037308   ANDAL N M, INDHUMATHY P (Chemistry Dep, PSGR Krishnammal Coll for Women, Coimbatore - 641 004, Email: muthulakshmiandal@psgrkcw.ac.in) : Deployment of toxicants laden sorbents in the manufacture of construction materials. Adv Appl Res 2020, 12(1), 43-6.

The release of effluents from large-scale and small-scale industries has led to greater adverse environmental impact. These effluents comprised of various cations, anions, heavy metals, organics, etc. These toxicants served as nutrients for the growth of plants and microorganisms in the water bodies where they were discharged. The excessive presence of these nutrients caused eutrophication and reduced the biological oxygen demand (BOD) and thus endangered the aquatic life, which inturn reflected on animals and human beings. The effluents also contaminated the ground water table extensively and diminished the sources of freshwater. Among the various pollutants present in the discharges, heavy metals proved to be lethal to all living organisms when they exceed their tolerance levels. Hence, their confiscation employing different methodologies has become inevitable. Among them, adsorption, had been widely reported due to its efficiency and ease in operation. On a larger scale, the disposal of the exhausted sorbents posed a major setback and caused land and air pollution due to landfills and incineration. The metal ions enter the food chain and cause serious health ailments, even bereavement. Therefore, the present review focused on the recent research works where these metal laden composites were utilized in the processing of construction materials. The review's supposition remarks on the containment of the caused secondary pollution. The detention also enhanced the characteristics features of the derived products thereby crafting them viable for additional commercial purposes.

3 tables,11 ref

037136   YAZIE K S, YESSUF A M, ERANNA B C (Arbaminch Univ, Arbaminch, Ethipia, Email: chinnaouct@gmail.com) : Production of lactic acid from banana waste peel by batch fermentation using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from milk products. J Ultra Chem 2020, 16(2), 9-20.

Lactic acid is a chemical compound that plays a role in various biochemical processes and also widely used in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. The aim of this study was to establish a process of lactic acid (LA) production from organic banana peel waste using lactic acid bacteria isolated and growth in MRS media at 37ºC for 24 h from milk product. The results indicate that lactic acid production using lactic acid bacteria are identified as Gram-positive, non-spore forming rods, catalase-negative, usually nonmotile. There was significant pH difference from 5.64 to 3.92 in the fermentation production medium containing banana waste peel + inoculum and 5.64 to 3.89 in the medium containing banana waste peel extract + inoculum+ malt extract during the course of time from 0 hours to 96 hours when compared to control containing only banana waste peel without inoculum. There was dramatic increase in the percentage of crude lactic acid production was similar along with change in pH from ranging from 6.14 to 6.71 before decolorization without activated charcoal and 7.31 to 7.53 after decolorization with activated charcoal for fermentation production medium during the course of 24 to 96 hours. Similarly, the percentage of crude lactic acid production increases ranging from 6.73 to 6.98 before decolorization without activated charcoal and 7.79 to 7.96 after decolorization with activated charcoal for fermentation production medium containing banana waste peel + Malt extract and inoculum from 0 to 96 hours. This may due to the high rate of consumption of starch compounds to lactic acid with the help of lactic acid bacteria.

7 illus, 4 tables, 36 ref

037135   KULSHRESTHA M, SINGH B, PANI S (Chemistry Dep, Bonnie Foi Coll, Bhopal, Email: mohita.kulshrestha@gmail.com) : Assessment of pesticides in betwa river near mandideep industrial area. J Ultra Chem 2020, 16(2), 5-8.

The present study was conducted in Betwa River near Mandideep Industrial Area extending from origin up to a stretch of 200 kms downstream to assess the presence of selective pesticides in the river water. Quarterly analysis was carried out during 2016-17 for water samples collected from surface and bottom waters at stations of Betwa River in Mandideep area. The study reveals the presence of few pesticides viz. Aldrin, Endosulphan and HCH, in traces at all the stations except its origin. Presence of Pesticide, though in low concentration suggests primary entry of it into river water which may be attributed to run offs from nearby agricultural fields. The present study emphasizes the need for alternative agricultural practices with application of organic bio-pesticides instead of depending heavily on chemical pesticides.

1 illus, 10 ref

037119   KANT R, DHILLON S, KAUR J (Chemistry Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi - 110 007, Email: rkant@chemistry.du.ac.in) : Electrode disorder, electrochemical processes and governing length scales. J Indian Inst Sci 2020, 96(4), 365-82.

Surface of a solid electrode ubiquitously possesses morphological and energetic disorders, and therefore it greatly influences their thermodynamics, kinetics and transport properties. Also, the anomalies in an electrochemical response are governed by the synergistic effect of the morphological and phenomenological lengths. For theoretical understanding of disordered systems, it becomes mandatory to characterize these length scales, and their dependence on electrochemical and morphological characteristics. In this review, we mainly focus on two aspects: (1) statistical characterization of electrode surface using FE-SEM micrographs and electrochemical microscopic area, and (2) the physical significance of various length scales arising in theoretical models and electrode surface topography. Finally, a common scale is generated to show the synergistic effects of morphological and phenomenological length scales in disordered electrochemical system.

6 illus, 1 tables, 105 ref

037118   SINGHA S, JANA T (Hyderabad Univ, Hyderabad, Email: usharjana@uohyd.ac.in) : Proton-conducting channels in polybenzimidazole nanocomposites. J Indian Inst Sci 2020, 96(4), 351-64.

The interfacial interactions of hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposite membranes, when tuned appropriately, can replicate to some extent the conduction mechanism of Nafion where hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions are dispersed randomly and the proton conduction takes place via the conducting channels. A wide variety of functionalizing molecules can be used for tuning the interface. The dynamic physical interactions between the particles and the polymer chains, and the hydrogen-bonding interactions among the functionalized silica nanoparticles in polybenzimidazole (PBI) matrix manifest as self-assembled inorganic networks or domains of different sizes depending on the filler content. These domains can trap phosphoric acid via strong hydrogen bonding and can act as reservoirs of phosphoric acid thus creating an acid gradient in the matrix. This gradient morphology gives rise to directed and faster proton conduction process in the PBI matrix. Thus, these inorganic-organic hybrid materials can be tuned for controlled conductivity as well as mechanical and thermal stability of proton exchange membrane for the fuel-cell applications.

5 illus, 78 ref

037117   SAHA S, KISHOR K, SIVAKUMAR S, PALA R G S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur - 208 016, Email: srisiva@iitk.ac.in) : Models and mechanisms of oxygen evolution reaction on electrocatalytic surface. J Indian Inst Sci 2020, 96(4), 325-49.

A profound change has taken place in understanding surface electrochemistry during water-splitting reaction due to the accumulated knowledge over the past decades and supported by recent advances in spectroscopic techniques and high-performance quantum chemical simulations. The design of electrocatalysts has been improved due to better understanding of surface structures of electrocatalysts and their active sites. This review provides insights into both theoretical and experimental electrochemistry that are directed towards a better understanding of the rate-determining step of water splitting, i.e., oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The emphasis of this review is on the origin of the electrocatalytic activity of nanostructured catalysts toward the aforementioned reaction by correlating the electrode performance with their intrinsic electrochemical properties. Also, the design aspects of acidic- and alkaline-medium electrocatalysts is discussed from preliminary discussion on active site engineering to a more applied concern of achieving highly stable and active electrode fabrication. The design concerns while choosing a support for OER electrocatalyst has also been discussed. At the end, challenges in electrolyser designs and problems faced by the industry to commercialize the electrolyser in a cost-effective manner have been discussed.

9 illus, 4 tables, 183 ref

037116   YAMADA H (Nagasaki Univ, Nagasaki - 852 8521, Japan, Email: h-yama@nagasaki-u.ac.jp) : Interfaces of solid electrolytes: Fundamentals and applications. J Indian Inst Sci 2020, 96(4), 315-23.

All solid-state batteries are candidates for the next-generation batteries owing to their potentially high safety, high reliability, and high energy density. In this review, first, the recent development of ASSBs is briefly summarised by showing both their advantages and shortcomings. Then, the interfaces of solid electrolytes, one of key factors of ASSBs, are discussed with some experimental results.

9 illus, 26 ref

037115   GHOSH S, BASU R N (CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata - 700 032, Email: ghosh.srabanti@gmail.com) : Electrochemistry of nanostructured materials: implementation in electrocatalysis for energy conversion applications. J Indian Inst Sci 2020, 96(4), 293-313.

The study of electrochemical phenomena and electrocatalytic properties using chemical structures at nanoscale is a rapidly emerging area in electrochemical and material science. A notable achievement in the performance of functional materials has been the understanding of the electrochemical mechanisms and the development of advanced catalytic nanostructured materials. Consequently, efforts will continue to synthesise and explore novel nanoscale materials to meet the requirement of sustainable and renewable resources owing to climate change and the decreasing availability of fossil fuels. The present review explores in depth the current state of the nanoscale frontier in electrochemistry. It includes investigation of electrochemical processes of nanostructured materials, electroanalysis using nanostructured materials, fundamental aspects of electron transfer and mass transfer at nanoscale surface during catalysis. It will also provide an understanding of the activity and stability of electrocatalysts under critical experimental conditions. A brief discussion on the utilisation of nanostructured materials in energy domains such as fuel cells is presented at the end.

7 illus, 1 tables, 109 ref

037114   SOMERS A E, DEACON G B, HINTON B R W, MACFARLANE D R, JUNK P C, TAN M Y J, FORSYTH M (Deakin Univ, Victoria 3220, Australia., Email: asomers@deakin.edu.au) : Recent developments in environment-friendly corrosion inhibitors for mild steel. J Indian Inst Sci 2020, 96(4), 285-92.

In 2002, our group and collaborators began initial investigations on the use of rare-earth carboxylates as non-toxic and environment-friendly corrosion inhibitors for mild steel. This was followed by a more comprehensive study, reported in 2004 by Blin et al., in which a range of such carboxylate compounds were investigated. This study identified lanthanum 4-hydroxycinnamate, La(4-OHcin)₃ as a promising compound. In the review presented here our more recent investigations on mild steel corrosion inhibitors with structures closely related to La(4-OHcin)₃ are presented.
In another study, Lee investigated the effect on corrosion of subtle changes to the La(4-OHcin)₃ structure. Seter et al. found that small structural changes could have a major effect on the inhibition performance.
Nam et al. investigated cerium, lanthanum and praseodymium 4-hydroxycinnamate as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in carbon dioxide atmospheres in sodium chloride solution. In this particular situation, Pr(4-OHcin)₃ led to the largest reduction in corrosion current.
A totally organic complex, imidazolinium 4-hydroxycinnamate (Imn 4-OHcin) has been investigated with the aim of developing a compound that can inhibit both corrosion and microbial growth. This compound was found to inhibit mild steel corrosion across a wide pH range and was particularly effective at a pH of 2.
We have also been investigating a rare-earth compound with an alternative carboxylate structure to the cinnamate; 3-(4-methylbenzoyl) propionate(mbp). This ligand differs from 4-hydroxycinnamate by having a carbonyl group present, which may give an extra anchor point to a metal surface when forming a barrier coating. A range of rare-earth mbp complexes was investigated, with Nd(mbp)₃ resulting in the largest reduction in corrosion current density at a concentration of 0.125 mM.

8 illus, 1 tables, 21 ref

037113   MONDAL SUBRATA, BHANJA PIYALI, SANGARANARAYANAN M V (Chemistry Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai - 600 036, Email: sangara@iitm.ac.in) : Non-enzymatic sensing of D-sorbitol using polyaniline-coated stainless steel electrodes. J Indian Inst Sci 2020, 96(4), 273-83.

The Potentiodynamic deposition of polyaniline on stainless steel electrodes has been carried out using the anionic surfactant sodium tetradecyl sulphate in the presence of acetic acid. The PANI-coated SS electrode was characterized using different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The efficacy of the electrode was analyzed for non-enzymatic sensing of D-sorbitol. Amperometric and impedimetric studies reveal the suitability of the electrode for sensing. A detection limit of 5 μM along with a linear range spanning of 75–637 μM and sensitivity of 0.027 μA μM⁻¹ is deduced from the amperometric analysis.

7 illus, 2 tables, 42 ref

036612   GODINHO R B, SANTOS M C, QUELLET C, POPPI R J (Campinas Univ, Brazil, Email: ronei@iqm.unicamp.br) : Prediction of the flash point of fragrances by raman spectroscopy and multivariate calibration. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(4), 417-24.

In this work, we investigated the use of Raman spectroscopy for rapid, nondestructive, and low-cost determination of the flash point in fragrances. For this purpose, multivariate calibration based on partial least squares regression was applied to correlate the fragrances Raman spectra with the respective flash point estimated by the ASTM D7094-04 method. To perform this study, 32 fragrances having distinct odor profiles were chosen (referred to as “fragrance type” in the following), corresponding to a total of 81 batches produced in both factory and laboratory. For the samples in the prediction set, the correlation coefficient for the linear adjust between the flash point estimated by proposed methodology and the ASTM method was 0.9901, and the largest absolute error was 5.2°C. The proposed methodology presented an inverse of the analytical sensitivity of 2.1°C, that is, the minimum flash point difference which is discernible by the model. The results demonstrated that the proposed method is comparable to the standard method for analyzing the flash points of fragrances.

4 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

036610   YABALAK E, EMIRE Z, ADIGUAZEL A O, ADIGUAZEL S K, GIZIR A M (Chemistry Dep, Mersin Univ, Turkey, Email: yabalakerdal@gmail.com) : Wide-scale evaluation of origanum munzurense kit tan & sorger using different extraction techniques: Antioxidant capacity, chemical compounds, trace element content, total phenolic content, antibacterial activity and genotoxic effect. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(4), 394-410.

This aim of this work was to investigate the various properties of Origanum munzurense Kit Tan & Sorger that are previously unknown. In this context, chemical compound, antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content, mineral and trace element composition, antibacterial activity and genotoxicity effects of its extracts and essential oil were widely analysed. The extracts and essential oil of Origanum munzurense were obtained by three different extraction methods. All contents of extracts and essential oil were analysed by GC-MS and evaluated according to mass spectral libraries of GC-MS. The identified compounds were evaluated according to literature to put forward their benefits on human health. The phenolic content analysis of Origanum munzurense was performed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. 178.59, 184.20, 231.17, 319.28 and 1051.94 mg GAE/100 g dry weight were determined for methanol, water, acetonitrile, ethanol and subcritical water extracts, respectively. DPPH and CUPRAC methods were used to determine antioxidant activity. The highest half-maximal inhibitory concentration and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity values were found as 0.110 mg mL−1 and 2.197 using water and tetrahydrofuran extracts, respectively. A total of 21 mineral and trace elements were detected in the ICP-MS analysis of O munzurense using the wet digestion procedure. The effects of the extracts and essential oil on Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S aureus were examined using disc diffusion and microdilution methods. Essential oil exhibited the highest antibacterial activity. The essential oil was found to cause less DNA damage using the comet assay in Hep G2 cells compared with tetrahydrofuran extract.

2 illus, 7 tables, 72 ref

036608   SANSENYA S, NANOK K (Chemistry Dep, Rajamangala Technology Thanyaburi Univ, Thailand, Email: sompong_s@rmutt.ac.th) : ?-glucosidase, ?-amylase inhibitory potential and antioxidant activity of fragrant black rice (thai coloured rice). Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(4), 376-86.

Coloured rice is the source of bioactive compounds related to medicinal treatment. This study aimed to investigate α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity and antioxidant properties of purified coloured rice extract (Thai fragrant black rice). The results reveal that seven purified fractions; rice fractions 1-7 (RF1-RF7) contained several phytochemical compounds especially flavonoids, which were presented in all purified fractions. The percentage inhibition on α-glucosidase and α-amylase of fractions RF1, RF2, RF4, RF5 and RF6 had higher potential than acarbose. RF4, RF5 and RF6 contained the highest inhibition potential, which further determined the IC50 values, kinetic analysis and antioxidant properties. The IC50 values of all three fractions indicated that the inhibition potential of purified fraction had higher potential than acarbose, and the highest inhibition potential for both enzymes was obtained from fraction RF5. The kinetic analysis of the three fractions indicated that they are against both enzymes' function in mixed-type inhibition. Moreover, all three fractions also showed good antioxidant activity, and the highest potential was obtained from fraction RF6. This study presents the inhibition efficiency of fragrant black rice extract on α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes. The inhibitory activity of rice extract on both enzymes had higher potent than commercial standard drug acarbose. Moreover, the rice extract also shown the high-efficiency antioxidant activity on DPPH and ABTS assay. We suggest the application of these results in the development of anti-diabetes drug for pharmaceutical industry.

7 illus, 5 tables, 46 ref

036607   GAFF M, DECLOUX M E, GIANPAOLI P (ParisSaclay Univ, France, Email: pierre.giampaoli@agroparistech.fr) : Bitter orange peel essential oil: A review of the different factors and chemical reactions influencing its composition. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(3), 247-69.

This review summarizes the findings and discusses the results on the different factors that can influence the bitter orange peel oil composition. Small changes in composition can result in noticeable modifications of the odour profile of the essential oil. The analysis method appears to have a crucial effect on the number of compounds identified in the essential oil. Growing location, cultivar, ripening stage, storage conditions and extraction methods are reported to impact the bitter orange essential oil. Bitter orange peel oil should be stored at −21°C to prevent changes in the composition and formation of artefacts when storing for a period of several months. The influence of cultivars should not be neglected, since a few cultivars differ a lot from the main cluster of Citrus aurantium L. The geranyl pyrophosphate forms most of the terpenes present in the bitter orange, especially limonene which is the majority compound, by the action of the terpene synthases during growing of the fruit. The extraction method can also be responsible for some differences in the composition due to the absence of water-soluble compounds in cold-pressed oils and to acid-catalysed reactions in hydrodistilled oils such as the decomposition of the linalyl acetate forming many different terpene derivatives.

1 illus, 8 tables, 103 ref

036602   TRAUN C, PERES C, ENGEL E (63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France, Email: clement.truan@analytiss.com) : Unraveling ingredients in complex mixtures by chromatographic spectrum recognition: Application to perfume deformulation. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(3), 309-19.

In the past 40 years, progress in GC-MS and GC-FID has lent the modern perfume industry powerful tools for determining raw ingredients in fragrances, which is still often manual and based on molecular markers thus subjective and unreliable due to variability and chromatographic challenges. This article presents an alternative approach by introducing the concept of chromatographic spectrum. This approach was evaluated on a commercial database containing molecular composition of 4106 perfumery ingredients and on real and simulated mixtures. Five hundred and seven out of 565 database ingredients classes were differentiated by their chromatographic spectrum against 164 with distinctive markers. The 5 ingredients of a real Eau de Cologne mixture were identified, and their proportions estimated with less than 12% relative error for 4 of them. The usefulness of chromatographic spectra in a deformulation support algorithm is discussed based on the deformulation of 210 simulated mixtures of 5, 10, and 15 ingredients.

6 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

036601   WANG Q, DING R, HUANG S, LIN Y, SUN B, TIAN H (Beijing Technology and Business Univ, China, Email: tianhy@btbu.edu.cn) : Preparation and odor characteristics of methylthiomethyl carboxylates. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(3), 302-8.

Sixteen methylthiomethyl esters were prepared by the reactions of carboxylic acids with dimethyl sulfoxide and oxalyl chloride. The reactions were carried out at a low temperature by Pummerer rearrangement to produce the esters in 82-94% yields. The odor characteristics of the esters obtained were evaluated by GC-MS-O and most of them possessed pleasant fruity odors.

1 tables, 17 ref

036600   MAGALHAES M L, LONTO M, FERREIRA G A, CAMPIDELLI M L L, NELSON D L, FERREIRA V R F, REZENDE D A D C S, CARDOSO M D G (Chemistry Dep, Federal Lavras Univ, Brazil, Email: mcardoso@ufla.br) : Biological activities of the essential oil from the moro orange peel (Citrus sinensis (L.) osbeck). Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(3), 294-301.

Citrus essential oils have become the focus of several researches, because they have broad biological activity, due to their chemical composition. However, there are few studies covering Moro orange essential oil. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fresh Moro orange peel essential oil on antifungal, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and genotoxic activities in normal and tumor cells. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and characterized by GC/MS and GC/FID. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTS assay in normal cells (CCD-1059Sk) and tumor cells (CCD1059Sk), and the genotoxicity was determined in normal cells by the comet assay. Antifungal activity was evaluated by the disk diffusion test against Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus flavus filamentous fungi. The antioxidant activity was determined in DPPH, ABTS, and β-carotene assay. The essential oil was mainly composed of monoterpenes such as limonene (95.12%), α-pinene (0.35%), sabinene (0.54%), and myrcene (1.07%). The essential oil did not cause cell death after 48 hours of treatment in normal cells, but the cell viability of tumor cells decreased by 50% in the presence of the essential oil at a concentration of 272.6 μg/mL. Although no antioxidant effect was observed, the growth of all evaluated fungi was inhibited with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 125 μL/mL. The essential oil from the Moro orange is promising for cancer treatment, and it can be used as a natural preservative in food systems.

4 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

036598   OZEN T, BORA N, YENIGUN S, KORKMAZ H (Chemistry Dep, Ondokuz Mayis Univ, Turkey, Email: tevfikoz@omu.edu.tr) : An investigation of chemical content, enzyme inhibitory propert, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Aristolochia bodamae dingler (develiotu) (Aristolochiaceae) root extracts from samsun, Turkey. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(3), 270-83.

The present work aimed to evaluate the phytochemical contents of the methanol (ME), ethanol (ET), water (W), acetone (AC), ethyl acetate (EA), and hexane (HE) of Aristolochia bodamae root (ABR) as well as inhibition potential, antioxidative, and antimicrobial activities. The chemical composition analysis and antioxidant activity of ABR extracts were performed by commonly used assays. Antibacterial activities of ABR extracts were tested against three gram-positive and three gram-negative bacteria using disk diffusion and microdilution methods. The inhibition potential of the extract was adopted for urease and esterases. The extraction yield (27.10%), total phenolic (47.53 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), and flavonoid (9.74 mg quercetin equivalent/g) content of ABRME were found higher than other extracts. Vanillic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and protocatechuic acid were recognized as major components. ABRET, ABRHE, and ABREA extracts had a more effective total antioxidant activity than that of other extracts. The lipid peroxidation inhibition, H2O2, and superoxide scavenging activities of ABRME were found to be 35.94, 35.94, and 3.98 µg/mL, respectively. The ABRET exhibited a reduction force with the A0.5 values of 48.77 µg/mL. The inhibition levels of ABRAC and ABREA to esterases were determined to be more effective than galantamine. ABRME was identified as a more potent urease inhibitor (IC50: 188.42 µg/mL) than thiourea. ABRET demonstrated the antibacterial activity with the highest inhibition zone of 14.4 mm against Staphylococcus aureus. The ABRET found the lowest MIC value against Bacillus cereus (128 µg/mL). In these in vitro studies, it has been found that ABR extracts were a good source of antioxidant, antibacterial, and inhibition potent when evaluated together with phenolic components.

7 tables, 68 ref

036584   CALANDRA M J, WANG Y (Firmenich Inc., NJ- 08536, USA, Email: michael.calandra@firmenich.com) : Oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxoacids by hydroperoxides can be used to lower peroxide values in citrus oils. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(1), 107-17.

Many terpenes may autoxidize under certain conditions to form terpene hydroperoxides, which have been reported to be skin sensitizers that may cause allergic contact dermatitis. The fragrance industry is currently required to monitor terpene hydroperoxide levels in many raw materials by iodometric titration (aka; the peroxide value, or POV test), and to reject lots that exceed a specification limit. We have found that compounds containing the 2‐oxoacid moiety (the “pyruvic acid” moiety) react readily with organic hydroperoxides via an oxidative decarboxylation mechanism. There action products include an alcohol corresponding to the reduced hydroperoxide,carbon dioxide, and a carboxylic acid that is one carbon shorter than the starting 2‐oxoacid. Because the hydroperoxide is irreversibly consumed by this reaction, the POV of a 2‐oxoacid‐treated sample is effectively lowered. It follows that the skin sensitizing potential of the treated sample should also be lowered as a result of the hydroperoxide removal.

3 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

036583   CAMARGO K C, BATISTA L R, ALVES E, REZENDE D A D C S, TEIXEIRA M L, BRANDAO R M, FERREIRA V R F, NELSON D I, CARDOSO M D G (Chemistry Dep, Federal de Lavras Univ, Lavras, Brazil, Email: mcardoso@.ufla.br) : Antibacterial action of the essential oil from cantinoa carpinifolia benth. against escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus strains. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(1), 99-106.

Essential oils have been increasingly studied as preservatives for the food industries because of their biological properties. However, there are few studies on the antibacterial potential of the essential oil of the species Cantinoa carpinifolia Benth.Thus, the aim of this study was to extract and chemically characterize the essential oil from Cantinoa carpinifolia Benth. and evaluate its antibacterial potential against strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography using mass spectrometer and flame ionization detectors. The antibacterial potential against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated by macrodilution, through cell viability tests, membrane permeability tests and electronic microscopy (SEM). The essential oil is composed principally of the α‐ thujone e β‐ thujone monoterpenes, and the minimum bactericidal and bacteriostatic concentrations of the essential oil were 6.25 and 0.39 μL mL−1 for E coli and S aureus, respectively. Bacterial strains were completely inactivated after 135 minutes (E coli) and 200 minutes (S aureus), respectively. Intracellular biological activity was observed for the essential oil because the harmful effects on both species of bacteria could be observed in the electromicrographs.

5 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

036582   DU W, ZHAO M, ZHEN D, TAN J, WANG T, XIE J (Beijing Technology and Business Univ, Beijing- 100 048, China, Email: xjchun@th.btbu.edu.cn) : Key aroma compounds in chinese fried food of youtiao. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(1), 88-98.

Key aroma compounds in Chinese popular fried food of youtiao were characterized by solvent assisted flavor evaporation combined with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry(GC‐MS) and aroma extract dilution analysis of gas chromatography‐olfactometry(AEDA/GC‐O), quantitation, and aroma recombination and omission. Four samples of youtiao fried with sunflower oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and palm oil, respectively, differing in fatty acid composition, were selected to be investigated. A total of thirty‐five odorants were identified, among which twenty‐two odorants were quantitated by aid of authentic chemicals and with correction of recovery coefficients.Differences in odorants composition and aroma profile were observed among the four samples of youtiao fried with different oils. However, it was demonstrated in common thirteen compounds; that is, 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone, 3‐methylbutanal, furfural, 3‐(methylthio)propanal, 2‐furfurylthiol, phenylacetaldehyde, 2,5‐dimethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐3(2H)‐furanone, 2‐ethyl‐3,5‐dimethylpyrazine, 3‐ethyl‐2,5‐dimethylpyrazine,(E,E)‐2, 4‐decadienal, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, (E,Z)‐2,6‐nonadienal, and (E)‐2‐nonenal contributed significantly to youtiao aroma. The work can provide some guidance to maintain the preferred youtiao flavor when modifying its preparation technology for safety concerns.

1 illus, 4 tables, 32 ref

036580   KEMPRAI P, BORA P K, MAHANTA B P, SUT D, SAIKIA S P, BANIK D, HALDAR S (CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat- 785 006, Email: saikatchembiol@gmail.com) : Piper betleoides C. DC.: Edible source of betel-scented sesquiterpene-rich essential oil. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(1), 70-8.

Betel leaf or ‘Paan’ (Piper betle) is an integral component of the addictive chewingstimulant ‘betel quid’ which is traditionally consumed by a large population in theAsian countries. Betel essential oil is also heavily used by the flavour industries. Often,it constitutes of carcinogenic and genotoxic phenylpropanoids. High incidence of theoral carcinogenesis in this part of the world has been linked to the chewing of betelquid as well as Paan. In this study, Piper betleoides C. DC. (wild Paan) was identifiedas the edible plant source from north‐east India possessing betel‐scented essentialoil which was highly rich in sesquiterpenoids majorly germacrene D and β‐caryophyllene.Identity of the plant was confirmed through critical taxonomic studies. Further,the essential oil yield and composition were investigated across different vegetative(young and mature leaves, stem) and reproductive (male and female inflorescence)tissues of P. betleoides through gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) andnuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C NMR) spectroscopic analyses. The comparativequantitative investigation showed a high dominance by sesquiterpenoids (>90%) inthe leaves of P. betleoides with no detection of phenylpropanoids. On the contrary, ahigh level of phenylpropanoids (>75%) was found in P. betle (Bangla Paan). In effect,P. betleoides can be a potential alternative source of betel‐scented sesquiterpene‐richessential oil.

4 illus, 1 table, 46 ref

037055   BILAL H, ALI I, UDDIN S, KHAN I, SAID A, RAHMAN M U, KHAN A M, SHAH A B, KHAN A A (Chemistry Dep, Malakand Univ, Dir L, Pakistan) : Biological evaluation of antimicrobial activity of calotropis procera against a range of bacteria. J Pharmacog Phytochem 2020, 9(1), 31-35.

Plants are reported to have anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In the present study, methanolic extract of leaves of Calotropis procera was used to check the antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi and Enterococcus faecalis using the disc diffusion method. Different concentrations of extract were made and applied on filter discs. Bacteria were cultured on nutrient agar and discs having different concentrations were applied to petri plates, incubated for 24 hours at 37 ^ᵒC and after 24 hours, result were recorded in the form of zones of inhibition. Results showed that leaves extract were more effective against Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. There was no antibacterial activity of extract against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, and Enterococcus faecalis. It has been concluded that leaves extract of Calotropis procera may be used as a treatment for the infection caused by Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. Also, different chemicals present and crude extract should be purified and individual chemical should be used against various bacteria to sort out the chemical(s) having antibacterial activity.

3 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

037047   ZAHAN T, KHATUN L, SIDDIKA A, NIME M J, HABIB M R, AZIZ M A, RAHMAN M H, KARIM M R (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dep, Rajshahi Univ, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh, Email: rezaplazad@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of antioxidant, cytotoxic and antimicrobial potentials of anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) leaves. J Pharm Chem Biol Sci 2020, 7(2), 157-163.

Considering the immense use in folk medicine, we persuaded to analyse the antioxidant, cytotoxic and antimicrobial properties as well as in vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity of methanolic extract of leaves of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.)Miq (MELA). Total phenolics and flavonoids content of MELA were determined using colorimetric assay whereas its antioxidant properties were assessed by evaluating DPPH and ABTS scavenging abilities. Starch-iodine test was in preference to assess α-amylase inhibitory potential. In addition, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities were evaluated by brine shrimp lethality assay and disc diffusion methods. In this study, MELA contained high amount of polyphenolic compounds and showed remarkable antioxidant potential in all assays with IC50 value of 53.44 μg/mL and 22.02 μg/mL for DPPH and ABTS, respectively. Besides MELA inhibited α-amylase enzyme in a dose dependent manner and brine shrimp mortality rate was increased with increasing concentration. Additionally, the highest zone of inhibition was observed against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at the concentration of 900 μg/μL. These findings revealed the importance of further investigation in isolating its active constituents.

1 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

037044   Anushree A M, Chaluvaraju K C, Ramachandra Setty S, Revana siddappa B C, Sareeshma E (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Govt. Coll of Pharmacy, Bengaluru- 560 027, Email: chaluvarajukc@gmail.com) : Design, synthesis, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity of eugenol incorporated 1, 3, 4 - oxadiazole derivatives. J Pharm Chem Biol Sci 2020, 7(2), 125-137.

Eugenol is an essential oil extracted and isolated from Syzygium aromaticum by hydrodistillation and column chromatography respectively. The isolated eugenol was identified by TLC using n-hexane: ethyl acetate (7:3) as mobile phase. It was quantified by HPTLC and concentration of eugenol present in the sample was found to be 83.1 mg/g. This eugenol is used as a starting material for the synthesis of semisynthetic derivatives bearing 1,3,4-oxadiazole motif. The synthetic protocol involves 4 steps as depicted in methodology section. In first step, there is a condensation between eugenol and ethyl chloroacetate to yield compound (2). Second step describe the formation of acetohydrazide (3) from acetate (2) in the presence of hydrazine hydrate. Step 3 reaction involves formation of Schiff bases (4a-4g) in the presence of benzaldehyde/ substituted benzaldehyde. In the final step 4 there is a cyclization of (4a-4g) with Chloramine-T resulting in the formation of substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives (5a-5g). All the synthesised compounds were characterized and confirmed by physical data (m.p., TLC) and spectral studies (IR, 1H NMR). Synthesised compounds were evaluated for possible anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity. The compound 5b bearing electron withdrawing nitro group possess better anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity compared to standard eugenol tested.

2 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

037043   PRAJAPATI K N, BRAHMBHATT M P, VORA J J, PRAJAPATI P B (Chemistry Dep, Sheth M. N. Science Coll, Patan, Gujarat, Email: kuntalprajapati17@gmail.com) : Synthesis, catalysis and biological study of transition metal(II) chelates with ONO-Tridentate schiff base ligand. J Pharm Chem Biol Sci 2020, 7(2), 110-124.

A new series of chelates was synthesized from metal perchlorates of bivalent cobalt, nickel and copper with tridentate schiff base ligand (5-BSA). The schiff base having ONO donor site obtained from anthranilic acid and 5-bromosalicylaldehyde in methanol. UV Visible, FT-IR and mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance and thermal analysis techniques were used to investigate the structural features of chelates and ligand. The thermal analysis was carried out for synthesized metal chelates and the values of activation energy for metal chelates were also measured by using the broido method which present the thermal behavior of chelates. The study for electrolytic nature of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) chelates were carried out at room temperature and the catalytic characteristics of chelates were also studied. The uncomplexed ligand and its metal (II) chelates were evaluated for antibacterial property against gram positive and gram negative bacterial species.

7 illus, 9 tables, 41 ref

036563   AIGBERUAN A, TARAWOU T, EREPAMOWEI Y (Chemical Sciences Dep, Niger Delta Univ, Nigeria, Email: ozedee101@gmail.com) : Environmental assessment of imiringi river in south-south Nigeria: The water quality index approach. Curr Wld Envir 2020, 15(1), 59-67.

The water quality index (WQI) is important because it aids in understanding complex water quality data. Hence, WQI of Imiringi River was evaluated in order to classify quality grade of the water in unambiguous terms. Apart from seepages emanating from oil installations that are located further upstream of Oswan community, dumpsite leachates and agricultural run-offs are some of the likely nonpoint sources of pollution. Because the river ebbs away during the dry term, samples were collected in the rainy period of August 2019 at duplicate points across five field locations. Physical and chemical tests were carried out for ten (10) water samples following standard analytical protocols. Results obtained are: conductivity
(32.7 ± 2.7 μs/cm), iron (2.57 ± 0.53 mg/L), dissolved solids (18.1 ± 1.4 mg/L), pH (5.2 ± 0.1), alkalinity (1.1 ± 0.1 mg/L), hardness (1.4 ± 0.2 mg/L), calcium (0.34 ± 0.03 mg/L), magnesium (2.08 ± 0.32 mg/L), dissolved oxygen (10.5 ± 0.7 mg/L), chloride (9.8 ± 0.7 mg/L), nitrate (0.12 ± 0.04 mg/L) and biochemical oxygen demand (0.36 ± 0.08 mg/L). Generally, iron and pH values fell short of regulatory standards while pH represented the most significantly varying parameter (p < 0.05) across all locations owing to human influences and dilution effects across the water course. Also, conductivity and dissolved solids depicted the strongest inter-parameter association. Overall, the downstream section of river revealed the poorest water quality condition while the entire river stretch was classified as being unsuitable for drinking even though it can support aquatic life.

1 table, 30 ref

036559   SINAN M (Chemistry Dep, Charuchandra Coll, Kolkata- 700 029, Email: mominulsinan@yahoo.co.in) : Bioplastics for sustainable development: General scenario in India. Curr Wld Envir 2020, 15(1), 24-8.

Plastic is a major environmental pollutant in the environment. The petroleum derived plastics are mostly non biodegradable and take long time to break down. Thus ecosystem is getting affected by this pollution. So the approach to produce plastic using microbes is a novel approach. Bio-plastics are generally bio-based, they may be or may not be biodegradable but their properties are closed to synthetic polymers. In biodegradation process micro-organisms convert plastics into water, carbon dioxide, and compost. Bioplastics are generally prepared from biomass such as polysaccharides, starch, lipids, proteins, cellulose etc. These biodegradable polymers can be used in various fields like agriculture, automotives, medicine, controlled drug release and packaging etc. That means bio-plastic is eco-friendly. Scientists around the world working for the progressive development searching for substitute of fossil fuel derived plastic for sustainable development of the future environment. They are exploring the possibility of using different waste materials to produce the bio-based polymers. India has a potential in the development of bioplastic market. Environmental awareness programs, easy availability of feedstock and government backing are boosting the bioplastic market. New products are coming in the market with the help of homemade technology.

2 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

036091   ANJANA M, SWATHI V, RAMYA SAI A, DIVYA N, SUNISHA Y (Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Phytochemistry Dep, Pharmacy Coll, Manglagiri, Andhra Pradesh, Email: anjana.male@gmail.com) : A Review on Momordica dioica Fruits. J Adv Plant Sci 2020, 2(2), 1-5.

Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. is a perennial, dioceous climb creeper happiness to the gourd family. Its common referred to as kakora, parora that is mature in each tropical and sub-tropical country. Apart from its use as curative agent for diseases it is widely used as vegetable with nutritional quality. Phytochemical screening ends up in the presence of alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, triterpenes of urisolic acid dark brown semi drying oil and saturated fatty acids, ascorbic acids, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavins, niacin, supermolecule carbohydrates, lectins, ascorbic acids, carotenes, bitter principles, oleanoic acid, saturated fatty acid, gypsogenin, alpha-spiranosterolhederagenin, momordicaursenol however studies indicate that solely a really very little analysis activity has been done on this plant. In this review gathered the information about the drug profile, phytochemical constituent and medical specialty activities done thereon. 

1 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

036531   PALIWAL P, JAIN D, JOSHI A, AMETA K D, CHAUDHARY R, SINGH A (Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Dep, Maharana Pratap Agriculture and Technology Univ, Udaipur-313 001, Email: devroshan@gmail.com) : Diversity analysis of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam) genotypes using morphological, biochemical and molecular markers. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(4), 276-85.

Sweet potato [Ipomea batatas (L.) Lam.] is a nutritious food crop primarily grown by small and marginal farmers. Successful breeding and germplasm conservation programs demands characterization of its germplasm. Here, we tried to determine genetic diversity among 21 sweet potato genotypes using morphological, biochemical and molecular markers. Ten morphological traits were studied and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Mean square due to germplasm were highly significant as well as wide mean range performance was observed for tuber number per plant, individual tuber weight, tuber fresh yield per plant, tuber dry yield per plant, tuber yield per plot and tuber length. UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method Arithmetic Average) cluster analysis based on morphological traits separated the germplasm into three groups. The genotypes Gautam, Shree Arun, RS-92 and CO-3-4 appeared promising with regard to yield characters. Total phenol was maximum in in V-12 genotype (1.39 mg), while minimum was recorded in Samrat genotype (0.95 mg). The highest total antioxidant was observed in the genotype Samrat (0.30 mg), while minimum was recorded in the genotype Navsari Local (0.16 mg). Molecular diversity analysis was carried out using 25 RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers, out of which 13 primers produced 117 reproducible amplicons (106 polymorphic, 7 monomorphic and 4 unique amplicons). UPGMA dendogram based on RAPD data separated the genotypes into two major clusters having the similarity coefficient ranged from 0.56 to 0.76. The results can be used for sweet potato crop improvement through molecular breeding and marker assisted selection of for desired traits in future.

4 illus, 7 tables, 34 ref

036502   RAGHUVANSHI S, AGARWAL N D, RAWAT P, SRIVASTAVA S, SHUKLA S (Biochemistry Dep, Rajkiya Medical Coll, Uttar Pradesh- 285 001, Email: agrawalnarottam@gmail.com) : Hepatorenal protective action of Spirulina platensis against beryllium induced hepatorenal dysfunction and histopathological alterations in rats. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(1), 23-32.

Beryllium (Be) is highly toxic to human, induces oxidative stress and leads to Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD) orberylliosis, apoptosis and cancer. In this study, we have investigated the antioxidative and hepatorenal protective potential ofSpirulina platensis (SP) against beryllium (Be) induced alterations in hepatorenal biochemical parameters, oxidative stressand histopathological alterations in rats. Different doses of SP (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered (once aday daily for 7 days) against Be(NO3)2 (1 mg/kg, i.p. once a day daily, for 28 days) induced toxic menifestations in femaleWistar rats. Be decreased GSH, SOD, CAT, G-6-Pase, ALP and ATPase activities and increased TBARS and ACP activityin liver and kidney. Be enhanced ALT, AST, bilirubin, uric acid, creatinine, total cholesterol and decreased haemoglobin,total protein, sugar in blood. Be deposited in vital organs of rats and altered the histoarchitecture of liver and kidney.Different doses of SP showed dose dependent recovery. SP @400 mg/kg showed significant recovery against Be inducedoxidative stress, maintained hepatorenal function towards normal and reduced beryllium body burden. Results of the study.well supported by histopathological observations, conclude that SP possesses hepatorenal protective potential against Be induced toxicity in rats.

3 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref

036501   CHAUHAN S S, OJHA S, MAHMOOD A (Biochemistry Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh- 160 014, Email: shailenderc@email.arizona.edu) : Neurotoxicity of fluoride in ethanol fed rats: Role of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neurotransmitters. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(1), 14-22.

Prolonged exposure to fluoride or alcohol affects brain. However, the understanding about their interactions and neurotoxicity following co-exposures is still poor. The present study was designed to assess oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunctions, acetylchonlineterase (AChE) activity, neurotransmitter levels and morphological alterations in brain of fluoride or/and ethanol fed rats. Six and eighteen month old animals received sodium fluoride (NaF, 25 mg/kg) and 30% ethanol (EtOH, 1 mL/kg) individually and in combination for 90 days. Brain showed elevation in oxidative stress with age and NaF/EtOH treatment. There was increased lipid peroxidation; decreased glutathione, total and protein thiol content; along with declined activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase under these conditions. Mitochondrial functions were impaired significantly with age and NaF/EtOH treatment. The activities of NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase along with mitochondrial respiration rate were decreased whereas the levels of nitric oxide and citrulline were increased in treated animals. Administration of NaF/EtOH showed altered neurotransmitter levels and increased AChE activity in brain. The levels of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were decreased while 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid were increased significantly. Histological examination showed morphological alterations in treated animals compared to controls. Interestingly, the observed effects were more pronounced in rats co-exposed to NaF and EtOH. It is concluded that neurotoxic effects of fluoride are age dependent and further amplified by alcohol co-administration. These effects are mediated through elevated oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunctions and impaired neurotransmitter functions.

4 illus, 1 table, 43 ref

035902   MANI R, BOUHUILA J, AMEUR S B, HACHICHA M, SOUA Z, MABROUK I (de Sousse Univ, Tunisia, Email: mabrouk_imed@yahoo.fr) : A novel DNAH5 variant in a Tunisian patient with primary ciliary dyskinesia. J Genet 2020, 99(1), 1-5.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous hereditary disease caused by the structural abnormalities and dysfunction of motile cilia. The DNAH5 is the most frequently mutated gene in PCD patients and hot spot exons were reported in this gene. Here, we aim to screen mutations in a set of five hot spot exons of DNAH5 gene in a cohort of 10 clinically diagnosed Tunisian PCD patients using an optimized polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformational polymorphism screening technique. Only one patient harboured a novel heterozygous variant in exon 63 (c.10767A[G), which was inherited from his father. This variant activates a cryptic splicing site. No deleterious mutation has been identified while screening the exons of the remaining patients. Our results show that the reported hot spot exons of DNAH5 gene are not mutated in Tunisian PCD patients. This is probably due to the differences of ethnical background of the previously reported patients. Further investigations should be performed to identify the mutations underlying PCD in this group of patients

2 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

035901   HE B, SHI P, LV Y, GAO Z, CHEN G (Nanjing Normal Univ, China, Email: guoxiangchennau@126.com) : Gene coexpression network analysis reveals the role of SRS genes in senescence leaf of maize (Zea mays L.). J Genet 2020, 99(1), 1-10.

Shi-related sequence (SRS) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors that play important roles in developmental processes, including regulating hormone biosynthesis, response or signal transduction. However, systematical analysis of the SRS gene family in maize has not yet been conducted. In this study, 11 SRS genes with 13 transcripts were identified and characterized. The characteristics of the gene family were analysed in terms of phylogenetic relationships, chromosome distribution and gene structure. RNA-sequencing data analysis showed that the expression patterns of SRS genes were quite different from each other in maize, indicating their divergence in function. Interestingly, the GRMZM2G077752 gene is highly expressed in senescent leaves. Using further coexpression network analysis, we determined that the module containing GRMZM2G077752 were over-represented by genes related to abscisic acid (ABA) stimulus and carbohydrate metabolic process. This result indicated that GRMZM2G077752 might perceive ABA signal and cause the activation of carbohydrate remobilization during leaf ageing. This study provides valuable information for understanding the functions of the SRS genes in maize.

5 illus, 1 table, 41 ref

035900   PANDEY M, AWASTHI S (Pediatrics Dep, King George’s Medical Univ, Lucknow- 226 003, Email: monikapandeybiotec@gmail.com) : Role of MMP-1, MMP-8 and MMP-9 gene polymorphisms in preterm birth. J Genet 2020, 99, 2-7.

Novel approaches to preterm births are underway building upon our prior discoveries and probing into unknown discovery pathways. The recent findings showed a high affinity of MMP-9 in serum and its polymorphisms for preterm birth. This study, which is a hospital-based case– control study, aims to investigate the association of MMP-1, MMP-8 and MMP-9 polymorphisms, and levels of MMP-9 in preterm birth. Increased level of MMP-9 was reported in cases as compared to control. The significant association of MMP-9 (-1562) CT (P = 0.001; OR = 1.44 (CI = 0.97–2.14)) and TT genotype (P = 0.05; OR = 2.6 (CI = 1.46–4.69)) were reported in preterm birth. Our findings suggest thattheMMP-9 plays an important role in contributing preterm labour and this can be used as a diagnostic tool during pregnancy

1 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

035986   BASHYAL B M, ZAIDI N W, SINGH U S, AGGARWAL R (ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi- 110 012, Email: bishnumayabashyal@gmail.com) : Effect of fungal biocontrol agents on enhancement of drought stress tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Indian J Biochem Biophys 2020, 57(1), 101-8.

Rice is the staple food crop for about half of the population of the world. Drought is a major stress limiting factor of this crop. In the recent years, biocontrol agents like Trichoderma spp. have become popular as plant growth promoter and shown to enhance drought tolerance in plants. Therefore, present investigation investigation was undertaken to evaluate the different biocontrol agents i.e. Trichoderma harzinum 1, Trichoderma harzianum 2, Chaetomium globosum and Talaromyces flavus against the drought in resistant (DRR 42 and Sahbhagi Dhan) and susceptible (IR 64) varieties of rice. Prior to sowing seeds were bioprimed separately with each isolates of Trichoderma harzianum @ 10g/kg and were sown in pots. Drought treatment of 4 days, 7 days, 10 days and 13 days were given as per the standard protocol. Biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum (T2) was observed most effective for drought tolerance followed by Chaetomium globosum. After 13 days of drought treatment minimum wilting (20 %) was observed in Sahbhagi Dhan treated with Trichoderma harzianum 2. Four and 10 days drought stressed plants were subjected to different biochemical analysis. Significantly positive correlation (r = 0.91) was observed between wilting and Malondialdehyde (MDA) content. While negative correlation (r = −0.67) was observed between wilting and average plant weight. Study suggested that Trichoderma harzianum 2 treatment during drought stress in rice plants can delay the drought upto 3-5 days.

3 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

035982   CHAMGORDAN L E, EBRAHIM N, AMIRMAHAN F, VALLIAN S (Cellular and Molecular Biology and Microbiology Dep, Isfahan Univ, Iran, Email: svallian@sci.ui.ac.ir.) : CG/CA genotypes represent novel markers in the NPHS2 gene region associated with nephrotic syndrome. J Genet 2020, 99, 33.

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is considered as a primary disease of the kidney that represents a heterogeneous group of glomerular disorders occurring mainly in children. It is generally divided into steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant forms, depending upon the patient’s response to steroid therapy. Among the genes involved, the NPHS2 gene has been reported as the causative gene in steroid resistant form of nephrotic syndrome. In the present study, heterozygosity rate, allelic frequency and linkage of rs2274625 and rs3829795 markers were investigated in the NPHS2 gene region. To determine the SNP alleles, tetra-primer ARMS PCR was used. After genotyping rs2274625 and rs3829795 polymorphic markers in 120 unrelated individuals and nine trios families, the data were analysed using various computer programs such as UCSC Genome Browser, dbSNP and SNPper. Based on the statistical analysis of the results, for rs2274625 marker, allele frequency for C and T alleles was 97% and 3%, respectively. For rs3829795 marker allele frequency for G and A alleles was 55% and 45%, respectively. The values of heterozygosity index for the examined markers were 5% for rs2274625 and 45/8% for rs3829795. Consequently, two informative haplotypes, CG/CA, were identified in the NPHS2 gene region through combination of these two markers. These haplotypes can serve as appropriate tools for the identification of heterozygous carriers and linkage analysis of nephrotic syndrome disease in the Iranian families with an affected child.

2 illus, 5 table, 44 ref

035931   BHATNAGAR A (Chemistry Dep, D.B.S. (P.G.) Coll, Dehradun- 248 001, Email: anju_bhatnagar_2007@yahoo.com) : Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oil of Cymbopogon flexuosus. J Appl Nat Sci 2020, 12(1), 25-9.

Cymbopogon species from the Poaceae family are widely distributed in the Himalayan region of India and commonly used as flavors, fragrances, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. It is known to contain compound citral, which give the lemon scent to many of the plants of the cymbopogon genera.The essential oil of Cymbopogon flexuosus has high polyphenolic content which is responsible for antioxidant properties. Beside citral is also used for the synthesis of vitamin B and Ionones.The bioactive potential of Lemongrass and constituent are rapidly increasing which is reflected from growing number of reports being published. The present study was to know the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of essential oil of C. flexuosus from Uttarakhand. The essential oils of Cymbopogon collected in the region of Uttarakhand were obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves and analyzed for chemical composition by GC/MS.The antioxidant activity of essential oils at different concentrations was determined against DPPH radical activity and vitamin C as the standard antioxidant compound. The IC₅₀ value and percentage of DPPH inhibition were recorded.  Twenty-five compounds were identified in essential oil extracted from leaves representing 93.15 % of the oil composition.The yield of essential oil of Cymbopogon was 0.6 + 0.1 % and the major compound in the essential oil was citral (a racemic mixture of two isoforms geranial and nearl) followed by heptenone(1.98 %) , linalool(1.65 %), geraniol  (1.47 %), β-caryophyllene (1.14 % ) , limonene (0.92 %),  nearl acetate (0.82 %), citronellal(0.44 %) and citronellol (0.22 %). Radical scavenging capacity (Inhibition, %) of the C. flexuosus essential oil was high (78.19+1.11) at the concentration level of 150 μg/ml and IC₅₀ value of the essential oil was 43.67μg/ml.  The data of this study encourages to consider the essential oil of C. flexuosus  as a source of bioactive compounds which may add great industrial value to this crop.

2 tables, 21 ref

036047   SOBAHI T R, ABDELAAL M Y, SALAM M A (Chemistry Dep, King Abdulaziz Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: masalam16@hotmail.com) : Structure and physical properties of cellulose triacetate/ nanoclay nanocomposites. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 85-9.

The nanoclay has been used to modify cellulose triacetate by forming nanocomposites of different composition. The nanoclay and cellulose triacetate as well as the resulting nanocomposites were identified using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The mechanical and thermal properties of different nanocomposites are also investigated. It was generally observed that the addition of the nanoclay to cellulose triacetate increased the thermal conductivity, tensile strength and Young's modulus by 415, 81 and 93 %, respectively, on adding only 5 % of the nanoclay to cellulose triacetate.

6 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

036046   SRINIVASAN P, SIVAKUMAR P (Chemistry Dep, Kongu Engineering Coll, Erode- 638 052, Tamil Nadu, Email: sricsri@gmail.com) : Mass transfer studies of direct orange 102 dye onto a non-conventional adsorbent. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 79-84.

Activated carbon with surface area of 896 m²/g has been prepared from the wood of Thevetia Neriifolia Juss (TNJAC). The fitness of the prepared activated carbon is tested for its adsorption capability towards the textile dye direct orange 102 (DO102). On increasing the solution pH from 2 to 12, the percentage of DO102 adsorption increases from 41 to 75 %. The adsorption kinetics is analyzed using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models. Pseudo-second order model is more appropriate to describe the adsorption kinetics with a correlation coefficient of 0.9311< r²< 0.9871. On analyzing the adsorption isotherm using Langmuir and Freundlich models, the adsorption of DO102 by TNJAC follows Langmuir type of isotherm with energetically homogeneous sorbent surface.

5 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

036045   MOHAMMADI S Z, TAJIK S, BEITOLLAHI H (Chemistry Dep, Payame Noor Univ, Tehran, Iran, Email: szmohammadi@yahoo.com) : Electrochemical determination of propranolol by using modified screen-printed electrodes. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 73-8.

A simple and sensitive method for the determination of propranolol using modified screen printed carbon electrode (MSPCE) has been presented. The electrochemical measurements of propranolol are studied using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CHA). The MSPCE exhibite excellent catalytic activity towards electrochemical oxidation of propranolol in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of pH 7.0. The MSPCE facilitate the determination of propranolol in the concentration range 0.4 – 200.0 μM and a detection limit and sensitivity of 80 nM and 0.052 μA/μM has been achieved.

6 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

036044   SAMANTAROY P K, SURESH G (Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam- 603 102, Email: pksroy82@gmail.com) : Corrosion investigation of nickel base superalloys in simulated high level waste medium using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 67-72.

Nickel base superalloys (Alloy 600, 690 and 693) under as-received and heat treated (solution-annealed and sensitized) condition have been assessed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopic technique for their corrosion behavior in 3 M HNO₃ and simulated high level waste medium at 25 °C. All the alloys in all the conditions (as-received, solution-annealed and sensitized) show higher polarization resistance in 3 M HNO₃ compared to simulated high level waste. The solution-annealed specimens for Alloy 690 and Alloy 693 show near capacitive behaviour in a larger ranger of frequency. Among the three alloys, Alloy 690 show highest polarization resistance followed by Alloy 693 and Alloy 600, due to the better stability of passive oxide layer. In contrast, the decreased polarization resistance for Alloy 600 specimens imply deterioration or reduction in the passive film stability.

5 illus, 5 tables, 24 ref

036042   RIDA K, CHAIBEDDRA K, CHERAITIA K (Mohamed SeddikBenYahia-Jijel Univ, Algeria, Email: rida_kamel2001@yahoo.fr) : Adsorption of cationic dye methyl green from aqueous solution onto activated carbon prepared from Brachychiton Populneus fruit shell. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 51-9.

Activated carbon adsorbent prepared from Brachychiton Populneus fruit shell, biomass materials, is used for the removal of Methyl Green (MG) from aqueous solutions. For the purposes of the experiment (characterization of the adsorbent), we have used various methods, namely BET, FTIR and SEM. The various parameters influencing adsorption: contact time, initial concentration, mass of the adsorbent and temperature have been studied in batch systems. The modeling of the experimental data showed that the pseudo-second order model perfectly described the adsorption kinetics and the Langmuir model seems to be the most suitable for the equilibrium data with a maximum adsorption capacity of 67.93 mg/g. The thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption of the MG dye is a spontaneous and exothermic phenomenon. This study confirms that activated carbon prepared from agricultural wastes has a high adsorption potential, making it an effective means for removing MG from aqueous solutions.

11 illus, 4 tables, 47 ref

035891   NISHA S, YUSUF M (Chemistry Dep, Punjabi Univ, Patiala - 147 002, Email: yusuf_sah04@yahoo.co.in) : Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of varied ring new heterocycles. Indian J Chem-Sect B 2020, 59B(03), 420-30.

In the present study, a series of pyrazolines 2a-c, isoxazoline 5, pyrimidines 3a-c and benzoazepines 4a-c have beenprepared from the cyclization reactions of biphenyl chalcone 1 with appropriate binucleophilic reagents. The chalcone 1 hasbeen obtained by using the Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction of 2-hydroxyacetophenone with biphenyl-4-carboxaldehyde in EtOH/NaOH medium. The structural interpretations of the chalcone 1 and final heterocycles have beenfully ascribed on the basis of their different spectroscopic parameters such as IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and ESI-MS. Thein vitro antimicrobial evaluation of these heterocycles have also been carried out by using serial tube dilution techniqueagainst the selected number of bacterial and fungal strains and most of the studied products proved to be the potentantimicrobial agents. The newly prepared pyrazolines and isoxazoline exhibit noticeable antimicrobial properties.

4 illus, 1 tables, 95 ref

035890   NAIK M D, BODKE Y D, AJEES KUMAR A K, NAIK J K, SHASTRI S L (P.G. Studies and Research in Chemistry Dep, Kuvempu Univ, Shivamogga - 577 451, Email: mamatajayanth@gmail.com) : Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of novel series of 2-(benzylamino)-2-oxoethyl]-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxamide derivatives. Indian J Chem-Sect B 2020, 59B(03), 406-19.

A novel feature extraction method for ship-radiated noise based on extreme-point symmetric mode decomposition(ESMD) and dispersion entropy (DE) is proposed in the present study. Firstly, ship-radiated noise signals were decomposedinto a set of band-limited intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) by ESMD. Then, the correlation coefficient (CC) between eachIMF and the original signal were calculated. Finally, the IMF with highest CC was selected to calculate DE as the featurevector. Comparing DE of the IMF with highest CC by empirical mode decomposition (EMD), ensemble empirical modedecomposition (EEMD) and ESMD, it is revealed that the proposed method can assist the feature extraction andclassification recognition for ship-radiated noise.

3 illus, 7 tables, 42 ref

035889   V MANIKANDAN, VANANGAMUDI G, ARULKUMARAN R, CHRISTURAJ P, THIRUNARAYANAN G (Chemistry Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalainagar - 608 002, Email: amritkumarmishra@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial potent (E)-2-(1-phenylethylidene)-1-tosylhydrazines. Indian J Chem-Sect B 2020, 59B(03), 399-405.

A series containing ten (E)-2-(1-phenylethylidene)-1-tosylhydrazines have been synthesized by thionyl chloride catalystassisted condensation between 1-tosylhydrazine and substituted acetophenones. These benzylidenes have been characterizedby their physical constants, UV-Vis, IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectral techniques. The antibacterial and antifungal activities ofthe synthesized benzylidene have been evaluated.

4 illus, 4 tables, 58 ref

035888   KUMAR B S, MANDLE R D, KAMBLE S P, SUDALAI A (CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune - 411 008, Email: a.sudalai@ncl.res.in) : A concise enantioselective synthesis of (R)-(+)-goniothalamin oxide, a trypanocidal active agent via L-prolinol catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of cinnamaldehyde. Indian J Chem-Sect B 2020, 59B(03), 393-8.

A short and straight-forward enantioselective synthesis of (R)-(+)-goniothalamin oxide 2 has been achieved with an overallyield of 39 % and 99 % ee. The synthetic approach involves L-prolinol catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of cinnamaldehyde followed by Lewis acid-mediated diastereo selective allylation of epoxy aldehyde as the key chiral-inducing steps.

12 ref

035887   APPALANAIDU E, BUSIREDDY M R, REDDY B V S, RAO V J (CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology,, Hyderabad- 500 007, Email: vaidya.opv@gmail.com) : Experimental study of end-capped acceptors influencing the photo-physical, electrochemical and thermal parameters of A-D--D-A type small molecular electron donors. Indian J Chem-Sect B 2020, 59B(03), 385-92.

We have designed A-D--D-A type three new small molecular donor materials denoted as FD-IND, FD-DCV and FD-NBR, which have been synthesised and their photo-physical, electrochemical and thermal properties explored.The synthesised materials have fluorene as “-spacer,” dithieonopyrrole as “Donor” (D) and various “Acceptor” (A) unitsare 1,3-indanedione (IND), dicyanovinylene (DCV) and N-butyl rhodanine (NBR). All these three materials have good solubility (~30 mg/mL) in most common organic solvents and have relatively broad absorption in the visible region covering the range of 300-650 nm with two primary absorption bands. The absorption bands located at shorter wavelength region are ascribed to a localized aromatic -* transition of the A-D--D-A system, while the bands at longer wave length are mainly attributed to an ICT transition. All the compounds exhibit excellent thermal stabilities in the range of 260-373°C.Cyclic voltammetry data provided HOMO values as −5.26, −5.32 and −5.32 eV for FD-NBR, FD-DCV and FD-IND respectively. LUMO values estimated from HOMO values and optical band gap are −3.27, −3.22 and −3.37 eV forFD-NBR, FD-DCV and FD-IND respectively. Therefore, these are potential molecules for organic solar cells.

4 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

035886   SURYACHANDRA D K, TENNETI S, YADAV N, YADAV J S (CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad- 500 007, Email: yadavpub@gmail.com) : Stereoselective synthesis of C1-C11 fragment of antitumor cyclodepsipeptide (–)- doliculide. Indian J Chem-Sect B 2020, 59B(03), 376-84.

A general and stereoselective synthetic route for C1-C11 polyketide fragment of doliculide has been achieved in an efficient manner. The key reactions of our synthetic route are enzymatic desymmetrization of meso-diol, applicationof Evans auxiliary to introduce methyl group, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation and substrate controlled nucleophilic addition reactions.

19 ref

035885   YADAV J S, BHASKAR K (CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad - 500 007, Email: jsyadav@indrashiluniversity.edu.in) : Towards the synthesis of C43 to C51 unit of amphidinol-3. Indian J Chem-Sect B 2020, 59B(03), 369-75.

Towards the synthesis of C43 to C51 unit of Amphidinol-3 has been achieved following our recently developed protocol for the highly stereoselective synthesis of trans-2,6-disubstituted dihydropyran through tandem isomerization followed by C–O and C–C bond formation reaction as the key steps. The other important reactions involved are cross-metathesis (CM) reaction and Jin’s protocol.

12 ref