040467   AHMED S A, AHMAD S A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh-20200, Email: ahmedsofia15@gmail.com) : Modelling of heat integrated reactive distillation column (r-HIDiC): Simulation studies of MTBE synthesis. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27(3), 210-8.

In the present study, heat integrated distillation column is modelled and simulated for the production of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) from methanol and isobutylene using ASPEN Plus®. Also, the objective of this study is to have comparative analysis between the reactive distillation process and an alternative intensified process (r-HIDiC) to produce MTBE. Rigorous simulation study has been conducted to compare the optimal flow sheet of the above two designs. Temperature and composition profiles are studied and compared for both the models and found that the temperature at the last stage of the stripping section in r-HIDiC is 406 K while that of the stripping section in RDC is 427.24 K. This reduced temperature decreases the composition of methanol in bottom product in stripping column in case of r-HIDiC as methanol forms a homogenous azeotrope with MTBE at 408.53 K. Also, it is found that, although with nominal increase in TAC i.e. 16.56 %, in r-HIDiC design as compared to the reactive distillation column design which is caused due to the high cost of the additional compressor needed in the vapour compression, however, the r-HIDiC design can save reboiler and condenser heat duties to a considerable amount i.e. by 35.06 % and 36.65 % respectively.

11 illus, 6 tables, 14 ref

040466   CHOUDHARY S, DHATARWAL P, SENGWA R J (CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resou, New Delhi - 110 012, Email: shobhnachoudhary@rediffmail.com) : Dielectric dispersion and electrical conductivity of amorphous PVP–SiO₂ and PVP–Al₂O₃ polymeric nanodielectric films. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27(3), 201-9.

The biodegradable hybrid polymer nanocomposite (PNC) films comprising silica (SiO₂) and alumina (Al₂O₃) nanoparticles as inorganic nanofillers and the poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) as organic host matrix (i.e., PVP–x wt % SiO₂ and PVP–x wt % Al₂O₃ for x = 0, 1, 3 and 5) have been prepared by aqueous solution-casting method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study reveals that these nanocomposite materials are highly amorphous. The dielectric spectroscopy of these different nanofiller concentrations PNC films has been carried out in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 1 MHz at a fixed temperature and also for 3 wt% nanofillers containing PNC films with the temperature variation. The results confirm that the complex dielectric permittivity of these hybrid films is influenced by the interfacial polarization in the low frequency range of 20 Hz to 1 kHz, whereas in the high frequency range up to 1 MHz permittivity is mainly governed by the molecular polarization and remains almost independent of the frequency. These SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ nanofillers containing PNC films at fixed temperature display anomalous behaviour of dielectric permittivity and ac electrical conductivity with the increase of nanofiller concentration, but these parameters significantly enhance at low frequencies with the increase of temperature of the films. The electric modulus spectra of Al₂O₃ containing PNC film exhibit relaxation peaks below 100 Hz at higher temperatures which attribute to the interfacial polarization relaxation process. The frequency independent dielectric permittivity and significantly low loss of these PNC materials at radio frequencies confirm their suitability as polymeric nanodielectric (PND) substrate and insulator in the design and fabrication of biodegradable electronic devices and electrical components.

8 illus, 53 ref

040445   SREEKUMAR K, BINDHU B (Physics Dep, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Kanyakumari - 629 180, Tamil Nadu, Email: bindhu.krishna80@gmail.com) : Development of molybdenum disulphide reinforced alginic acid composites. Indian J Biotechnol 2020, 57(3), 312-6.

Alginates from brown algae are biopolymers, recently being used in various fields such as medical implants, food packaging, etc. The non toxicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility of these alginates makes them an excellent candidate that be exploited to meet different applications. Through this paper, we are incorporating monolayer of molybdenum disulphide into the matrix of alginic acid from brown algae in the presence of a plasticizer to form film composites with enhanced properties. The casted films were flexible and smooth. The impact of filler loading in crystalline nature and mechanical strength of the composites are also studied. Differential scanning calorimetry was utilized to study the effect of MoS₂ on the thermal properties of the composites. It was seen that both the mechanical and thermal properties of the prepared film were enhanced with the incorporation of an optimal filler concentration.

4 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

040437   MONDAL P, SUKUL N C, DEY A, BHATTACHARJEE A, SOHEL M A, SENGUPTA A, SUKUL A (Sukul Institute of Homeopathic Research, Santiniketan - 731 235, West Bengal, Email: ncsukul@gmail.com) : High dilutions of two drugs induce changes in crystal water structure of lactose as revealed by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2020, 57(4), 467-70.

Ultra-high dilutions (UHD) of drugs used in homeopathy are preserved in sugars. How do solid sugars assimilate characteristics of UHDs? This study attempts to answer this question. The three UHDs of Acid fluoric, Acid nitric, and ethanol were mixed with lactose at 1 µL/g and analyzed by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to see any change in their crystal water. TG results show a mass loss of 4.9 % at 146.8ºC for Acid fluoric 30 cH, of 7.1 % at 146.6ºC for Acid nitric 30 cH, and 5.1 % at 146.5ºC for ethanol. DSC results show that the change in enthalpy for Acid fluoric 30 cH is 157.3 J/g at 153.8ºC, that for Acid nit 30 cH is 122.8 J/g at 148.3ºC, and that for ethanol is 154.9 J/g at 156.3ºC. Bound water in lactose crystals and corresponding enthalpies vary markedly in the three drugs tested. This indicates that the number of hydrogen bonds and their bond strength vary inbound water of medicated lactose crystals.

4 illus, 18 ref

040431   HAN Z, SHAOFENG H, LEI Z, YUNCHANG F, FENGZHE G, DONGYUE W, MEIJIN Z (Henan Polytechnic Univ, Jiaozuo-454 000, Henan, China, Email: shfhua33@163.com) : Characterization of immobilized α-amylaseonfunctionalizedgraphene oxide surface. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2020, 57(4), 411-9.

Carboxyl-functionalized graphene oxide (GO-COOH) and amino-functionalized graphene oxide (GO-NH₂) were prepared for use as carriers for α-amylase immobilization with 2-3 % glutaraldehyde as a coupling agent. The α-amylase immobilized onto modified GO exhibited shifts in both working optimum pH and temperature with an increase from pH 6.0 to pH 7.0, and increased optimum temperature by 5-10℃ compared with the free enzyme. The loading capacity of the carriers is 786.8 mg/g (GO-COOH) and 437 mg/g (GO-NH₂), respectively. The immobilized α-amylase exhibited a comparable stability activity in comparison with the free enzyme. The FT-IR spectra, UV-visible spectra as well as SEM analysis proved the presence of amine groups and carboxyl groups in the GO, and also covalent immobilization of α-amylase on the modified carrier. The constant values, the K_m  was 3.541 mg·mL^-1, 4.072 mg·mL^-1 and 8.004 mg·mL^-1 for free enzymes, GO-COOH-E, and GO-NH₂-E, respectively,and their V_max  were 7.341 mg·mL^-1·min^-1, 4.968 mg·mL^-1·min^-1 and 6.655 mg·mL^-1·min^-1, respectively. Furthermore, above 54% of the original activity of the immobilized enzyme was retained after7 reaction cycles,indicatingexcellent reusability.

9 illus, 42 ref

040297   KUMARI A, CHUGH L K, KUMAR V, NAGAR S, KHAROR N, SHEENU (Biochemistry Dep, CCS Haryana Agricuultural Univ, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), Email: chughlk@yahoo.co.in) : Phytase from pearl millet: Its partial purification and characterization. Forage Res 2020, 46(1), 78-83.

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is an important food and fodder crop, grown in arid and semi-arid tropical regions. It has great nutritional significance, however, the high amount of phytic acid is considered as antinutritional compound towards its use in food/feed for monogastric animals. Hydrolysis of phytate using phytase enzyme is a promising approach for reducing phytate content. In this study, a pearl millet genotype HC 20 with phytase activity of ~63.3 µg Pi/h/g was used for phytase extraction, partial purification and study of properties of enzyme. Phytase was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation (30-80 % saturation) upto 3.8 fold recovering 54.5 % of the activity. The purified preparation showed maximum activity at pH 5.0. Activities of the crude and ammonium sulphate fractions were 3589 µg Pi/h and 1958 µg Pi/h, respectively. The K_m of purified enzyme was 1.51 mM phytate. The purified preparation exhibited optimum activity at 50°C. The enzyme was stable up to 60°C for 30 min. The study revealed the properties of enzyme which might be helpful for its efficient application during food/feed processing for enhanced quality.

5 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

044306   MEENA V K, PATIDAR A K, BHATNAGAR M (Chemistry Dep, Govt PG Coll, Gangapur city, Email: meenavijendra87@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial activity of new series of benzothiophene containing thaizolidinone derivatives. J Adv Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 228-31.

Thiazolidinones have become an important class of heterocyclic compounds since their introduction in the form of glitazones into the clinical use for the treatment of diabetes. In addition, this class of heterocyclic compounds possesses various other biological activities such as antihyperglycemic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, insecticidal, etc. In the present study thaizolidinone derivatives containing benzothiophene moiety synthesized in our previous study have been evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activity against three bacterial Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and three fungal strains Candida albicus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatues  using cup or well method. These compounds have exhibited very encouraging results showing inhibition zone from 10 mm to 16 mm against three bacterial strain and from 14 mm to 23 mm against fungal strain which is much closer to zone of inhibition of standard Ciprofloxacin and Griseofulvin respectively.

1 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

044297   SANGEETHA C, CHINNAKANI C, DEEPARANI P, SELVARAJ S (PG and Research Chemistry Dep, Sri Paramakalyani Coll, Alwarkurichi, Email: geetharaja.np@gmail.com) : Jatropha gossyfolia- A green inhibitor act as anticorrosive agent on carbon steel. J Adv Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 180-6.

A new and eco friendly alternative green inhibitor is proposed for anticorrosion in carbon steel instead of commonly adopted Synthetic counterpart. Adsorption behaviour and Inhibition efficiency of the inhibitor on Carbon steel surface investigated by Weight loss method. Observed result reveals that the percentage of inhibition efficiency (95.99 %) increased with increase of concentration (0-1000ppm) and the efficiency decreased (88 %) when the temperature rose from 303k to 333k. Adsorption of the inhibitor on the carbon steel surface follows Langmuir isotherm (R²= 0.9973) and the values of activation energy suggested that the adsorption of inhibitor is physisorption. The image of Scanning electron microscope and the characterization studies of corrosion products revealed the adsorption behavior of active organic compounds of the extract on the interface metal/solution. Thus may concluded that the applicability of the proposed green inhibitor on carbon steel behave more efficient anticorrosion agent.

6 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

044290   JEYAKUMAR J E, VINAYAGAM S C, MURUGAN J S, IBRAHIM P S S (PG & Research Chemistry Dep, Presidency Coll, Chennai, Tamilnadu, Email: edwardchemistry@gmail.com) : Excess properties & theoretical assessment of ultrasonic studies of ternary liquid mixtures of 2-bromoanisole + 1-butanol + n-hexane at different temperatures. J Adv Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 120-31.

Excess properties like Excess Adiabatic Compressibility (β^E), Excess Free Length (L_f^E), Excess Free Volume (V_f^E), Excess Internal Pressure (π_i^E), Excess Ultrasonic Velocity (U^E) and Excess Acoustic Impedance (Z^E) along with molecular interaction parameter and formation constant have been evaluated from the measured values of Ultrasonic Velocity (U), Density (ρ) and Viscosity (η) for a ternary liquid system consisting of 2-Bromoanisole + 1-Butanol in n- Hexane solvent at 303, 308 & 313K at a frequency of 2MHz. The excess properties have been used to discuss and to establish the presence of significant molecular interaction in terms of dipole-dipole, dipole induced-dipole, charge transfer, hydrogen bonded and donor acceptor interactions. The ultrasonic velocity is calculated according to Namoto’ s relation, Ideal Mix Relation, Impedance Dependent Relation and Junjies Relation theories and compared with the experimental values and to validate the experimental values with suitable theory for the ternary liquid mixtures containing 2-Bromoanisole +1-Butanol in n-Hexane solvent at 303,308 & 313K.

13 illus, 10 tables, 41 ref

044289   GOWTHAMI K, ARUMUGAM M, DINESH KUMAR N, THIRUNARAYANAN G, KRISHNAKUMAR B, SWAMINATHAN M, MUTHUVEL I (Chemistry Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, Email: profmuthuvelchem@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of antibacterial activities of ZnO, Fe2V4o13, Fe2v4o13/ZnO & ag-ZnO/Fe2V4o13 nanoparticle and nanocomposites. J Adv Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 116-9.

Inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles and nanocomposites may serve as effective disinfectants, due to their relatively non-toxic profile, chemical stability and efficient antibacterial activity. ZnO, Fe₂V₄O₁₃, Fe₂V₄O₁₃/ZnO and Ag-ZnO/Fe₂V₄O₁₃ have been prepared by sol-gel, liquid phase precipitation method and photodeposition method. Antibacterial activity was tested using ten microbes of biomedical and agriculturally significance was achieved. Synthesized nanoparticles are potential green remediators of polluted water and perilous pathogens.

1 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

044288   ANJANEYULU M, RAO K C, PARANDHAMA A, SUBHA M C S (Chemistry Dep, S. K.Univ, Ananthapur, Andhra Pradesh, Email: mcssubha3@gmail.com) : Interpenetrating polymer network microspheres of poly (vinyl alcohol)/xanthan gum for control release of verapamil hydrochloride. J Adv Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 109-15.

Xanthan gum(XG) and Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) interpenetrating polymer network(IPN) microspheres were prepared by water in oil emulsion method, loaded with Verapamil Hydrochloride (VMHCl) drug further crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA). These microspheres were prepared with various ratios of XG, PVA, drug, cross linker and these were characterized with various techniques. The prepared microspheres with loose and rigid surfaces were evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the IPN formation. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study was performed to understand the dispersion nature of drug after encapsulation. In vitro dissolution experiments were performed in pH 7.4 buffer medium at 37ËšC. All the formulations exhibited satisfactory physicochemical and in vitro release characteristics. Release data indicated a non-Fickian trend of drug release from all the formulations. Based on the results, this study suggests that VMHCl loaded XG/PVA IPN microspheres were suitable for sustained release application.

7 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

044287   THEKKEDATH J, BIPINBAL P K, THOMAS T, NARAYANANKUTTY S K (Polymer Science & Rubber Technology Dep, Cochin Univ of Science & Technology, Kochi, Kerala, Email: sncu@gmail.com) : Development of polypropylene composites with good electrical conductivity and high dielectric constant. J Adv Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 101-8.

Polythiophene (PTH) with high electrical conductivity was prepared by oxidative polymerization using FeCl₃ and characterized by FTIR, XRD, thermal analysis and conductivity measurement. The synthesized PTH was used to prepare conducting composites based on polypropylene (PP). Electrical, thermal, mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties were studied.  An exponential increase of conductivity with respect to PTH content was observed in the composites, indicating the formation of a continuous conducting network. PTH improved the modulus of the composites while decreasing the tensile strength. The composite containing PTH showed higher thermal stability and exceptional dielectric constant. The study was successful in converting a commercial general purpose thermoplastic polymer into a composite suitable for capacitor applications.

16 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

044283   SEKAR K G, JANAKI P, MUTHUVEL I, MARKANDAN R, THIRUNARAYANAN G (Chemistry Dep, National Coll, Tiruchirappalli, Email: drgtnarayanan@gmail.com) : Synthesis and phramacological evaluation of 3-(1-naphthyl)-1-substituted phenyl chalcones as potent antimicrobial agents. J Adv Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 77-82.

About ten numbers of (E)-3-(1-naphthyl)-1-substituted phenyl chalcones have been synthesized using microwave assisted Crossed-Aldol condensation of various acetophenones and 1-naphthaldehyde in the presence of Fly-ash:H₃PO₄ nano catalyst under solvent-free conditions. This methodology produced more than 90 % yields. These ketones were characterized by their physico chemical quantities, micro analysis and spectroscopic data. The antimicrobial activities of these compounds have been assessed by Bauer-Kriby disc diffusion technique. From the measurement of the zone of the inhibitions against the microbes, the antibacterial and antifungal activities of these ketones were discussed.

4 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

044281   SHARMA D K, SHARMA R (Chemistry Dep, LBS (PG) Coll, Jaipur, Email: deepaksharma198712@gmail.com) : Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial study of Chloro-bismuth(iii) derivatives supported by both î²-ketiminate and dithiocarbamate ligands. J Adv Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 64-9.

Nine new mixed N, O and S donor ligand derivatives of Chloro-bismuth(III)-Complexes have been synthesized by the reaction of  BiCl₃ with both β-Ketiminate and Piperidine dithiocarbamate  ligands in equimolar ratio by stirring at room temperature in benzene solution. All these synthesized compounds have been characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, molecular weight measurement, IR, (¹H and¹³C) NMR and ESI-mass spectral studies. Both the free Ligands and their synthesized complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activity against the various bacterial and fungal strains and exhibited promising results.

6 tables, 24 ref

044280   SUNITHA M, RAMESH G, KENGAIAH J, SHIVARAJA G, CHANDRAMOHAN V, SHIVANANDA M K, SHET PRAKASK M (Studies and Research in Chemistry Dep, Tumkur Univ, Tumakuru, Karnataka, Email: sanny.iit@gmail.com) : Structural characterization, antimicrobial, antioxidant, molecular docking studies of novel 4-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,6-bis(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)pyridine and its Cu(ii) &Ni(ii) complexes. J Adv Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 55-63.

In the present study, we reported a novel ligand 4-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,6-bis(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)pyridine and its  Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes were prepared. All the synthesized compounds have been characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass, UV, FT-IR, and ESR spectra. Synthesized ligand and its Cu(II) and Ni(II) metal complexes were screened for their antimicrobial and the compounds showed mild activity in comparison with a standard. Also, all the synthesized compounds were studied for their antioxidant activity and hemolytic activity. The antioxidant activity of the ligand (SM-2b) and its metal complexes were evaluated by the reduction of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and compounds found to be potent antioxidants. Interestingly, ligand and its complexes exhibit non-toxic property as it did not cause any effect to human erythrocyte, suggesting its nontoxic nature.

8 illus, 2 tables, 42 ref

040214   BHATTACHARYA A ( Chemistry Dep, Christ Church Coll, Kanpur- 208 001, Uttar Pradesh, Email: anindi.bhattacharya@gmail.com) : An assessment of critical loads of acid deposition in Kanpur region, India. Int J Agric Envir Biotechnol 2020, 13(2), 249-52.

The present load of sulphur (161.1 Eq ha^-1 yr^-1), nitrogen(49.9 Eq ha^-1 yr^-1) and ammonium (176.8 Eq ha^-1 yr^-1) were calculated from wet and dry deposition from Kanpur region consisting of seven sampling sites located at IIT, Vikas Nagar, Panki, Arya Nagar, Rama Devi, Gola Ghat and Phoolbagh for the year 2014-2016. The values for critical load of sulphur and nitrogen for soil with respect to Barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus) were calculated. The methodology involved the Steady State Mass Balance (SSMB) method. The values of actual acidity calculated were also compared with the RAINSAsia model and was found to be lower for this area.

3 tables, 14 ref

039958   ANDAL N M, INDHUMATHY P (Chemistry Dep, PSGR Krishnammal Coll for Women, Coimbatore- 641 004, Email: muthulakshmiandal@psgrkcw.ac.in) : Deployment of toxicants laden sorbents in the manufacture of construction materials. Adv Appl Res 2020, 12(1), 43-6.

The release of effluents from large-scale and small-scale industries has led to greater adverse environmental impact. These effluents comprised of various cations, anions, heavy metals, organics, etc. These toxicants served as nutrients for the growth of plants and microorganisms in the water bodies where they were discharged. The excessive presence of these nutrients caused eutrophication and reduced the biological oxygen demand (BOD) and thus endangered the aquatic life, which inturn reflected on animals and human beings. The effluents also contaminated the ground water table extensively and diminished the sources of freshwater. Among the various pollutants present in the discharges, heavy metals proved to be lethal to all living organisms when they exceed their tolerance levels. Hence, their confiscation employing different methodologies has become inevitable. Among them, adsorption, had been widely reported due to its efficiency and ease in operation. On a larger scale, the disposal of the exhausted sorbents posed a major setback and caused land and air pollution due to landfills and incineration. The metal ions enter the food chain and cause serious health ailments, even bereavement. Therefore, the present review focused on the recent research works where these metal laden composites were utilized in the processing of construction materials. The review's supposition remarks on the containment of the caused secondary pollution. The detention also enhanced the characteristics features of the derived products thereby crafting them viable for additional commercial purposes.

3 tables,11 ref

039676   YAZIE K S, YESSUF A M, ERANNA B C (Arbaminch Univ, Arbaminch, Ethipia, Email: chinnaouct@gmail.com) : Production of lactic acid from banana waste peel by batch fermentation using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from milk products. J Ultra Chem 2020, 16(2), 9-20.

Lactic acid is a chemical compound that plays a role in various biochemical processes and also widely used in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. The aim of this study was to establish a process of lactic acid (LA) production from organic banana peel waste using lactic acid bacteria isolated and growth in MRS media at 37ºC for 24 h from milk product. The results indicate that lactic acid production using lactic acid bacteria are identified as Gram-positive, non-spore forming rods, catalase-negative, usually nonmotile. There was significant pH difference from 5.64 to 3.92 in the fermentation production medium containing banana waste peel + inoculum and 5.64 to 3.89 in the medium containing banana waste peel extract + inoculum+ malt extract during the course of time from 0 hours to 96 hours when compared to control containing only banana waste peel without inoculum. There was dramatic increase in the percentage of crude lactic acid production was similar along with change in pH from ranging from 6.14 to 6.71 before decolorization without activated charcoal and 7.31 to 7.53 after decolorization with activated charcoal for fermentation production medium during the course of 24 to 96 hours. Similarly, the percentage of crude lactic acid production increases ranging from 6.73 to 6.98 before decolorization without activated charcoal and 7.79 to 7.96 after decolorization with activated charcoal for fermentation production medium containing banana waste peel + Malt extract and inoculum from 0 to 96 hours. This may due to the high rate of consumption of starch compounds to lactic acid with the help of lactic acid bacteria.

7 illus, 4 tables, 36 ref

039675   KULSHRESTHA M, SINGH B, PANI S (Chemistry Dep, Bonnie Foi Coll, Bhopal, Email: mohita.kulshrestha@gmail.com) : Assessment of pesticides in betwa river near mandideep industrial area. J Ultra Chem 2020, 16(2), 5-8.

The present study was conducted in Betwa River near Mandideep Industrial Area extending from origin up to a stretch of 200 kms downstream to assess the presence of selective pesticides in the river water. Quarterly analysis was carried out during 2016-17 for water samples collected from surface and bottom waters at stations of Betwa River in Mandideep area. The study reveals the presence of few pesticides viz. Aldrin, Endosulphan and HCH, in traces at all the stations except its origin. Presence of Pesticide, though in low concentration suggests primary entry of it into river water which may be attributed to run offs from nearby agricultural fields. The present study emphasizes the need for alternative agricultural practices with application of organic bio-pesticides instead of depending heavily on chemical pesticides.

1 illus, 10 ref

039643   GODINHO R B, SANTOS M C, QUELLET C, POPPI R J (Campinas Univ, Brazil, Email: ronei@iqm.unicamp.br) : Prediction of the flash point of fragrances by raman spectroscopy and multivariate calibration. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(4), 417-24.

In this work, we investigated the use of Raman spectroscopy for rapid, nondestructive, and low-cost determination of the flash point in fragrances. For this purpose, multivariate calibration based on partial least squares regression was applied to correlate the fragrances Raman spectra with the respective flash point estimated by the ASTM D7094-04 method. To perform this study, 32 fragrances having distinct odor profiles were chosen (referred to as “fragrance type” in the following), corresponding to a total of 81 batches produced in both factory and laboratory. For the samples in the prediction set, the correlation coefficient for the linear adjust between the flash point estimated by proposed methodology and the ASTM method was 0.9901, and the largest absolute error was 5.2 °C. The proposed methodology presented an inverse of the analytical sensitivity of 2.1 °C, that is, the minimum flash point difference which is discernible by the model. The results demonstrated that the proposed method is comparable to the standard method for analyzing the flash points of fragrances.

4 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

039641   YABALAK E, EMIRE Z, ADIGUAZEL A O, ADIGUAZEL S K, GIZIR A M (Chemistry Dep, Mersin Univ, Turkey, Email: yabalakerdal@gmail.com) : Wide-scale evaluation of origanum munzurense kit tan & sorger using different extraction techniques: Antioxidant capacity, chemical compounds, trace element content, total phenolic content, antibacterial activity and genotoxic effect. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(4), 394-410.

This aim of this work was to investigate the various properties of Origanum munzurense Kit Tan & Sorger that are previously unknown. In this context, chemical compound, antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content, mineral and trace element composition, antibacterial activity and genotoxicity effects of its extracts and essential oil were widely analysed. The extracts and essential oil of Origanum munzurense were obtained by three different extraction methods. All contents of extracts and essential oil were analysed by GC-MS and evaluated according to mass spectral libraries of GC-MS. The identified compounds were evaluated according to literature to put forward their benefits on human health. The phenolic content analysis of Origanum munzurense was performed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. 178.59, 184.20, 231.17, 319.28 and 1051.94 mg GAE/100 g dry weight were determined for methanol, water, acetonitrile, ethanol and subcritical water extracts, respectively. DPPH and CUPRAC methods were used to determine antioxidant activity. The highest half-maximal inhibitory concentration and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity values were found as 0.110 mg mL−1 and 2.197 using water and tetrahydrofuran extracts, respectively. A total of 21 mineral and trace elements were detected in the ICP-MS analysis of O munzurense using the wet digestion procedure. The effects of the extracts and essential oil on Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S aureus were examined using disc diffusion and microdilution methods. Essential oil exhibited the highest antibacterial activity. The essential oil was found to cause less DNA damage using the comet assay in Hep G2 cells compared with tetrahydrofuran extract.

2 illus, 7 tables, 72 ref

039639   SANSENYA S, NANOK K (Chemistry Dep, Rajamangala Technology Thanyaburi Univ, Thailand, Email: sompong_s@rmutt.ac.th) : α-glucosidase, α-amylase inhibitory potential and antioxidant activity of fragrant black rice (thai coloured rice). Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(4), 376-86.

Coloured rice is the source of bioactive compounds related to medicinal treatment. This study aimed to investigate α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity and antioxidant properties of purified coloured rice extract (Thai fragrant black rice). The results reveal that seven purified fractions; rice fractions 1-7 (RF1-RF7) contained several phytochemical compounds especially flavonoids, which were presented in all purified fractions. The percentage inhibition on α-glucosidase and α-amylase of fractions RF1, RF2, RF4, RF5 and RF6 had higher potential than acarbose. RF4, RF5 and RF6 contained the highest inhibition potential, which further determined the IC50 values, kinetic analysis and antioxidant properties. The IC50 values of all three fractions indicated that the inhibition potential of purified fraction had higher potential than acarbose, and the highest inhibition potential for both enzymes was obtained from fraction RF5. The kinetic analysis of the three fractions indicated that they are against both enzymes' function in mixed-type inhibition. Moreover, all three fractions also showed good antioxidant activity, and the highest potential was obtained from fraction RF6. This study presents the inhibition efficiency of fragrant black rice extract on α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes. The inhibitory activity of rice extract on both enzymes had higher potent than commercial standard drug acarbose. Moreover, the rice extract also shown the high-efficiency antioxidant activity on DPPH and ABTS assay. We suggest the application of these results in the development of anti-diabetes drug for pharmaceutical industry.

7 illus, 5 tables, 46 ref

039638   GAFF M, DECLOUX M E, GIANPAOLI P (ParisSaclay Univ, France, Email: pierre.giampaoli@agroparistech.fr) : Bitter orange peel essential oil: A review of the different factors and chemical reactions influencing its composition. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(3), 247-69.

This review summarizes the findings and discusses the results on the different factors that can influence the bitter orange peel oil composition. Small changes in composition can result in noticeable modifications of the odour profile of the essential oil. The analysis method appears to have a crucial effect on the number of compounds identified in the essential oil. Growing location, cultivar, ripening stage, storage conditions and extraction methods are reported to impact the bitter orange essential oil. Bitter orange peel oil should be stored at −21°C to prevent changes in the composition and formation of artefacts when storing for a period of several months. The influence of cultivars should not be neglected, since a few cultivars differ a lot from the main cluster of Citrus aurantium L. The geranyl pyrophosphate forms most of the terpenes present in the bitter orange, especially limonene which is the majority compound, by the action of the terpene synthases during growing of the fruit. The extraction method can also be responsible for some differences in the composition due to the absence of water-soluble compounds in cold-pressed oils and to acid-catalysed reactions in hydrodistilled oils such as the decomposition of the linalyl acetate forming many different terpene derivatives.

1 illus, 8 tables, 103 ref

039630   TRAUN C, PERES C, ENGEL E (63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France, Email: clement.truan@analytiss.com) : Unraveling ingredients in complex mixtures by chromatographic spectrum recognition: Application to perfume deformulation. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(3), 309-19.

In the past 40 years, progress in GC-MS and GC-FID has lent the modern perfume industry powerful tools for determining raw ingredients in fragrances, which is still often manual and based on molecular markers thus subjective and unreliable due to variability and chromatographic challenges. This article presents an alternative approach by introducing the concept of chromatographic spectrum. This approach was evaluated on a commercial database containing molecular composition of 4106 perfumery ingredients and on real and simulated mixtures. Five hundred and seven out of 565 database ingredients classes were differentiated by their chromatographic spectrum against 164 with distinctive markers. The 5 ingredients of a real Eau de Cologne mixture were identified, and their proportions estimated with less than 12% relative error for 4 of them. The usefulness of chromatographic spectra in a deformulation support algorithm is discussed based on the deformulation of 210 simulated mixtures of 5, 10, and 15 ingredients.

6 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

039628   WANG Q, DING R, HUANG S, LIN Y, SUN B, TIAN H (Beijing Technology and Business Univ, China, Email: tianhy@btbu.edu.cn) : Preparation and odor characteristics of methylthiomethyl carboxylates. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(3), 302-8.

Sixteen methylthiomethyl esters were prepared by the reactions of carboxylic acids with dimethyl sulfoxide and oxalyl chloride. The reactions were carried out at a low temperature by Pummerer rearrangement to produce the esters in 82-94 % yields. The odor characteristics of the esters obtained were evaluated by GC-MS-O and most of them possessed pleasant fruity odors.

1 table, 17 ref

039627   MAGALHAES M L, LONTO M, FERREIRA G A, CAMPIDELLI M L L, NELSON D L, FERREIRA V R F, REZENDE D A D C S, CARDOSO M D G (Chemistry Dep, Federal Lavras Univ, Brazil, Email: mcardoso@ufla.br) : Biological activities of the essential oil from the moro orange peel (Citrus sinensis (L.) osbeck). Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(3), 294-301.

Citrus essential oils have become the focus of several researches, because they have broad biological activity, due to their chemical composition. However, there are few studies covering Moro orange essential oil. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fresh Moro orange peel essential oil on antifungal, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and genotoxic activities in normal and tumor cells. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and characterized by GC/MS and GC/FID. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTS assay in normal cells (CCD-1059Sk) and tumor cells (CCD1059Sk), and the genotoxicity was determined in normal cells by the comet assay. Antifungal activity was evaluated by the disk diffusion test against Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus flavus filamentous fungi. The antioxidant activity was determined in DPPH, ABTS, and β-carotene assay. The essential oil was mainly composed of monoterpenes such as limonene (95.12%), α-pinene (0.35%), sabinene (0.54%), and myrcene (1.07%). The essential oil did not cause cell death after 48 hours of treatment in normal cells, but the cell viability of tumor cells decreased by 50% in the presence of the essential oil at a concentration of 272.6 μg/mL. Although no antioxidant effect was observed, the growth of all evaluated fungi was inhibited with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 125 μL/mL. The essential oil from the Moro orange is promising for cancer treatment, and it can be used as a natural preservative in food systems.

4 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

039617   OZEN T, BORA N, YENIGUN S, KORKMAZ H (Chemistry Dep, Ondokuz Mayis Univ, Turkey, Email: tevfikoz@omu.edu.tr) : An investigation of chemical content, enzyme inhibitory propert, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Aristolochia bodamae dingler (develiotu) (Aristolochiaceae) root extracts from samsun, Turkey. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(3), 270-83.

The present work aimed to evaluate the phytochemical contents of the methanol (ME), ethanol (ET), water (W), acetone (AC), ethyl acetate (EA), and hexane (HE) of Aristolochia bodamae root (ABR) as well as inhibition potential, antioxidative, and antimicrobial activities. The chemical composition analysis and antioxidant activity of ABR extracts were performed by commonly used assays. Antibacterial activities of ABR extracts were tested against three gram-positive and three gram-negative bacteria using disk diffusion and microdilution methods. The inhibition potential of the extract was adopted for urease and esterases. The extraction yield (27.10%), total phenolic (47.53 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), and flavonoid (9.74 mg quercetin equivalent/g) content of ABRME were found higher than other extracts. Vanillic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and protocatechuic acid were recognized as major components. ABRET, ABRHE, and ABREA extracts had a more effective total antioxidant activity than that of other extracts. The lipid peroxidation inhibition, H2O2, and superoxide scavenging activities of ABRME were found to be 35.94, 35.94, and 3.98 µg/mL, respectively. The ABRET exhibited a reduction force with the A0.5 values of 48.77 µg/mL. The inhibition levels of ABRAC and ABREA to esterases were determined to be more effective than galantamine. ABRME was identified as a more potent urease inhibitor (IC50: 188.42 µg/mL) than thiourea. ABRET demonstrated the antibacterial activity with the highest inhibition zone of 14.4 mm against Staphylococcus aureus. The ABRET found the lowest MIC value against Bacillus cereus (128 µg/mL). In these in vitro studies, it has been found that ABR extracts were a good source of antioxidant, antibacterial, and inhibition potent when evaluated together with phenolic components.

7 tables, 68 ref

039567   CALANDRA M J, WANG Y (Firmenich Inc., NJ- 08536, USA, Email: michael.calandra@firmenich.com) : Oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxoacids by hydroperoxides can be used to lower peroxide values in citrus oils. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(1), 107-17.

Many terpenes may autoxidize under certain conditions to form terpene hydroperoxides, which have been reported to be skin sensitizers that may cause allergic contact dermatitis. The fragrance industry is currently required to monitor terpene hydroperoxide levels in many raw materials by iodometric titration (aka; the peroxide value, or POV test), and to reject lots that exceed a specification limit. We have found that compounds containing the 2‐oxoacid moiety (the “pyruvic acid” moiety) react readily with organic hydroperoxides via an oxidative decarboxylation mechanism. There action products include an alcohol corresponding to the reduced hydroperoxide,carbon dioxide, and a carboxylic acid that is one carbon shorter than the starting 2‐oxoacid. Because the hydroperoxide is irreversibly consumed by this reaction, the POV of a 2‐oxoacid‐treated sample is effectively lowered. It follows that the skin sensitizing potential of the treated sample should also be lowered as a result of the hydroperoxide removal.

3 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

039566   CAMARGO K C, BATISTA L R, ALVES E, REZENDE D A D C S, TEIXEIRA M L, BRANDAO R M, FERREIRA V R F, NELSON D I, CARDOSO M D G (Chemistry Dep, Federal de Lavras Univ, Lavras, Brazil, Email: mcardoso@.ufla.br) : Antibacterial action of the essential oil from cantinoa carpinifolia benth. against escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus strains. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(1), 99-106.

Essential oils have been increasingly studied as preservatives for the food industries because of their biological properties. However, there are few studies on the antibacterial potential of the essential oil of the species Cantinoa carpinifolia Benth.Thus, the aim of this study was to extract and chemically characterize the essential oil from Cantinoa carpinifolia Benth. and evaluate its antibacterial potential against strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography using mass spectrometer and flame ionization detectors. The antibacterial potential against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated by macrodilution, through cell viability tests, membrane permeability tests and electronic microscopy (SEM). The essential oil is composed principally of the α‐ thujone e β‐ thujone monoterpenes, and the minimum bactericidal and bacteriostatic concentrations of the essential oil were 6.25 and 0.39 μL mL−1 for E coli and S aureus, respectively. Bacterial strains were completely inactivated after 135 minutes (E coli) and 200 minutes (S aureus), respectively. Intracellular biological activity was observed for the essential oil because the harmful effects on both species of bacteria could be observed in the electromicrographs.

5 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

039565   DU W, ZHAO M, ZHEN D, TAN J, WANG T, XIE J (Beijing Technology and Business Univ, Beijing- 100 048, China, Email: xjchun@th.btbu.edu.cn) : Key aroma compounds in chinese fried food of youtiao. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(1), 88-98.

Key aroma compounds in Chinese popular fried food of youtiao were characterized by solvent assisted flavor evaporation combined with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry(GC‐MS) and aroma extract dilution analysis of gas chromatography‐olfactometry(AEDA/GC‐O), quantitation, and aroma recombination and omission. Four samples of youtiao fried with sunflower oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and palm oil, respectively, differing in fatty acid composition, were selected to be investigated. A total of thirty‐five odorants were identified, among which twenty‐two odorants were quantitated by aid of authentic chemicals and with correction of recovery coefficients.Differences in odorants composition and aroma profile were observed among the four samples of youtiao fried with different oils. However, it was demonstrated in common thirteen compounds; that is, 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone, 3‐methylbutanal, furfural, 3‐(methylthio)propanal, 2‐furfurylthiol, phenylacetaldehyde, 2,5‐dimethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐3(2H)‐furanone, 2‐ethyl‐3,5‐dimethylpyrazine, 3‐ethyl‐2,5‐dimethylpyrazine,(E,E)‐2, 4‐decadienal, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, (E,Z)‐2,6‐nonadienal, and (E)‐2‐nonenal contributed significantly to youtiao aroma. The work can provide some guidance to maintain the preferred youtiao flavor when modifying its preparation technology for safety concerns.

1 illus, 4 tables, 32 ref

039563   KEMPRAI P, BORA P K, MAHANTA B P, SUT D, SAIKIA S P, BANIK D, HALDAR S (CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat- 785 006, Email: saikatchembiol@gmail.com) : Piper betleoides C. DC.: Edible source of betel-scented sesquiterpene-rich essential oil. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(1), 70-8.

Betel leaf or ‘Paan’ (Piper betle) is an integral component of the addictive chewingstimulant ‘betel quid’ which is traditionally consumed by a large population in theAsian countries. Betel essential oil is also heavily used by the flavour industries. Often,it constitutes of carcinogenic and genotoxic phenylpropanoids. High incidence of theoral carcinogenesis in this part of the world has been linked to the chewing of betelquid as well as Paan. In this study, Piper betleoides C. DC. (wild Paan) was identifiedas the edible plant source from north‐east India possessing betel‐scented essentialoil which was highly rich in sesquiterpenoids majorly germacrene D and β‐caryophyllene.Identity of the plant was confirmed through critical taxonomic studies. Further,the essential oil yield and composition were investigated across different vegetative(young and mature leaves, stem) and reproductive (male and female inflorescence)tissues of P. betleoides through gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) andnuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C NMR) spectroscopic analyses. The comparativequantitative investigation showed a high dominance by sesquiterpenoids (>90%) inthe leaves of P. betleoides with no detection of phenylpropanoids. On the contrary, ahigh level of phenylpropanoids (>75%) was found in P. betle (Bangla Paan). In effect,P. betleoides can be a potential alternative source of betel‐scented sesquiterpene‐richessential oil.

4 illus, 1 table, 46 ref

039555   BILAL H, ALI I, UDDIN S, KHAN I, SAID A, RAHMAN M U, KHAN A M, SHAH A B, KHAN A A (Chemistry Dep, Malakand Univ, Dir L, Pakistan) : Biological evaluation of antimicrobial activity of calotropis procera against a range of bacteria. J Pharmacog Phytochem 2020, 9(1), 31-35.

Plants are reported to have anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In the present study, methanolic extract of leaves of Calotropis procera was used to check the antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi and Enterococcus faecalis using the disc diffusion method. Different concentrations of extract were made and applied on filter discs. Bacteria were cultured on nutrient agar and discs having different concentrations were applied to petri plates, incubated for 24 hours at 37 ^ᵒC and after 24 hours, result were recorded in the form of zones of inhibition. Results showed that leaves extract were more effective against Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. There was no antibacterial activity of extract against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, and Enterococcus faecalis. It has been concluded that leaves extract of Calotropis procera may be used as a treatment for the infection caused by Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. Also, different chemicals present and crude extract should be purified and individual chemical should be used against various bacteria to sort out the chemical(s) having antibacterial activity.

3 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

039547   ZAHAN T, KHATUN L, SIDDIKA A, NIME M J, HABIB M R, AZIZ M A, RAHMAN M H, KARIM M R (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dep, Rajshahi Univ, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh, Email: rezaplazad@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of antioxidant, cytotoxic and antimicrobial potentials of anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) leaves. J Pharm Chem Biol Sci 2020, 7(2), 157-163.

Considering the immense use in folk medicine, we persuaded to analyse the antioxidant, cytotoxic and antimicrobial properties as well as in vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity of methanolic extract of leaves of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.)Miq (MELA). Total phenolics and flavonoids content of MELA were determined using colorimetric assay whereas its antioxidant properties were assessed by evaluating DPPH and ABTS scavenging abilities. Starch-iodine test was in preference to assess α-amylase inhibitory potential. In addition, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities were evaluated by brine shrimp lethality assay and disc diffusion methods. In this study, MELA contained high amount of polyphenolic compounds and showed remarkable antioxidant potential in all assays with IC50 value of 53.44 μg/mL and 22.02 μg/mL for DPPH and ABTS, respectively. Besides MELA inhibited α-amylase enzyme in a dose dependent manner and brine shrimp mortality rate was increased with increasing concentration. Additionally, the highest zone of inhibition was observed against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at the concentration of 900 μg/μL. These findings revealed the importance of further investigation in isolating its active constituents.

1 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

039544   Anushree A M, Chaluvaraju K C, Ramachandra Setty S, Revana siddappa B C, Sareeshma E (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Govt. Coll of Pharmacy, Bengaluru- 560 027, Email: chaluvarajukc@gmail.com) : Design, synthesis, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity of eugenol incorporated 1, 3, 4 - oxadiazole derivatives. J Pharm Chem Biol Sci 2020, 7(2), 125-137.

Eugenol is an essential oil extracted and isolated from Syzygium aromaticum by hydrodistillation and column chromatography respectively. The isolated eugenol was identified by TLC using n-hexane: ethyl acetate (7:3) as mobile phase. It was quantified by HPTLC and concentration of eugenol present in the sample was found to be 83.1 mg/g. This eugenol is used as a starting material for the synthesis of semisynthetic derivatives bearing 1,3,4-oxadiazole motif. The synthetic protocol involves 4 steps as depicted in methodology section. In first step, there is a condensation between eugenol and ethyl chloroacetate to yield compound (2). Second step describe the formation of acetohydrazide (3) from acetate (2) in the presence of hydrazine hydrate. Step 3 reaction involves formation of Schiff bases (4a-4g) in the presence of benzaldehyde/ substituted benzaldehyde. In the final step 4 there is a cyclization of (4a-4g) with Chloramine-T resulting in the formation of substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives (5a-5g). All the synthesised compounds were characterized and confirmed by physical data (m.p., TLC) and spectral studies (IR, 1H NMR). Synthesised compounds were evaluated for possible anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity. The compound 5b bearing electron withdrawing nitro group possess better anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity compared to standard eugenol tested.

2 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

039543   PRAJAPATI K N, BRAHMBHATT M P, VORA J J, PRAJAPATI P B (Chemistry Dep, Sheth M. N. Science Coll, Patan, Gujarat, Email: kuntalprajapati17@gmail.com) : Synthesis, catalysis and biological study of transition metal(II) chelates with ONO-Tridentate schiff base ligand. J Pharm Chem Biol Sci 2020, 7(2), 110-124.

A new series of chelates was synthesized from metal perchlorates of bivalent cobalt, nickel and copper with tridentate schiff base ligand (5-BSA). The schiff base having ONO donor site obtained from anthranilic acid and 5-bromosalicylaldehyde in methanol. UV Visible, FT-IR and mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance and thermal analysis techniques were used to investigate the structural features of chelates and ligand. The thermal analysis was carried out for synthesized metal chelates and the values of activation energy for metal chelates were also measured by using the broido method which present the thermal behavior of chelates. The study for electrolytic nature of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) chelates were carried out at room temperature and the catalytic characteristics of chelates were also studied. The uncomplexed ligand and its metal (II) chelates were evaluated for antibacterial property against gram positive and gram negative bacterial species.

7 illus, 9 tables, 41 ref

039519   AIGBERUAN A, TARAWOU T, EREPAMOWEI Y (Chemical Sciences Dep, Niger Delta Univ, Nigeria, Email: ozedee101@gmail.com) : Environmental assessment of imiringi river in south-south Nigeria: The water quality index approach. Curr Wld Envir 2020, 15(1), 59-67.

The water quality index (WQI) is important because it aids in understanding complex water quality data. Hence, WQI of Imiringi River was evaluated in order to classify quality grade of the water in unambiguous terms. Apart from seepages emanating from oil installations that are located further upstream of Oswan community, dumpsite leachates and agricultural run-offs are some of the likely nonpoint sources of pollution. Because the river ebbs away during the dry term, samples were collected in the rainy period of August 2019 at duplicate points across five field locations. Physical and chemical tests were carried out for ten (10) water samples following standard analytical protocols. Results obtained are: conductivity
(32.7 ± 2.7 μs/cm), iron (2.57 ± 0.53 mg/L), dissolved solids (18.1 ± 1.4 mg/L), pH (5.2 ± 0.1), alkalinity (1.1 ± 0.1 mg/L), hardness (1.4 ± 0.2 mg/L), calcium (0.34 ± 0.03 mg/L), magnesium (2.08 ± 0.32 mg/L), dissolved oxygen (10.5 ± 0.7 mg/L), chloride (9.8 ± 0.7 mg/L), nitrate (0.12 ± 0.04 mg/L) and biochemical oxygen demand (0.36 ± 0.08 mg/L). Generally, iron and pH values fell short of regulatory standards while pH represented the most significantly varying parameter (p < 0.05) across all locations owing to human influences and dilution effects across the water course. Also, conductivity and dissolved solids depicted the strongest inter-parameter association. Overall, the downstream section of river revealed the poorest water quality condition while the entire river stretch was classified as being unsuitable for drinking even though it can support aquatic life.

1 table, 30 ref

039515   SINAN M (Chemistry Dep, Charuchandra Coll, Kolkata- 700 029, Email: mominulsinan@yahoo.co.in) : Bioplastics for sustainable development: General scenario in India. Curr Wld Envir 2020, 15(1), 24-8.

Plastic is a major environmental pollutant in the environment. The petroleum derived plastics are mostly non biodegradable and take long time to break down. Thus ecosystem is getting affected by this pollution. So the approach to produce plastic using microbes is a novel approach. Bio-plastics are generally bio-based, they may be or may not be biodegradable but their properties are closed to synthetic polymers. In biodegradation process micro-organisms convert plastics into water, carbon dioxide, and compost. Bioplastics are generally prepared from biomass such as polysaccharides, starch, lipids, proteins, cellulose etc. These biodegradable polymers can be used in various fields like agriculture, automotives, medicine, controlled drug release and packaging etc. That means bio-plastic is eco-friendly. Scientists around the world working for the progressive development searching for substitute of fossil fuel derived plastic for sustainable development of the future environment. They are exploring the possibility of using different waste materials to produce the bio-based polymers. India has a potential in the development of bioplastic market. Environmental awareness programs, easy availability of feedstock and government backing are boosting the bioplastic market. New products are coming in the market with the help of homemade technology.

2 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

039491   ANJANA M, SWATHI V, RAMYA SAI A, DIVYA N, SUNISHA Y (Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Phytochemistry Dep, Pharmacy Coll, Manglagiri, Andhra Pradesh, Email: anjana.male@gmail.com) : A review on momordica dioica fruits. J Adv Plant Sci 2020, 3(1), 1-5.

Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. is a perennial, dioceous climb creeper happiness to the gourd family. Its common referred to as kakora, parora that is mature in each tropical and sub-tropical country. Apart from its use as curative agent for diseases it is widely used as vegetable with nutritional quality. Phytochemical screening ends up in the presence of alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, triterpenes of urisolic acid dark brown semi drying oil and saturated fatty acids, ascorbic acids, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavins, niacin, supermolecule carbohydrates, lectins, ascorbic acids, carotenes, bitter principles, oleanoic acid, saturated fatty acid, gypsogenin, alpha-spiranosterolhederagenin, momordicaursenol however studies indicate that solely a really very little analysis activity has been done on this plant. In this review gathered the information about the drug profile, phytochemical constituent and medical specialty activities done thereon. 

1 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

039461   PALIWAL P, JAIN D, JOSHI A, AMETA K D, CHAUDHARY R, SINGH A (Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Dep, Maharana Pratap Agriculture and Technology Univ, Udaipur-313 001, Email: devroshan@gmail.com) : Diversity analysis of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam) genotypes using morphological, biochemical and molecular markers. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(4), 276-85.

Sweet potato [Ipomea batatas (L.) Lam.] is a nutritious food crop primarily grown by small and marginal farmers. Successful breeding and germplasm conservation programs demands characterization of its germplasm. Here, we tried to determine genetic diversity among 21 sweet potato genotypes using morphological, biochemical and molecular markers. Ten morphological traits were studied and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Mean square due to germplasm were highly significant as well as wide mean range performance was observed for tuber number per plant, individual tuber weight, tuber fresh yield per plant, tuber dry yield per plant, tuber yield per plot and tuber length. UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method Arithmetic Average) cluster analysis based on morphological traits separated the germplasm into three groups. The genotypes Gautam, Shree Arun, RS-92 and CO-3-4 appeared promising with regard to yield characters. Total phenol was maximum in in V-12 genotype (1.39 mg), while minimum was recorded in Samrat genotype (0.95 mg). The highest total antioxidant was observed in the genotype Samrat (0.30 mg), while minimum was recorded in the genotype Navsari Local (0.16 mg). Molecular diversity analysis was carried out using 25 RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers, out of which 13 primers produced 117 reproducible amplicons (106 polymorphic, 7 monomorphic and 4 unique amplicons). UPGMA dendogram based on RAPD data separated the genotypes into two major clusters having the similarity coefficient ranged from 0.56 to 0.76. The results can be used for sweet potato crop improvement through molecular breeding and marker assisted selection of for desired traits in future.

4 illus, 7 tables, 34 ref

039402   RAGHUVANSHI S, AGARWAL N D, RAWAT P, SRIVASTAVA S, SHUKLA S (Biochemistry Dep, Rajkiya Medical Coll, Uttar Pradesh- 285 001, Email: agrawalnarottam@gmail.com) : Hepatorenal protective action of Spirulina platensis against beryllium induced hepatorenal dysfunction and histopathological alterations in rats. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(1), 23-32.

Beryllium (Be) is highly toxic to human, induces oxidative stress and leads to Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD) orberylliosis, apoptosis and cancer. In this study, we have investigated the antioxidative and hepatorenal protective potential ofSpirulina platensis (SP) against beryllium (Be) induced alterations in hepatorenal biochemical parameters, oxidative stressand histopathological alterations in rats. Different doses of SP (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered (once aday daily for 7 days) against Be(NO3)2 (1 mg/kg, i.p. once a day daily, for 28 days) induced toxic menifestations in femaleWistar rats. Be decreased GSH, SOD, CAT, G-6-Pase, ALP and ATPase activities and increased TBARS and ACP activityin liver and kidney. Be enhanced ALT, AST, bilirubin, uric acid, creatinine, total cholesterol and decreased haemoglobin,total protein, sugar in blood. Be deposited in vital organs of rats and altered the histoarchitecture of liver and kidney.Different doses of SP showed dose dependent recovery. SP @400 mg/kg showed significant recovery against Be inducedoxidative stress, maintained hepatorenal function towards normal and reduced beryllium body burden. Results of the study.well supported by histopathological observations, conclude that SP possesses hepatorenal protective potential against Be induced toxicity in rats.

3 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref

039401   CHAUHAN S S, OJHA S, MAHMOOD A (Biochemistry Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh- 160 014, Email: shailenderc@email.arizona.edu) : Neurotoxicity of fluoride in ethanol fed rats: Role of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neurotransmitters. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(1), 14-22.

Prolonged exposure to fluoride or alcohol affects brain. However, the understanding about their interactions and neurotoxicity following co-exposures is still poor. The present study was designed to assess oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunctions, acetylchonlineterase (AChE) activity, neurotransmitter levels and morphological alterations in brain of fluoride or/and ethanol fed rats. Six and eighteen month old animals received sodium fluoride (NaF, 25 mg/kg) and 30% ethanol (EtOH, 1 mL/kg) individually and in combination for 90 days. Brain showed elevation in oxidative stress with age and NaF/EtOH treatment. There was increased lipid peroxidation; decreased glutathione, total and protein thiol content; along with declined activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase under these conditions. Mitochondrial functions were impaired significantly with age and NaF/EtOH treatment. The activities of NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase along with mitochondrial respiration rate were decreased whereas the levels of nitric oxide and citrulline were increased in treated animals. Administration of NaF/EtOH showed altered neurotransmitter levels and increased AChE activity in brain. The levels of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were decreased while 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid were increased significantly. Histological examination showed morphological alterations in treated animals compared to controls. Interestingly, the observed effects were more pronounced in rats co-exposed to NaF and EtOH. It is concluded that neurotoxic effects of fluoride are age dependent and further amplified by alcohol co-administration. These effects are mediated through elevated oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunctions and impaired neurotransmitter functions.

4 illus, 1 table, 43 ref

039373   MANI R, BOUHUILA J, AMEUR S B, HACHICHA M, SOUA Z, MABROUK I (de Sousse Univ, Tunisia, Email: mabrouk_imed@yahoo.fr) : A novel DNAH5 variant in a Tunisian patient with primary ciliary dyskinesia. J Genet 2020, 99(1), 1-5.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous hereditary disease caused by the structural abnormalities and dysfunction of motile cilia. The DNAH5 is the most frequently mutated gene in PCD patients and hot spot exons were reported in this gene. Here, we aim to screen mutations in a set of five hot spot exons of DNAH5 gene in a cohort of 10 clinically diagnosed Tunisian PCD patients using an optimized polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformational polymorphism screening technique. Only one patient harboured a novel heterozygous variant in exon 63 (c.10767A[G), which was inherited from his father. This variant activates a cryptic splicing site. No deleterious mutation has been identified while screening the exons of the remaining patients. Our results show that the reported hot spot exons of DNAH5 gene are not mutated in Tunisian PCD patients. This is probably due to the differences of ethnical background of the previously reported patients. Further investigations should be performed to identify the mutations underlying PCD in this group of patients

2 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

039372   HE B, SHI P, LV Y, GAO Z, CHEN G (Nanjing Normal Univ, China, Email: guoxiangchennau@126.com) : Gene coexpression network analysis reveals the role of SRS genes in senescence leaf of maize (Zea mays L.). J Genet 2020, 99(1), 1-10.

Shi-related sequence (SRS) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors that play important roles in developmental processes, including regulating hormone biosynthesis, response or signal transduction. However, systematical analysis of the SRS gene family in maize has not yet been conducted. In this study, 11 SRS genes with 13 transcripts were identified and characterized. The characteristics of the gene family were analysed in terms of phylogenetic relationships, chromosome distribution and gene structure. RNA-sequencing data analysis showed that the expression patterns of SRS genes were quite different from each other in maize, indicating their divergence in function. Interestingly, the GRMZM2G077752 gene is highly expressed in senescent leaves. Using further coexpression network analysis, we determined that the module containing GRMZM2G077752 were over-represented by genes related to abscisic acid (ABA) stimulus and carbohydrate metabolic process. This result indicated that GRMZM2G077752 might perceive ABA signal and cause the activation of carbohydrate remobilization during leaf ageing. This study provides valuable information for understanding the functions of the SRS genes in maize.

5 illus, 1 table, 41 ref

039352   PANDEY M, AWASTHI S (Pediatrics Dep, King George’s Medical Univ, Lucknow- 226 003, Email: monikapandeybiotec@gmail.com) : Role of MMP-1, MMP-8 and MMP-9 gene polymorphisms in preterm birth. J Genet 2020, 99, 2-7.

Novel approaches to preterm births are underway building upon our prior discoveries and probing into unknown discovery pathways. The recent findings showed a high affinity of MMP-9 in serum and its polymorphisms for preterm birth. This study, which is a hospital-based case– control study, aims to investigate the association of MMP-1, MMP-8 and MMP-9 polymorphisms, and levels of MMP-9 in preterm birth. Increased level of MMP-9 was reported in cases as compared to control. The significant association of MMP-9 (-1562) CT (P = 0.001; OR = 1.44 (CI = 0.97–2.14)) and TT genotype (P = 0.05; OR = 2.6 (CI = 1.46–4.69)) were reported in preterm birth. Our findings suggest thattheMMP-9 plays an important role in contributing preterm labour and this can be used as a diagnostic tool during pregnancy

1 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

039337   BASHYAL B M, ZAIDI N W, SINGH U S, AGGARWAL R (ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi- 110 012, Email: bishnumayabashyal@gmail.com) : Effect of fungal biocontrol agents on enhancement of drought stress tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Indian J Biochem Biophys 2020, 57(1), 101-8.

Rice is the staple food crop for about half of the population of the world. Drought is a major stress limiting factor of this crop. In the recent years, biocontrol agents like Trichoderma spp. have become popular as plant growth promoter and shown to enhance drought tolerance in plants. Therefore, present investigation investigation was undertaken to evaluate the different biocontrol agents i.e. Trichoderma harzinum 1, Trichoderma harzianum 2, Chaetomium globosum and Talaromyces flavus against the drought in resistant (DRR 42 and Sahbhagi Dhan) and susceptible (IR 64) varieties of rice. Prior to sowing seeds were bioprimed separately with each isolates of Trichoderma harzianum @ 10g/kg and were sown in pots. Drought treatment of 4 days, 7 days, 10 days and 13 days were given as per the standard protocol. Biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum (T2) was observed most effective for drought tolerance followed by Chaetomium globosum. After 13 days of drought treatment minimum wilting (20 %) was observed in Sahbhagi Dhan treated with Trichoderma harzianum 2. Four and 10 days drought stressed plants were subjected to different biochemical analysis. Significantly positive correlation (r = 0.91) was observed between wilting and Malondialdehyde (MDA) content. While negative correlation (r = −0.67) was observed between wilting and average plant weight. Study suggested that Trichoderma harzianum 2 treatment during drought stress in rice plants can delay the drought upto 3-5 days.

3 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

039333   CHAMGORDAN L E, EBRAHIM N, AMIRMAHAN F, VALLIAN S (Cellular and Molecular Biology and Microbiology Dep, Isfahan Univ, Iran, Email: svallian@sci.ui.ac.ir.) : CG/CA genotypes represent novel markers in the NPHS2 gene region associated with nephrotic syndrome. J Genet 2020, 99, 33.

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is considered as a primary disease of the kidney that represents a heterogeneous group of glomerular disorders occurring mainly in children. It is generally divided into steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant forms, depending upon the patient’s response to steroid therapy. Among the genes involved, the NPHS2 gene has been reported as the causative gene in steroid resistant form of nephrotic syndrome. In the present study, heterozygosity rate, allelic frequency and linkage of rs2274625 and rs3829795 markers were investigated in the NPHS2 gene region. To determine the SNP alleles, tetra-primer ARMS PCR was used. After genotyping rs2274625 and rs3829795 polymorphic markers in 120 unrelated individuals and nine trios families, the data were analysed using various computer programs such as UCSC Genome Browser, dbSNP and SNPper. Based on the statistical analysis of the results, for rs2274625 marker, allele frequency for C and T alleles was 97% and 3%, respectively. For rs3829795 marker allele frequency for G and A alleles was 55% and 45%, respectively. The values of heterozygosity index for the examined markers were 5% for rs2274625 and 45/8% for rs3829795. Consequently, two informative haplotypes, CG/CA, were identified in the NPHS2 gene region through combination of these two markers. These haplotypes can serve as appropriate tools for the identification of heterozygous carriers and linkage analysis of nephrotic syndrome disease in the Iranian families with an affected child.

2 illus, 5 table, 44 ref

039282   BHATNAGAR A (Chemistry Dep, D.B.S. (P.G.) Coll, Dehradun- 248 001, Email: anju_bhatnagar_2007@yahoo.com) : Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oil of Cymbopogon flexuosus. J Appl Nat Sci 2020, 12(1), 25-9.

Cymbopogon species from the Poaceae family are widely distributed in the Himalayan region of India and commonly used as flavors, fragrances, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. It is known to contain compound citral, which give the lemon scent to many of the plants of the cymbopogon genera.The essential oil of Cymbopogon flexuosus has high polyphenolic content which is responsible for antioxidant properties. Beside citral is also used for the synthesis of vitamin B and Ionones.The bioactive potential of Lemongrass and constituent are rapidly increasing which is reflected from growing number of reports being published. The present study was to know the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of essential oil of C. flexuosus from Uttarakhand. The essential oils of Cymbopogon collected in the region of Uttarakhand were obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves and analyzed for chemical composition by GC/MS.The antioxidant activity of essential oils at different concentrations was determined against DPPH radical activity and vitamin C as the standard antioxidant compound. The IC₅₀ value and percentage of DPPH inhibition were recorded.  Twenty-five compounds were identified in essential oil extracted from leaves representing 93.15 % of the oil composition.The yield of essential oil of Cymbopogon was 0.6 + 0.1 % and the major compound in the essential oil was citral (a racemic mixture of two isoforms geranial and nearl) followed by heptenone(1.98 %) , linalool(1.65 %), geraniol  (1.47 %), β-caryophyllene (1.14 % ) , limonene (0.92 %),  nearl acetate (0.82 %), citronellal(0.44 %) and citronellol (0.22 %). Radical scavenging capacity (Inhibition, %) of the C. flexuosus essential oil was high (78.19+1.11) at the concentration level of 150 μg/ml and IC₅₀ value of the essential oil was 43.67μg/ml.  The data of this study encourages to consider the essential oil of C. flexuosus  as a source of bioactive compounds which may add great industrial value to this crop.

2 tables, 21 ref

039276   SRINIVASAN P, SIVAKUMAR P (Chemistry Dep, Kongu Engineering Coll, Erode- 638 052, Tamil Nadu, Email: sricsri@gmail.com) : Mass transfer studies of direct orange 102 dye onto a non-conventional adsorbent. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 79-84.

Activated carbon with surface area of 896 m²/g has been prepared from the wood of Thevetia Neriifolia Juss (TNJAC). The fitness of the prepared activated carbon is tested for its adsorption capability towards the textile dye direct orange 102 (DO102). On increasing the solution pH from 2 to 12, the percentage of DO102 adsorption increases from 41 to 75 %. The adsorption kinetics is analyzed using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models. Pseudo-second order model is more appropriate to describe the adsorption kinetics with a correlation coefficient of 0.9311< r²< 0.9871. On analyzing the adsorption isotherm using Langmuir and Freundlich models, the adsorption of DO102 by TNJAC follows Langmuir type of isotherm with energetically homogeneous sorbent surface.

5 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

039275   MOHAMMADI S Z, TAJIK S, BEITOLLAHI H (Chemistry Dep, Payame Noor Univ, Tehran, Iran, Email: szmohammadi@yahoo.com) : Electrochemical determination of propranolol by using modified screen-printed electrodes. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 73-8.

A simple and sensitive method for the determination of propranolol using modified screen printed carbon electrode (MSPCE) has been presented. The electrochemical measurements of propranolol are studied using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CHA). The MSPCE exhibite excellent catalytic activity towards electrochemical oxidation of propranolol in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of pH 7.0. The MSPCE facilitate the determination of propranolol in the concentration range 0.4 – 200.0 μM and a detection limit and sensitivity of 80 nM and 0.052 μA/μM has been achieved.

6 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

039274   SAMANTAROY P K, SURESH G (Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam- 603 102, Email: pksroy82@gmail.com) : Corrosion investigation of nickel base superalloys in simulated high level waste medium using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 67-72.

Nickel base superalloys (Alloy 600, 690 and 693) under as-received and heat treated (solution-annealed and sensitized) condition have been assessed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopic technique for their corrosion behavior in 3 M HNO₃ and simulated high level waste medium at 25 °C. All the alloys in all the conditions (as-received, solution-annealed and sensitized) show higher polarization resistance in 3 M HNO₃ compared to simulated high level waste. The solution-annealed specimens for Alloy 690 and Alloy 693 show near capacitive behaviour in a larger ranger of frequency. Among the three alloys, Alloy 690 show highest polarization resistance followed by Alloy 693 and Alloy 600, due to the better stability of passive oxide layer. In contrast, the decreased polarization resistance for Alloy 600 specimens imply deterioration or reduction in the passive film stability.

5 illus, 5 tables, 24 ref