005444   KOUDAMILORO A, TOGOLA A, DJIHINTO A C, DOUROKPINDOU O K, AKOGBETO M (Zoology Dep, Abomey-Calav Univ, Abomey-Calavi, Benin, Email: koudaugus@yahoo.fr) : Survey of potential insect vectors of rice yellow mottle virus in the southern and central rice basin of Benin. J Appl Biosci 2019, 133, 13504-15.

Insects are considered as the main vectors of Rice Yellow Mottle Virus (RYMV) in Africa. However, in Benin, little is known about the abundance and diversity of potential insect vectors of RYMV in rice fields to prevent and manage disease impact on rice production. The inventory of the potential insect vectors of this disease was carried out in the rice basin of the Southern and Central of Benin where three sites namely AfricaRice station, Koussin and Ouedeme, were prospected. The sweep net technique, visual observation and yellow plates trap were used to conduct the surveys. Eighty insect species belonging to 28 families and 8 orders were recorded at rice tillering, booting, heading and maturation stages. Variation of insect diversity was low among the sites. The shorthorned grasshopper Oxya hyla (Serville), the ladybird beetle Chnootriba similis (Mulsant), the rice white leafhopper Cofana spectra (Distant) and the stalk-eyed fly Diopsis thoracica (Westwood) were the most important species considering their relative abundance (10.62 %, 5.19 %, 7.99 % and 7.01 %, respectively) and frequency of occurrence (90 %, 80 %, 73.33 % and 80 %, respectively). These insects were mostly present at tillering and booting stages. : Seventy-five (75 %) of the recorded species were not identified as RYMV vectors before. Special attention must be paid to the distribution and importance of these insects in the fields. Studies on their ability to transmit RYMV according ecological conditions should be done to know high-risk production areas and to prevent large epidemics of RYMV.

6 illus, 3 tables, 46 ref

005441   KANNADASAN N, DHARSHINI, EABINEZER S, NATARAJAN N, KRISHNAMOORTHY R, PRIYADARSHINI R S S (Zoology Dep, Karur Velalar Coll of Arts and Science for Women, Karur, Tamil Nadu, Email: drkannadasan87@gmail.com) : Potential of distillery effluents for safe water through vermifiltration. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(4), 768-7.

Vermifiltration of wastewater using waste eater earthworms is a newly conceived novel technology. The present study evaluated BOD, COD and TS showing significant variation in decrease by 95%, 90% and 80% respectively through vermifiltration of distillery effluents. The nutrient contents (TN, TP, TK, TCa and TMg) in the vermicasts had increase (1.82 % in TN, 0.24% in TP, 2.15% in TK, 2.07% in TCa and 2.86 % in TMg) in the range of fold than the control level. The morphology of the control and experimental vermicast samples were analyzed with SEM and the image showed significant variation. The FT-IR spectrum analysis showed reduction of aliphatic/aromatic (C=C and OH) compounds in the vermicompost. Thus, the present study significantly highlights the vermi-filtration technology in treating distillery effluent. 

7 illus, 4 tables, 52 ref

005463   PUTRI E M, ZAIN M, WARLY L, HERMON H (Animal Nutrition Dep, Animal Science Andalas Univ, West Sumatera, Indonesia, Email: mardiati@ansci.unand.ac.id) : In vitro evaluation of ruminant feed from West Sumatera based on chemical composition and content of rumen degradable and rumen undegradable proteins. Vet World 2019, 12(9), 1478-83.

This research aimed to discover the chemical composition, as well as the content of the degradable and undegradable protein of the ruminant feed commonly used as cattle feed by Indonesian farmers. : In this study, Pennisetum purpureum, Leucaena leucocephala, Indigofera zollingeriana, Gliricidia sepium, cassava, maize, palm kernel cake, and rice bran were used as feed. Chemical composition was determined by proximate and Van Soest analyses performed in triplicate. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility, as well as the rumen degradable proteins (RDP) and rumen undegradable proteins (RUP) contents, were determined in vitro using the Tilley and Terry method. The results showed that more proteins can be obtained from legumes than from grass or concentrates. The highest protein amount was obtained from I. zollingerian (31.22 %), while the lowest protein amount was obtained from cassava (3.59 %). Dry matter digestibility ranged from 18.53 % (rice bran) to 49.21 % (G. sepium). Organic matter digestibility ranged from 35.71 % (cassava) to 59.57 % (I. zollingerian). Rice bran had the highest RDP from concentrate (73.26 %), whereas I. zollingerian had the highest RDP from forage (74.72 %). The highest RUP from concentrate was obtained from palm kernel cake (61.01 %), and the highest RUP from forage was obtained from L. leucocephala (49.23 %). The preparation of ruminant livestock rations must be based on RDP and RUP to meet the needs of both the rumen microbes and host animals. Information regarding the RDP and RUP of feeds is still limited, making this study useful in the preparation of ruminant livestock rations based on RDP and RUP ratios.

6 tables, 27 ref

005475   SWANTARA M D, RITA W S, SUARTHA N, AGUSTINA K K (Applied Chemistry Dep, Udayana Univ, Denpasar, Indonesia, Email: dira_swantara@unud.ac.id) : Anticancer activities of toxic isolate of Xestospongia testudinaria sponge. Vet World 2019, 12(9), 1434-40.

The purposes of this study were to determine the anticancer activity of Xestospongia testudinaria sponge isolate and identify the responsible compounds. The metabolites were extracted using methanol maceration at room temperature. The separation and purification of metabolites were performed using fractionation and column chromatography. The toxicity was examined using the brine shrimp lethality assay, and the toxic isolates were tested for anticancer activity against HeLa cells. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify the compounds in the isolate. When the methanol extract was partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform, and n-butanol, the chloroform fraction was the most toxic, with a concentration that results in 50 % lethality (LC₅₀) value of 39.81 ppm. After separation of the chloroform extract, fraction B (FB) was the most toxic, with an LC₅₀ value of 44.67 ppm. The isolate from FB showed anticancer activity with a concentration at which 50 % of growth was inhibited (IC₅₀) of 2.273 ppm. In total, 21 compounds were identified in anticancer isolates: Nonanedioic acid; tetradecanoic acid; trans-phytol; 2-pentadecanone6,10,14-trimethyl; pentadecanoic acid; 2-hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-; pentadecanoic acid; 2-hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-; 2,3,7-trimethyloctanal; palmitic acid; docosanoic acid, ethyl ester; 1,E-11,Z-13-octadecatriene; chloromethyl 4-chlorododecanoate; 1-tricosene; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid; 4,8,12,16-tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide; 1-docosene; heneicosane; phosphonic acid, dioctadecyl ester; dodecane,4,6-dimethyl-; n-tetratriacontane; 1-iodohexadecane; and n-heneicosane.

2 illus, 4 tables, 48 ref

005448   KWAN P P, BANERJEE S, SHARIFF M, YUSOFF F M (Putra Univ, Serdang, Malaysia, Email: pshariff@gmail.com) : Residual quantification and oxidative stress induced by malachite green after subacute and sublethal exposure in red tilapia. Vet World 2019, 12(9), 1416-21.

Malachite green (MG) is an effective antiparasitic and antifungal chemical for treatment of fish. However, MG is reported to be a potential carcinogen. Yet, it is widely used in aquaculture despite its prohibition for use in food-producing animals by the EU and USFDA. The present study quantified MG residues and evaluated the oxidative stress in red tilapia when exposed to subacute and sublethal concentrations of MG. Red tilapia exposed to subacute (0.105 mg/L for 20 days) and sublethal (0.053 mg/L for 60 days) concentrations were evaluated for total plasma protein, total immunoglobulin, nitroblue tetrazolium activity, malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) activity levels. The residues of MG and leuco-MG (LMG) were also quantified in the fish muscles using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Fish exposed to subacute concentration showed higher CAT on day 10 in the liver and days 5 and 15 in the spleen, whereas in fish exposed to the sublethal concentration, higher levels of GSH were observed on day 1 in the kidney and day 50 in the spleen. Fish muscle was able to accumulate the sum of MG and LMG of 108.04 µg/kg for subacute (day 20) and 82.68 µg/kg for sublethal (day 60). This study showed that red tilapia was able to adapt to the stress caused by exposure to MG at sublethal concentration.

4 illus, 28 ref

005477   THILLE K N, RAMETTA N F, FITZPATRICK D M, SPRINGER C C, TIWARI K, PINCKNEY R D, SHARMA R N (Pathobiology Dep, St. George’s Univ, Grenada, West Indies, Email: rsharma@sgu.edu) : Ectoparasites of brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Grenada, West Indies. Vet World 2019, 12(9), 1390-4.

Arthropod ectoparasites (mites, lice, ticks, and fleas) on common house rats or brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are known to transmit zoonotic pathogens and diminish rat health. To the best of our knowledge, there is no published information regarding the prevalence of ectoparasites on R. norvegicus in Grenada. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and types of ectoparasites present on brown rats from Grenada. One hundred sixty-eight rats were collected live from the parishes of St. George and St. David, Grenada, from May to July 2017. Following euthanasia, external parasites were collected using fine combs, thumb forceps, and paper tape. Tape samples and free specimens were placed in containers with 70 % ethanol. External parasites were evaluated using dissection microscopy. Over 2000 ectoparasites were collected from 149 of the 168 trapped rats (88.7 %). Ectoparasites identified included mesostigmatid mites (found on 84.6 % of infested rats), fur mites in the families Atopomelidae and Listrophoridae (67.1 %), Polyplax spp. lice (6.7 %), fleas (3.4 %), an unidentified larval tick (0.7 %), and a mite in the family Myobiidae (0.7 %). Infestation rates were higher in St. David Parish (86/89; 96.6 %) than in St. George Parish (63/79; 79.7 %) (p=0.001). When comparing sex and age, males had a marginal increase in infestation rate (83/89; 93.3 %) compared to females (66/79; 83.5 %) (p=0.054), and adults had an infestation rate of 90.7 % (97/107) compared to juvenile rats who had a 66.7 % (14/21) infestation rate. Brown rats in Grenada are heavily infested with ectoparasites, including known vectors of pathogens. Future studies will examine the prevalence of zoonotic pathogens in these arthropods.

1 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

005457   NEAMAH A J, AYYEZ H N, KLAIF S F, KHUDHAIR Y I, HUSSAIN M H (Internal and Preventive Medicine Dep, Al-Qadisiyah Univ, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq, Email: muthanna.hussain@qu.edu.iq) : Molecular and phylogenetic study of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from human and cattle of Al-Qadisiyah Governorate, Iraq. Vet World 2019, 12(9), 1378-82.

This study was designed to detect the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, to estimate the frequency of methicillin resistance gene (mecA), femA (specific gene for S. aureus), and lukS gene, and the prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in human and bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus. A total of 102 cases of S. aureus were included in this study; 72 specimens were isolated from human with UTIs and 30 specimens were isolated from milk of cattle with acute mastitis. Diagnosis was done by VITEK 2 Compact after subculture and purification. All isolates were examined for the presence of mecA, femA, and lukS (PantonValentine leukocidin) using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. : Culture and biochemical evaluation of the samples revealed the presence of S. aureus, among which the genes mecA, femA, and lukS were positively detected in 68 (94.4%), 36 (50 %), and 20 (27.7 %) of S. aureus isolates from methicillin-resistant humans, respectively. In the same manner, the genes mecA, femA, and lukS were positively detected in 27 (90 %), 14 (46.7 %), and 11 (36.7 %) of S. aureus isolates from methicillin-resistant cattle. Sequencing of partial order of femA gene isolated from human isolate and from cattle with mecA isolated from human revealed high sequence identity with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)-Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. S. aureus isolates and the phylogenetic analysis showed that there was a significant genetic similarity (0.5 genetic change) between human and animals isolates, and then, the gene sequences were deposited into NCBI-Genbank accession numbers MG696860.1 for mecA and femA from human, MG696861.1 for mecA and femA from cattle, MK474469.1 for mecA and femA gene from human, and MG696862.1 for mecA and femA gene from cattle. The study represents the first report of genetic relationship between S. aureus from humans and cattle of Iraq. Therefore, it is essential to define the role of animals as an important source of the distribution of pathogen related to public health. The continuous monitoring of methicillin susceptibility pattern of S. aureus isolates that have high standards of infections might prevent methicillin-resistant S. aureus transmission in either direction between human and cattle, the risk of dairy milk on humans, or self-direction between the same species.

2 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

005420   AZIZ N, MAKSUDI M, PRAKOSO Y A (Animal Husbandry Dep, Jambi Univ, Jambi- 361 22, Email: yos.vet.docter@gmail.com) : Correlation between hematological profile and theileriosis in Bali cattle from Muara Bulian, Jambi, Indonesia. Vet World 2019, 12(9), 1358-61.

Theileriosis is a parasitic disease caused by the hemoprotozoan Theileria spp. The main transmission route of this disease is through tick vector bite. Theileriosis causes economic losses in livestock such as Bali cattle. This study aims to analyze the prevalence of theileriosis and its correlation with the hematological profile of Bali cattle from the subdistrict of Muara Bulian, Batang Hari, Jambi, Indonesia. Ninety-four blood samples were collected through jugular vein of Bali cattle. The presence of Theileria spp. was determined using blood smear. Routine blood tests and double-staining immunohistochemistry against CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were conducted on all blood samples. A total of 34.04% of the samples were infected by Theileria spp. Theileriosis affected only hemoglobin level (p>0.05). However, it also decreased CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ ratio (p<0.05), besides increasing CD8+ (p<0.05). Theileriosis does not change the hematological profile of Bali cattle except for the hemoglobin levels. Moreover, it promotes T-cell depletion. 

1 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

005468   SHARMA A, JOSHI M, SHARMA S K (Animal Nutrition Dep, Rajasthan Univ of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner- 334 001, Email: sharma.abhi093@gmail.com) : Effect of feeding hydroponics maize fodder on milk yield and milk constituents in Gir cows. Vet Pract 2019, 20(2), 276-8.

A feeding trial of 120 days was conducted on 16 Gir cows distributed equally in four groups and fed different levels of hydroponics maize fodder. Significant (P< 0.01) effect of feeding hydroponics maize fodder was observed on milk yield, milk fat percentage and milk total solids, whereas, the effect of feeding hydroponics maize fodder was non significant on milk SNF (solid not fat) and milk protein percentage. It was concluded from the feeding trial that hydroponics maize fodder had beneficial effect on milk production efficiency in Gir cows and can be fed as replacement up to 75 per cent level of CP of concentrate mixture.

6 tables, 19 ref

005472   SIYAG S S, JAIN D, DHURIA R K, SHARMA T, BOTHRA T, NEHRA R, KUMAR S, PRAJAPAT U K, KUMAR M (Animal Nutrition Dep, Rajasthan Univ of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner- 334 001, Email: shyam.siyag827@gmail.com) : Effect of dietary supplementation of chromium from different sources on haemato-biochemical parameters in broilers. Vet Pract 2019, 20(2), 271-2.

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of incorporation of chromium from different sources as feed supplement on haemato-biochemical parameters in broilers. A total of 150 one day-old broiler chicks were divided into five treatment groups with two replicates of 15 chicks in each replicate using completely randomized design. The experimental starter and finisher rations contained 21.79 and 19.22 % C.P., respectively. The five treatments were designated as C i.e. control group fed on unsupplemented diet and T₁ and T₂ treatment groups supplemented with 200 ppb feed and 400 ppb feed level of chromium picolinate and likewise T₃ and T₄ treatment group were supplemented with 200 ppb feed and 400 ppb feed level of chromium chloride in the experimental broiler starter and finisher ration, respectively. In respect with haemato-biochemical parameters, the statistical analysis of means in terms of Hb, PCV, serum protein, serum glucose, serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride revealed non-significant effect of supplementation of chromium in all treatments. All haemato-biochemical parameters studied in text were well within the normal range.

3 tables, 15 ref

005430   BORA S, DAS M, ISLAM S, BORKALITA L, BEGUM S, NEOG R, KAKATI P, HUSSAIN L (Parasitology Dep, Assam Agricultural Univ, Guwahati- 781 022, Email: sanjanabora19@gmail.com) : Urogenital myiasis in commercial broiler chicken due to Chrysomya bezziana in Assam and its molecular characterization. Vet Pract 2019, 20(2), 177-80.

In an exploratory investigation of ectoparasites of poultry commercial broiler chicken with age ranging from 4 to 7 weeks at different seasons of the year was found to suffer from urogenital myiasis varying from 0.52- 2.62 % with an average of 1.34 % infestation. Data was generated from a total 4450 broiler chicken where 60 birds were found infested with urogenital myiasis in different seasons of the year, monsoon being the most preferred one. Laboratory bred larvae completed life cycle in 13-18 days at room temperature (20.3-32 ⁰C) and relative humidity of 85 %. Larvae collected from lesions were identified as Chrysomya bezziana and the adult flies were emerged from those larvae were also morphologically identical to C. bezziana. Subsequently molecular characterization of the larvae was conducted. Results of BLAST showed the query sequence having 99 % similarity with C. bezziana. Possible economic impact of the urogenital myiasis in poultry has been discussed.

5 illus, 6 tables, 13 ref

005422   BADABAGNI C, PATANGE N R, SAGADAI M (Syamala Krishna Agricultural Polytechnic, Thangellavaripalli- 517 418, Email: chiranjeevib211@gmail.com) : Parasitisation of pigeon pea pod fly Melanagromyza obtusa and its population dynamics as influenced by genotypes. Indian J Entomol 2019, 81(3), 521-5.

Three hymenopteran chalcidoid parasitoids viz., Euderus sp. (Eulophidae), Torymus sp. (Torymidae) and Systasis dasyneurae Mani (Pteromalidae) were observed as ectoparasitiods of maggots of pigeon pea pod fly Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch). Parasitism increased with pest population irrespective of the parasitoid species. The peak activity of Euderus sp. was observed during 5th SMW (52.38 %), whereas Torymus sp. attained its peak activity during 3rd SMW (61.54 %) and S. dasyneurae during 4th SMW (4.76 %) on the pigeon pea genotype ICP-8863. The maximum parasitism by Euderus sp. was observed on the genotype BSMR-736 (25.53 %) and Torymus sp. on ICP-8863 (12.16 %). Parasitisation showed negative correlation with maximum and minimum temperature and wind velocity, and it was more on the susceptible genotypes.

1 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

005440   KALAISEKAR A, SARMA S (ICAR- Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar- 500 030, Email: drkalaisekar@rediffmail.com) : Feeding behaviour of chrysomelid leaf beetles Aplosonyx chalybaeus (Hope) and A. scutellatus (Baly). Indian J Entomol 2019, 81(3), 511-5.

Two chrysomelid leaf beetles, Aplosonyx chalybaeus (Hope) and A. scutellatus (Baly) (Galerucinae: Chrysomelidae) are endemic to the northeast Indian hills and adjoining areas where their host plant, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott originated. This study brings out the feeding behaviour of these. The univoltine life cycle of these beetle is in close synchrony with the phenology of their host plant C. esculenta. The creamy white ‘caterpillar-like’ grubs from first to the fourth instar feed gregariously inside the long petioles and sometimes enter the underground tubers. The final instar grubs invariably bore into the tuber and feed inside. Due to the feeding and movements of a group of 15-20 grubs, the internal starchy contents of the tuber get loosened. The final instar make vigourous churning movements within the tuber and this often leads to the starchy contents become a thick viscous milky fluid. Thus the final instar grubs live in a fluid environment till they get dispersed for pupation underground. The adult beetles exhibit leaf trenching behaviour to drain off the milky latex from the leaf canals before feeding. The feeding results in circular or elongated holes in the leaf. The beetle feeds the leaf at a very early stage of trenching. Lack of turgor pressure in the leaf veins could be the reason for early discontinuance of trenching on severed leaf. Time taken to make circular trench and feeding hole on the leaves and the area of leaf consumed by adults is discussed.

3 illus, 22 ref

005474   SUJITHRA M, RAJKUMAR, PRATHIBHA V H, HEGDE V, POORANI J (Crop protection Div, ICAR- Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod- 671 124, Email: amitysuji@gmail.com) : Occurrence of nesting whitefly Paraleyrodes minei Iaccarino (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in India. Indian J Entomol 2019, 81(3), 507-10.

Incidence of an invasive nesting whitefly, Paraleyrodes minei was observed in coconut gardens in larger areas along the Western Ghat coastal regions of Kerala and Karnataka since November 2018. Paraleyrodes minei is one of the recent exotic species reported along with P. bondari on coconut by ICAR- Central Plantation Crops Research Institute. The incidence of P. minei was noticed on the under surface of the coconut leaflets, particularly in the gardens where rugose spiraling whitefly Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin had been reported earlier. Brief biology, distribution and host range of P. minei along with natural enemies of P. minei are included.

4 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

005425   BHAGYASREE S N (Entomology Dep, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi- 110 012, Email: bhagyashree.sn@gmail.com) : Phylogenetic analysis of subfamily Harpactorinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Indian J Entomol 2019, 81(3), 490-4.

Phylogeny of the representatives of three tribes, Harpactorini, Rhapidosomini and Tegini from the subfamily Harpactorinae has been studied and their relationships analysed of the genera and tribes. Analysis of 58 characters for 57 species and two outgroups indicates that the subfamily Harpactorinae is monophyletic with hexagonal cubital cell on forewing and cylindrical head. Within the subfamily Harpactorinae, the tribe Harpactorini got recovered as paraphyletic group and the tribe Rhapidosomini and Tegini as monophyletic. Besides their generic and tribal relationship, insights on radiation of foliage feeding sticky bugs from the primitive raptorial bugs got also reflected.

1 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

005439   JALAJAKSHI S, USHA R N (Genetics Dep, Vijaya Coll, Basavanagudi, Bangalore, Email: jlj_jala@yahoo.co.in) : Spider diversity of suburban south Bangalore, Karnataka. Indian J Entomol 2019, 81(3), 485-7.

This study on the species diversity of spiders from the suburban area of Turahalli forest, South Bangalore, Karnataka includes survey and documentation. The samples collected from August to December 2015 during the monsoon season revealed the presence of eleven families with 18 species. The family Araneidae was observed with maximum number of species (5) amounting to 27.7 % with the families Niphilidae, Oxyopidae and Salticidae having two species each. Male and female were found for all the dominant species. Oxoypes spp., showed maximum number of males (37.5 %), while females were maximum with Argiope anasuja (Thorell) (18.65 %). Simpson’s diversity index computed revealed that it is 0.151, indicating lesser richness in species diversity.

12 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

005446   KUNAL G, ANIL, GOSWAMI T N, NIRALA R B P, ACHARYA S S (Entomology Dep, Bihar Agricultural Univ, Bhagalpur, Bihar, Email: aniljakhad@gmail.com) : Insect herbivores and their natural enemies in linseed and their population dynamics. Indian J Entomol 2019, 81(3), 458-62.

A field experiment was conducted to explore the activity of insect herbivores in linseed, their natural enemies, and population dynamics, on variety BRLS-102 at Sabour (Bhagalpur), Bihar during rabi, 2016-17. A total of nine insect herbivores were observed of which the two thrips viz., Thrips palmi and Frankliniella schultzei are new records. Four natural enemies (predators)- Coccinella septempunctata and Menochilus sexmaculata belonging to Coccinellidae, spider (Oxyopes sp.), and Paederus sp (Staphylindiae) were observed. The linseed pests were active from mid-January to mid-March from vegetative to bud formation stage. Maximum population of Agrotis ipsilon and thrips were observed during 52nd and 9th SMW, respectively; and that of aphids, Helicoverpa armigera, Oxyopes sp., coccinellids and bud fly was on the 8th SMW. Correlation coefficients of the population/ infestation of these with the weather factors are given herein to explain their population dynamics.

1 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

005453   MEENA L K, DEY D (Entomology Dep, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi- 110 012, Email: lokesharsnagpur@gmail.com) : Annotated checklist of non-apis bees of the genus Andrena (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) from India. Indian J Entomol 2019, 81(3), 443-52.

An annotated checklist of genus Andrena of India is included comprising of 54 species names. Of these 45 species are placed under 23 subgenera while the affiliation of the remaining is unclear. This study brings out an unplaced species, Andrena peridonea which was found to possess the characters viz., propodeal triangle coarsely rugose, carinate; hind tibial spurs basally strongly widened and pygidial plate with triangular raised area medially and hence placed under subgenus Plastandrena. Distribution of subgenera and species are also given and new records are asterisized.

99 ref

005462   POORANI J, THANIGAIRAJ R (ICAR- National Research Centre for Banana, Trichy- 620 102, Email: pooranij@gmail.com) : Record of Asprothrips navsariensis Tyagi as a pest of banana from Tamil Nadu with notes on other thrips infesting banana. Indian J Entomol 2019, 81(3), 434-8.

Asprothrips navsariensis Tyagi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), hitherto known only from Gujarat and Bogor (Indonesia), is reported as a pest of banana foliage from peninsular India (Tamil Nadu). Extensive fruit damage in banana by Helionothrips kadaliphilus (Ramakrishna Ayyar and Margabandhu), a common foliage feeder, is recorded for the first time. Brief notes on other economically important pest thrips on bananas and plantains in South India are provided with comments on the reliability of records of banana rust thrips from India.

4 illus, 7 ref

005421   BABU M J (Zoology Dep, St. Berchmans’ Coll, Changanassery, Kerala, Email: martinbabu25@gmail.com) : Antennal sensilla of the weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina (F.)- males and females sense differently?. Indian J Entomol 2019, 81(3), 418-22.

Antenna of males and female insects are distinct in morphology and function, and such differences exist in the weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina (F.). In this ant, behaviour is predominantly olfactory driven. Foraging, nursing, feeding, defense etc., are the predominant female behaviour. Males are in less numbers and are seldom in the colony. This study explores the sexual dimorphism in O. smaragdina with respect to antennal morphology, morphometry and sensilla profile, which are often considered key components of the peripheral sensory system. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies revealed that the sensilla profile on the antenna probably reflects the sensitivity. Antennal morphology and sensilla profile differ in males and females. Sensilla repertoire of the females (major worker) is different in the number and types of chemosensilla. Sensilla basiconica type1 and type 2, sensilla trichoidea curvata, sensilla ampullacea and sensilla coeloconica were the abundant ones observed on the female antenna. Males have sparse sensilla, and its putative sensilla basiconicais strikingly different. The results suggest that the sensilla profile can be reflective of the behavioral repertoire in these ants.

3 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

005438   HUSSAIN R, NAZIR N, QURESHI M S, AHMED S, HAMZA A M, ALI S (Entomology Dep, PMAS Arid Agriculture Univ, Rawalakot, Pakistan, Email: riazsodaywa@gmail.com) : Diversity and distribution pattern of hymenoptera in District Bagh, Pakistan. Indian J Entomol 2019, 81(3), 403-5.

Main aims of current study were to discover the distribution pattern and to assess the diversity of Hymenoptera from District Bagh, Pakistan. Samples were collected from various habitats including forest, farmland and human areas with altitude of 3300-3500 m during July to December 2018. In total of 38 surveys, from 472 specimens, forty one species under 19 genera belonging to eight families were identified. These species were playing various ecological roles from pollinator to decomposers. Distribution pattern among identified species revealed that 19 species were occasional, 13 were abundant while nine were rare in explored site. Vespidae was dominant with twelve species followed by Formicidae, Apidae and Pompilidae.

2 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

005479   WORKU M, AZEREFEGNE F (Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute, Debre Birhan, Ethiopia, Email: mintie1976@gmail.com) : Life history of Apion clavipes Gerst. Indian J Entomol 2019, 81(3), 399-402.

Apion clavipes Gerst is economically important pest of mung bean in the low land of North Shewa, Ethiopia. The biology of A. clavipes which commonly feed on mung bean was studied under laboratory condition. Adults and larvae were reared on potted plants in cages under ambient condition (18-25^o C). 6.2 ± 0.23 days of pre-oviposition and 4.17 ± 0.17 days of oviposition were observed. A female laid 12.4 + 0.69 eggs, which required 4.46 + 0.20 days to hatch. The freshly laid egg is oval and pale white. Larva passed through 15.23 ± 0.47 days. It is apodous, ‘C’ shaped, wrinkled and creamy white with pale brown head. Pupation was completed in 7.96 + 0.17 days. Pupa is exarate, and pale creamy. Female adults lived longer than male for 37.47 ± 0.63 and 28.45 ± 0.44 days, respectively. The weevil had a total developmental period of 27.64 + 0.57 and total generation period of 38.02 ± 0.54 days, showing that it can complete up to nine generations per annum under ideal conditions.

1 table, 10 ref

005434   GARDUÑO R G, LÓPEZ-ARELLANO M E, TORRES-HERNÁNDEZ G, OLIVA-HERNÁNDEZ J, HINOJOSA-CUÉLLAR J A (Chapingo-URUSSE Autonomous Univ, Tabasco, México, Email: robgardu@hotmail.com) : Assessment of acquired resistance in previously infected lambs with gastrointestinal nematodes in a tropical climate. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(9), 1223-8.

The aim of this study was to determine the parasitological traits and productive response in Pelibuey lambs re-infected with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) previously infected with different doses of infective larvae (L₃ ). One infection with 60 % Haemonchus contortus and 40 % Cooperia curticei larvae was induced in three groups of six lambs using oral doses of 100, 200 and 300 L₃ per kg of body weight (BW), respectively. Nine weeks post-infection all lambs were treated with albendazole (ABZ). A second parasitic infection was induced using 300 L3 per BW followed for six weeks of parasitological sampled and four lambs of each treatment were slaughtered after this period to count adult nematodes. Results showed reduction of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) between first (2463 ± 4400 EPG) to second infection (327 ± 66 EPG) for preinfected lambs with 300 L₃ . Through first infection, the packed cell volume (PCV) decreased until 35 days post-infection (32.0 % to 26.0 %) for all groups. In conclusion Pelibuey lambs infected with 300 L₃ showed low re-infection to contribute in the reduction of parasitic traits under tropical climate.

3 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

005480   WU Q J, JIAO C, LIU Z H, LI S W, ZHU D D, MA W F, WANG Y Q, WANG Y, WU X H (Henan Univ of Science and Technology, Luoyang- 471 003, Email: wuqiujue@163.com) : Effect of glutamine on the intestinal function and health of broilers challenged with Salmonella pullorum. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(9), 1210-6.

The influence of glutamine (Gln) on the intestinal function and health in broilers challenged with Salmonella pullorum was investigated. 240 one -day-old Arbor Acres broilers were divided into four groups in a completely randomized design, each of which included 6 replicates with 10 birds per replicate, for 21 days. The experimental groups were as follows: control group (CON), S. pullorum challenged control group (SCC), basal diet plus S. pullorum challenged plus 0.5 % Gln (Gln 1) or1.0 % Gln (Gln 2), The results showed that S. pullorum had significantly adverse effect on ADG, ADFI and feed to gain ratio (F: G) of broilers compared with the values measured for the CON during days 5 to 7. Moreover, compared with the characteristics of CON, S. pullorum showed significantly effects on the relative weight and length of small intestine at 7 d, the activities of sucrose, maltase and lactase in the jejunum mucosa at 4 d, or 7 d, the counts of Salmonella and Lactobacillus at 4, 7 and 21d and the molar proportion of isobutyric acid at 14 d. The inclusion of Gln significantly elevated the relative weight and length of small intestine, increased intestinal sucrose, maltase and lactase activities, decreased caecal Salmonella population and molar proportion of isobutyric acid at 14 d. These results suggested that Gln might exert a favorable effect on intestinal function and health in broilers.

6 tables, 18 ref

005423   BALAMURALIKRISHNAN B, LEE K Y, KIM I H (Animal Resources and Science Dep, Dankook Univ, Chungnam- 31116, Email: inhokim@dankook.ac.kr) : A Study on effectiveness of a cocktail of protected feed additives in growing pigs. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(9), 1205-9.

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of mixer of protected feed additives (MFA) on growth performance, blood metabolites, fecal microflora counts and immune responses in growing pigs. A total of 150 pigs [(Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc] with an initial body weight (BW) of 25.61 ± 0.01 kg were used in a 4-week feeding trial. Pigs were allotted to one of five diet groups (basal diet supplemented with 0 %, 0.35 %, 0.75 %, 1.50 %, or 3.0 % of MFA with 6 replicates per group and 5 pigs/replicate). Inclusion of MFA tended (P=0.085) to results in a linear increase in BW at week 4 and overall average daily gain (ADG, P=0.064). However, MFA inclusion had no effect on average daily feed intake or gain:feed ratio during the entire experiment period. When 3 % MFA was added to the diet, reduction was observed for cortisol level (P=0.032) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.008) at 4 weeks after dietary treatments. The inclusion of MFA had positive effects on fecal score at week 3 and 4 (P=0.068, 0.023, respectively) and the count of Lactobacillus was increased at the end of week 1 and 4 (P=0.099, 0.014, respectively), whereas for E. coli decreased at the end of week 1 and 4 (P=0.043, 0.067, respectively). Type O antibody titres against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in growing pigs fed diet supplemented with MFA (1.5 %) was significantly (P=0.008) higher than other dietary treatment groups. In conclusion, inclusion of MFA in growing pigs diet may improve ADG, beneficial fecal microflora counts and FMDV type O antibody titre after vaccination and reduced cortisol level, LDL/C and incidences of diarrhoea.

6 tables, 24 ref

005449   LI C H, DONG Y L, SONG W Y, ZHANG R H, LI J L, WANG L, SHI W Y, XU T (Animal Medicine Dep, Hebei North Univ, Zhangjiakou- 075 131, Email: dongyulong76@126.com) : Effects of traditional Chinese herbal medicines on blood parameters and antibody level in laying hens. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(9), 1194-8.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCHM) on Hematological Parameters and immunity in chickens, Astragalus membranaceus (AM), angelicae sinensis extract (ASE) and Danggui buxue san (DBS) were used for the study of Hematological Parameters and immunity in order to provide basis for clinical reference. A total of 400 58-week-old hens were randomized into 10 groups. The added TCHM Period was 42 days. The blood index, ND and AI antibody titer were measured. The results showed that DBS significantly increased the count of White Blood Cell (WBC) (P<0.05) and Red Blood Cell (RBC) (P<0.01), the content of Hemoglobin (Hb) (P<0.01) and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) (P<0.01) in 10 mg/kg group; DBS(15 mg/kg) had significant increase on the count of WBC and RBC and the content of Hb (P<0.05);ASE (15 mg/kg) significantly increased the count of RBC and the content of Hb (P<0.05). At the same time, DBS (10 mg/kg) significantly decreased the dropping rate of blood cell at 30min (P<0.01). In addition, DBS (10 mg/kg) could improve the antibody level of ND and AI than control group (P<0.05). This indicated that DBS (10 mg/ kg) had the ability on improving hemopoietic function and immunity in chickens.

4 tables, 21 ref

005445   KUMAR A, PANDITA S, LAXMI N A, BHAKAT M, MOHANTY T K (Animal Physiology Dep, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal- 132 001, Email: dramitndri24@gmail.com) : Effects of prostasomes on functional parameters of fresh and cryopreserved-thawed spermatozoa of crossbred Karan Fries (KF) bulls. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(9), 1167-71.

Prostasomes are extracellular vesicles that fuse with sperms thereby improving its functional parameters. Present study aimed to isolate and characterise prostasomes from semen of KF bulls, and to investigate prostasomes effects on functional parameters of KF bull spermatozoa. Isolated prostasomes were characterized with respect to the binding of FITC-conjugated CD 26 antibodies, as well as protein, cholesterol and phospholipids content. Subsequently, effects of prostasomes supplementation (1mg/ml) were investigated on ROS production, Ca²⁺ signalling, mitochondrial membrane potential and acrosome integrity of fresh and cryopreserved-thawed spermatozoa. Isolated prostasomes were immunostained positively. Prostasomes showed higher proportion of both protein and cholesterol as compared to phospholipids. When sperm samples were supplemented with prostasomes, ROS production decreased, while all other functional parameters improved.

2 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

005418   ASWATHI P B, BHANJA S K, KUMAR P, SHYAMKUMAR T S, MEHRA M, BHAISARE D B, RATH P K (ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Bareilly-243 122) : Effect of acute heat stress on the physiological and reproductive parameters of broiler breeder hens – A study under controlled thermal stress. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(9), 1150-5.

A study was conducted to find out the effect of thermal stress on the physiological as well as reproductive performances of broiler breeder hens. The birds were exposed to 37±1°C and RH 70% for 6 hours daily for a period of 10 days in the psychrometric chamber (THI >90). In the heat exposed group, body weight gain and feed intake (P<0.05) were negatively affected, whereas water consumption and water:feed intake ratio were much higher during the period of study. Even after 12hrs of heat exposure, surface temperature of feathered regions; neck and back were significantly high (P<0.05). The serum cholesterol level in heat treated birds was increasing (P<0.05), whereas calcium and phosphorus levelswere showing lower values (P<0.05) on the 3rd and 10th day of study. A significant change in serum protein or glucose could not be observed. The reduction in HDEP and internal egg quality parameters like albumen index, Haugh unit score, yolk index etc. were observed in heat exposed hens (P<0.01). Higher incidence of blood spots were also noted in eggs laid by heat treated birds. In the present study, it can be concluded that thermal stress at THI>90 for at least 6hrs/day can impart serious damage to various physiological and reproductive performances in broiler breeder hens.

4 tables, 41 ref

005450   LIU C, CORNELIUS T S, WU H, WANG Z, SUI Y, ZHOU Y, YANG H, LU H, LI S, LIU J, SUN Y, XU C, SUN Y (Animal Genetics Dep, Jilin Agricultural Univ, Jillin, China, Email: sunyongfeng1977@126.com) : Expression of polyamine metabolism-related genes during the development of prehierarchical follicles in the ZI geese (Ansercygnoides). Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(9), 1144-9.

The aims of the current study were to investigate the morphological changes in the granulosa cell and theca cell layers and to determine the spatio-temporal expression levels of polyamine-related genes at varying sizes in diameter of the prehierarchical follicles during ovary development. In this current study, H&E staining was used to observe the thickness of the granulosa cells layer and theca cells layer of the prehierarchical follicles, both in which middle white follicles (MWF) were predominantly high. The quantitative mRNA expression of Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme2 (OAZ2), Spermidine synthase (SRM), Spermine synthase (SMS) and Spermine oxidase (SMOX) was revealed by Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) with different expression levels at each stage of the prehierachical follicular development.The results indicated that polyamine metabolism-related genes were implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation and growth of Zi geese prehierarchical follicles.

3 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

005433   DAS S, DAS P P, DAS B, DAS D, BHATTACHARYA T K, DAS P J (Handique Girls Coll, Guwahati-781 001) : Mitochondrial DNA variation, phylogeography and social organization of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) of North East India. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(9), 1121-8.

North east India is one of the exotic hotspots for Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) and harbors about half of the global population of the Asian elephant. Here we present the first population genetic study of free-ranging Asian elephants, examining within- and among-population differentiation by analyzing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) differentiation across the Brahmaputra valley and elephant reserves of North east India. Surprisingly, the population here had shown lower mtDNA haplotype diversity with little mtDNA differentiation among localities within the Brahmaputra valley. This suggests extensive gene flow in the past, which is compatible with the home ranges of several hundred square kilometers for elephants in this region. Conversely, the Brahmaputra valley population is genetically distinct at a mitochondrial level than other tested elephant populations. These results significantly indicate the importance of population bottlenecks, social organization and bio-geographic barriers in shaping the distribution of genetic variations among Asian elephant populations in North east India.

7 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

005466   ROYCHOWDHURY P, AFTABUDDIN M, PATI M K (Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal, Email: mdaftab73@rediffmail.com) : Studies on biochemical responses of table sized Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) to the thermal exposure at critical maximum temperature (CT_max). Explor Anim Med Res 2019, 9(2), 197-203.

Water temperature of aquatic bodies is gradually getting warmer and may pose threat for survival, health and production of fish in future. The critical temperature maximum (CT_max) is the tool to estimate the upper limit of thermal tolerance of fish but information on biochemical events occurring at CT_max are limited for our selected fish, Labeo rohita. In the present study, biochemical alteration of table sized Labeo rohita (Rahu) was examined at CT_max (42.67 ± 0.53 ºC) against fish kept at acclimation temperature (30.5 ± 1.0 ºC) by increasing water temperature continuously at the rate of 0.28 °C minute^-1. Significant alteration was observed for all studied biomolecules with increased glucose and triglycerides and declined protein and cholesterol in serum at CTmax. Hormones also altered with increased value for thyroid hormones and decreased value for cortisol, however the alteration was significant only for T4. In liver glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol level was higher but protein was less at CTmax. Increased transaminase enzymes activities (GPT and GOT) in liver may have increased the production of the glucose from tissue protein. At CT_max, alteration in metabolic activities (higher amount of glucose and triglycerides in serum) for energy production and onset of heat shock responses (higher expression of hsp70 gene in liver) were occurred in Rahu. In this study, CT_max was 42.67 ± 0.53 ºC and warming tolerance was 12 ºC indicating that Rahu can tolerate sudden increment of water temperature of a few degrees beyond present habitat temperature, although for few moments.

5 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

005451   MATIAS F B R, SAGUN K N G D, SALINAS M B S (Central Luzon State Univ, Nueva Ecija- 3120, Email: fbrmatias@clsucvsm.edu.ph) : In vitro antimicrobial activity of crude extract of fecal bacteria from Philippine native pig (Sus scrofa) against Escherichia coli. Explor Anim Med Res 2019, 9(2), 168-73.

The study assessed the in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude extract of fecal bacteria isolated from Philippine native pig (Sus scrofa) against Escherichia coli and compared with three commonly used antimicrobials namely,ampicillin (10 µg), gentamicin (10 µg) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMPS) (25 µg) using modified disc diffusion method. After Gram staining, 23 out of the 25 bacterial isolates were observed to be Gram positive rods. Using different incubation period, the 18h incubation period showed the highest number of zones of inhibition against E. coli. While among samples, the isolates collected from the Philippine native pigs raised in San Miguel, Bulacan and Doña Remedios Trinidad, Bulacan showed the highest number of zones of inhibition. The antimicrobial activity of all the crude extracts were significantly higher than ampicillin while significantly lower than gentamicin and TMPS against E. coli. This activity may induce the characteristics resistance of Philippine native pig to different conditions, specifically on gastro-intestinal associated bacterial pathogen.

2 tables, 25 ref

005436   GHOSH S (National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar- 752 050, Email: sree.s@niser.ac.in) : Impact of radiations on earthworms. Explor Anim Med Res 2019, 9(2), 120-4.

Radiations include electromagnetic radiation, including light and radio waves and high-energy ionizing radiation released by the decay of radioactive isotopes including X-rays, gamma, alpha and beta rays that can damage human and animal health by ionizing atoms and breaking chemical bonds, damaging DNA and also lead to cancer. Animal models of mice has been extensively studied in this context. However very few studies exist on effects of radiation on invertebrates. One such organism, of importance to human life are the earthworms that resides in the soil and are called as the natural tillers of the soil, contributing to the soil fertility, enhancing soil nutrient cycling, mixing of soil, production of mucus and organic matter and their excreta increases the soil nutrients. In the soil they are constantly exposed to harmful pollutants, radiations, radioactive chemicals and pathogens. Therefore, it is important to understand and study the effects of radiation on earthworms. However very few studies have been conducted in these lines and very few reports exist on the effect of radiation on earthworm health. In this article we discuss in depth recent findings across the globe on the effect of radioactive chemicals and radiations on diverse species of earthworm health and the applications of radioactive tracers in detecting effect of harmful pollutants on the earthworm health and bioaccumulation.

2 illus, 30 ref

005456   NEALE Z R, JULIANO S A (Illinois State Univ, Illinois- 61790-4120, Email: zoey.neale@rice.edu) : Finding the sweet spot: What levels of larval mortality lead to compensation or overcompensation in adult production?. Ecosphere 2019, 10(9), e02855.

Extrinsic mortality impinging on negative density-dependent populations can result in no change in the number of survivors (compensation) or an increase (over compensation) by releasing the pop-ulation from density-dependent effects on survivorship. The relationship between the level of extrinsic mortality (i.e., percentage of mortality) and the level and likelihood of over compensation is theoretically important, but rarely investigated. We tested the hypothesis that over compensation occurs below a thresh-old value of extrinsic mortality that is related to density-dependent mortality rate and that additive extrin-sic mortality occurs above this threshold. This hypothesis predicts that survivorship vs. extrinsic mortality will (1) be best described by a two-segmented model with a threshold; (2) have a slope >0 below the thresh-old; and (3) have a slope = -1 above the threshold. We also tested whether mortality imposed by realpredators and random harvest have equivalent effects on adult production and whether magnitude of over compensation is related to species sensitivity to density dependence. These hypotheses were tested in the container mosquitoes Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes triseriatus, and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culici-dae). Cohorts of 150 larvae were exposed to random harvest of 0–70 % two days after hatch or to predationby 1–3 Mesocyclops longisetus (Crustacea: Copepoda). Over compensation occurred in A. aegypti in a pattern consistent with predictions. Aedes triseriatus showed strong over compensation but no evidence of a thresh-old, whereas A. albopictus and C. pipiens had survival consistent with compensatory mortality but no evi-dence of a threshold. Compared to random harvest, mortality from predation yielded greater adult production in A. aegypti and A. albopictus, lesser adult production in C. pipiens, and no difference in adult production in A. triseriatus. Our results are largely consistent with our hypothesis about over compensation,with the caveat that thresholds for additive mortality appear to occur at very high levels of extrinsic mortality. Magnitudes of over compensation for the three Aedes were inversely related to survival in the 0 % mortality treatment, consistent with our hypothesis that over compensation is related to sensitivity to den-sity dependence. A broad range of extrinsic mortality levels can yield over compensation, which may have practical implications for attempts to control pest populations. 

4 illus, 1 table, 54 ref

005435   GEORGE A, RAO C N (ICAR- Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur- 440 033) : Decoding of chemical communication in insect pests and its manipulation for their management in citrus (Citrus spp.). Curr Hort 2019, 7(2), 3-9.

The semio-chemicals in general have environmental benefits associated with their use, in contrast to conventional insecticides. These semio-chemicals are inherently different from synthetic insecticides in terms of their mode of action and subsequent impact on the environment and human health. Although a number of outstanding successes have proved the potential of pheromone technology, the use of semio-chemicals is still in its early stages in India. It can be safely predicted that, as farming practices, the demand for semio-chemical technology will increase steadily which requires continuous and equal efforts of researchers, industry and farmers. Development of semio-chemical based push pull strategies using pheromones, repellents of insect pests and attractants of bio-agents for the management of insect pests in citrus (Citrus spp.) and citrus based farming systems needs immediate attention as these are known to be eco-friendly insect pest management strategies.

1 illus, 1 table, 54 ref

005424   BANU C A, SATHYAKALA K P, MANOGEM E M (Insect Endocrinology Div, Calicut Univ, Calicut- 673 635, Email: manogemvinod@gmail.com) : Evaluation and screening of growth disrupting juvenile hormone analogue, fenoxycarb on the development and metamorphosis of Spodoptera mauritia Boisd. (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae). Crop Res 2019, 54(5&6), 158-64.

Spodoptera mauritia is a pest that causes severe damage to rice crops. In the present study, the effects of juvenile hormone analogue, fenoxycarb were evaluated against S. mauritia. The 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th instar larvae and pupae were exposed to a wide range of concentrations of fenoxycarb and thereafter observed for the insecticidal activities of the compound. The calculated LD₅₀ values of 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th instar larvae and pupae for fenoxycarb were 0.04, 0.13, 0.19, 0.64 and 0.004 µM, respectively. Higher concentrations of the compound were found to disrupt metamorphosis of S. mauritia. The significant difference in larval mortality, larval duration, pupation, pupal mortality and adult emergence in comparison to their control was recorded. Almost 100 % suppression of adult emergence at higher doses of 5.00 and 10.00 µM fenoxycarb was seen. The morphogenic abnormalities and other effects indicated that fenoxycarb behaved as insecticides that severely hampered normal growth, development, metamorphosis and reproduction of S. mauritia.

3 illus, 5 tables, 24 ref

005416   ARASUKUMAR B, PRABAKARAN G, GUNALAN B (Annamalai Univ, Parangipettai- 608 502, Email: aquagunal@gmail.com) : Extraction and antioxidant potential of metabolites from sand lobster (Thenus unimaculatus). Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(3), 16-20.

The present study was aimed to explore the antioxidant potential of Thenus unimaculatus extract by methanolic and chloroform. The yield was calculated, and the maximum was found in chloroform 49% followed by methanol 45%. The DPPH radical scavenging effect has showed concentration depended and the results have been recorded 13, 21, 33, 41 and 54% in methanol and 4, 6, 11, 19 and 24% in chloroform at the concentration of 1-3mg/ml. The ferrous ion chelating ability of Thenus unimaculatus methanolic and chloroform extracts has showed dose depended and the result has shown in Fig.2. The methanolic extract has showed 14, 28, 37, 53 and 69% and the chloroform extract has showed 6, 13, 21, 30 and 42%. The hydroxyl radicals scavenging effect of methanolic extract has showed 3, 7, 11, 16 and 29 % and the chloroform extract has showed 14, 26, 34, 48 and 61%. Methanolic extract has showed potential antioxidant radicals scavenging metabolites and it’s an alternate source for development of drug in pharmaceutical industry.

3 illus, 12 ref

005415   ARASUKUMAR B, PRABAKARAN G, GUNALAN B (Annamalai Univ, Parangipettai- 608 502, Email: aquagunal@gmail.com) : Evaluation of in vitro antidiabetic effect of chitosan from lobster (Panulirus ornatus) shell. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(3), 12-5.

The present study was aimed to extract the chitosan from the chitin complex by chemical method and screening their antidiabetic potential by in vitro assays from the lobster Panulirus ornatus shell. The chitin yield was calculated for 21% and the chitosan was obtained from the chitin by deacetylation process and the yield was found to be 35%. The α-amylase inhibition potential of chitosan has showed concentration depended and the maximum activity 64% was recorded at 1000 μg/ml and the minimum activity 16% was recorded at 200 μg/ml. The β-glucosidase inhibition potential of chitosan has showed dose depended and the maximum activity was 43% showed at 1000 μg/ml and the minimum effect 11% was noticed 200 μg/ml. Chitosan and alternate source for the development of antidiabetic drug development.

2 illus, 13 ref

005419   ATWA S, MOURAD M, SAYED H M E (Ain-Shams Univ, Cairo, Egypt, Email: mosaadmourad@gmail.com) : Productive and reproductive performances of water buffaloes compared to those of Holstein and brown Swiss cattle in Egypt: A limited and oriented review. Anim Sci Report 2019, 12(3), 12-23.

In Egypt, there are about 3.6 million heads of buffalo cows which produce 2.4 million tons of milk representing 46.9 % of the total milk production in the country. The rest is mostly met from imported Holstein and Brown Swiss dairy cows. The objective of this research review is to compare the productive and reproductive performances of native water buffaloes with the imported Holstein and Brown Swiss cattle in Egypt on the one hand, and to compare them with the performance of these breeds in their home stead in the southern part of Europe on the other hand aiming to generate information about the adaptability of the imported cattle breeds to the native climatic condition in Egypt to strategize appropriate breeding and husbandry plans to enhance their productivity. The review is based on selected research papers on the topic. The results revealed that the total milk yield of Holstein (8550 kg), Brown Swiss (8291 kg) and buffalo (2200 kg) cows in Egypt were 14.3 %, 8 % and 56 % less than their European counterparts probably due to the negative impact of prevailing subtropical thermal environment of Egypt, besides the age-old classical animal husbandry practices in respect of native buffaloes. The greatest decline in milk yield was in buffaloes, which could be attributed to feeding of impoverished and nutritionally feeble feed stuff. But, people are fond of buffalo milk due to its high-fat delicacy (8 % fat) and protein-rich nutrititivity (4.5 % protein) besides its composition based attractive pricing system. Longer age at first calving and calving interval (35 months & 455 days respectively) of buffaloes compared to Holstein and Brown Swiss cows in Egypt display clear economic disadvantage to the dairy industry. Mediocre feed efficiency (Dry matter intake, kg/ 1 kg of milk) of buffaloes (1.75 kg) is also economically subversive compared to the feed efficiency of Holstein (0.78 kg) and Brown Swiss (0.74) cows in Egypt. It is also inferior to the feed efficiency of the buffaloes in Europe (1.05 kg). By and large, buffaloes are economically disadvantageous because of their low milk yield, longer age at first calving, longer calving interval, longer open days, weaker persistency and lower feed efficiency, compared to European cows in Egypt. Hence, the researchers should focus to overcome these shortfalls using advanced genetic tools like selection, improving the nutrient contents in feed and adopting modern husbandry practices to enhance buffalo numerals and production in Egypt. An erroneous impression held against buffaloes is emission of higher volume of methane gas by enteric fermentation which causes environmental degradation due to its green house effect. However, in reality buffalo is more eco-friendly than cow, since a buffalo produces 58 % lower amount of methane per day (157 gm) compared to a cow (376 gm).

6 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

005427   BISWAS O, SHAH S K, PANJA B, DAS A, MODAK B K, MITRA B (Zoology Dep, Sidho Kanho Birsha Univ, Kolkata - 700 033, Email: bkmodak09@gmail.com) : Moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera) of Jambudwip Island, Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, India: A preliminary report. Ambient Sci 2019, 6(2), 43-6.

Jambudwip is an uninhabited island in the Indian part of Sundarban Biosphere Reserve (SBR), having particularly mangrove plants. A faunal survey was conducted during November 2016 at Jambudwip which has resulted in 27 species of moths under 24 genera belonging to 11 families reported for the first time exclusively from the mangroves of Jambudwip Island. The species composition of Jambudwip has been compared with nearby located five islands of SBR namely Sagar, Gosaba, Jharkhali, Bali and Satjelia which indicated maximum similarity with Jharkhali Island.

2 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

005432   CHAKRABORTI U, MITRA B, BHADRA K (Zoology Dep, Kalyani Univ, Kalyani- 741 235, Email: kakali_bhadra2004@yahoo.com) : Foraging behaviour of Apis (Megapis) dorsata on two mangrove plant species. Ambient Sci 2019, 6(2), 11-5.

Foraging activities of insect is one of the important phenomena for the reproductive system of the cross pollinated plant. The present study was conducted during the year 2016 to 2018, to explore foraging activities of  Apis (Megapis) dorsata on  Aegialitis rotundifolia (AR) and Aegiceras corniculatum (AC) mangrove plants from Indian Sundarban. For both the plants, number of was showcasing a positive relationship with bloomed flowers.A.dorsata touched more flowers in one minute (VR) (12.1 ± 0.74 flowers/minute) on AC plant than on AR, while, the honey bee spent higher time for handling of a single flower (HT) (8.4 ± 0.88 second/flower) in case of AR than AC. This honey bee species also spent more time to fly in between two consecutive flowers for the plant AR (4.3 ± 0.56 Seconds) than AC. Furthermore, the pollen-carrying capacity of A.dorsata was higher for the plant AR than the plant AC. This study may indicate that A.dorsata may have an important role as a flower visitor for the reproductive success in both Aegialitis rotundifolia (AR) and Aegiceras corniculatum (AC) in Indian Sundarban.

6 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

005471   SINGH G, DOOKIA S (Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha Univ, New Delhi-110 078, Email: sumitdookia@gmail.com) : Roosting ecology and distribution of fulvous roundleaf bat Hipposideros fulvus gray 1838, in Thar Desert of Rajasthan, India. Ambient Sci 2019, 6(1), 11-5.

Fulvous round leaf bat Hipposideros fulvus belongs to a bicolour group of family Hipposideridae. A detailed study on the ecology and roosting site characteristic was conducted for two years in western Rajasthan and five roosts were identified with breeding records in one site. Earlier, few morphometric measurements below the standard measurements were once described. The shape, size, and length of baculum have also been described. Out of 362 roosting sites scanned in three districts of western Rajasthan, only five sites were occupied by this species. All these five sites were having different microclimatic conditions with round the year high humidity and very low temperature variation. It is note worthy that in the case of few measurements needs to be taken care of while comparing with standards described earlier.

3 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

004254   RANATHUNGE T, ABEYEWICKREME W, IQBAL M C M, HAPUGODA M (Parasitology Dep, Kelaniya Univ, Sarasavi Mawatha, Sri Lanka) : Use of cyclopoid copepods for control of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito larvae to prevent re-emergence of malaria in Sri Lanka. J Vector Borne Dis 2019, 18(1), 200-6.

Although malaria is eliminated from Sri Lanka, there is a possible risk of spread from infected persons coming from malaria endemic countries. The presence of major and potential vectors in several parts of the country along with drug resistance, necessitates the identification of effective and novel control methods. The present study focused on identifying effective biological control agents for anopheline larvae using carnivorous copepods under laboratory and field conditions to prevent re-introduction of malaria in the country. Three copepod species, namely Mesocyclops scrassus, Cyclops varicans and C. languides collected from different areas in the country were cultured by adding supplementary food, and their predatory efficacy was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Significant variation (p <0.05) was observed in predation rates of studied copepod species. The species M. scrassus showed the highest predacious efficiency, and consumed the highest number of anopheline larvae under laboratory and field conditions. Further, M. scrassus had higher survival rate than C. varicans and C. languides. The results of the study suggest that the predatory copepod M. scrassus can be used as a bio-control agent for the control of Anopheles mosquitoes to prevent re-emergence of malaria in the country. Additional research is suggested to identify naturally available copepod species and their predatory efficacy.

4 tables, 38 ref

004261   SULE R, KUMAR D (Zoology Dep, The Maharaja Sayajirao Univ of Baroda, Vadodara- 390 002, Email: dollymsu@gmail.com) : Insecticide resistance studies of Cypermenthrin 25EC and Chlorpyriphos 20EC against Spodoptera litura fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Indian J Agric Res 2019, 53(4), 453-7.

Spodoptera litura is one of the important pests and causes considerable damage to the crop. The indiscriminate use of insecticides result in development of resistance. Hence experiments were planned in laboratory conditions. The pest was reared in laboratory for many generations without exposure to any insecticides during 2018-19. After ensuring infection free culture, the insecticide resistance monitoring assays were performed to determine the development of resistance against two insecticides Cypermethrin 25EC and Chlorpyriphos 20EC by leaf-dip methodology. It was performed for five subsequent generations. The experimental results indicate greater resistance developed in Cypermehtrin 25EC @ 0.5 ppm (LC 50: 0.49, LC 90: 0.94) as compared to Chlorpyriphos 20EC @ 0.05 ppm. (LC 50: 0.05, LC 90: 0.34). This shows that there is onset of resistance in Cypermethrin 25EC, which may cause adverse effects, if not used in proper rotation with other insecticides.

2 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

004245   GUPTA R, LATHWAL S S, BHADAURIA P, KERKETTA S, FAHIM A, DEVI I, JADOUN Y S (Veterinary and A. H. Extension Education Dep, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab, Email: ysvet1203@gmail.com) : Discrimination of Karan fries cow’s individuality by the mean of their vocal acoustic features. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(7), 864-9.

Sound is one of the most important means of conveying information over long distances as well as in close vicinity. Utterance of animals becomes unique for them when they communicate their individuality or physiological state to the other co species partner. Present study was based on hypothesis of discrimination of individual identity through vocal signal of lactating karan fries (KF) cows. For this 25 KF cows were selected for recording of their vocal signal. Vocal call was recorded after separation of animal from their living herd in the morning hours. Acoustic features of vocalization of individual cow were extracted with the help of PRAAT acoustic analysis software. Analysis of all acoustic features extracted from 250 voice samples of 25 KF cows revealed that differences for amplitude, Total energy, pitch, intensity, formants, pulse, periods, unvoiced frames, voice breaks, jitter, shimmer, mean noise/harmonic ratio and mean harmonic/noise ratio were found highly significant (p < 0.001). Out of these only few acoustic features viz. pulse, pitch, jitter, shimmer, voice break and formants were observed to have significant (p<0.05) difference between each and every individual KF cow. Among these feature formants frequency of every individual cow had a unique pattern in the distribution of frequency contour in their vocal spectrogram. Study concluded that vocal signal of KF cow have some unique feature at individual level, by which cow identification could be made. 

14 ref

004253   PRERNA M, SINGH N K, JYOTI, SINGH H, RATH S S (Veterinary Parasitology Dep, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Punjab- 141 004, Email: nirbhayksingh@yahoo.co.in) : Enzymatic detoxification mediated deltamethrin resistance in Hyalomma anatolicum (Acari: Ixodidae) populations of Western Punjab. Explor Anim Med Res 2019, 9(1), 47-53.

Resistance status against deltamethrin was assessed in Hyalomma anatolicum ticks collected from seven districts of western zone, Punjab, India using Larval Packet Test (LPT). The regression graphs of probit mortality of larval ticks plotted against log values of increasing concentrations of deltamethrin were utilized for the determination of slope of mortality, lethal concentration for 50% (LC₅₀) and 95% (LC₉₅) with 95% confidence interval (CI), and resistance ratios (RR₅₀ and RR₉₅). The LC₅₀ and LC₉₅ values ranged from 2.36–18.72 and 19.28–59.9 ppm in various field isolates whereas, in susceptible ticks (Fazilka isolate) were 1.47 and 9.33 ppm, respectively. The values of RR₅₀ and RR₉₅ ranged from 1.60 to 12.73 and 2.06 to 6.42, respectively, confirming the resistance status of all field populations. On the basis of RR₅₀ values, level I resistance status was recorded in three field isolates and level II in four isolates. Esterase profile of the tick larval extracts using native PAGE, revealed 5 bands of esterase activity designated EST-1 to EST-5. Inhibitory tests recognized EST-1 and EST-2 as acetylcholine esterases, EST-3, EST-4 and EST-5 as carboxylesterases. Quantitative analysis of general esterase activity revealed a range of 3.249 ± 0.31 to 4.523 ± 0.59 and 1.747 ± 0.11 to 2.296 ± 0.20 µmol/min/mg protein for α and β-esterase activity, respectively in different field isolates whereas, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was in range of 0.0127 ± 0.0007 to 0.0289 ± 0.0017 mM/mg/min. A strong correlation was recorded between the resistance ratios against deltamethrin and enzyme ratios (∝- esterase and GST) of various field isolates of H. anatolicum indicating their possible role in resistance development.

2 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

004251   MISHRA B, ROY S, SINGH J, ROY M, SMITA, ALI S L, CHANDRAKAR S, KHUTEY J K (Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Chhattisgarh- 491 001, Email: vet_jasmeetsingh@rediffmail.com) : Effect of season on haematological parameters of captive mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris). Explor Anim Med Res 2019, 9(1), 42-6.

 The present study was undertaken to establish the effect of different seasons (winter, summer and rainy) on hematological parameters of captive mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) at Crocodile Conservation Park, Kotmi-Sonar, Chhattisgarh, India. The blood samples were collected by supra-occipital plexus and/or ventral tail vein puncture in 18 crocodiles each during winter, summer and rainy seasons. The findings of present study revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase in Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC) and Haemoglobin (Hb) values in summer season while the eosinophil and monocyte values were significantly (p<0.05) increased during winter season. Thrombocyte count was significantly (p<0.05) increased during rainy season as compared to winter and summer season. The present study has provided base line values for changes in haematological parameters in captive muggers.

1 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

004258   SINGH N K, JYOTI, NANDI A, SINGH H (Veterinary Parasitology Dep, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Ludhiana- 141 004, Punjab, Email: nirbhayksingh@yahoo.co.in) : Detection of multi-acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Explor Anim Med Res 2019, 9(1), 24-8.

Engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini 1888) (Acari: Ixodidae) were collected from Jalandhar district, Punjab and acaricide resistance status was assessed by adult immersion test against various class of acaricides viz. organophosphates (malathion), synthetic pyrethroids (cypermethrin, deltamethrin and fenvalerate) and formamidines (amitraz). The regression graph of probit mortality of ticks plotted against log values of progressively increasing concentrations of acaricides revealed the slope of mortality and was used for estimation of various lethal concentrations. The LC₅₀ (95% CL) and LC₉₅ (95% CL) values (ppm) for amitraz [628.4 (592.8 - 666.1) and 1972.7 (1738.1 - 2239.01)], cypermethrin [37.83 (35.02 -40.85) and 183.07 (153.84 - 217.85)], deltamethrin [45.57 (40.32 - 51.49) and 441.56 (342.29 - 569.61)], fenvalerate [142.67 (132.22 - 153.94) and 585.04 (500.46 - 683.91)] and malathion [3436.7 (3251.4 - 3632.6) and 9555.0 (8208.8 - 11122.1)] were estimated. Alow-level resistance status was recorded against formamidines (amitraz), deltamethrin and malathion, whereas, the ticks were found susceptible for cypermethrin and fenvalerate. The dose response curves for egg mass weight, reproductive index and percent inhibition of oviposition were also evaluated for the studied tick population.

4 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

004244   FLEMMING S A, SMITH P A, RAUSCH J, NOL E (Trent Univ, Ontario, Canada, Email: scott.flem9@gmail.com) : Broad-scale changes in Tundra-nesting bird abundance in response to hyperabundant geese. Ecosphere 2019, 10(7), e02785.

Environmental changes can propagate through food webs in complex ways via trophic cascades. In the North American Arctic, hyper abundant populations of geese are causing significant habitat change and the resulting trophic cascades are known to impact plant and invertebrate communities. However, the potential impacts on other tundra-nesting birds are not fully understood. Here, we evaluate the impacts of light geese (Snow Geese, Chen caerulescens, and Ross’Goose, Chen rossii) populations on other tundra-nesting birds, using count data collected during bird surveys conducted at varying distances from light goose colonies across the Canadian Arctic. From a dataset of 920 12–16 ha plots distributed across the Canadian Arctic, we identified 527 that were within 200 km of the mapped extent of known light goose colonies. After accounting for regional variation, we demonstrate that densities of most Cover-Nesting Shore birds and passerines are depressed in the vicinity of light goose colonies. We suggest that these  trends are the results of the combined effects of goose-induced changes in habitat and predator–prey inter-actions. These direct and indirect effects of light geese could be contributing to the declines experienced by some tundra-nesting bird populations in parts of their range. Ongoing climate-related changes to habitat, predators, and arthropods could interact with this effect of geese to further alter the suitability of tundra habitats for Arctic-breeding birds, in additive or even unanticipated ways.

3 illus, 4 tables, 79 ref

004242   ABDO A M R, EL-BEEH M E, QARI S H, EL-BADRY D A, EL-SAYYAD H I H (Zoology Dep, Mansoura Univ, Mansoura, Egypt, Email: elsayyad@mans.edu.eg) : Diabetes and hypercholesterolemia impair the cytological structure of the anterior pituitary gland. Biosci Biotech Res Asia 2019, 16(3), 649-58.

Increase consumption of high fat diet was found to alter blood sugar level similar to diabetes and contributed to the development of obesity and affected the reproductive function of both sexes. The study aimed to clarify the influence of diabetes and or hypercholesterolemia on the cytological picture of cells of the anterior lobe of pituitary gland of male albino rats. Eighteen male albino rats weighing approximately 120 gram body weight were divided into three main groups; control, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes (single i.p. 40 mg streptozotocin/ kg B.wt plus 100 mg. nicotinamide /kg body weight) and hypercholesterolemia (diet containing 3 % cholesterol). Dietary feeding on cholesterol and diabetes were carried out for 12 weeks. At the end of treatment, animals were sacrificed, and pituitary glands were separated and their anterior lobe was processed for cytological investigations by transmission electron microscopy. The present study revealed that the rats subjected to experimental diabetes and/ or hypercholesterolemia exhibited a decrease of the secretory granules within the gonadotroph cells somatotroph and corticotrophin cells. There was a detected intracellular accumulation of fat globules in both the gonado- and sommatotroph cells. The authors reported that the altered cytological structures of the secretory function of the anterior pituitary gland led to marked impairment of the male hormonal level and causing infertility.

6 illus, 40 ref