030519   CINAR M U, HIZLISOY H, AKYÜZ B, ARSLAN K, AKSEL E G, GÜMÜSSOY K S (Animal Science Dep, Erciyes Univ, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey, Email: mucinar@erciyes.edu.tr) : Polymorphisms in toll-like receptor (TLR) 1, 4, 9 and SLC11A1 genes and their association with paratuberculosis susceptibility in Holstein and indigenous crossbred cattle in Turkey. J Genet 2018, 97(5), 1147–54.

Mycobacterium aviumsubsp. paratuberculosis(MAP) causes major problem in a wide range of animal species. In ruminant livestock including cattle, it causes a chronic disease called Johne’s disease, or paratuberculosis (pTB) which is currently considered as potential zoonosis, causing Crohn’s disease in humans. MAP infection susceptibility is suspected to be controlled by host genetics. Thus, selecting individuals according to their genetic structure could help to obtain bovine populations that are increasingly resistant to MAP infection. The aim of the present work was to investigate the association between toll-like receptor (TLR) 1 (+1380 G/A), TLR1 (+1446 C/A), TLR4 (+10 C/T), TLR9 (+1310 G/A) and solute carrier family 11 member 1 (SLC11A1) (+1066 C/G) mutations and MAP infection status in 813 cattle comprising East Anatolian Red crossbred, Anatolian Black crossbred and Holstein breed. TLR1 (+1380 G/A) mutation showed an association with bovine MAP (P999.999; 95% CI) which indicated that a proportion of AG homozygote was significantly higher in pTB-affected animals as compared with the control. General linear model analysis demonstrated higher MAP antibody response in TLR1 (+1380 AG) genotype as compared with TLR1 (+1380 GG) (P<0.0001). Present findings suggest that selection against TLR1 (+1380 G/A) may reduce the risk of pTB in bovine herds.

1 illus, 4 tables, 45 ref

030554   SUNNY A, MONROY-VILCHIS O, ZARCO-GONZÁLEZ M M (Autónoma del Estado de México Univ, CP 50000, México, Email: omv@uaemex.mx) : Genetic diversity and structure of Crotalus triseriatus, a rattlesnake of central Mexico. J Genet 2018, 97(5), 1119–30.

The isolated and fragmented populations are highly susceptible to stochastic events, increasing the extinction risk because of the decline in putative adaptive potential and individual fitness. The population has high heterozygosity values and a moderate allelic diversity, the heterozygosity values are higher than in most other Crotalusspecies and snake studies. Possibly these high levels of genetic diversity can be related to a large founder size, high effective population size, multiple paternity and overlapping generations. We did not find the genetic structuring but the effective number of alleles (N_e) was 138.1. We found evidence of bottlenecks and the majority of rattlesnakes were unrelated, despite the small sample size, endemic status, the isolated and fragmented habitat. The genetic information provided in this study can be useful as a first approach to try to make informed conservation efforts for this species and also, important to preserve the habitat of this species; the endangered Abies–Pinus forest of the Nevado the Toluca Volcano.

5 illus, 1 table, 121 ref

030535   KUNDA S K, INDRAGANTI A (Zoology and Aquaculture Dep, Acharya Nagarjuna Univ, Guntur, A.P, Email: anjiindraganti@gmail.com) : Role of stocking densities on growth of Litopenaeus vannamei in low and high saline ponds from west Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 1257-60.

The present study was aimed to establish the information on the growth rates of L. vannamei for one crop in ponds with low saline with low stocking, low saline with high stocking and high saline with low stocking, high saline with high stocking densities. The average values of pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, ammonia and temperature in ponds with low saline and low stocking density were 8.26, 7, 5, 0.4 and 31.1 respectively. Whereas in ponds with low saline and high stocking density were 8.33, 6, 4.5, 0.7 and 31.1. Similarly, the average values of pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, ammonia and temperature in ponds with high saline and low stocking density were 8.09, 17, 4.9, 0.46 and 31.0 respectively. Whereas in ponds with high saline and high stocking density were 8.3, 18, 4.8, 0.91 and 32.0. It is evident from the present results that, the stocking density has inverse proportion with the growth. Low stocking density favours the production. In contrary high stocking density leads to lower the production rate.

6 tables, 8 ref

030525   GOPINATH L R, THANGAMANI S, ARCHAYA S (Biotechnology Dep, Vivekanandha Coll of Arts and Sciences for Women, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, Email: lrgopinathnamakkal@gmail.com) : Review on importance of cow urine. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 1197-1205.

Due to the fast growing world, number of diseases are emerging and threatening the life of peoples across the globe. Therefore, it became a necessity to search for an organic source that provides treatment to diseases is running into the minds of the people. Among the research pursued, cow urine is one such cheap and much cost efficient organic source that offers a natural therapy to combat diseases. Cows are the dynamic medical dispensary and cow urine is a magic potion of all diseases. One of the major components of cow urine is ‘Panchagawya’ that is competent of treating many curable as well as incurable diseases and has been used widely in traditional ayurvedic preparations since time immemorial. Several research has been experimented in Cow urine treatment and research centre, Indore over the past few years and it has been stated that gomutra is capable of curing blockage in arteries, blood pressure, diabetes, arthritis, heart attack, thyroid, cancer, psoriasis, asthma, prostrate, eczema, AIDS, migraine, piles, acidity, constipation, ulcer, ear, nose problems and gynecological problems and several other diseases.

23 ref

030542   RAJ A K, BINU KUMARI S, MOHAN KUMAR M, SUJILA T, DRISHYA M K, GOPINATHAN S (Zoology Dep, Kongunadu Arts and Science Coll, Coimbatore - 641 029, Email: sbinukumari@gmail.com) : A study on the effect of electroplating effluent on the haematological and genotoxicological analysis of the freshwater fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 969-75.

The study was carried out to investigate the acute and sublethal toxicity of electroplating effluent on haematological variables and genotoxicological changes of a fresh water fish, Oreochromis mossambicus under laboratory conditions. The 96 hour LC₅₀ value of electroplating effluent to the fish, O.mossambicus was estimated by probit analysis method and was found to be 7.9 mg/l. (with 95 % confidence limits). For sublethal studies a non-lethal dose of 1/10^th of 96-hour LC₅₀ value (0.79mg/l) was taken. During acute and chronic exposure periods, Haematological variables like RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC were significantly decreased in fish exposed to electroplating effluent. However, a significant increase in WBC value was observed in the exposed fish during above exposure periods when compared to that of the control groups. Comet assay damage occurred with water from electroplating industry showed increase in the DNA length. The DNA damage was determined by the length of comet tail. Increased tail length parallel by a reduction head size decreasing with treating time during 21 days exposure period.

1 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

030544   RANJAN B, PAKRASI P L, VENKATESH KUMAR R (Zoology Dep, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Univ, Lucknow - 226 025, Email: drvenkateshkumarr@gmail.com) : Antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential of MR-1 mulberry variety. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 904-14.

The current study was aimed to analyze an antioxidant activity and anti-diabetic effect of mulberry leaf extract. Free radical quenching activity of MR-1 mulberry leaf was determined by in vitro and anti-diabetic activity of mulberry leaf extract was analyzed through in vivo using STZ diabetic male mice strain. The in vitro antioxidant studies revealed that the extract of MR-1 mulberry leaf exhibited highest antioxidant content (67.44 % in methanol solvent) and (73.45 % in ethanol solvent) at 400 μl concentration than ascorbic acid (62.37 % in methanol solvent) and (72.89 % in ethanol solvent) at 400 μl concentration. The MR-1 mulberry variety significantly (<0.05) decrease the glucose concentration and enzyme activity such as SGOT and SGPT, CAT, whereas the G-6PDH activity increases. The study revealed MR-1 mulberry variety has been potential for quenching of free radicals and capacity to reduce the blood glucose levels.

4 illus, 5 tables, 28 ref

030533   KOSHTI A J, VERMA R J (Zoology Dep, Gujarat Univ, Ahmedabad, Email: amitjkoshti@gmail.com) : Alpha cypermethrin induced oxidative stress and its amelioration by resveratrol in liver of mice. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 879-84.

Present study was undertaken to study the ameliorative potential of resveratrol on alpha cypermethrin induced oxidative stress in liver of mice. The insecticide was administered orally at 7 mg/kg body weight to female mice for period of thirty days. In another sets of experiment animals were treated with three different doses (50 mg/kg body weight, 100 mg/kg body weight and 150 mg/kg body weight) of resveratrol along with 7 mg/kg body weight alpha cypermethrin. Besides these, there were untreated control, vehicle control and resveratrol (antidote) control groups. For evaluating oxidative stress in liver of mice, enzymes of oxidative stress like Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione peroxidase, Glutathione reducatse and Glutathione-S-tansferase were assayed in all experimental groups. Result revealed that alpha cypermethrin reduced all these enzymes level significantly p<0.05 compared to alpha cypermethrin alone group. It is concluded that resveratrol ameliorates alpha cypermethrin induced oxidative stress in liver of mice.

2 tables, 34 ref

030528   KAMARAJ C, THAMILMANI K (Zoology Dep, Arignar Anna Government Arts Coll Musiri, Tiruchirappalli – 621 211, Tamil Nadu, Email: kthamilmani78@gmail.com) : Histological changes observed in the tissues of Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to oil effluent. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2018, 8(4), 860-9.

The present investigation was to estimate the acute toxicity of oil effluent on Cirrhinus mrigala and to assess the lethal levels. The 120 hrs median lethal concentration of oil effluent were found to be 20 ppt for Cirrhinus mrigala. Further experiments were conducted with sub lethal concentration of (1/10^th conc. of LC₅₀) oil effluent which were evaluated from the LC₅₀ value. After treatment the fishes were reared in ideal condition, then sacrificed dissected at different predetermined interval during the accumulation period, (i.e.) 1^st day to 20^th day for Cirrhinus mrigala in oil effluent treatment for histological studies. The Histological changes were carried out under sub lethal concentration of (1/10^thconc. of LC₅₀) effluents in Gill, Liver and Muscle. The following changes occur; the primary and secondary gill lamellae were affected. The photomicrograph of muscle depicted pronounced intramuscular odema with minor dystrophic changes. The liver showed varied degree of hepatic cirrhosis as evidenced by vacuolization, space formation and resulting haemorrhage.

1 illus, 54 ref

030547   SANKAR S R, RENGARAJAN R, MARIAPPAN P (Zoology Dep, Government Arts Coll, Ariyalur - 621 713, Tamil Nadu, Email: mnobilii@gmail.com) : Seasonal fluctuation of phyto and zooplanktons of Ponneri tank (Cholagangam) Ariyalur district, Tamil nadu, India. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 854-9.

A study was undertaken to record the seasonal fluctuation in phyto and zooplankton population in Ponneri Tank (Cholagangam) in Udayarpalayam Taluk, Ariyalur District, Tamil Nadu, India, for a period of two years (January 2015 to December 2016). In this study, 10 species diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), 12 species of blue green algae (Cyanophyceae), 15 species of green algae (Chlorophyceae) and 16 species of zooplanktons were recorded. In the present observation, Navicula sp. (Bacillariophyceae), Oscillatoria sp. (Cyanophyceae), Spirogyra varians (Chlorophyceae) and zooplankton rotifers were found to be dominant groups. Plankton density and diversity is higher in summer then the winter and monsoon seasons.

4 tables, 20 ref

030543   RAJAKANI M, MUTHULINGAM M, KARUPPASAMY R (Zoology Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002, Email: muthuau@rediffmail.com) : Hepatichypolipidemic potential of seaweed, Padina gymnospora (Kutzing) on streptozotocin induced diabetics in male albino Wistar rats. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 845-50.

Diabetes mellitus is a multisystem endocrine disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from the defects in insulin secretion, action or both. In the traditional system of Indian medicine, formulation with extracts of plant parts is used as the drug of choice as antidiabetic, antiulcerative, hepatoprotective and lipid-lowering agents. Herbal medicines are popular remedies for a number of diseases and used by a vast majority of the world’s population. Since pre-historic times, herbs were the basis for nearly all medicinal therapy until synthetic drugs were developed in the nineteenth century. Seaweeds contain polysaccharides, proteins, amino acids, lipids, peptides, minerals and some vitamins. Polyphenols of seaweed are used as cosmetics and pharmacologicalsas antioxidants, protection from radiation, antibiotics and anti–inflammatory, hypo–allergenic, antibacterial and antidiabetic activity. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of methanolic extracts of Padina gymnospora on streptozotocin induced diabetics in male albino Wistar rats. Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were treated with methanolic extracts of Padina gymnospora at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o. and its influence on total cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides and free fatty acids in liver were observed. Oral administration of methanolic extract of Padina gymnospora at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o. to streptozotocin treated rats showed significantly decreased in total cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides and free fatty acids in liver near normal. Hence, it can be concluded that methanolic extract of Padina gymnospora effectively reduce the lipid profiles in diabetic rats.

1 illus, 48 ref

030513   BALASUBRAMANIAN P, SIVAKAMI R (PG & Research Dep of Zoology, Arignar Anna Govt. Arts Coll, Musiri - 621 211, Email: drsiva17@gmail.com) : An analysis of the commonly occurring fungal populations in water, sediment and the fish (Glossogobius giuris) at lower anicut, Thanjavur district, Tamil nadu. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2018, 8(4), 841-4.

One of the present situations faced by the aquaculture industry is the presence of infections leading to huge losses. Among the fish pathogens, fungal infections come next only to bacterial infections. Hence the present study was attempted to identify the common fungal flora in the sediments, water and fish (Glossogobius giuris) from Lower Anicut, Tamil Nadu. Results indicate that a total of 18 species belonging to eight genera could be identified. The sediment and water recorded 11 species while the skin of Glossogobius giuris recorded seven species and the foregut and mid gut six species each and the hind gut, five species of fungi. The presence of fungi in Glossogobius giuris highlights the need for giving immediate attention as fungal infections can be disastrous.

1 table, 29 ref

030512   BALASUBRAMANIAN P, SIVAKAMI R (PG & Research Dep of Zoology, Arignar Anna Govt. Arts Coll, Musiri - 621 211, Tamil Nadu, Email: drsiva17@gmail.com) : An analysis of physico-chemical variables of water in Lower Anicut, Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 831-5.

During the last few years, the water quality of most Indian aquatic systems has been deteriorating because of increased anthropogenic activity organisms especially phytoplankton which are the producers of aquatic systems depend directly on the physicochemical variables of water. Hence, physicochemical variables play an important role in the composition and diversity of aquatic organism. Hence, the present study was attempted at Lower Anicut at Anakkarai area in Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu. Various physicochemical variables have been analyzed on a seasonal basis and the results interpreted with those of similar workers.

2 tables, 30 ref

030538   NAGILLA B, BHARATHI, PRATAP REDDY K (Zoology Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad – 500 007, Email: bhaskar.nagilla10@gmail.com) : Glucose metabolism and cyclooxygenase activity in brain of STZ induced diabetic rats treated with curcumin. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 589-604.

The objective of this research was to study the glucose metabolism and cyclooxygenase metabolism in brain of rats and amelioration of curcumin treatment. This study reports the effect of curcumin (200 mg/kg per body wt., / day) on polyol pathway, pentose pathway, Cyclooxygenase metabolism and histological alterations in hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rat with STZ induced diabetes for 3 weeks. Metformin (150 mg/kg body weight) was used as standard reference drug. The activities of aldose reductase (AR); sorbitol dehydrogenase (SD) Cyclooxygenase (COX), PG peroxidase were increased whereas the activities of the Glucose 6-phosphate and Na+K+ATPase activity were decreased, and glucose and sorbitol content were increased in diabetic rat brain. The significant decrease AR and SD with curcumin treatments shows its protection against diabetic complications. Decreased COX and PG peroxidase suggests its protections against inflammation. STZ-induced brain damage in the cortex and regions within the hippocampus was seen but histological alterations induced by diabetes in Brain were restored with Curcumin treatment. These results suggest that Curcumin exerts, efficiently, an attenuating effect on the progression of hyperglycemia and also some hyperglycemia-induced complications in rat brain, when compared to Metformin.

14 illus, 60 ref

030546   SAJJA V L, SAMBASIVA TILAK K (Zoology Dep, T.J.P.S.Coll, Guntur - 522 006, Andhra Pradesh, Email: vijayalakshmisajja@yahoo.com) : Fluoride defilement in water and bio accumulation of it in some of the tissues of fresh water fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 259-63.

Fish take up fluoride directly from water and are susceptible to fluoride contamination of their environment. Aquatic organisms living in soft water may be more adversely affected by fluoride pollution than those living in hard or sea water. In this study, we examined the tissue distributions of fluoride and its bioaccumulation in the gills, scales, muscles and bone of the fish Labeo rohita chronically exposed to fluoride. Labeo rohita was exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of fluoride (33.488 mg/l, 66.976 mg/l) for a period of 8 days and 15 days. The tissue of fish i.e., gills, scales, muscle and bone were collected. The fluoride accumulated in these tissues were analysed by the Orion model 94-09 fluoride ion electrode consisting of an electrode made from crystal lanthanum. The fingerlings exposed to fluoride accumulated considerable amount of fluoride in different tissues. The accumulation is comparatively high in fish exposed to long duration. Fluoride accumulation is more in gills and scales and less in bone and muscle.

1 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

030511   ANBALAGAN R, SIVAKAMI R (Zoology Dep, Arignar Anna Govt. Arts Coll, Musiri - 621 211, Tamil Nadu, Email: drsiva17@gmail.com) : Fungal infection in shrimps collected from Agniar estuary, Tamil Nadu, India. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 254-8.

Today shell fishes diseases are of great concern to aquaculturists as they inflict heavy losses by causing large scale mortalities resulting in huge economic losses. Among the various pathogen, fungi comes next to bacteria. As a knowledge of diseases is basic to their control, the present study was intended to find out the commonly occurring fungi in cultured shrimp farms in Tamil Nadu. Results show that 18 species of fungi could be identified in Penaeus monodon and P. indicus of which three species P. monodon, four species P. indicus. However, eventhough P. vannamei also recorded 18 fungal species only two were recorded throughout the period of culture. Nevertheless, in all the three species of Penaeus, the maximum number of fungal species (18) was uniformly recorded on the 80th day of culture.

1 tables, 16 ref

030534   KUMARI K B, SIVAKAMI R (Zoology Dep, Arignar Anna Govt. Arts Coll, Musiri - 621211, Tamil Nadu, Email: drsiva17@gmail.com) : A study on the effect of chemotherapy and medicinal plant extracts on fungal fish pathogens. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 233-8.

Pancreatic alpha amylase (PAA) inhibitory activity of aqueous extracts of medicinal plants was evaluated in vitro to search new anti-diabetic agents as alternatives to synthetic medicines. Rhizome and leaves of C. longa and leaves of Moringa oleifera L., Azadirachta indica L., Psidium guajava L. and Murraya koenigii L were extracted with hot water and six extracts were tested for presence of PAA inhibitory activity quantitatively and their modes of inhibition were determined. Presence of alpha amylase inhibitors were identified in all extracts in quantitative assay. Aqueous extract of leaves and rhizome of C. longa showed highest anti-amylase potential with IC₅₀ values of 0.53 ± 0.10 and 0.96 ± 0.29 mg/ml respectively. IC₅₀ values of other extracts ranged between 1.24 ± 0.49 to 4.50 ± 0.38 mg/ml. Three highest inhibition potential showing extracts of C. longa leaves and rhizome and aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera displayed non-competitive, mixed and non-competitive mode of inhibition respectively as determined in terms of changes in Vmax and km values. In conclusion, active constituents of these three extracts possess anti-diabetic properties and can be used in management of diabetes mediated complications.

4 tables, 27 ref

030553   SUNDARARASU K, VALARMATHI S, SIVAKAMI R (Zoology Dep, Arignar Anna Govt. Arts Coll, Musiri - 621 211, Tamil Nadu, Email: drsiva17@gmail.com) : Inhibitory effect of cyanobacterial extract on fungal pathogens of tomato. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 227-32.

Among the various pathogenic fungi Fusarium sp. are saprophytes in the soil and organic matter with a cosmopolitan distribution. While some strains have been known to cause vascular wilt disease in crops including vegetables, bananas and date palms some other strains also protect plants from wilt. Among the genus Fusarium, F. oxysporum has been known to affect tomato plants significantly decreasing its production as they damage roots during their growth stages. Today, the focus on the treatment of plant decreases is mainly oriented towards the use of extracts of natural products as alternatives to synthetic fungicides for their safety and negligible environment impact. The present study involves the use of cyanobacterial extract in the control of F. oxysporum infecting tomato plants.

5 tables, 22 ref

030509   AGARWAL S, MITRA A (Applied Science Dep, RCC Institute of Information Technology, Beliaghata - 700 015, Kolkata, Email: mailsangvee@gmail.com) : Spatio-temporal variations of heavy metals in Penaeus monodon and amibient media of coastal West Bengal, India. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 206-13.

The present study is an attempt to understand the dynamics of zinc, copper and lead in the muscles, gills and hepatopancreas of Penaeus monodon collected from two different stations in coastal West Bengal namely Jharkhali (Station 1) and Shankarpur (Station 2) in 2017 through four seasons (premonsoon, monsoon, postmonsoon and winter). The former station is located in the central Indian Sundarbans within the mangrove ecosystem and the location of the later station is in Midnapore district of West Bengal and is noted for fish landing activities. The heavy metals in the ambient media (water and sediment) and shrimp tissues followed the order Zn > Cu > Pb. The concentrations of the metals exhibited significant spatial variations and followed the order Shankarpur (Station 2) > Jharkhali (Station 1). The bioaccumulation exhibited significant organ specificity with highest values in hepatopancreas followed by gills and muscles, irrespective of seasons and stations.

10 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

030522   DEVI R, SERFOJI P (Zoology Dep, Government Arts Coll, Thanjavur - 612 002, Tamilnadu, Email: devishrilakshmi@gmail.com) : GCMS analysis of bioactive compounds in ethyl acetate extract of earthworm gut Streptomyces fulvissimus (Jenson, 1930). Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 200-5.

GC-MS chromatogram of the Ethyl acetate extract of earthworm gut actinomycetes (Streptomyces fulvissimus) clearly showed fifteen peaks indicating the presence of fifteen bioactive compounds. The identification of the bioactive compounds was based on the peak area, retention time and molecular formula. The results reveal the presence of Phthalic acid, di-(1-Hexen-5-yl) Ester (12.97%) , 2- Decen-1-ol,(E) (1.04%) , Octadecanoic acid, Methyl Ester (1.16%), 9- Octadecanoic acid (Z) (13.70%) , 2-(Isobutoxycarbonyl) benzoic acid (3.75%), 1- Hexadecanol (0.78%) , 7- Hexadecenoic acid, Methyl Ester (Z)- (0.72%), Pentadecanoic acid, 14-Methyl- M, (0.19%), 9-12 Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (40.06%), Decanoic acid (18.33%) , Hexadecanoic acid, 1-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,2 – Ethanediyl (1.69%), 8- Hexadecenal, 14-Methyl-, (Z)- (0.79%), (Z)-4-Decen-1-ol, Pentafluoropropionate (1.41%), 0-Cyclohexyl N-Ethyl N-Propyl (0.16%), 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid (3.25%). The spectrum sketch out of GC-MS confirmed the presence of 15 components with the retention time 15.551, 18.711, 19.162, 19.581, 19.724, 20.817, 20.999, 21.225, 21.225, 21.489, 21.725, 23.478, 23.765, 26.809, 26.850, 28.658 min respectively. The bioactive compounds recognized through GC-MS analysis showed many biological activities.

2 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

030552   SRIDEVI S, KUMAR T R, NAGARAJAN D (Zoology Dep, Annamalai Univ, Chidhambaram, Tamilnadu, Email: sridevishanmugam1@gmail.com) : Biochemical studies of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti by using an organophosphate (Temephos) insecticide. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 184-8.

Mosquito borne diseases are dramatically affect public health and represent a major burden in terms of economy and development worldwide. Vector borne diseases are global problem it is trend that may only increases if global temperature rises and demographic trends continue and their economic and social impact are enormous. The mosquitoes control largely relies on insecticide applied to control the larval habitats, indoors against adult mosquito population worldwide and there is evidence that it has compromised the success of control interventions. Insecticide play a vital role in the fight against the diseases by controlling the vectors in order to improve the public health and however resistance to commonly used insecticides such as temephos. The present study was carried out to determine the metabolic resistance of detoxifying enzyme level in the resistant strain of five generation of Aedes aegypti. Biochemical analysis was done on Aedes (stegomyia) aegypti mosquitoes to determine the activities of enzymes such as α and β esterases, MFO, GST and AchE. These tests were performed in five generation of resistant strain of Aedes aegypti. The resistant generation shows the increased mean value compared with the control and susceptible strain. This result indicates the detoxifying enzyme level was progressively increased from R1 to R2 and shows a level of significant was 0.001. The result of present observation was indicating the resistance would develop among the population of Aedes aegypti.

1 table, 25 ref

030532   KHAN N A, MOSEKI P (Zoology Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi - 110 007, Email: nawazalamkhan1364@gmail.com) : Investigating the role of heat shock proteins and melanophores during stress caused by high light intensity in Indian major carp, Catla catla. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(12), 5226-33.

In response to several stressors such as intense light, fish elicit a generalized physiological stress response. Catla catla (61.3 ± 2.1 g) were exposed to five different light intensities of 983 ± 162 lx (L1), 1828 ± 324 lx (L2), 2676 ± 409 lx (L3), 3442 ± 648 lx (L4) and 114 ± 4 lx (Lc, control). Higher light intensities resulted in physiological stress, significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of heat shock protein-70 and heat shock protein-90 were found in both hepatopancreas and muscles of fish exposed at L4 treatment compared to the others to cope up with the stressor. A direct relationship was found between the light intensity and the serum glucose level. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher glucose level was found in L4 exposed fish compared to the others. Fish at L4 had aggregated its pigments in the melanophores (punctate stage) to reflect intense light. This study could be useful in understanding the aspects of stress induced changes in fish skin melanophores. As a consequence of stress due to intense light, a 12.5 % of growth retardation was found in L4 treated fish. Significantly (P < 0.05) lower feed conversion ratio was found in Lc than the other treatments. Hence, the present investigation is aimed to evaluate the acute and sublethal effects of light intensities in catla.

3 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

030524   GEETHARATHAN T, PEERA K (Zoology Dep, Sri Venkateswara Univ, Tirupati - 517 502, Email: drkutagollapeera2014@gmail.com) : Effect of Bisphenol-A on the cardiovascular system in pregnant rats. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(11), 4690-5.

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a chemical produced in large volumes worldwide and has large market diffusion in many consumer products. BPA is used mainly as a monomer in the production of polycarbonate plastics and as a precursor of epoxy resins. So the present study was undertaken to examine the toxic effect of BPA on heart function in pregnant rat models. BPA (50 mg/kg.b.wt/day and 500 mg/kg.b.wt/day) was administered for 8^th to 15^th day by oral-gavage. The rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation after last treatment. Paraffin embedded heart tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Significant degenerative changes were observed in H&E stained heart tissue sections of test rats. The activities of antioxidant enzymes like- superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were seen to be decreased significantly in treated rats; while, the level of malondialdehyde, a biomarker of lipid peroxidation, was increased than treated rats. Up-regulation of proapoptotic protein has been reported in heart failure and myocardial infarction, to determine whether caspase-3 protein can affect cardiac function in treated pregnant rats. In conclusion, BPA inhibits ventricular function in rat presumably by producing oxidative stress induced apoptosis and causes potential cardio toxicity.

4 illus, 32 ref

030531   KARUNARATHNE P U H S, THAMMITIYAGODAGE M G, WEERAKKODY N S (Laboratory Animal Science Dep, Medical Research Institute, Colombo 08, 00800, Western Province, Sri Lanka, Email: drmayuri.geetha@gmail.com) : Safety evaluation of galangal (Alpinia galanga) extract for therapeutic use as an antimicrobial agent. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(11), 4582-90.

Hexane extract of Galangal (Alpinia galanga) rhizome was evaluated for acute dermal, oral and intraperitoneal toxicities using OECD guidelines. The undiluted crude galangal extract showed negligible irritation on non-abraded skin of New Zealand white rabbits with 0.25 primary irritation index whereas the abraded skin of the rabbits showed irritation for all tested dilutions of galangal extracts; 0.75 g/ml, 0.5 g/ml, 0.25 g/ml and 0.125 g/ml. The single oral dose of the Galangal extract at 2000 mg/kg did not produce mortality or significant changes in the general behavior, body weights, feed intake and biochemical analysis (ALT, AST, BUN and creatinine levels) of Wistar rats compared to the control. However, 2000 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg body weight of galangal extract were highly toxic to Wistar rats when administered intraperitoneally. Galangal extract with concentrations <20 mg/ml were non-irritant on Hen’s egg chorioallantoic membrane which is an alternative to the Draize eye irritation test.

2 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

030527   HOSSEINI-SAFA A, MOHEBALI M, HAJJARAN H, AKHOUNDI B, ZAREI Z, ARZAMANI K, DAVARI A (Medical Parasitology and Mycology Dep, Tehran Univ of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Email: mohebali@tums.ac.ir) : High resolution melting analysis as an accurate method for identifying Leishmania infantum in canine serum samples. J Vector Borne Dis 2018, 55(4), 315–20.

Leishmania (L.) infantum is the principal agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Mediterranean and American regions. So far different molecular methods including high resolution melting (HRM) analysis have been developed for detecting and identifying L. infantum infection. HRM assay is an automted molecular method which detects and identifies different genus and species of infectious agents. This study aimed to diagnose and identify Leishmania infection caused by L. infantum species using real-time PCR coupled with HRM assay in the serum samples in comparison with anti-L. infantum antibodies obtained using direct agglutination test (DAT), in domestic and wild canines of northeastern Iran. Serum samples of 15 foxes, 14 jackals, seven domestic dogs and three wolves were collected in some villages around Shirvan and Bojnourd districts from the northeast regions of Iran during 2014–15. Initially, all the collected serum samples were tested by DAT for the detection of anti-L. infantum antibodies. Afterwards, genomic DNA was extracted from the samples and tested by real-time PCR–HRM analysis targeting hsp70, ITS1 and gp63 genes. The level of agreement between DAT and HRM assay were analysed statistically. Out of the 39 serum samples, eight showed anti-L. infantum antibodies at titre 1: 80 while only one of them showed anti-L. infantum antibodies at titre 1:160. All the nine seropositive samples showed positive results with HRM analysis. Additionally, three DAT negative serum samples were also found positive in the HRM technique. Altogether, 12 out of the 39 DNA samples showed positive results in HRM analysis. Among the three gene sequences used, gp63 was best for separation and identification of species. HRM analysis targeting hsp70, ITS1 and gp63 genes can be used as a highly sensitive technique for the screening and early detection of L. infantum infection in the wild and domestic canines. It has higher accuracy than DAT and allows detection and discrimination of different Leishmania species responsible for the Leishmaniases.

2 illus, 2 tables, 44 ref

030516   BENBETKA S, HACHID A, BENALLAL K E, BENBETKA C, KHALDI A, BITAM I, HARRAT Z (Mohamed Bouguerra Univ, Algiers, Algeria, Email: arnsisi@yahoo.fr) : First field evidence infection of Culex perexiguus by West Nile virus in Sahara oasis of Algeria. J Vector Borne Dis 2018, 55(4), 305–9.

West Nile virus (WNV) is considered one of the most widely distributed arboviruses in the world which is transmitted by several mosquito species including the Culex genus. Culex pipiens is the major vector of this virus in Europe and USA whereas in African countries, other species such as Cx. perexiguus is considered as an important vector. This paper aimed to study the mosquito species involved in WNV transmission in Aougrout, one of the highly populated Oasis of Timimoun Province in Algeria where human WNV neuroinvasive diseases are prevalent. CDC light-traps were installed in animal and human shelters for three nights. Collected mosquitoes were pooled and real-time PCR was performed to detect and identify WNV lineages 1 and 2 in the samples. CDC light-traps collected 270 mosquitoes belonging to three genera. Culex genus was predominant with Cx. perexiguus as main species followed by Aedes and Anopheles genus. A total of 33 pools were tested; one pool containing Cx. perexiguus was found positive for WNV lineage 1. This study reports for the first time a WNV natural infection of Culex perexiguus in the study region indicating that species other than Cx. pipiens should be taken into consideration in WNV surveillance, especially in specific environments like Saharan Oasis ecosystem.

1 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

030550   SOFIZADEH A, HANAFI-BOJD A A, SHORAKA H R (Medical Entomology & Vector Control Dep, Tehran Univ of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Email: aahanafibojd@tums.ac.ir) : Modeling spatial distribution of Rhombomys opimus as the main reservoir host of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in northeastern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis 2018, 55(4), 297–304.

Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is among the most endemic zoonotic diseases in Golestan Province of Iran. The aim of this study was to find the high risk areas of this infection by considering the distribution of reservoirs and human infection. A cross-sectional study was conducted, in which Rhombomys opimus (Gerbils) were captured from different collection sites across the Golestan Province, Iran. Records about the occurrence of Rh. opimus in the Province was obtained from earlier studies and were gathered in a database. Furthermore, records about the disease existence were also obtained from the health system database of Golestan Province. Villages with at least three cases of ZCL were considered endemic foci and used as presence sites for Leishmania major. ArcGIS and MaxEnt model were used to map and predict the best ecological niches for both reservoir and parasite. According to the MaxEnt model, the area under ROC curve for Rh. opimus and L. major was 0.92 and 0.89, respectively. The probability of presence for both species in the northeastern part of Golestan Province was more than the other parts. The Jackknife test indicated that factors like temperature and altitude plays significant role in predicting the environmental suitability for ZCL reservoir and parasite, respectively. This modeling approach predicted the areas suitable for reservoir host and circulation of parasite to human. These findings can be used in proper mapping, surveillance and control of the CL.

9 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

030514   BARUAH A, HAZARIKA R A, BARMAN N N, ISLAM S, GULATI B R (ICAR–National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar–125 001, Email: brgulati@gmail.com) : Mosquito abundance and pig seropositivity as a correlate of Japanese encephalitis in human population in Assam, India. J Vector Borne Dis 2018, 55(4), 291–6.

Assam is the most vulnerable state for Japanese encephalitis (JE) in India. The situation warrants characterization of epidemiological patterns of JE in vectors, pigs and human population. This investigation was aimed to determine the relative abundance of mosquito species and seroprevalence of JE in pigs in order to draw an epidemiological association with reported human JE cases in Assam. Pig sera and mosquitoes from selected farms in Sivasagar and Kamrup districts of Assam were collected fortnightly for one year during June 2015–May 2016. Pig sera were tested for JE antibodies by haemagglutination and virus neurtralization tests. Mosquito species were identified microscopically following the taxonomic keys. The results were analyzed with data on confirmed human JE cases in the selected districts. Culex gelidus (26.07 %) and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (24.07 %) were the most abundant species in collected mosquitoes (n = 997). A total of 22.99 % of pigs (n = 335) were JEV seropositive and 45.65 % of human acute encephalitis syndrome cases (n = 230) were positive for JE virus (JEV) infection. Relative mosquito abundance, pig positivity and human cases were highest during monsoon (June–September) and least during winter (December–February). Rise in mosquito population was observed during pre-monsoon season (March–May) and concurrently higher number of human cases and pig seropositivity were recorded. A good correlation was observed between mosquito number and JEV positivity in pigs/human, and between pigs and human cases (p < 0.05). Human population in Sivasagar was at higher risk for JE infection (OR: 6.46, p < 0.0001) than in Kamrup rural district. This study indicates that a seasonal correlation exists between mosquito abundance and JEV seroconversion in pigs with concurrent human JEV outbreaks under field conditions in Sivasagar and Kamrup rural districts of Assam and that monitoring mosquito abundance/density and pig JEV seropositivity may help in predicting JEV outbreak in human population in the region.

1 illus, 4 tables, 34 ref

030517   CARVAJAL T M, CAPISTRANO J D R, HASHIMOTO K, GO K J D, CRUZ M A I J, MARTINEZ M J L B, TIOPIANCO V S P, AMALIN D M, WATANABE K (Civil and Environmental Engineering Dep, Ehime Univ, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan, Email: watanabe_kozo@cee.ehime-u.ac.jp) : Detection and distribution of Wolbachia endobacteria in Culex quinquefasciatus populations (Diptera : Culicidae) from Metropolitan Manila, Philippines. J Vector Borne Dis 2018, 55(4), 265–70.

Culex quinquefasciatus is a peridomestic mosquito known for its ability to transmit pathogenic diseases such as filariasis and Japanese encephalitis. The development and use of novel and innovative vector control measures such as the utilization of Wolbachia, along with the existing ones, are necessary to prevent the transmission of these diseases. Studies exploring the diversity of Wolbachia, particularly in Cx. quinquefasciatus are very limited in the Philippines. Thus, the aim of the study was to detect the presence, distribution, and phylogenetic relationship of Wolbachia infections in Cx. quinquefasciatus in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines. Adult Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were collected using a commercially available light-trap from May 2014–January 2015. Based on their sampling grids (n = 51), the adult mosquito abdomens were pooled and subjected to Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) gene amplification assay. Five selected wsp-positive samples were then sequenced and further analyzed to infer their phylogenetic relationship with known Wolbachia strains. A total of 1090 adult Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were collected. Pooled abdomens (n = 53) were then sorted based on their sampling grids for subsequent screening of wsp gene. Wolbachia infection rate was 59 % (31/53). These infections were located at 29 (57 %) sampling grids, and were observed to be widely distributed in the study area. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the sample sequences were Wolbachia pipientis isolated from known hosts, Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus belonging to supergroup B clade. The study was able to demonstrate the prevalence and distribution of Wolbachia in Cx. quinquefasciatus in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines. The findings of this study are geared towards proposing a vector control program that utilizes the potential of Wolbachia as a biological control agent in preventing the transmission of Culex-borne diseases.

2 illus, 1 table, 59 ref

030541   PRETO C R, SUDARSHANA M R, BOLLINGER M L, ZALOM F G (Entomology and Nematology Dep, California Univ, Davis, CA 95616, Email: crpreto@ucdavis.edu) : Vitis vinifera (Vitales: Vitaceae) as a reproductive host of Spissistilus festinus (Hemiptera: Membracidae). J Insect Sci 2018, 18(6), 20.

Feeding by the three-cornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say) (Hemiptera: Membracidae) results in girdling of grapevine petioles and shoots. Its significance as an economic pest of grape has increased since it was shown to transmit Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) in a greenhouse study. However, the status of grapevines as a reproductive host for S. festinus remained undetermined. Adult S. festinus were caged onto three regions of the grapevines: apical shoot, green shoot, and dormant cane. Their ability to reproduce was determined by weekly destructive sampling for 7 wk. Successful oviposition and nymphal emergence were observed on apical and green shoots, but not on dormant canes. However, insect development beyond the second nymphal instar did not occur. Knowledge of S. festinus reproduction on grapevines will be an important consideration in designing management guidelines to minimize the spread of GRBV in vineyards.

6 illus, 18 ref

030557   WU G, WANG Y, WANG J N, CHEN X Z, HU Q X, YANG Y F, LIU Q Q (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry Univ, Fuzhou, China, Email: newugang@163.com) : Vitality and stability of insecticide resistance in adult Propylaea japonica (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). J Insect Sci 2018, 18(6), 16.

Propylaea japonica (Thunberg) was a dominant species among the predacious ladybirds in the fields and active from March to November during a year in Fuzhou, China. Stability of insecticide resistance and vitality in adult P. japonica were investigated. The field ladybird P. japonica in Fuzhou, China, showed 9- to 16-fold resistance ratios to chlorpyrifos, 13- to 2,083-fold to methamidophos, 32- to 230-fold to fenvalerate, and 4- to 49-fold to avermectins, respectively, based on the field monitoring during 2004, 2009, and 2012, as compared with insecticide-susceptible F₃₉ progenies. The resistance levels in the field P. japonica were high during May and November but low during summer. The population growth tendency index in field P. japonica was 0.8-fold as high as that in insecticidesusceptible P. japonica. The field P. japonica also showed high tolerance to the insecticide as compared with pest Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach and two parasitoids Diaeretiella rapae and Pachyneuron aphidis. Stable insecticide resistance levels and high vitality were found first in adult P. japonica with 1-, 30-, or 60-d-old adults, or among the adults developed form the eggs produced by newly emerged adults or by 60-d-old adults. Increased activity of glutathione S-transferases, carboxylesterases, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases might be involved in the resistance of P. japonica. The results indicated that, in certain areas, inclusion of P. japonica for pest control in the integrated pest management would be highly recommended.

5 tables, 63 ref

030515   BECERRA-CHIRON I M, MOYA-RAYGOZA G (Botánica y Zoología Dep, de Guadalajara Univ, Jalisco, México, Email: moyaraygoza@gmail.com) : Egg parasitoids of Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) within maize agroecosystems and in the edge zones of maize fields, and on maize varieties during the wet season in Mexico. J Insect Sci 2018, 18(6), 14.

Little is known about Dalbulus maidis (DeLong) egg parasitoids within maize fields, in the edge zones that surround these fields, and the parasitism on D. maidis eggs oviposited on different maize varieties. The objectives of the present study were first to understand which egg parasitoid species attack D. maidis eggs within maize fields and in the surrounding edge zones, and second, to compare parasitism on two maize varieties (land race Ancho-pozolero and hybrid Tigre-Asgrow) during the maize-growing wet season. We used maize plants with sentinel eggs to attract the egg parasitoids in two consecutive wet seasons, in 2015 and 2016. In 2015, Anagrus sp. (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and Paracentrobia sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitized D. maidis eggs within the maize field and on its edges. However, much more parasitism was seen within the maize agroecosystem than in the maize edge zones. In 2016, two Mymaridae species, Anagrus columbi Perkins and Anagrus sp, and two Trichogrammatidae genera, Pseudoligosita sp. and Paracentrobia sp., attacked the D. maidis eggs laid on maize hybrids but not those oviposited on the maize land race. Our findings indicate that parasitism of corn leafhopper eggs differs with agroecosystem location and maize varieties.

4 illus, 1 table, 42 ref

030558   YADAV S, STOW A J, HARRIS R M B, DUDANIEC R Y (Biological Sciences Dep, Macquarie Univ, Sydney, 2109 NSW, Australia, Email: sonu.yadav@ students.mq.edu.au) : Morphological variation tracks environmental gradients in an agricultural pest, Phaulacridium vittatum (Orthoptera: Acrididae). J Insect Sci 2018, 18(6), 13.

Invertebrate pests often show high morphological variation and wide environmental tolerances. Knowledge of how phenotypic variation is associated with environmental heterogeneity can elucidate the processes underpinning these patterns. Here we examine morphological variation and relative abundance along environmental gradients in a widespread agricultural pest, native to Australia, the wingless grasshopper Phaulacridium vittatum (Sjöstedt). We test for correlations between body size, wing presence, and stripe polymorphism with environmental variables. Using multiple regression and mixed-effects modeling, body size and stripe polymorphism were positively associated with solar radiation, and wing presence was positively associated with foliage projective cover (FPC). There were no associations between body size or morphological traits with relative abundance. However, relative abundance was positively associated with latitude, soil moisture, and wind speed, but was negatively associated with FPC. Therefore, sites with low relative abundance and high forest cover were more likely to contain winged individuals. Overall, our results suggest that environmental and climatic conditions strongly influence the relative abundance and the distribution of morphotypes in P. vittatum, which is likely to affect dispersal and fitness in different landscapes. This knowledge is useful for informing how environmental change might influence the future spread and impact of this agricultural pest.

5 illus, 3 tables, 111 ref

030520   COATSWORTH H, CAICEDO P A, ROSSUM T V, OCAMPO C B, LOWENBERGER C (Biological Sciences Dep, Simon Fraser Univ, Burnaby, BC, Canada, Email: hcoatswo@sfu.ca) : The composition of midgut bacteria in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) that are naturally susceptible or refractory to dengue viruses. J Insect Sci 2018, 18(6), 12.

The composition, abundance, and diversity of midgut bacteria in mosquitoes can influence pathogen transmission. We used 16S rRNA microbiome profiling to survey midgut microbial diversity in pooled samples of laboratory colonized dengue-refractory, Cali-MIB, and dengue-susceptible, Cali-S Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus). The 16S rRNA sequences from the sugar-fed midguts of adult females clustered to 63 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), primarily from Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Flavobacteria, and Actinobacteria. An average of five ASVs dominated the midguts, and most ASVs were present in both Cali-MIB and Cali-S midguts. No differences in abundance were noted at any phylogenetic level (Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus) by analysis of composition of microbiome (w = 0). No community diversity metrics were significantly different between refractory and susceptible mosquitoes. These data suggest that phenotypic differences in the susceptibility to dengue virus between Cali-MIB and Cali-S are not likely due to major differences in midgut bacterial communities.

2 illus, 2 tables, 52 ref

030551   SONG N, ZHANG H (Henan Agricultural Univ, Zhengzhou 450002, China, Email: songnan@henau.edu.cn) : The mitochondrial genomes of phytophagous scarab beetles and systematic implications. J Insect Sci 2018, 18(6), 11.

In this study, we newly sequenced five mitogenomes of representatives of phytophagous scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) by using next-generation sequencing technology. Two species have complete (or nearly complete) mitogenome sequences, namely Popillia mutans Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)  and Holotrichia oblita Faldermann (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). The remaining three species have the partial mitogenomes, and the missing genes are mainly located adjacent to the control region. The complete (or nearly complete) mitogenomes have the same genome structure as most of the existing Scarabaeidae mitogenomes. We conducted phylogenetic analyses together with 24 published mitogenomes of Scarabaeoidea. The results supported a basal split of coprophagous and phytophagous Scarabaeidae. The subfamily Sericinae was recovered as sister to all other phytophagous scarab beetles. All analyses supported a non-monophyletic Melolonthinae, which included two different non-sister clades. The Cetoniinae was recovered as sister to a clade including Rutelinae and Dynastinae. Although the Rutelinae was rendered paraphyletic by Dynastinae in the Bayesian trees inferred under the site-heterogeneous CAT-GTR or CATMTART model, discordant patterns were given in some of ML trees estimated using the homogeneous GTR model.

5 illus, 3 tables, 56 ref

030559   ZHANG G, CHEN J, WANG F, GUI L, ZHANG J (Yangtze Univ, Hubei 434025, P. R. China, Email: ghzhang84@sina.com) : Characterization and levels of expression of sensory neuron membrane proteins in the adult citrus fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). J Insect Sci 2018, 18(6), 10.

Sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) play an important role in insect chemoreception; however, the SNMPs for Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) (Diptera: Tephritidae), an economically important pest of citrus, remain uncharacterized. Here, we report on the molecular characterization of SNMPs (BminSNMP1 and BminSNMP2) from adult B. minax. The open-reading frames of BminSNMP1 and BminSNMP2 were 1,608 and 1,647 nucleotides, encoding proteins of 535 and 557 amino acid residues, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the two BminSNMPs belonged to two distinct subgroups, indicating the possibility of their contrasting function in insect chemoreception. Real-time PCR results showed that BminSNMP1 was expressed primarily in the antennae of males and females, where levels of expression were similar at different developmental stages of females, but lower in 1- and 5-d-old males than in 15- and 20-d-old males. In both sexes, BminSNMP2 was expressed at high levels in antennae and in nonolfactory tissues, especially in legs, where levels were higher than in other nonolfactory tissues. We found highest levels of expression of BminSNMP2 in antennae of both sexes in 30-d-old adults, while in legs of both sexes, highest levels of expression were detected in 1- and 30-d-old adults. We discuss the possible physiological functions of BminSNMPs based on our findings.

6 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

030523   DICKERSON A K, OLVERA A, LUC Y (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dep, Central Florida Univ, Orlando, Florida, Email: dickerson@ucf.edu) : Void entry by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes is lower than would be expected by a randomized search. J Insect Sci 2018, 18(6), 9.

Insects enter every passable space on the planet. Despite our best efforts, flying insects infiltrate slightly open windows in domiciles, automobiles, storage spaces, and more. Is this ubiquitous experience a consequence of insect abundance and probability, or are flying insects adept at detecting passageways? There remains a lack of understanding of insect effectiveness in finding passage through the voids and imperfections in physical barriers in response to attractants, a topic particularly critical to the area of insect-borne disease control. In this study, we recorded the passage of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes through voids in vertically oriented bed net fabrics within a cylindrical flight arena. We model the probability mosquitoes will discover and navigate the void in response to a physical attractant by observing their search behavior and quantifying the region within a void that is physically navigable, constrained by body size. Void passage rates were lower than that would be expected by purely randomized search behaviors and decline rapidly as the void diameter approaches the in-flight width of the insect.

7 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

030545   RENDON D, BUSER J, TAIT G, LEE J C, WALTON V M (Horticulture Dep, Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331, Email: rendonda@gmail.com) : Survival and fecundity parameters of two Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) morphs on variable diet under suboptimal temperatures. J Insect Sci 2018, 18(6), 8.

Life history parameters are used to estimate population dynamics, mortality, and reproduction in insects relative to their surrounding environment. For Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), an invasive agricultural pest, previous studies have estimated net reproductive rate (R_o), generation time (T), and intrinsic rate of population increase (rm). A main limitation is that these estimates were measured under relatively favorable settings, and do not reflect environmental conditions and physiological states encountered during dormancy periods. Therefore, this study investigated the impacts of 1) low temperatures and 2) dietary protein: carbohydrate ratios (P:C) on both survival and fecundity parameters of D. suzukii summer morphs (SM) and postoverwintering winter morphs (WM) over physiological age (degree-days, DD). In both morphs, reproductive rates were higher and lifespan was longer when flies were exposed to low protein (P:C 1:4) or carbohydrate-only diets (P:C 0:1) compared with high protein diets (P:C 1:1). WM had higher reproductive rates and longer generation times than SM on optimal 1:4 diet in all trialed temperatures, but at the lowest temperatures, SM had higher reproductive rates than WM in carbohydrateonly and high protein diets. This likely reflected delayed oogenesis and hindered reproduction after an overwintering period in WM receiving suboptimal diets. Oviposition for SM and WM receiving 1:4 diet commenced from 0 to 100 DD, and peaked between 400 and 500 DD, earlier than flies receiving 0:1 diet. These results suggest that dietary protein has a crucial role in early oogenesis, particularly for postoverwintering WM. The parameters developed here reflect the population dynamics of D. suzukii before and after the crop growing season, an essential time for population buildup, survival, and early and late host infestation.

2 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

030530   KARATAS A (Kocaeli Univ, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey, Email: karatasayla@gmail.com) : Dairy products added to rearing media negatively effect Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) egg production and larval development. J Insect Sci 2018, 18(6), 7.

This study examined the effect of kefir, yogurt, and milk on egg production and development in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen. Kefir, yogurt, and milk were added to the Drosophila culture medium. First they were fed to mature individuals and then these females laid eggs on medium containing kefir, yogurt, and milk. Later the development of eggs and larvae was examined. The experiments were conducted on two generations, the F₁ generation reared with additives in the media and F₂ without the additives. The effects of these substances on the basic stages of development were also examined. In the experimental groups, the numbers of eggs and larvae decreased considerably in both the F₁ and F₂ generations. The comparison between the experimental groups themselves also showed a difference. In both generations, development of eggs into third instar larvae was reduced and metamorphosis was delayed. In addition, morphological abnormalities were observed in the larvae. Overall the results showed that kefir, yogurt, and milk affected egg and larva development negatively and this negative effect continued in the F₂ generation. The continuation of this negative effect in the F₂ generation, which was not exposed to various milk additives, is an interesting finding. These results indicate that the nutrients from the milk and the milk products used were neither utilized by nor beneficial for this insect.

1 illus, 4 tables, 58 ref

030556   WANG L, DONG Z, WANG J, YIN Y, LIU H, HU W, PENG Z, LIU C, LI M, BANNO Y, SHIMADA T, XIA Q, ZHAO P (Southwest Univ, Chongqing 400716, China, Email: zhaop@swu.edu.cn) : Proteomic analysis of larval integument in a dominant obese translucent (Obs) silkworm mutant. J Insect Sci 2018, 18(6), 4.

The dominant obese translucent (Obs) mutant of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) results in a short and stout larval body, translucent phenotype, and abnormal pigmentation in the integument. The Obs mutant also displays deficiency in ecdysis and metamorphosis. In the present study, to gain an understanding of multiple Obs phenotypes, we investigated the phenotypes of Obs and performed a comparative analysis of the larval integument proteomes of Obs and normal silkworms. The phenotypic analysis revealed that the Obs larvae were indeed short and fat, and that chitin and uric acid content were lower but melanin content was higher in the Obs mutant. Proteomic analysis revealed that 244 proteins were significantly differentially expressed between Obs and normal silkworms, some of which were involved in uric acid metabolism and melanin pigmentation. Twenty-six proteins were annotated as cuticular proteins, including RR motif-rich cuticular proteins (CPR), glycine-rich cuticular protein (CPG), hypothetical cuticular protein (CPH), cuticular protein analogous to peritrophins (CPAPs), and the chitin_bind_3 motif proteins, and accounted for over 84 % of the abundance of the total significantly differentially expressed proteins. Moreover, 22 of the 26 cuticular proteins were downregulated in the Obs mutant. Comparative proteomic analysis suggested that the multiple phenotypes of the Obs mutant might be related to changes in the expression of proteins that participate in cuticular formation, uric acid metabolism, and melanin pigmentation. These results could lay a basis for further identification of the gene responsible for the Obs mutant. The data have been deposited to ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD010998.

6 illus, 1 table, 65 ref

030537   LIU R, WANG W, LIU X, LU Y, XIANG T, ZHOU W, WAN Y (Southwest Univ, Chongqing 400715, China, Email: canbl3312@126.com) : Characterization of a lipase from the silkworm intestinal bacterium Bacillus pumilus with antiviral activity against Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) nucleopolyhedrovirus in vitro. J Insect Sci 2018, 18(6), 3.

To investigate whether Bombyx mori Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) intestinal microorganism play a role in the host defence system against viral pathogens, a lipase gene from the silkworm intestinal bacterium Bacillus pumilus SW41 was characterized, and antiviral activity of its protein against B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) was tested. The lipase gene has an open-reading frame of 648 bp, which encodes a 215-amino-acid enzyme with a 34-amino-acid signal peptide. The recombinant lipase (without signal peptide) was expressed and purified by using an Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) expression system. The total enzyme activity of this recombinant lipase reached 277.40 U/mg at the optimum temperature of 25 °C and optimum pH value of 8.0. The antiviral test showed that a relative high concentration of the recombinant lipase reduced BmNPV infectivity in vitro, which resulted in decreased viral DNA abundance and viral occlusion bodies. Besides, the preincubation method also suggested that the lipase probably directly acting on the budded virions. The results suggest that the lipase from intestinal bacterium B. pumilus SW41 is a potential antiviral factor for silkworm against BmNPV.

4 illus, 41 ref

030518   CHUNG H-N , RODRIGUEZ S D, GONZALES K K, VULCAN J, CORDOVA J J, MITRA S, ADAMS C G, MOSES-GONZALES N, TAM N, CLUCK J W, ATTARDO G M, HANSEN I A (Biology Dep, New Mexico State Univ, Las Cruces, NM 88003, Email: immoh@nmsu.edu) : Toward implementation of mosquito sterile insect technique: The effect of storage conditions on survival of male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) during transport. J Insect Sci 2018, 18(6), 2.

Sterile insect technique (SIT) is a promising, environmentally friendly alternative to the use of pesticides for insect pest control. However, implementing SIT with Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) mosquitoes presents unique challenges. For example, during transport from the rearing facility to the release site and during the actual release in the field, damage to male mosquitoes should be minimized to preserve their reproductive competitiveness. The short flight range of male Ae. aegypti requires elaborate release strategies such as release via Unmanned Aircraft Systems, more commonly referred to as drones. Two key parameters during transport and release are storage temperature and compaction rate. We performed a set of laboratory experiments to identify the optimal temperatures and compaction rates for storage and transport of male Ae. aegypti. We then conducted shipping experiments to test our laboratory-derived results in a ‘real-life’ setting. The laboratory results indicate that male Ae. aegypti can survive at a broad range of storage temperatures ranging from 7 to 28 °C, but storage time should not exceed 24 h. Male survival was high at all compaction rates we tested with a low at 40 males/cm³. Interestingly, results from our ‘real-life’ shipping experiment showed that high compaction rates were beneficial to survival. This study advances key understudied aspects of the practicalities of moving lab-reared insects into the field and lies the foundation for further studies on the effect of transport conditions on male reproductive fitness.

4 illus, 47 ref

030521   DALAL P K, ARORA R (Entomology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana- 141 004, Email: pradeepdalalag@gmail.com) : Effect of alternating temperatures on food utilization of tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera. J Environ Biol 2018, 39(6), 1015-20.

The following study was undertaken to record the trend of approximate digestibility and efficiency of conversion of ingested food into body substance during larval stage of tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) due to rise in alternating temperatures. The experiment was conducted under digitally controlled walk-in-type plant growth chamber. The impact of six alternating temperatures (Max : Min) viz. 25:10, 25:13, o 25:16, 30:10, 30:13 and 30:16 ºC were studied on approximate digestibility and efficiency of conversion of ingested food into body substance of three final larval instars of H. armigera on tomato crop. Various observations like food consumption, weight of feces and larval insect were recorded daily till pre-pupal stage and recorded data were used in mathematical equations to calculate approximate digestibility and efficiency of conversion of ingested food into body substance. Both, approximate digestibility and efficiency of conversion of ingested food into body substance values responded with respect to change in alternating temperatures. Approximate digestibility values followed an increasing trend from 8.675 to 31.432 % with increase in o temperature from 25:10 to 25:16 ºC. The increasing trend of approximate digestibility continued with rise in temperature from 30:10 to o 30:16 ºC. However, efficiency of conversion of ingested food into body substance values declined gradually from 14.993 to 9.371 % with o rise in temperature from 25:10 to 30:16 ºC. The study suggest that in the event of rising temperature under climate change, H. armigera would better digest the tomato fruit but would be less efficient to convert ingested tomato fruit into body substance.

3 tables, 40 ref

030549   SHEETAL S K, PRASAD S, GUPTA H P (Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics Dep, Govind Ballabh Pant Agriculture and Technology Univ, Uttarakhand, Email: sksheetalmuz@gmail.com) : Effect of insulin or insulin-like growth factor-I administration at mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle during superovulation on hormonal profile of Sahiwal cows. Vet World 2018, 11(12), 1736-41.

The present study was designed to study the effect of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) administration during luteal phase of the estrous cycle on the hormonal profile of Sahiwal embryo donor cows during superovulation. Cows (n = 18) were selected and divided into three groups; control (n = 6, untreated), T-I (n = 6, insulin-treated), and T-II (n = 6, IGF-I treated). Insulin and IGF-I were given S/C on 5^th, 6^th, 7^th, and 8^th days of estrous cycle. Superovulatory treatment was started on day 9^th of the estrous cycle. With the sixth dose of follicle-stimulating hormone, prostaglandin was injected to induce superovulatory heat. The superovulated cows were bred, and superovulatory response of each animal was recorded. The embryos were collected non-surgically on the 7^th day of superovulatory estrus. About 15 ml blood without anticoagulant was collected on days 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 21 or day of embryo recovery where day 0 of estrous cycle was taken as day of estrus. Serum was separated, centrifuged, and transferred into sterilized serum vials. All samples were stored at −20 °C till analysis. Progesterone, insulin, and IGF-I were estimated in blood serum by radioimmunoassay using radioimmunoassay kits. The mean concentration of progesterone on days 7 and 11, insulin on days 7 and 9, and IGF-I on days 5, 7, 9, 11, and 15 was significantly higher in insulin-treated T-I groups as compared to untreated control. It may be concluded that exogenous insulin administration during mid-luteal phase may be helpful in follicular and embryonic development through modulation of progesterone, insulin, and IGF-I in indigenous (Bos indicus) Sahiwal embryo donor cows.

3 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

030510   ALI A K, ABUBAKAR A A, KAKA U, RADZI Z, KHAIRUDDIN N H, YUSOFF M S M, LOQMAN M Y (Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery Dep, Putra Malaysia Univ, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: myloqman@gmail.com) : Histological changes of immediate skin expansion of the distal limb of rats. Vet World 2018, 11(12), 1706-11.

Tissue expansion is an applicable technique to reconstruct many surgical defects. The aim of this research was to evaluate the histological changes caused by immediate skin tissue expansion in rats as an animal model. Immediate skin tissue expansion in 18 adult female rats was performed using three different sizes (small, medium, and big) of polymethylmethacrylate tissue expanders at the dorsal surface of the metatarsal area of the right limb. The contralateral limb was served as the control. The tissue expanders were surgically implanted and kept for 15 days. The immediate skin expansion resulted in histological changes such as the increased thickness of the epidermal layer, the reduction of the dermal layer, an elevated number of fibroblast as well as increased vascularity. Furthermore, skin adnexal structures such as hair follicles and sebaceous glands were farther apart. The rat skin was able to rapidly adjust and compensate against a specific range of immediate mechanical expansion. The histological changes suggest that the tissues were prepared to withstand the increased external forces, in addition to create possibly additional skin in a relatively short-term period.

7 illus, 13 ref

030529   KARAM A, PURO K, DAS S, SHAKUNTALA I, SANJUKTA R, MILTON A A P, GHATAK S, SEN A (Animal Health Div, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Umiam-793103, Email: akulepuro@rediffmail.com) : Seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants and bluetongue in goat population of Meghalaya, India. Vet World 2018, 11(12), 1689-91.

This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and bluetongue (BT) in goats’ population in the state of Meghalaya of Northeast India. The serosurveillance study was done from the random sampling (n = 598) of blood collected from five districts (Ri-Bhoi, East Khasi Hills, West Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills and West Garo Hills) of Meghalaya. The presence of antibodies against PPR and BT in the samples was detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for PPR and competitive ELISA for BT. The results showed the overall seropositivity of PPR and BT at 7.19 % and 60.20 %, respectively. West Garo Hills recorded the highest seroprevalence of both PPR (9.81 %) and BT (68 %) and 3.6 % of the samples tested positive for both PPR and BT. The random survey results indicating the presence of PPR and BT have specific implication in epidemiological perspectives since it highlights the prevalence under natural situations, where the subclinical, inapparent, or non-lethal or recovery of infection was suspected in unvaccinated animals. It also warrants further studies to suggest appropriate control measures to prevent the spread of infection.

1 table, 17 ref

030536   LAILA S R, ASTUTI D A, SUPARTO I H, HANDHARYANI E, SAJUTHI D (Bogor Agricultural Univ, Bogor, Indonesia, Email: sajuthi@indo.net.id) : Metabolic and morphometric changes in Indonesian cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) fed an atherogenic diet composed of locally sourced ingredients. Vet World 2018, 11(11), 1609-17.

This study was designed to determine the effects of a new atherogenic diet formulated at Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB) (Bogor, Indonesia) on metabolic, morphometric, and carotid artery imaging of cynomolgus monkeys. A total of 20 adult male cynomolgus monkeys fed IPB-1 atherogenic diet for 1 year. Total plasma cholesterol (TPC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and morphometric measurements were evaluated at baseline and monthly during the study. Carotid plaques and intimamedia thickness (IMT) were measured using ultrasonography at baseline and after 8 months of treatment. This diet increased TPC, LDL, and TPC/HDL ratio and induced carotid atherosclerosis in this model. The TPC, LDL, and TPC/HDL ratio were positively associated; however, HDL was negatively associated with carotid plaques and IMT. The IPB-1 atherogenic diet formulated with locally and readily available ingredients provides an economically and scientifically feasible monkey model to study atherosclerosis in Indonesia and Southeast Asia.

2 illus, 6 tables, 39 ref

030539   PATEL J R, DEVI S, VARSHNEY J P, JADHAV K M (Medicine Dep, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural Univ, Gujarat, Email: drsarita17@yahoo.co.in) : Epizootiological observations on canine microfilaremia in Gujarat state, India. Vet World 2018, 11(11), 1564-8.

The present investigation was conducted to study the prevalence of microfilaremia in dogs in Gujarat. A total of 418 adult dogs aged between 2 and 14 years with signs of weakness and nonspecified complaints, presented at TVCC, Deesa (North Gujarat), Nandini Veterinary Hospital, Surat (South Gujarat), and Private Clinics, Ahmedabad (Central Gujarat), were included in the present investigation for studying the prevalence of microfilaremia from July 2016 to May 2017. A total of 418 dogs were screened, of which 33 were found positive for circulating microfilariae with the prevalence rate of 7.89 % in the population. Among microfilaremic dogs, the finding of microfilariae of Dipetalonema (Acanthocheilonema) reconditum was more common (23 cases; 69.69 %) than Dirofilaria immitis (10 cases; 30.30 %) making their prevalence in the population of 418 dogs as 5.50 % and 2.39 %, respectively. Breed-wise distribution of microfilaremic dogs revealed that 12 (36.36 %), 8 (24.24 %), 5 (15.15 %), 4 (12.12 %), 2 (6.06 %), 1 (3.03 %), and 1 (3.03 %) cases were observed in Pomeranian, non-descript, German Shepherd, Labrador, Great Dane, Lhasa Apso, and Pug dogs, respectively. Of 10 cases of D. immitis, 5, 2, 2, and 1 were observed in Pomeranian, Labrador, non-descript, and Great Dane dogs, respectively. Cases of Dipetalonema reconditum were highest in Pomeranian (7), followed by non-descript (6), German Shepherd (5), Labrador (2), Great Dane (1), Lhasa Apso (1), and Pug (1). Age-wise distribution recorded significantly (p ≤ 0.01) higher number of cases in adult dogs (4-14 years) for D. immitis (30.30 %) and D. reconditum (39.39 %). Sex-wise distribution of microfilaremic dogs showed that male (22/33, 66.66 %) was more predisposed to microfilaremia rather than females (11/33, 33.34 %). It is apparent from the study that the number of dogs with microfilaremia due to D. reconditum was significantly (p ≤ 0.01) higher than that of D. immitis. The present study revealed that microfilaremia due to D. immitis and D. reconditum is prevalent in the state of Gujarat. The infection with D. immitis was associated with severe lung and cardiac pathological manifestations.

4 tables, 24 ref

030555   TAYE R R, RAHMAN A, BORKATAKI S (Entomology Dep, Assam Agricultural Univ, Assam) : Molecular characterization of dwarf honey bees, Apis florea F. and Apis andreniformis Smith from north east Himalaya. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 285-9.

Exploration and molecular characterization of dwarf honey bees from five physiographic zones of north east Himalaya has been carried out in the Department of Entomology, Assam Agricultural University during the period 2014-2018. Two species of dwarf honey bees viz., Apis florea F. and A. andreniformis Smith have been identified during the investigation. The cluster analysis for genetic diversity of dwarf honey bees revealed that the lowest similarity value was found between Apis anderniformis from Nagaon and A. florea from Pasighat (5.4 %) and the highest similarity value was found between A. florea from Basar and Pasighat (82.0 %). The dendrogram constructed for dwarf honey bees based on data obtained from the DNA fragment amplified by cluster analysis separated the Apis florea and A. anderniformis into two main clusters (A and B). Based on molecular characterization it had been found that there are two distinct morphoclusters within the physiographic zones forming hill races and plains races which could be concluded with maximum genetic similarity.

2 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

030526   HANDOO N, PARRAH J D, GAYAS M A, ATHAR H, SHAH S A, MIR M S, AMIN U, KASHANI B, ASHRAF I (SKUAST, Jammu and Kashmir) : Effect of different extracts of R. emodi on hematobiochemical parameters in rabbit wound healing model. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 204-10.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the toxicity effect of different extracts of R. emodi, used for treatment of excisional full-thickness skin wounds. Thirty clinically healthy rabbits were divided into 4 equal groups. Two excisional wounds (1.5 × 1.5 cm) on the dorsal spine were created in all under general anesthesia. Except for the first group treated with povidone iodine which served as control, all the other groups were treated R. emodi extracts (ethanolic extract, aqueous extract and petroleum-ether extract). Evaluation of its effects on different hematological and biochemical parameters were recorded at different intervals of the study. The haematological indices and biochemical indices of rabbits in treatment group returned to normal level much earlier than the control group. In the petroleum ether treated group the increase in protein values was found earlier. Also the glucose values were low in all treated group with lowest being in ethanolic extract treated group. No hepato toxicity and nephro toxicity was reported in R. emodi extract treated groups. 10 % ethanolic, aqueous and P. ether extract ointments of R. emodi are safe to use in full-thickness wounds in rabbits.

17 tables, 23 ref

030548   SHARMA H K, RAM B, RANA K, THAKUR M (Dr. Ys Parmar Horticulture and Forestry Univ, Himachal Pradesh) : Effect of neonicotinoids on Apis mellifera under field and semifield conditions. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 59-63.

The decline of honeybees is a current cause of concern globally. A major factor implicated in their decline is exposure to agricultural chemicals, particularly neonicotinoid insecticides. Here, we assess the effects of neonicotinoids on honey bees mortality as they foraged on treated mustard bloom under field and semi field conditions. Neonicotinoid insecticides were sprayed on mustard at 50 percent bloom under field (thiamethoxam 0.1 g/l) and semifield (thiamethoxam 0.1 g/l and imidacloprid 0.3 ml/l) conditions. The results obtained under semifield conditions showed significantly higher mortality on 1^st and 2^nd day after spray of thiamethoxam (293 and 231.83 bees/DBT/day) and the same trend was also recorded in imidaclprid (70.17 and 74 bees) spray in comparision to control (4.17 and 9.83). The mortality in both the insecticidal treatments reduced significantly after 3^rd day of spray, suggesting avoidance of foraging on treated crop by honeybees. Similarly under field conditions, the average bee mortality of A. mellifera was significantly higher on 1^st (112.50 bees/DBT/day) 2^nd (112 bees) and 3^rd day (46.33 bees) after spray in comparison to mortality observed in control. The overall mortality of A. mellifera exposed to the insecticidal treatments under both the conditions was recorded higher in comparison to control. These data demonstrate that there is a risk to honey bees from systemic residues in nectar and pollen following the spray of neonicotinoids during flowering period.

5 tables, 28 ref