogeny of the Asian catfish magur, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758). Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 287-92.

The Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758), known as magur, is a popular food fish of Asian countries for its medicinal value. The major constrain behind culturing this species is scanty knowledge on larval rearing and fourth day mortality syndrome. For mass production of C. batrachus, identification of significant developmental events is essential. Here early and post-embryonic stages of C. batrachus were described through microphotographs. The first mitotic cleavage occurred at 62 minutes postfertilization resulting in 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 blastomeres, followed by development of morula, blastula and gastrula stages. The first larva (Total Length 4.5 ± 0.5 mm) emerged after 26 hours at 26 ± 0.5°C. At fourth day post hatching, the larvae (Total Length 9.2 ± 1 mm) commenced fully on exogenous feeding. This study specified the ontogenic changes and commencement of exogenous feeding in C. batrachus which would lead to successful larval rearing for mass production.

9 illus, 1 table, 40 ref

000587   BAYON M S, KPUNDEH M D, IKENWEIWE N B, NGEGBA P M, NDOKO E J (Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute, Freetown, Sierra Leone) : Effects of Adansonia digitata (Baobab) bark meal additive on growth performance and haematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fingerlings. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 280-6.

Adansonia digitata (Baobab) bark meal was incorporated at varying levels (0.00, 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80, and 1.00 %) into 40 % crude protein diet (D1- D6) of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings to assess its effects on growth performance and haematological parameters of the fish. A total of 180 fingerlings (3.09 ± 0.21 g) were raised and fed to satiation for 12 weeks in transparent plastic tanks using completely randomized design and data subjected to statistical analysis. A. digitata bark has oxalate, alkaloid, tannin, flavonoid, saponin steroid, anthraquinone, terpenoid, glycoside and phenol. Fish fed D3 had the highest in percentage weight gain (1398.2 ± 38.50 %), daily growth weight (0.50 ± 0.02 g/day) and apparent net protein utilization. White blood cell count was lowest (4.30 x 10³ /L) while 12.90 x 10³ /L was highest for D6. A. digitata bark meal promotes growth and boost immunity of catfish when incorporated at 0.40 % in fish diet.

5 tables, 31 ref

000590   BHAKAT S, SINHA A K (Zoology Dep, Rampurhat Coll, Birbhum, West Bengal) : A new Sisorid catfish of the genus Gagata, bleeker, 1858 from West Bengal, India. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 274-9.

A new species of Gagata (Family: Sisoridae), Gagata rhodobarbus nov. Has been collected from Mayurakshi river, belonging to Gangetic river system. The species is diagnosed by the presence of red barbels along with five saddles from head to tail, black blotches on caudal peduncle and lobes of caudal fin. Maxillary barbels shorter than head and serrated pectoral spine bearing filamentous extension are the other two distinguishing characters. The species differs from its banded congeners viz. G. itchkea, G. cenia, G. youssoufi and G. sexualis by several characters like least height of caudal peduncle in its length, eye diameter in % of inter orbital distance, head length in % of standard length, inter-dorsal in adipose dorsal base, head width in % of head length and specially having rosy red coloured barbels.

1 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

000595   ELHAG A I, RAHMAH S, SHERIFF S M D, TAN W C, JONG K F, AMBAK M A, LIEW H J (Malaysia Terengganu Univ, Terengganu, Malaysia) : Sexual characteristic differences between male and female of jade perch Scortum barcoo. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 258-64.

This study was performed in order to identify sexual differentiation characters of Jade perch as farmers have claimed to have difficulty to identify male and female for reproduction purpose. In order to address this issue, the morphometric characters differences between female and male was studied. Gonadal histological analysis were further applied to confirm sexual identification characters. In the present study, correlations and linear regression analysis were performed for selected 29 morphometric and 11 meristic characters in relation to total length (TL) on 50 specimens. Significant sexual dimorphism between male and female (p < 0.05) found in six morphometric characters differences as body depth; head depth; anal fin length; Posterior end of the Dorsal fin to Origin of the Anal fin; Origin of the Dorsal fin to Insertion of the Pelvic fin; and pre-orbital length. Morphmetrical analysis revealed that female have slightly larger body width, while the male have a bit longer anal fin and more tapered head. Gonadal histology used for confirmation the distinguish between the male and female, which elucidated different developmental stages in of testis and ovary both. Thus, our present study proved that meristic characters cannot be used to differentiate sexes. Nevertheless, morphological characters can be identified phenotypic variations between the male and female in accompanied with gonadal histology, and the shape of genital papilla.

4 illus, 4 tables, 34 ref

000585   BAKAR S N A, HASSAN M D, JINTASATAPORN O, HASLIZA A H, MURNI MARLINA A K, NURHIDAYAHANUM H, FAIRUS M S S (Putra Malaysia Univ, Selangor, Malaysia) : Evaluation of striped catfish, Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) dried viscera and its intestinal putative probiont on juvenile African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) growth performance. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 249-54.

The growth performance of juvenile African catfish, Clarias gariepinus were evaluated after feeding with striped catfish, Pangasius hypophthalmus dried viscera and its intestinal putative probiont. The chosen isolated putative probiont were identified as Weissella sp. through 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Utilization of dried striped catfish viscera as well as Weissella sp. as supplementation in African catfish diet show better growth performance in compare to the unsupplemented treatment. At the end of experiment, fish fed with Weissella sp. (T3) showed significantly high growth performance (P0.05) with T2. Furthermore, histological assessment of intestinal villi height of T3 shows significantly longer (P<0.05) than other two treatments. Hence, African catfish diet composed of probiont, Weissella sp. suspension at dosage of 109 cfu/ml diet (T3) was recommended to promote C. gariepinus growth performance.

1 illus, 3 tables, 36 ref

000594   EKPE A I, ASIKPO E-I M (Fisheries and Aquaculture Dep, Akwa Ibom State Univ, Nigeria, West Africa) : Sex ratio, size structure and condition index in the Rope fish, Erpetoichthys calabaricus (polypteridae) from a Niger Delta flood plain, Nigeria. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 205-9.

Erpetoichthys calabaricus is a near threatened species in the West African fresh waters, and a low density of the fish is noted at surveys. However, no record exist about important aspects of its ecology and biology in order to assist in efficient conservation and management of the species. The objective of this study was to evaluate some aspects of the ecology and biology of E. calabaricus with regards to sex ratio, size structure, and condition factor. A total of 634 specimens were collected between April 2013 and March 2014 by means of non-return valve basket traps (baited with palm fruits) set on the flood plains at Ibikpe creek, Nigeria. The overall sex ratio was 1: 0.79 (males: females) which shows significant deviation from the expected 1:1 (p < 0.05). Dominance of males over the females was observed. Length frequency distribution of females and males of E. calabaricus showed no marked difference as both sexes occurred over the entire range of body size. The largest fish (TL_max) examined was 39.9 cm TL female, while the smallest fish (TL_min) was 21 cm TL male. Body condition index ranged between 0.078 and 1.1 (mean = 0.1546 ± 0.0444) suggesting that E. calabaricus in Ibikpe creek has poor body condition. This study presents baseline data on basic aspects of the natural history of E. calabaricus on a first hand in-depth attempt. The results may assist in the management strategies and conservation of this special ornamental species in Ibikpe creek and elsewhere.

2 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

000583   AMADOU L Y M, FAROKH N, ROBANE F, TIDIANE B C, CHYNG-HWA L (Gaston Berger Univ, Senegal, West Africa) : Feeding frequency effect on growth, body composition, feed utilization and ammonia excretion of juvenile grouper Epinephelus coioides. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 116-21.

Juveniles grouper, Epinephelus coioides, of 29.33 ± 1.08 g were stocked 16 fish per tank (31-L) and fed with three feeding frequencies (one, two and three meals daily) for 8 weeks to compare their food consumption, growth, body composition, feed utilization and ammonia excretion. Grouper were hand fed to satiation. Fish fed three times per day showed better food consumption, but fed one meal per day had better food conversion ratio. Fish fed one meal daily had heavier stomach than from the other groups, and tended to eat more per meals compared to fed two and three meals daily. Body composition of fed three meals had the highest body lipid content. Our result showed that a peak of excretion occurred 4 hours after the first feeding session. Increased feeding frequency to two and three lead to a cumulative effect of ammonia excretion. Feeding frequency had no effect on apparent digestibility in grouper. Feeding one time a day to satiation seems to be sufficient for maximal growth in juvenile grouper under our rearing conditions.

7 tables, 38 ref

000593   DARMA S, M ALI S, SAFRIDA (Syiah Kuala Univ, Banda Aceh, Indonesia) : Population structure and growth pattern of wild oyster (Ostreidae) in Banda Aceh City, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 13-8.

The aim of the study was to analyze population structure, growth patterns and determine the environmental conditions of wild oyster habitat that grows in Banda Aceh City, Indonesia. The study was conducted from April to May 2017 in three locations that represent the wild oyste habitat in Banda Aceh City, Indonesia. The study locations are Alue Naga, Gano and Gampong Pande. The methode that has been used to collect sampling in this study was square transect. Results revealed that, there was five oyster species in the Banda Aceh, namely Saccrostrea cucullata, Crasosstrea irredelei, Crasosstrea gigas, Oestrea edulis, Crasosstrea virginica. The most common oyster species was Crasosstrea irredelei. The highest density was observed in the Gampong Pande waters and the lowest in the Gano waters, respectively. The pattern of oyster distribution was found in clustered and formed oyster reef. The negative allometric growth pattern was observed in the oyster species. The environmental conditions consisted of plankton abundance and chemical-phisical parameters of the waters of Banda Aceh City have a normal carrying capacity for oysters to grow.

3 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

000596   IKOT N U (Zoology & Environmental Biology Dep, Calabar Univ, PMB 1115 Calabar, Nigeria) : Culture potential of snakehead Parachanna Obscura juvenile fed with various protein sources. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 09-12.

The research was conducted in the laboratory static water system of glass aquaria to determine the response and acceptability of Parachanna obscura fingerlings to different protein levels in artificially compounded feed. Three experimental diets A, B, and C were formulated with fish meal, blood meal and palm kernel cake as major protein sources containing 28 %, 32 %, and 18 % dietary protein levels respectively. Three aquaria of the same size containing 20 fingerlings of the same size each were fed 20% body weight of feed daily. The fish increased in sizes by 1.22 g (Diet A), 1.19 g (Diet B) and 1.01g (Diet C) with the three diets in the 40 days of study. Growth rate determined for the diets were not significant (P > 0.05). Mortality rate of 40 %, 60 %, and 59 % were recorded in tanks 1, 2, and 3 (Diet A, B and C) respectively. The results indicated that Specific growth rate was higher in diet A though not significantly different (P > 0.05) from other diets. The study has proven that Parachanna obscura fingerling can accept artificially compounded feed and can be listed as one of the aquaculture candidate in Nigeria.

2 tables, 26 ref

000601   NAMADINA A S (Fisheries Technology Dep, Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic, Katsina State Nigeria) : Comparative analysis of ovaprim and African catfish pituitary extract in facilitating eggs hatchability in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 06-8.

Different hormones for facilitating egg hatchability in Katsina state of Nigeria need to be compared and evaluated in order to bring out the most economic and efficient to be used by Nigerian fish farmers with which to facilitate fish production. Due to above reason, the study on comparative analysis of ovaprim (artificial hormone) and African Catfish pituitary extract (ACPE) natural hormone in facilitating egg hatchability was focused to compare the two hormones in terms of their efficiency. Six pairs of broodstock (catfish) with three pairs each for ovaprim and ACPE were selected. The females were subjected to different treatment with ovaprim (0.5 ml/kg) and pituitary gland extracts (1 ml/kg ACPE hormones). The data obtained was analyzed and, the result has shown that the artificial hormone has more advantages over the natural hormone. Were hatchability rate was (90.5 %) as compared to (66.0 %) in natural hormones, cost was ₦25, 000 and ₦20,000, mortality rate (9.5 %) and (35 %) for artificial and natural hormone respectively. Therefore, artificial hormone has more advantages over natural hormone and hence recommended for use by our Nigerian fish farmers.

1 table, 9 ref

000611   SHARMA M (Fisheries Dep, CSKHPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh) : Behavioural responses in effect to chemical stress in fish: A review. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 01-5.

Due to industrialization and urbanization many pollutants are being introduced directly and indirectly into aquatic ecosystem. Behavioural bioassay have been widely used in toxicity assessment. Bioassay based on behavior is faster, more sensitive and ecologically more relevant as assessing growth and reproduction need longer bioassay. Behavioural bioassay is more promising alternatives than lethality evaluating bioassay which are currently used for the risk assessment of toxicant. Behavioural changes provide early warning signals about the health of exposed population which other standard tests do not take in to consideration. These endpoints may be 10–100 times more sensitive than those derived from acute or chronic tests because chemicals can induce rapid behavioural responses in organisms even at very low concentrations. Behaviour is an organism-level effect defined as the action, reaction, or functioning of a system under a set of specific circumstances. We rationalize that a greater understanding of behavioural responses in effect to chemical stress may increase. Therefore in current scenario there is a need of developing newer and effective methods to study the behavioural responses. Behavioural changes in a fish form an efficient index to measure any alterations in the environmental conditions.

1 table, 50 ref

000609   ROUT S, DHAR P (Anatomy Dep, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi - 110 029, Email: dharpushpa@hotmail. com) : Sodium arsenite exposure during early postnatal period induces morphological and biochemical changes in rat kidney. J Anat Soc India 2019, 68(1), 62-7.

The incidence of arsenic (As)‑induced toxicity is increasing steadily all over the globe. Consumption of As‑contaminated water is the chief source of exposure to As. Kidneys are important organs involved in the excretion of the final metabolized products of inorganic As (iAs) and organic As, thus becoming highly vulnerable to As‑induced adverse effects. The functional and morphological maturation of kidneys during the gestational period continues to a variable extent into the early postnatal period and accordingly, the vulnerability to As exposure is increased manifold during postnatal period. The present study aimed to assess the function and morphology of the developing kidney of rats exposed to sodium arsenite (Na As O₂ ) (1.5 mg/kg body weight [bwt] intraperitoneally) from postnatal day 1–28. On day 29, the perfusion fixed kidney tissue was processed for paraffin embedding, whereas fresh kidney tissue was processed for biochemical estimation of reduced glutathione (GSH). Blood samples were collected intracardially for the assessment of serum urea and creatinine levels. Functional deficits were reflected by increased levels of serum urea and creatinine levels in iAs‑exposed animals. The GSH levels in the renal tissue of experimental animals showed a significant decrease (81.20 ± 26.79 µg/g) as against GSH levels in controls (122.45 ± 30.97 µg/g). Microscopic observations revealed obliterated Bowman’s capsular space with increased cellularity in the experimental group. In addition, decrease in the number as well as size of glomeruli was noted in iAs alone‑treated animals. The adverse effects of As have been widely studied in various organ systems in adults. Our data showed a significant alteration in kidney parameters (structural and functional) of rats exposed to Na As O2 during early postnatal period, suggesting thereby increased vulnerability of the developing kidney to As exposure. Postnatal exposure of neonatal rats to sodium arsenite induces adverse effects on developing kidney.

3 illus, 1 table, 40 ref

000591   CHANDA S, DE P, MUKHOPADHAY M J (Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, Email: isayantani.chanda@gmail.com) : Study of anticlastogenic effect of spirulina against arsenic using zebra fish by micronucleus method. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2019, 10(1), 6064-7.

Arsenic is a potent toxic chemical that causes ground water contaminant. Nowadays different health hazards causes due to Arsenic toxicity when common people exposed to contaminated water. To reduce harmful toxic effect of Arsenic it is a big challenge for researcher to find out the easy and cheaper way. The study aims to explore the potential of using Spirulina which can ameliorate the toxic effect of Arsenic by its antagonistic properties in zebra fish. We use zebra fish as a model organism which uses as indicator for aquatic pollution study. This experiment 10 ml stock solution sodium arsenite (30 mg dissolved in 100 ml) is used. The present study shows that Spirulina a known antioxidant food, already used by human being is able to decrease is able to decrease moderately the incidence of micronucleus formation.

2 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

000582   ALI N G M, ABOYADAK I M, EL-SAYED H S (National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Egypt, Email: nadiagabrali@gmail.com) : Chemotherapeutic control of Gram-positive infection in white sea bream (Diplodus sargus, Linnaeus 1758) broodstock. Vet World 2019, 12(2), 316-24.

This study aimed to identify the pathogenic bacteria responsible for the septicemic disease affecting white sea bream brooders and determining the sensitivity of the recovered isolates to different antibiotics followed by estimation of longacting oxytetracycline (OTC) efficacy in controlling this disease, and finally, determining the proper dose regimen. Biolog microbial identification system was used for determination of the pathogens which are responsible for this disease. Agar disk diffusion test and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of recovered isolates. Oxytetracycline (OTC) was used at a dose level of 100 mg/kg body weight for the treatment of diseased fish, and the OTC concentration in the serum samples was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Fifteen Staphylococcus epidermidis and 11 Bacillus cereus isolates were recovered from the lesion of muscle, tail, eye, and heart blood. S. epidermidis isolates were sensitive to OTC, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, spiramycin, erythromycin (E), and florfenicol. B. cereus isolates were sensitive to all mentioned antibiotics except E. Based on the MIC test, all B. cereus isolates were sensitive to OTC with MIC ranging between <0.125 and 4 µg/ml and 11 S. epidermidis isolates were sensitive with MIC ranging between <0.125 and 8 µg/ml, while four isolates were resistant. Different degrees of degenerative changes were present in the hepatopancreas, posterior kidney, eye, and skin tissues of diseased fish. Single intraperitoneal injection of long-acting OTC at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight was effective in termination of S. epidermidis and B. cereus infection in white sea bream (D. sargus) broodstock.

2 illus, 4 tables, 49 ref

000602   PRAHARDANI R, FIRDAUSY L W, YANUARTONO, NURCAHYO W (Parasitology Dep, Gadjah Mada Univ, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia, Email: wisnu-nc@ugm.ac.id) : Morphology and morphometry of adult nematodes on Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) in Way Kambas National Park area, Indonesia. Vet World 2019, 12(2), 249-53.

Worms from nematodes are the most numerous and the most detrimental in elephants. Most adult worms are located in the digestive tract. Nematode infection is at higher risk in young elephants, which caused several cases such as anemia, hypoalbuminemia, enteritis, and even death. This study aimed to determine the morphology and morphometry of adult nematodes on Sumatran elephants in Way Kambas National Park area. Nematode samples were obtained from Sumatran elephants’ feces (Elephas maximus sumatranus) in Way Kambas National Park, Lampung Province, after being given Kalbazen® containing albendazole 1000 mg at a dose of 10 mg/kg by the veterinarian in charge of the National Park area. For the morphological and morphometric examinations, we used an Olympus BX 51 microscope equipped with Olympus DP 12 camera and were conducted at the Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis was carried out at the Biology Research Center of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia). The results of macroscopic observations of the obtained nematodes showed that the nematodes which were found have the characteristics of round, slim, and white color. The size of a female worm was larger than a male worm. Microscopic examination in four anterior papillae indicated that the dorsal lobe in the copulatory bursa was longer than lateral lobe. The result of inspection with the SEM showed a leaf crown consisting of 10 elements, a pair of amphids laterally, and two pairs of papilla in a submedian region. Based on our morphology and morphometry examinations of adult nematodes in Sumatran elephant (E. maximus sumatranus) in Way Kambas National Park area, the adult nematodes which were found are species of Quilonia travancra.

7 illus, 12 ref

026658   RANA S S, BHARDWAJ S K, SAXENA A K (Zoology Dep, Govt. Raza P.G. Coll Rampur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: akscsir@rediffmail.com) : In vitro biology of pigeon louse Colpocephalum turbinatum (Amblycera: Phthiraptera). J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 770 - 2.

In vitro rearing of amblyceran Phthiraptera is a challenging task. A look on the literature reveals that negligible information exists on the in vitro bionomics of avian Amblycera. Present report furnishes information on the in vitro biology of an amblyceran louse, Colpocephalum turbinatum, reared at 35 ± 1 ^oC, 75-82 % Relative Humidity, at feather diet. The incubation period of the eggs of louse was determined as 5.37 ± 0.67 days. The duration of first, second and third nymphal instars remained 5.04 ± 0.65, 5.12 ± 0.89 and 5.0 ± 0.57 days, respectively. The longevity of adult female (13.04 ± 3.67 days) was comparatively longer than that of males (9.6 ± 2.87 days). An adult female laid an average of 0.63 egg/day in vitro condition (35 ± 1 ^oC and 75-82 % RH, at feather diet).

1 illus, 18 ref

026657   ZADE S B, AGASE D M, NAGWNSHI A M, NENWANI H N, QURESHI S N, JAGYASI H (D. D. Bhoyar Arts and Science Coll Mouda, Nagpur, Email: sbt.durgesh@gmail.com) : Studies on the toxicity of 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran on the histopathology of gills of African catfish Clarias gariepinus. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 765 - 9.

In the present study, investigation were carried out on gills of African cat fish Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub lethal concentrations (80 mg/ml, 400 mg/ml and 800 mg/ml) of 2 -Methyltetrahydrofuran for 10 days. Lesions were observed in gills tissue of treated fish for long term exposure to Methyltetrahydrofuran (2MTHF). The occurrence and degree of alteration were positively related with the concentration of 2MTHF. Histological examination of the gills of fish treated with 80 mg/ml of 2MTHF for 10 days showed architectural loss, necrosis and desquamation of epithelial layer. Histological examination of the gills of fish treated with 400 mg/ml of 2MTHF for 10 days showed architectural loss, necrosis and mild vaccuolation. The gill filament exhibited telangiectesis, disorganisation of secondary gill lamellae and complete vaccuolation of gills treated with 800 mg/ml of 2MTHF for 10 days. The study indicated that 2MTHF had marked effects on the cytoarchitecture of the gills of C. gariepinus. The degree of vaccuolation and necrosis were positively related with the concentration of 2MTHF.

4 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

026656   SIVAPRASAD S, BHUVANESWARI E (Zoology Dep, Smt. N.P.S. Government Coll for Women, Chittoor - 517 001 (A.P.), Email: sivaprasadzoology@gmail.com) : Energetics of pupal-adult metamorphosis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori : An analysis of transdeamination parameters in the fat body and haemolymph. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 746 - 52.

Transdeamination seems to be an important alternative energy-intensive gluconeogenesis mechanism that generates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources during pupaladult metamorphosis in Bombyx mori. Studies on four transdeamination parameters, viz., free amino acids (FAA), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), alanine aminotransferase (AlAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in the fat body and haemolymph of silkworm have indicated that transdeamination shows stage-specific, region-specific and sex -specific variations during metamorphosis. Region-specific growth trends indicate that the transamination reaction, mediated by AAT and AlAT is faster in the abdominal fat body (AFB) and relatively slower in the thoracic fat body (TFB) with concomitant lower FAA levels in the former and higher levels in the latter. Stage-specific growth trends reflect that the energy mobilization through transdeamination assumes greater significance in the early pupal, late pupal and adult stages rather than the mid-pupal stage. Sex-wise trends in FAA levels indicate that the rate of amino acid utilization is significantly faster in females compared to that in males. Further, the growth trends in the levels of GDH vis-àvis aminotransferases signify that the energy demands of male sex expressions are met largely through enhanced levels of GDH and that the alpha ketoglutarate generated in transamination reaction is used as a substrate for sperm production, sperm motility and successful mating that stimulates fecundity and productivity of in the mulberry silkworm.The study clearly demonstrates that gluconeogenesis through transdeamination supplements the energy requirements of silkworm metamorphosis and that it is facilitated by disintegrating tissues predominantly from the pupal abdominal segments.

3 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

026655   ZADE S, NAGWANSHI A, SHINKHEDE M, AGASE D (RTM Nagpur Univ Nagpur, Maharashtra, Email: aashunagwanshi@gmail.com) : A study on the toxicity of 4-nonylphenol on the histopathology of testes of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 676 - 80.

In the present study, the effects of long term exposure (5 and 10 days) of 100 µg/lit 4-NP (nonyphenol) on the testis were investigated in African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Histological examination of the testis of fish treated with 100 µg/lit 4-NP for 5 days showed the disintegration of cysts, separation of cells within the cysts, hypertrophy of sertoli cells and vaccuolation in testis. Histological examination of the testis of fish exposed to 100 µg/lit for 10 days showed alteration in structure of the primary spermatocytes. The structure of the spermatocytes changed from spherical to sickle shaped. Hypertrophy of sertoli cell, severe destruction of germ cells (spermatogonia), and vacuole formation was also seen. The study indicated that 4-nonylphenol had marked effects on the histology of testis of C. gariepinus. The severity of effects of fish increased with the time of exposure and it was noticed that there were marked structural changes in the testis exposed to 4-Nonylphenol for long term exposure.

38 ref

026654   AHMAD S, SHUKLA S, MISHRA A, KASHERWANI D, SWAMI V P, SHUKLA S (Zoology Dep, B.S.N.V.P.G. Coll, Lucknow - 226 001, Email: meningitis111984@gmail.com) : Effect of cadmium chloride on general body colouration and chromatophores of stinging cat fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 655 - 60.

Chromatophores, specialized pigment cells in poikilothermic animals, have shown great potential in their use as a cell-based biosensor in the detection of a broad range of environmental toxicants, as structure and number of chromatophores alters significantly under toxicant exposure. Skin coloration of Heteropneustes fossilis is due to melanin containing melanophores. Cadmium, the black listed and non essential heavy metal, is widely used that adversely affects vital activities of aquatic biota. H. fossilis, freshwater Indian stinging catfish, were subjected to exposure of 96 hour LC₅₀ dose (392.92 mg/l) and 25 % of 96 hour LC₅₀ dose (98.23 mg/l) of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) to evaluate toxic impact of cadmium on colouration and chromatophores. A significant decrease was observed in number of chromatophores after acute (highly significant (F = 70.50; P < 0.001) and sub acute (significant (F = 0.29; P < 0.05) exposure along with heavy nacrotic, lytic and degenerative changes. Chromatophore gradually changed from reticulate to punctate-stellate and punctuate type as they lost their dendritic processes and aggregation of melanin towards centre. Most of the chromatophores lost their cellular entity due to degenerative changes and melanin was found dispersed in surrounding matrix. Peeling and fading of skin was the common feature in all exposure durations. Fish chromatophores may serve as better biomarkers in reference to metallic pollution and will also be helpful in accessing the health status of economically important fishes as well as worsening status of aquatic bodies.

2 tables, 46 ref

026653   CHEEMA N, BHATNAGAR A, YADAV A S (Zoology Dep, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra - 136 118, Email: anitabhatnagar@gmail.com) : Changes in behavioural and locomotory activities of freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala (hamilton) in response to sublethal exposure of chlorpyrifos. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 620 - 6.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the impact of sub-lethal toxicity of chlorpyrifos, one of the largest market selling agrochemical on physiological parameters of teleost fish, Cirrhinus mrigala addressing the possible causative involvement in behavioural and locomotion responses. Primarily, the acute toxicity (96h LC₅₀) test was carried out and the value calculated by probit analysis was found to be 0.44 mg L^-1 . Further, onefifth, one-tenth and one-twentieth of 96 h LC₅₀ were selected as sublethal concentrations for sub acute studies. The experiment was carried out for 21 days and the alternative behaviour was recorded in terms of Air Ingulping (AI), Operculum Beat Frequency (OBF), Surfacing Movement (SM), Vertical Hanging (VH) and Tail Beat Frequency (TBF) on duration day 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21. Significant effect of both the concentrations and duration was observed in fishes treated with selected doses of chlorpyrifos. It was found that AI, OBF, SM, VH, TBF was highest on day 7 at 0.08 mg L^-1 concentration of Chlorpyrifos. The findings revealed that there is a need to control the use of chlorpyrifos because of its toxicity. All the fish avoidance tests proved to be an important predictive and sensitive biomarker in aquatic monitoring and pollution management.

5 illus, 1 table, 38 ref

026652   DAGAR V S, KUMAR S (Zoology Dep, Acharya Narendra Dev Coll (Delhi Univ), New Delhi, Email: sarita.sanjay90@gmail.com) : Emamectin benzoate: Potential larvicide and antifeedant agent against cotton boll worm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 564 - 71.

Helicoverpa armigera, a global polyphagous pest, attacks a wide variety of crops causing huge agricultural loss. Overuse of conventional insecticides for Helicoverpa control has made Helicoverpa resistant to insecticides leading to more severe attacks on crops diverting interest of researchers to explore alternate control agents. Present study investigates the cidal and antifeedant potential of Emamectin benzoate; a semi-synthetic avermectin derived from the soil actinomycetes, Streptomyces avermitilis; against early IV instars of H. armigera. Larvae were fed on the castor leaf discs (3.5 cm diameter) dipped in different concentrations of Emamectin benzoate; ranging from 0.05 µg/mL-1.5 µg/mL. The leaf disc areas were measured pre-and post-larval feeding to estimate the antifeedant potential of compound. The effect of feeding was also assessed on the survival of larvae by scoring the larval mortality till 96 h. Our investigations showed significant larvicidal potential of Emamectin benzoate against H. armigera revealing respective LC₅₀ values of 0.26 µg/mL, 0.095 µg/mL, 0.043 µg/mL and 0.027 µg/mL after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h feeding. Furthermore, a remarkable decrease of 93.59 % was observed in larval feeding potential indicating significant antifeedant efficacy of Emamectin benzoate. A strong correlation between antifeedant index and the Emamectin benzoate concentration resulted in 1.48-fold index reduction with a decrease in concentration. Our results demonstrated efficacy of Emamectin benzoate as an effectual larvicidal and antifeedant agent against H. armigera. Employing selective insecticide can tackle issues of pest resistance and pest resurgence after ascertaining in the fields as Helicoverpa control agent and negating impact on non-target organisms.

2 illus, 3 tables, 56 ref

026651   NEERU, BHATNAGAR A, YADAV A S (Zoology Dep, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra - 136 119, Email: anitabhatnagar@gmail.com) : A study of constitutive heterochromatin and NOR banding in three species of Indian major carps from the state of Haryana, India. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 535 – 9.

Cytogenetic survey of fishes becomes increasingly important to establish chromosomal relation between the teleosts, to have a glimpse of the relation between chromosomal evolution and differentiation of vertebrate species. In the present study, Chromosome banding studies was done in three species of carps i.e. Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822), Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822). Diploid chromosome number 50 was observed in all 3 species of carps. The chromosomes of C. catla, L. rohita and C. mrigala showed constitutive heterochromatin at telomeric and centromeric regions of chromosomes. The Ag-NOR (Argyrophilic-Nucleolus Organizer Region) bands were observed on homologous chromosome pair number 11 in C. catla, 15th chromosome pair in L. rohita. In C. mrigala, the Ag- NOR staining elucidated the presence of darkly stained NORs on the terminal region of the long arms of one of the chromosome. Another homologue of this chromosome pair could not be localized due to scattering of chromosomes. The results depict that variation in ecological conditions with time due to human activities can not only affect the chromosomal number but also chromosomal morphology.

3 illus, 37 ref

026664   SHEIKH M A, TEMBHRE M (Zoology Dep, Govt. Degree Coll Ganderbal, Jammu & Kashmir - 191201, Email: muzafar7923@gmail.com) : Liver toxicity and its amelioration by natural antioxidants - A review. Asian J Exp Sci 2018, 32(1), 35-43.

Antioxidants are extensively present in natural sources from food and medicinal plants. Various natural antioxidants, especially polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamin E and carotenoids exhibit a wide range of biological effects including hepatoprotection, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-atherosclerosis and anticancer. The present paper provides information on the main resources and hepatoprotective efficacy of natural antioxidants against liver toxicity with special emphasis on liver biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes.

1 table, 57 ref

026663   GUPTA S, TRIPATHI M, MISHRA R P (Post Graduate Studies in Zoology Dep, Mata Gujri Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Jabalpur, Email: sguptakvs@yahoo.com) : Analysis of food preference of molly fish (Poecilia sphenops) with special reference towards mosquito larvae. Asian J Exp Sci 2018, 32(1), 23-8.

A study on food preference by the fish with special reference to mosquito larvae has been taken up with the aim of its application in aquarium conditions in controlling mosquito population. The brooders of Molly fishes were collected from aqua hut shop near Russel Chowk, Jabalpur. Physico chemical properties of water sample were analysed in laboratory conditions. The fish of different developmental stages (fry, fingerlings and adult) were kept in glass aquarium. Daily consumption of mosquito larvae and artificial food was recorded separately for 30 days. Final weight was recorded after the completion of the given period. Results indicate that consumption rate of fish was found higher towards mosquito larvae than artificial food. Blackmolly prefers mosquito larvae than artificial food in all stages. It is able to predate on mosquito larvae in its different life stages; hence this fish can be used effectively to control mosquito larvae of all the species.

7 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

026662   BHAT B A, JAN M, SAXENA G (Zoology Dep, Govt. Science and Commerce Coll, Bhopal- 462 008, Email: bilalahmad9999@gmail.com) : Azadirachtin based pesticide neem-on induced histopathological alterations in kidney of Labeo rohita. Asian J Exp Sci 2018, 32(1), 17-21.

The present study attempts to investigate the histopathological effects of Neem (Azadirachtin) on the histo-pathological alterations in kidney of Labeo rohita. The Labeo rohita was treated for acute and chronic exposures. The acute exposure was given for four days while the chronic exposure was given for 30 days. The two sub lethal concentrations of 2.844 ppm and 4.266 ppm (1/10 and 1/15 of LC₅₀ ) were selected. After the exposure of two sublethal doses for 4 days fishes showed cloudy swelling, dilation of lumen, tubular vacuolation, appearance of pyknotic nuclei, necrosis and shrinkage of lumen in the kidney. However, after 30 days of exposure to both the sublethal concentrations, the kidney showed clearly shrinkage and fragmentation in glomeruli situated inside Bowman's capsule. Significant damages were seen in the hematopoietic tissue.

9 illus, 30 ref

026661   KUMAR M, KUMAR P, KUMAR A (Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Conifer Campus, Shimla-09, Email: pawan_hfri@rediffmail.com) : Taxonomic study on geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) diversity in Chirpine forest of Himachal Pradesh. Asian J Adv Basic Sci 2018, 6(1), 49-53.

The present biodiversity study was conducted in Himachal Pradesh, India to find the status of geometrid moth diversity in Chirpine forest. During the study, about 212 specimens of moths were collected with the help of light trap from different selected sites of Chirpine forest. All the specimens were sorted into thirty six species of geometrid belonged to 27 genera and three subfamilies. The subfamily Ennominae was represented with maximum 67 % species followed by the subfamily Geometrinae (22 %) and the subfamily Sterrhinae (11 %). The population of the Geometrinae subfamily was moderate, which may be due to the lack of specific host availability and desired habitat preference. This is the first record of geometrid moth diversity study in the Chirpine forest of Himachal Pradesh.

1 illus, 2 tables, 47 ref

026660   REVATHY V, CHIDAMBARAN C (Zoology Dep, Calicut Univ, Malappuram, Kerala, Email: kcchitra@yahoo.com) : Effects of Diisononyl phthalate on the antioxidant status in gill, liver and muscle tissues of the fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. Asian J Adv Basic Sci 2018, 6(1), 37-48.

Phthalates, commonly used as plasticizers in PVC products, are frequently released into the aquatic ecosystem causing adverse toxic impacts on the inhabitants. The hypothesis of the present study was to investigate the toxic effects of one of the phthalates, diisononyl phthalate (DINP) on the antioxidant status in gill, liver and muscle tissues of the fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. DINP at 300ppm concentration was exposed to fish for short-term(24, 48, 72 and 96 h) and long-term (7, 14, 30 and 60 days) durations maintaining vehicle control (propylene glycolas solvent) and negative control (without solvent) groups. In gill tissue, the activities of antioxidant enzymes such assuperoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase showed significant (P<0.05) increase initially during short-term exposure followed by significant (P<0.05) reduction in all treatment groups of long-term exposure. The level of lipid peroxidation and the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatase increased significantly (P<0.05) after DINP exposure in all treatment groups. Liver tissue showed significant (P<0.05) reduction in the activities of all antioxidant enzymes except glutathione reductase in all treatment groups with concomitant increase in the level of lipid peroxidation and the activities of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase. Similarly,reduction in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and induction of lipid peroxidation along with significant (P<0.05) increase in the marker enzymes were observed in the muscle tissues. The study revealed that DINP induced toxicity by the alteration of antioxidant status in gill, liver and muscle tissue. The patterns of variations observed indifferent tissues are duration dependent and also indicate that all tissues are equally susceptible to oxidative stress by the exposure to the toxicant.

4 illus, 1 table, 41 ref

026659   DATTA R, KAUR A, SARAF I, SINGH I P, KAUR S (Zoology Dep, Guru Nanak Dev Univ, Amritsar, Punjab, Email: sanehsaini@gmail.com) : Effect of ethyl acetate extract and purified compounds of Alpinia galanga (L.) on immune response of a polyphagous lepidopteran pest, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). Asian J Adv Basic Sci 2018, 6(1), 16-21.

Plant derived products provide defense to plants against herbivore insects by acting as antifeedant, growth regulators, toxins and modulate the activity of various enzyme. Additionally botanicals can also effect the immune system of insects. The present work reveals the impact of secondary metabolites of Alpinia galanga, a medicinal plant on humoral immune response of Spodoptera litura (Fab.). Addition of ethyl acetate extract and purified compounds viz. galangin and 1’-acetoxychavicol acetate induced the activity of phenoloxidase. Fluctuation in lysozyme activity was observed due to ethyl acetate extract. Although higher concentration of galangin induced the lysozyme level, but 1’-acetoxychavicol acetate did not significantly influence in enzyme level. Understanding the effect of biopesticides in immune response would help to design effective strategies for the control of insect pests.

4 tables, 41 ref

028092   MUDULI S, NAYAK L (Marine Sciences Dep, Berhampur Univ, Berhampur, Odisha, Email: suravimuduli1992@gmail.com) : Effect of light on percentage hatching of Artemia cysts in a commercial hatchery from Gopalpur, Odisha, India. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2018, 8(3), 36-7.

The impact of light on hatching percentage of Artemia cysts are studied over a period of two years in a commercial hatchery. For this study light intensities are altered from 500 lux to 4000 lux. It is evident from the present results that the maximum % (91 %) of hatching was recorded at light intensity of 2000 lux, whereas minimum of 29 %, 22 % was observed at 500 lux and 4000 lux light intensities, respectively

2 tables, 7 ref

028098   SUWANTI L T, AUDINI I S, KOESDARTO S, POETRANTO E D (Veterinary Parasitology Dep, Airlangga Univ, Indonesia, Email: tswant@gmail.com) : Morphologic and morphometric characteristics of ascaroid worm, Ophidascaris piscatori in Xenochrophis piscator snake in Sidoarjo, Indonesia. Vet World 2018, 11(8), 1159-63.

The study was conducted to describe the morphology and morphometry of nematode worm in the stomach of Xenochrophis piscator snake macroscopically and microscopically using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The sample was 40 nematode worms that have been collected from 60 snakes which slaughtered at snake slaughterhouses in Sidoarjo, Indonesia. The worms (10 male and 10 female) were stained with carmine, and the others were sent to Indonesian Science Institute for ultrastructure observation by SEM. Some of the female worms were immersed in physiological NaCl and incubated to collect the worm eggs. Nematode worm in this study had three lips with almost the same size and it had papillae, so it was included in ascaridoid. The mouth of ascaridoids has three lips, the dorsal bearing two large outer papillae and the each lateroventral with one papilla. The body length and width of the male worm were 70-105 mm and 0.92-1.32, respectively, with head diameter of 0.22-0.28 mm. Dorsal and ventrolateral lips almost have the same size that was 0.10-0.12×0.11-0.13 mm. The length of interlabia was 0.06-0.08 mm, esophagus was 3.21-4 mm, tail was 0.17-0.23 mm, and spicule was 2.12-3.36 mm. The body length and width of the female worm were 85-130 mm and 1.28-1.71 mm, respectively. The head diameter was 0.29-0.38 mm. Dorsal and ventrolateral lips almost have the same size that was 0.13-0.16×0.15-0.19 mm. The interlabial length was 0.08-0.10 mm, esophagus was 3.04-4.67 mm, and tail was 0.22-0.31 mm. The distance of the vulva from the anterior edge was 56-88 mm with an average of 67.35 mm. The eggs have conspicuously pitted with length 0.08-0.09 mm and width 0.07-0.08 mm.  Based on the characteristics of morphology and morphometry, the ascaroid worms found on X. piscator snake from Sidoarjo, Indonesia, were O. piscatori.

4 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

028084   DING B A, MA S Q, LI Z R, LI X L, MADIGOSKY S R (Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Coll, Qinghai Univ, Xining- 810 016, China, Email: lizongrenqd@126.com) : Seasonal changes of rumen and intestine morphology of the Qinghai yak (Bos grunniens). Vet World 2018, 11(8), 1135-8.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of seasonal changes in grass quality on the ruminal and intestinal morphology of male Qinghai yaks. A total of four male yaks with the same age of 4 years old from each season (summer and winter) were randomly selected and slaughtered to determine the effect of different season on intestinal morphology of yak in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The histological analysis shows that male yak has the longer and wider papillae in rumen in green season. The height of villi in duodenum and jejunum was significantly higher in green season, and the width of villi on duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and rectum was significantly wider in green season. Surface area of villi and crypt depth in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum was significantly larger and deeper in green season. Submucosa thickness of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and rectum was significantly thicker in green season. The muscular thickness of jejunum, cecum, and rectum was significantly thicker in green season.  According to this research, we found that the seasonal changes of ruminal and intestinal morphology of yak showed different length and width papillae, villi, crypt, and submucosa. This fact was confirmed the functional advantages resulting from the ability to successfully adapt to a dry climate and diets, flat, open, and cold grassland may allow yak to overcome both water shortage and energy deficiency in winter.

4 tables, 15 ref

028090   KUMAR H, PANIGRAHI M, CHHOTARAY S, BHANUPRAKASH V, SHANDILYA R, SONWANE A, BHUSHAN B (Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly- 243 122, Email: manjit707@gmail.com) : Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum): From population genetics to functional genomics. Vet World 2018, 11(8), 1043-6.

Tribolium castaneum is a small and low maintenance beetle that has emerged as a most suitable insect model for studying developmental biology and functional genetic analysis. Diverse population genetic studies have been conducted using Tribolium as the principal model to establish basic facts and principles of inbreeding experiments and response to the selection and other quantitative genetics fundamentals. The advanced molecular genetic studies presently focused on the use of Tribolium as a typical invertebrate model for higher diploid eukaryotes. After a whole genome sequencing of Tribolium, many areas of functional genomics were unraveled, which enabled the use of it in many technical approaches of genomics. The present text reviews the use of Tribolium in techniques such as RNAi, transgenic studies, immune priming, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, gene sequencing for characterization of microRNAs, and gene editing using engineered endonuclease. In contrast to Drosophila, the T. castaneum holds a robust systemic RNAi response, which makes it an excellent model for comparative functional genetic studies.

1 table, 26 ref

028091   LEVCHENKO M A, SILIVANOVA E A, BIKINYAEVA R K, BALABANOVA G F (Federal Research Center, Tyumen, Russian Federation, Email: 11eas@vniivea.ru) : Efficacy of acetamiprid and fipronil fly baits against the housefly (Musca domestica L.) under laboratory conditions. Vet World 2018, 11(7), 953-8.

The housefly Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) is permanent pests in livestock facilities. High fly density in livestock and poultry farms can increase the risks of economic loss and public health. Treatment with toxic baits is one of the methods for housefly control. However, development of resistance to insecticides makes it difficult to manage of flies. Anti-resistance strategies include the use of multiple pesticides with different modes of action. This study was conducted to estimate the efficacy of neonicotinoid acetamiprid and phenylpyrazole fipronil, applied alone or in the mixture, against adults of M. domestica and to evaluate the efficacy of fly bait formulations containing acetamiprid and fipronil under laboratory conditions. The adult flies, M. domestica of laboratory strain, were used in laboratory bioassays. The efficacy of acetamiprid and fipronil as technical substances, when applied alone and in the mixture, against adult flies was tested by no-choice feeding bioassays. The insecticidal efficacy of bait formulations (wet powder) with acetamiprid or fipronil or their mixture was tested against flies by choice feeding bioassays. The probit analysis was used to calculate lethal concentrations of insecticides, and the χ2 test was used to analyze the interaction between fipronil and acetamiprid in the mixture. Fipronil was more toxic to adults of M. domestica than acetamiprid in laboratory tests. Lethal concentrations for 50 % mortality (95 % confidence interval) of flies were 0.0159 % (0.0124-0.0205) of acetamiprid and 0.000119 % (0.000039- 0.0002640) of fipronil. The mixture containing fipronil at concentration 0.005 % and acetamiprid at concentration 0.05 % had the additive effect on fly mortality. The results of laboratory feeding bioassays indicate that the mixture of fipronil and acetamiprid might have a potential to use in toxic bait formulations against houseflies.

3 tables, 34 ref

029131   KUMAR V, KASHYAP M, GAUTAM S, SHUKLA P, JOSHI K B, VINAYAK V (Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central Univ, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh - 470 003, Email: kapilvinayak@gmail.com) : Fast Fourier infrared spectroscopy to characterize the biochemical composition in diatoms. J Biosci 2018, 43(4), 717–29.

Diatoms are photosynthetic unicellular microalgae and are nature’s hidden source of several biosynthetic metabolites with their use in biofuel, food and drug industries. They mainly contain various lipids, sterols, isoprenoids and toxins with their use in apoptotic, fertility controlling and cancer drugs. Chemical studies on diatoms are limited due to various limitations such as variation of nutrients, contaminants and change in seasonal factors in the environment. To overcome these limitations, we obtained axenic cultures of 12 fresh-water diatom strains on the 22nd day of inoculation having a dry weight of 1 mg each and performed their Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study for the detection of functional groups responsible for their chemical moiety. The spectral mapping showed a varied level of polyunsaturated fatty acids, amides, amines, ketone bodies and esters for their applications in various pharmacological, food and biofuel industries in the exponential phase of their growth in f/2 media. The FTIR study of the 12 diatom strains showed various similarities in the form of some common peak patterns ranging from 3000 to 3600 cm^-1 for ν_O–H absorption. The symmetric stretching vibration frequency of Diadesmis confervaceae (V2) type species showed different behaviour than others in the spectral region starting from 1600 to 1700 cm^-1 . The absorption between 1500 and 1575 cm^-1 reflects the presence of the –N–H group. Infrared (IR) absorptions falling between 1600 and 1700 cm^-1 reflect the presence of amide’s ν_C=O in all species. Placoneis elginensis (V8) type species showed an additional absorption band which is centred around 1735–1750 cm^-1 which perhaps reflects the presence of ester’s ν_C=O. Diadesmis confervaceae (V2), Nitzschia palea (V4), Placoneis elginensis (V8), Nitzschia palea var. debilis (V6), Nitzschia inconspicua (V10), Gomphonema parvulum (V11) and Sellaphora (V12) showed distinct structural features with important key functionalities that can make them essential drug markers in the pharmaceutical industry.

13 illus, 2 tables, 49 ref

029126   GHOSH S, MISHRA M (Life Science Dep, NIT Rourkela, Odisha - 769 008, Email: mishramo@nitrkl.ac.in) : Fine nanostructural variation in the wing pattern of a moth Chiasmia eleonora Cramer (1780). J Biosci 2018, 43(4), 673–84.

Butterflies and moths possess diverse patterns on their wings. Butterflies employ miscellaneous colour in the wings whereas moths use a combination of dull colours like white, grey, brown and black for the patterning of their wings. The exception is some of the toxic diurnal moths which possess bright wing colouration. Moths possess an obscure pattern in the dorsal part of the wings which may be a line, zigzag or swirl. Such patterns help in camouflage during resting period. Thus, the dorsal wing pattern of the moth is used for both intra- as well as inter-specific signal communication. Chiasmia eleonora is a nocturnal moth of greyish black colouration. The dorsal hindwing possesses yellow and black colour patches. A whitecoloured oblique line crosses both left and right fore- and hindwings to form a V-shaped pattern across the dorsal wing. This V-shaped pattern possesses a UV signal. Closer to the body, the colour appears darker, which fades towards the margin. The fine nanostructural variation is observed throughout the wings. This study elucidates the wing pattern of the geometrid moth C. eleonora using high-resolution microscopy techniques that has not been described in previous studies.

8 illus, 43 ref

029144   VARMA P, MISHRA R K (CSIR – Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad - 500 007, Email: mishra@ccmb.res.in) : Little imaginal discs, a trithorax group member, is a constituent of nuclear matrix of Drosophila melanogaster embryos. J Biosci 2018, 43(4), 621–33.

Nuclear Matrix (NuMat) is the structural and functional framework of the nucleus. It has been shown that attachment of chromatin to NuMat brings significant regulation of the transcriptional activity of particular genes; however, key components of NuMat involved in this process remain elusive. We have identified Lid (Little imaginal discs) as one of the components of NuMat. It belongs to the TrxG group of proteins involved in activation of important developmental genes. However, unlike other activator proteins of TrxG, Lid is a Jumonji protein involved in H3K4me3 demethylation. Here, we report the association of Lid and its various domains with NuMat which implicates its structural role in chromatin organization and epigenetic basis of cellular memory. We have found that both N and C terminal regions of this protein are capable of associating with NuMat. We have further mapped the association of individual domains and found that, PHD, ARID and JmjC domains can associate with NuMat individually. Moreover, deletion of N-terminal PHD finger does not alter Lid’s NuMat association implying that although it is sufficient, yet, it is not necessary for Lid’s structural role in NuMat. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that C terminal region of Lid which contains PHD fingers might be responsible for its NuMat association via protein–DNA interactions. However, for the N terminal region harboring both a PHD and an ARID finger, Lid anchors to the NuMat via both protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. The association of JmjC domain with NuMat is the first report of the association of a demethylase domain with NuMat suggesting that Lid, a demethylase, being part of NuMat might be involved in regulating the chromatin dynamics via its NuMat association.

8 illus, 30 ref

029138   PHATAK M, SONAWANE M (Biological Sciences Dep, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai - 400 005, Email: mahendras@tifr.res.in) : Functional characterisation of romeharsha and clint1 reaffirms the link between plasma membrane homeostasis, cell size maintenance and tissue homeostasis in developing Zebrafish epidermis. J Biosci 2018, 43(4), 605–19.

In vertebrates, early developing epidermis is a bilayered epithelium consisting of an outer periderm and the underlying basal epidermis. It eventually develops into a multi-layered epithelium. The mechanisms that control the architecture and homeostasis of early developing bilayered epidermis have remained poorly understood. Recently, we have shown that the function of Myosin Vb, an actin based molecular motor, is essential in peridermal cells for maintenance of plasma membrane homeostasis. Furthermore, our analyses of the goosepimples/myosin Vb mutant unravelled a direct link between plasma membrane homeostasis, cell size maintenance and tissue homeostasis in the developing epidermis. However, it remained unclear whether this link is specific to myosin Vb mutant or this is a general principle. Here we have identified two more genetic conditions, romeharsha mutant and clint1 knockdown, in which membrane homeostasis is perturbed, as evident by increased endocytosis and accumulation of lysosomes. As a consequence, peridermal cells exhibit smaller size and increased proliferation. We further show that decreasing endocytosis in romeharsha mutant and clint1 morphants rescues or mitigates the effect on cell size, cell proliferation and morphological phenotype. Our data confirms generality of the principle by reaffirming the causal link between plasma membrane homeostasis, cell size maintenance and tissue homeostasis.

7 illus, 41 ref

029145   VOLPE M G, COSTANTINI S, COCCIA E, PARRILLO L, PAOLUCCI M (Science and Technologies Dep, Sannio Univ, Via Port’Arsa, 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy, Email: paolucci@unisannio.it) : Evaluation of metabolic changes induced by polyphenols in the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus by metabolomics using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. J Biosci 2018, 43(4), 585–96.

In the present study, the effects of polyphenols on the chemical composition of the hepatopancreas of the Astacus leptodactylus, a highly sought farmed crayfish, have been investigated by attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The hepatopancreas spectrum was quite complex and contained several peaks arising from the contribution of different functional groups belonging to protein, lipids and carbohydrates. The PCA statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences between crayfish fed a diet without polyphenols and crayfish fed a diet containing polyphenols. Such differences indicated an increase in lipids and proteins in the hepatopancreas of polyphenol-fed crayfish. In conclusion, the analysis of the infrared spectral profile of the hepatopancreas of Astacus leptodactylus, allowed us to elucidate the changes in different biomolecules in response to polyphenol treatment, and confirms the suitability of ATR-FTIR spectral data to analyze diet-induced metabolic effects. These considerations, coupled with the small amount of sample and no preparation needed, make ATR-FTIR a useful tool for routine analyses where the metabolic impact of substances is investigated, especially with a large number of samples.

3 illus, 3 tables, 50 ref

029121   AHANGER S A, PARVEEM R, NAZKI S, DAR Z, DAR T, DAR K H, DAR A, RAI N, DAR P (Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology Div, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar - 190 006, Email: Pervaiz.Dar@Utoledo.edu) : Detection and phylogenetic analysis of Orf virus in Kashmir Himalayas. Virusdisease 2018, 29(3), 405–10.

Orf virus (ORFV) is a zoonotic pathogen that primarily infects sheep and goats, and is responsible for significant economic losses. ORFV is endemic in all the major sheep and goat rearing areas of the world including Indian subcontinent. However, the nature of ORFV circulating among sheep and goat in Kashmir Himalayas has not yet been characterized. In the present study, we describe natural outbreaks of ORFV in sheep and goats of Kashmir Himalayas. We detected the presence of ORFV in the scab lesion by PCR amplification of the major envelope protein (B2L) gene. We sequenced the virus interferon resistance (VIR) gene and determined their phylogenetic relationship with that of the published reference sequences. Phylogenetic analysis based on VIR gene revealed that the ORFV isolates from Kashmir Himalayas separated into main two clusters. The sheep isolates showed genetic homology with the sheep strains reported from Greece and Italy, whereas the goat-specific strain show homology with the goat strains reported from China. This study demonstrates the presence of ORFV infection in sheep and goats, and report first phylogenetic analysis of the ORFV strains prevalent in the Kashmir Himalayas.

1 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

029133   MECH P, BORA D P, NEHER S, BARMAN N N, BORAH P, TAMULY S, DUTTA L J, DAS S K (Microbiology Dep, Veterinary Science Coll, Guwahati, Assam - 781 022, Email: drdpbora@gmail.com) : Identification of swinepox virus from natural outbreaks in pig population of Assam. Virusdisease 2018, 29(3), 395–9.

Outbreaks of swinepox [caused by a swinepox virus (SWPV)] in pigs were investigated in 3 districts of Assam, a north eastern state of India. Diagnosis of the disease was carried out employing both standard virological as well as molecular methods. Three representative isolates from different places were selected for inoculation into confluent monolayers of Porcine Kidney-15 (PK-15) cell line. The cytopathic effects were characterized by cell rounding, nuclear vacuolation, cell fusion, granulation of cells and finally detachment from third blind passage onwards. The three genes viz., SPV18–20 and P42 of SWPV was targeted for confirmation of the virus. Swinepox virus was successfully adapted to the PK-15 cell line from seventh passage onwards. The isolated viruses were characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of P42 gene (extracellular envelope protein), a homologue of vaccinia virus F13L gene. In India, studies on swine pox are very limited. This is the first report on successful isolation of swinepox virus from north eastern region of India. Assam and the other north-eastern states of India being a hub for pig husbandry, isolation of swinepox virus will help in developing and formulating control strategies against the disease.

2 illus, 21 ref

029150   ZUBAIR M S, LALLO S, PUTRA M Y, HADI T A, JANTAN I (Tadulako Univ, Central Sulawesi- 94119, Indonesia, Email: sulaiman_zubair80@yahoo.co.id) : Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of sponges collected off the coast of Togean islands, Indonesia. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 988-92.

Marine sponges (Porifera: Demospongia) have astonishing structural diversity and broad biological activities. Aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of five sponges collected off the coast of Togean Islands, Indonesia, identified as Spheciospongia inconstan, Melophlus sarasironum, Oceanapia amboinensis, Biemna sp and Axinella sp. All dried sponges materials were extracted by maceration method using methanol and then evaporated by the rotary evaporator to obtain viscous extracts. The determination of antibacterial activity was performed by well agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli while the cytotoxic activity was determined by MTT methods on human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and human colon colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116), followed by determination of the apoptosis mechanism by Annexin V-FTIC assay. M. sarasinorum and Axinella sp showed strong inhibition against S.aureus and E.coli with the diameter of inhibition of 14.21 ± 0.92 mm and 14.36 ± 0.92 mm, and 10.01 ± 2.65 mm and 12.07 ± 1.54 mm, respectively. Moreover, they also exhibited potent cytotoxicity on HCT-116 with IC₅₀ values of 0.002 and 8.518 μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, on MCF-7, only M. sarasinorum showed moderate inhibition with an IC₅₀ value of 87.35 μg/mL. Annexin V-FTIC assay clearly showed that the cytotoxic mechanism of M. sarasinorum and Axinella sp on HCT-116 and MCF-7 was via apoptosis induction. The sponges of M. Sarasinorum and Axinella sp are undergoing further analysis to identify the active constituents which could be developed as potential antibacterial and anticancer agents.

4 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

029120   ACHMAD M J, ISNANSETYO A, KASANAH N, USTADI (Khairun Ternate Jl.Pertamina Kampus 2 Univ, Kel. Gambesi Ternate Selatan. 97719, INDONESIA, Email: mjachmad18@gmail.com) : Macrophage immunomodulatory activity of unsaturated fatty acid isolated from the crown-of-thorns star fish (Acanthaster planci). Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 951-7.

Immunomodulator are chemical compounds that can improve the body’s defense mechanisms both specific and non-specific, and non-specific induction of both cellular and humoral defense mechanisms. The objectives of this study were to investigate immunomodulator activity and to identify the chemical constituents of active fractions from star fish Acanthaster planci, based on bioassay guided isolation.  A. planci was collected from Ternate Island, North Moluccas, extracted with distilled methanol, partitioned with gradient chloroform-hexane-water and fractionated in column chromatography using silica gel and gradient hexane-ethyl acetate. Profiling chemical constituent was done by thin layer chromatograpahy and GC-MS. The immunomodulator activity was measured based on percentage of phagocytic capacity (PC) and phagocytic index (PI). The result showed that 3 partition fractions exhibited immunomodulator activity. Data analysis exhibited that the best fraction was hexane fraction, and the best dosesmost effective doses of PC and PI were at 0.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) and 0.7 mg/kg BW, respectively. Data analysis of the 3 hexane fractions exhibited that the best fraction was fraction 3 and the best doses of PC was at 0.5 mg/kg BW and that of PI was at 0.7 mg/kg BW. Metabolites analysis using GC-MS yielded a number of chemical constituents of fraction 2 dan fraction 3 that dominated by unsaturated fatty acid. The study concluded that star fish A. planci from Ternate Island has a potential source of immunomodulator.

13 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

029146   WARDANI G, MAHMIAH, SUDJARWO S A (Pharmacology Dep, Airlangga Univ, Surabaya, INDONESIA, Email: ags158@yahoo.com) : Immunostimulatory activity of chitosan nanoparticles on wistar albino rats. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 892-98.

The active components of natural products provide a potential alternative to conventional immunotherapy for a variety of diseases conditions and become subject to scientific investigations currently worldwide. The purpose of this research was to investigate the immunostimulatory activity of the chitosan nanoparticle on Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: The present investigation was carried out on various groups of healthy adult rats. The assessment of immunomodulatory potential was carried out by neutrophil adhesion test, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, haemagglutinating antibody (HA) titre, cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression and phagocytic activity were determined in various groups of animals. The administration of chitosan nanoparticle at doses 300 mg/kg BW and 600 mg/kg BW but not at doses 150 mg/kg BW significantly increased in neutrophil adhesion fibers, haemagglutinating antibody titre values and potentiated the inhibited type hypersensitivity reaction induced by sheep red blood cells. Also, it had good response towards phagocytosis in carbon clearance assay and prevented myelosuppression of cyclophosphamide on rats. From these findings, it can be concluded that chitosan nanoparticle responsible for immunostimulatory activity and has therapeutic potential for the prevention of immune depressed conditions.

5 tables, 28 ref

029143   SIVARANJANI S, ARULVASU C (Zoology Dep, Madras Univ, Chennai - 600 025, Email: carulvasu@gmail.com) : Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using swertipunicoside and its activity on human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(10), 4393-401.

In the current study, synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using swertipunicoside was tested against human breast cancer cell line (MCF7). The swertipunicoside was tested against the normal cell line such as vero cells to find out the toxicity of the compound. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, x - ray powder diffraction (XRD), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field-emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESESM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX). The synthesized silver nanoparticles was checked with the colour variation and it was confirmed by UV-vis spectral analysis. The morphology of the synthesized nanoparticles were analysed using FESEM along with EDAX. The XRD was done to find out the crystalline structure of the compound. FTIR measurements are carried out to identify the possible biomolecules responsible for capping and efficient stabilization of the silver NPs synthesized using swertipunicoside. The synthesized AgNPs and swertipunicoside was tested against the MCF-7 cell line to find out the cell viability. Our results showed that the compound and synthesized silver nanoparticles inhibited the proliferation of human breast cancer cell line with an IC₅₀ value of 60 mg/ml and IC₅₀ of 40 µg/ml at 24 h incubation. From this study, concluded that swertipunicoside and synthesized AgNPs have potential anticancer activity.

7 illus, 38 ref

029148   ZODAPE G P, BHISE P P (Zoology Dep, S. S. and L. S. Patkar Coll of Arts and Science, Mumbai - 400 062, Email: gautamvz5@yahoo.com) : Effect of aloe vera extract and isoniazid - rifampicin drug on liver histological studies of male wistar rats. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(10), 4318-25.

The study carried out to find the effect of Aloe vera extract on the toxicity induced by INH - RIF in male Wistar albino rats. We have perform the experiments on rats for 30 days and found the effect on histological alternations of liver by two different method. Firstly, by Compound microscopy and the same tissues were further process through SEM microscopy. We have found the effect of Aloe vera extract and isoniazid and rifampicin on histological architecture of liver. We found that there is partial restoration of hepatic function as evident from normalization of serum markers of liver function, and we were able to show hepatoprotection against INH+RIF induced hepatotoxicity, as evidenced by the partial reversal of increased serum transaminases showed trend towards returning to normal (but partially) by supplementation of Aloe vera indicating partial hepatoprotective effect. Co-administration of Aloe vera extract along with anti-tuberculosis drugs showed hepatoprotection in some extent against INH-RIF drugs.

8 illus, 41 ref

029149   ZOTHANSIAMA, LALMUANSANGI C, ZOSANGZUALI M , TOCHHAWNG L, JAGETIA G C (Zoology Dep, Mizoram Univ, Aizawl - 796 004, Email: zothans@gmail.com) : Assessment of free radical scavenging activity and antioxidant mediated hepatoprotective effects of Mallotus roxburghianus muell. In doxorubicin induced oxidative stress in swiss albino mice. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(10), 4138-50.

The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents and therapeutic potential of various solvent extracts of Mallotus roxburghianus both in-vitro and in-vivo. Free radicals scavenging activities of various extracts were determined in a cell free system and the hepatoprotective effects was investigated in doxorubicin induced oxidative stress in Swiss Albino mice by estimating various antioxidant activities using standard methodology. Different extracts of M. roxburghianus inhibited the generation of ABTS (2, 2’- azino-bis-(3- ethylbenzothiazoline- 6- sulfonic acid), DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and superoxide anions in a concentration dependent manner and the aqueous extract showed the highest scavenging activities with IC50 of 87.38 ± 0.69 μg/ml, 3.24 ± 0.21 μg/ml and 92.65 ± 1.18 μg/ml for ABTS, DPPH and superoxide radicals, respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed that aqueous extract possessed the highest phenolic (347.6 ± 2.9 mg GAE/g dry extract) and flavonoid (68.80 ± 0.11 mg quercetin/g dry extract) contents. The free radicals scavenging activity was significantly correlated with phenolic (r² = 1.00; p<0.001) and flavonoid (r² = 1.00; p<0.001) contents for various extracts. Aqueous extract was found to exhibit the highest reducing power and its anti-hemolytic activity was also observed to be the most potent among various extracts. Treatment of mice with aqueous extract of M. roxburghianus prior to doxorubicin administration significantly elevated the liver glutathione contents, and activities of glutathione-s-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase followed by a decline in the doxorubicin-induced lipid peroxidation. Our study indicates that M. roxburghianus extracts scavenge different free radicals and the most potent aqueous extract possesses antihemolytic and hepatoprotective activities.

9 illus, 1 table, 53 ref

030540   PEREIRA V A, FORTE J M, ARRUDA-JÚNIOR J P V, DINIZ F M, MAGGIONI R, SALMITOVANDERLEY C S B (Estadual do Ceará Univ, Fortaleza, CE 60714-903, Brazil, Email: vanessabio35@gmail.com) : Identification and characterization of microsatellite loci in West Atlantic sea cucumber Holothuria grisea (Selenka 1867). J Genet 2018, 97(5), 1363–9.

The sea cucumber Holothuria grisea has become the subject of intense and unregulated fishing in northeastern Brazil due to their growing demand in Asian market. However, there is little knowledge about the dynamics and genetics of H. grisea wild populations on the South American coast. In this study, we present the first set of H. grisea microsatellite markers, identified and characterized using Illumina paired-end reads of whole genome shotgun sequencing. From 50 strictly selected candidates, eight novel microsatellite markers were successfully developed. We then genotyped 30 individuals to evaluate the degree of polymorphism and validate the markers. The number of alleles ranged from three to 14, while observed and expected heterozygotes ranged from 0.156 to 0.906 and from 0.283 to 0.774, respectively. After correcting for multiple tests, we found no evidence of linkage disequilibrium in all pairwise combinations between the loci. One locus (Hgr15607) revealed deviation from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, as well as the presence of null alleles. However, we observed significant differences in frequency distribution between males and females at locus Hgr15607. We believe that the markers described here will be useful for conservation efforts and management of H. grisea fisheries and for prospective aquaculture of these organisms.

1 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref