000175   PATIL C J, SALVE S B (Smt. G. G. Khadse Coll, Muktainagar- 425 306, MS, Email: drcjpatil@yahoo.com) : Catalytic studies of complexes of organic compounds part-4: Synthesis, characterization, catalytic activity of CD(ii) complex of chiral schiff base. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 84-94.

Chiral Schiff base ligand from 3,5-Diiodo-salicylaldehyde with a chiral amine (1S,2S)- (+)-1,2- Diaminocyclohexane is synthesized, and its Cd (II) complex was synthesized. These were analysed by the physical constant, TLC, Colour, UV-Vis, FTIR and 1 H NMR method. Also, efforts were made to study the catalytic activity of Cd(II) chiral Schiff base complex. The oxidation of benzyl alcohol was used as model reaction using acetonitrile as solvent. The present reaction system was heterogeneous system of catalysis.

3 illus, 2 tables, 45 ref

000174   THRITHODY M P, UMMATHUR M B (Chemistry Dep, Zamorin’s Guruvayurappan Coll, Calicut- 673 014, Email: mbummathur@gmail.com) : Antioxidant studies of some lanthanide complexes derived from curcuminoid analogues. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 80-3.

Antioxidant activities of the Pr(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Dy(III), Er(III) and Yb(III) complexes of eight curcuminoid analogues (HL1 to HL8 ), derived from acetylacetone and aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, furfural, salicylaldehyde, β-hydoxy-α-naphthaldehyde, p-anisaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and vanillin), are studied by the thiocyanate method. Even though all the complexes exhibited significant antioxidant properties, their activities are found to be less than the corresponding free curcuminoid analogues.

9 illus, 18 ref

000173   NIMODIA K, SOLANKI A, CHAUHAN L K, GOSWAMI A K, BAROLIYA P K (Chemistry Dep, Mohanlal Sukhadia Univ, Udaipur- 313 001, Rajasthan, Email: prabhatkbaroliya@mlsu.ac.in) : Wood-industrial waste material as a potential sorbent for the removal of PB⁺² and CO⁺² from mono and binary aquatic metal solutions. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 71-9.

In this research, the practical feasibility of sawdust waste products from wood-processing industries was evaluated for the elimination of Pb+2 and Co+2 metal ions from mono and binary aquatic solutions. The batch method was used to achieve optimum conditions of including the amount of sorbent, pH, process time, and concentration of metal ions. The absorptive cycle reported maximum removal of lead and cobalt within pH range 6.0 at an initial concentration of 10 mg L–1. Kinetics data collected during the adsorption of both metals is better represented in a pseudo-second-order layout. The equilibrium of adsorption is based on the concept of Langmuir adsorption layout. Thermodynamic parameters demonstrated the feasibility, spontaneity, and endothermic character of heavy metal sorption. The sorption of metal ions was verified by instrumental experiments for example scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thus, sawdust can be an effective material for removing Pb+2 and Co+2 ions from aquatic solutions.

9 illus, 4 tables, 35 ref

000172   KHATIBI A D, CHANDRIKA K, MOSTAFAPOUR F K, SAJADI A A, BALARAK D (Environmental Health Dep, Zahedan Univ of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran, Email: dbalarak2@gmail.com) : Photocatalytic degradation of naphthalene by UV/ZnO: Kinetics, influencing factors and mechanisms. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 65-70.

Conventional wastewater treatment is not able to effectively remove Aromatic hydrocarbons such as Naphthalene, so it is important to remove the remaining antibiotics from the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of UV/ZnO photocatalytic process in removing naphthalene antibiotics from aqueous solutions. This was an experimental-applied study that was performed in a batch system on a laboratory scale. The variables studied in this study include the initial pH of the solution, the dose of ZnO, reaction time and initial concentration of Naphthalene were examined. The amount of naphthalene in the samples was measured using GC. The results showed that by decreasing the pH and decreasing the initial concentration of naphthalene and increasing the contact time, the efficiency of the process was developed. However, an increase in the dose of nanoparticles to 0.8 g/L had enhance the efficiency of the process was enhanced, while increasing its amount to values higher than 0.8 g/L has been associated with a decrease in removal efficiency. The results of this study showed that the use of UV/ZnO photocatalytic process can be addressed as a well-organized method to remove naphthalene from aqueous solutions.

7 illus, 33 ref

000171   SOMASUNDARAM K, THULASIMANI G, SU V (Chemistry Dep, Kandaswami Kandar’s Coll, Namakkal- 638 182, Tamilnadu, Email: varshuvishal@gmail.com) : Synthesis, characterization, biocidal, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer(mcf-7) studies of schiff base ligand and its metal(ii) complexes. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 58-64.

A new Schiff base ligand (L1) was prepared from 3-aminoquinoline with 2,5 dimethoxybenzaldehyde in 1:1 molar ratio. Two different co-ordination of mononuclear metal(II) complexes [(ML1 ) & (ML1 L2 )] [ M = Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)] were synthesized & characterized. ML1 were prepared from L1 and metal acetate salts molar proportion One:Two. ML1 L2 synthesized from L1 , metal salts and 8-hydroxy quinoline (L2 ) molar ratio is 1:1:1. Elemental analyses, IR, NMR, Electronic spectra, Mass spectra, EPR, SEM and Powder XRD & molar conductivity are need to clarify the structure of synthesized metal(II) complexes. The square planar geometry is proposed for CuL1 , NiL1 , ZnL1 , NiL1 L2 and ZnL1 L2 , tetrahedral geometry for CoL1 & CoL1 L2 and distorted square planar geometry for CuL1 L2 complex. Powder XRD reveals that L1 , ML1 & ML1 L2 have crystalline nature. Antibacterial activity of Ligand, ML1 & ML1 L2 were screened against bacterium Gram(+), Gram(-) & antifungal activity was determined against fungus. The anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic actions of the L1 , CuL1 & CuL1 L2 complexes were studied. The anticancer activity of L1 , CuL1 and CuL1 L2 were studied opposed to MCF-7 using MTT assay method.

5 illus, 19 ref

000170   RANI D, SINGH G, SHARMA S (Punjab Technical Univ, Kapurthala, Email: gursharans82@gmail.com) : Reactions of MoO2 Cl2 and MoOCl4 with 2-Mercaptopyridine, 4-Phenylimidazole-2-thiol and 6-Mercaptopurine monohydrate. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 46-52.

MoO2Cl2/MoOCl4 have been reacted with 4-phenylimidazole-2-thiol/6-mercaptopurine monohydrate/2-mercaptopyridine in acetonitrile solvent in unimolar/bimolar proportions at room temperature. The products thus obtained are: MoOCl3(C9H8N2S),[1]; Mo2O3Cl6(C9H7N2S) (CH3CN)2,[2]; Mo2O3Cl8(C9H7N2S)2(CH3CN)2,[3] and Mo2O4Cl4(C5H4NS-SN4C5),[4]. These products were studied by various techniques: infrared, proton NMR, liquid/gas chromatographymass spectrometry, elemental analyses. Owing to the sensitivity of the products to air and moisture, the reactions and work ups were performed in vacuum line purged with oxygen by flushing dry nitrogen in it. Ions observed in mass spectrum are concurrent with the depicted formulae.

9 tables, 60 ref

000169   ABUALNAJA K M, ABO-DIEF H M, ALI O A A, AL-ANAZI A, MO A T ( Chemistry Dep, Al-Taif Univ, Cairo, Egypt, Email: Mohamed.hala91@yahoo.com) : Oily sludge recovery using microwave pyrolysis technique. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 40-5.

The oily sludge treatments catch widespread attention. But, management of sludge is difficult and costly undertaking. The oil recovery pyrolysis temperature, heating rate and carbon wt.% is discussed. The recovered aliphatic, aromatic, elemental components and gases were obtained with respect to the nitrogen flow rate. The present work showed that as the heating rate increases, both the % pyrolysis oil and gases increases up to 600o C, while the % pyrolysis char decreases. Beyond 600o C the pyrolysis gases % increases, the pyrolysis oil % decreases while the % pyrolysis char continuous decreases. Gas chromatography, and calorific value used to examine the hydrocarbon compositions of the virgin, sludge, and pyrolysis oils.

12 illus, 23 ref

000168   TAKALE N, KALIYAPERUMAL N, MANNATHUSAMY G, GO R ( Chemistry Dep, Annamalai Univ, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, Email: rajarajang70@gmail.com) : Method development and validation for quantitative analysis of antihistamine promethazine hydrochloride by RP-UPLC. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 33-9.

The quantitative analysis method for the quantitative analysis of the anti-histaminic drug Promethazine Hydrochloride (PMZ•HCl) is stated by a straightforward, smooth, reliable and reverse step of the ultra-performing liquid chromatographic method (RP-UPLC). Following ICH quidelines Q2(R1), the RP-UPLC method has been developed and checked. The uniform solution of 3.4% KH2 PO4 solution in water, 7.0 pH with dilute KOH, ACN, and MeOH in ratio of 40:40:20, used as a mobile phase. The flow of 0.6 mL/min using photo diode array detector/UV detector by with wavelength of 254 nm and runtime 3 min. This gives linearty from 80-120% with correlation coefficient of 0.99988. Repeatability and intermediate precision shows relative standard deviation (percent RSD) of 0.52, 0.24 and a overall RSD of 0.43. Robustness studies show no indicative changes in SST requirements, like asymmetry factor, theoretical plate & percentage relative standard deviation. These criteria's values are well within their acceptability limit. The degradation of promethazine under different stress conditions has been studied and shows that all known impurities and degradants are well separated from promethazine peak. This RP-UPLC is descriptive and accurate.

5 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref

000167   GUPTA P, DWIVEDI D, CHOUREY V R (Chemistry Dep, P.M.B. Gujarati Science Coll, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Email: pgpallaveegupta@gmail.com) : Metal complexes derived from 2’-hydroxyacetophenone based schiff base. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 25-32.

In this review article, we try to cover various studies have been done on 2’-hydroxyacetophenone based Schiff bases and formed metal complexes such as antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxicity, larvicidal, oxidation-reduction Schiff base Formation with different amine group containing compounds etc.

71 ref

000166   PAL A, GA K S (Chemistry Dep, West Bengal Univ, West Bengal, Email: gayenks@gmail.com) : The impact of microwave irradiation reaction in medicinal chemistry. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 1-24.

The present review collects an update of the reactions in the area of medicinal chemistry using microwave irradiation. This review come up with an overview of most salient reactions performed under microwave irradiation in the field of drug discovery. Moreover, chemists are preferring to use this reaction rapidly in the academic as well as pharmaceutical laboratory during their drug discovery and making library of compounds. This reaction is much greener using less amount and readily recyclable solvents or sometimes reaction process without solvents and product become much cleaner, often yields are better than the conventional heating. Microwave irradiation is now very robust instrument used in company in the field of drug discovery, due to reduce the reaction time from hour to minute or even second and efficiently creation of compound libraries through combinatorial methodology associated with drug discovery so that new therapeutic agents bring to the market quicker. Hopefully, we will observe in the future the use of microwave irradiation drugs for the patients and this technology will utilize increase in number extensively in the field of medicinal chemistry. As this is an exceedingly rapid evolution area, this review offers significant expertise to the interested readers.

4 illus, 5 tables, 94 ref

003063   MANIKANDAN V, ELANCHERAN R, REVATHI P, VANITHA U, SUGANYA P, KRISHNASAMY K (Chemistry Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002, Email: krishnasamybala56@gmail.com) : Synthesis, characterization, photocatalytic and electrochemical studies of reduced graphene oxide doped nickel oxide nanocomposites. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 411 - 22.

Elimination of organic pollutants from waste waters under the sunlight irradiation is a venerable challenge in the fields of environmental and materials science. This work aims to the fabrication of novel self-assembled, controlled rGO@NiO nanocomposite using eco-friendly simple co-precipitation method. The crystallite size, morphology and optical properties of the rGO, NiO and rGO@NiO were characterized using TG/DTA, FTIR, UV, XRD, SEM with EDAX and TEM techniques. The optical bandgap of the pure NiO, rGO and rGO@NiO nanocomposites was estimated as 3.75, 5.43 and 3.64 eV, respectively. Hence rGO@NiO nanocomposite might be considered as a semiconductor and can be utilized as a photocatalyst. The photocatalytic activity of prepared rGO@NiO nanocomposite was evaluated by using rhodamine B and methyl violet dyes. The degradation results revealed that almost 90% of dye degradation is carried out within a period of 60 min. The cyclic voltammetry studies indicated that the prepared rGO@NiO nanomaterials exhibited appreciable super capacitance value (233 F g^-1) at a current density of 1 A g^-1.

18 illus, 3 tables, 50 ref

003062   BHANDARI N L, GHIMIRE J, SHRESTHA S, BHANDARI G, BHATTARAI S, ADHIKARI R (Chemistry Dep, Tribhuvan Univ, Kathmandu, Nepal, Email: netra.tu.edu@gmail.com) : Green extraction, characterization, applications and antimicrobial analysis of natural dye from phyllanthus emblica. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 404 - 10.

Global consciousness towards the organic value of eco-friendly products has attracted the interest of people towards the use of naturally dyed textiles and organic mordants. The present study has been focused not only on exploring the bio-colourant activity of Phyllanthus emblica (Amala) but also on the application of natural mordant for textile dyeing and analysis of its medicinal properties. It has been discovered from the investigation that biomordants like extract of Aloe vera’s as well as extract of mango’s bark extract were able to evince their characteristic colour ameliorate behaviour close to synthetic ones. Besides, the disparity in absorbance band in ultraviolet spectroscopy, distinction in functional groups and differences in surface morphology of two extracted dyes were observed that provided information on colour variation in the cotton fabrics. An eagle gray shade and brown-hued on the cotton fabric were noticed from water and ethanol extracted dyes, respectively. Further, it is confirmed that the natural dyes contain bioactive phytochemicals like tannins, phenols and flavonoids that provide a significant antibacterial activity which will help it to be beneficially utilized in protective medical clothing.

4 illus, 6 tables, 38 ref

003060   SARJADI M S, KHEN Y L, WONG X L, JAMAIN Z, RAHMAN M L (Malaysia Sabah Univ, Sabah, Malaysia, Email: lutfor73@gmail.com) : Synthesis of fluorene based alternating copolymers using direct arylation polymerization. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 393 - 8.

Many researches have been done to obtain a low band gap and high Polymeric solar cell (PSCs) polymer either by creating new polymer or revising reported polymers from previous studies. In present work, two new copolymers were synthesized through direct arylation polymerization to produce poly(9,9-didodecylfluorene-alt-benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (P1) and poly(9,9-didodecylfluorene-alt-thieno[3,2- b]thiophene) (P2). The P1 and P2 are donor-accepter copolymers. P1 and P2 were compared to investigate its suitability to be applied in PSCs. The polymers obtained were characterized using FT-IR, NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. P1 shows two adsorption bands at λ_max1 = 243 nm and λ_max2 = 320 nm, whereas P2 also shows two adsorption bands at λmax1 = 243 nm and λ_max2 = 427 nm. The optical band gap was calculated, P1 enabled band gap of 3.88 eV while P2 showed band gap of 2.91 eV. This work could be provided an insight to design and synthesize more efficient fluorene-based copolymers as active layer of PSCs in due course.

6 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

003059   SINGH S, BAHUGUNA N, SINGHAL K, RAJ P (Chemistry Dep, Univ of Lucknow, Lucknow - 226 007, Email: premraj123@gmail.com) : Synthetic, spectroscopic and biological studies on some µ-Oxy-bis[triphenylantimony(V)]carboxylates and Cyclic Organoantimonates. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 387 - 92.

A series of hitherto unreported µ-oxy-bis[triphenylantimony(V)]dicarboxylates and µ-oxy-bis[triphenylantimony(V)] chlorocarboxylates of general formula Ph3Sb(L)-O-Sb(L)Ph3 and Ph3Sb(Cl)-O-Sb(L)Ph3, respectively have been synthesized by the metathetical reaction of µ-oxybis-[triphenylantimony(V)]dichloride and silver salts of corresponding carboxylic acids in 1:2 and 1:1 molar ratio [where L = thiosalicyclic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, p-fluorobenzoic acid, o-chlorobenzoic acid]. The newly isolated antimony carboxylates have been identified on the basis of melting points, elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1 H NMR,13C NMR, 19F NMR. The molecular weight and conductivity data indicate the monomeric and non-electrolytic behaviour in solution. Compounds have been evaluated for their antifungal and antibacterial activity

1 illus, 5 tables, 25 ref

003058   ALAMI A , KIHEL A E, AHBALA M, SDASSI H, BIERSACK B, ROISNEL T, BAUCHAT P, AMMARI L E, SAADI M (Chouaib Doukkali Univ, El Jadida, Morocco, Email: abdellatifelkihel@gmail.com) : Condensation of lactones with primary diamines. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 381 - 6.

The condensation of dehydroacetic acid and 4-hydroxy-6-methylpyran-2-one with primary diamine derivatives such as hydrazine, 1,2- diaminoethane and 1,6-diaminohexane yielded bispyrone and bispyridone derivatives has been reported. The condensation of 4-hydroxy6-methylpyran-2-one with hydrazine in acetonitrile generated another bispyrazole product but in n-butanol, this reaction afforded the bispyridones. The structures of the synthesized bispyrazoles were examined by spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis, while those of bispyridones were established by spectroscopy data (NMR, mass). Some new complexes were also synthesized in order to show the behaviour of ligands with suitable crystals for X-ray analysis.

4 illus, 36 ref

003057   ALADEJANA A E, BRADLEY G, AFOLAYAN A J (Univ of Fort Hare, Eastern Cape, South Africa, Email: emmydeb@gmail.com) : in vitro Determination of nutritive and antinutritive contents of helichrysum petiolare hilliard & B.L. Burtt. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 376 - 80.

Till date, less studies have been done on the nutritive and antinutritive constituents of Helichrysum petiolare. This study therefore evaluated the nutritive and antinutritive constituents of the plant using proximate analysis and standard laboratory procedures, respectively. The result showed high levels of acid detergent fibre (ADF), vitamins (A, C and E), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and minerals in H. petiolare. The high ADF level was believed to be responsible for the low energy, fat and carbohydrate levels observed in this study. The result also showed high level of oxalate and therefore, suggests cooking of the plant before human consumption. Overall nutrition, antinutritional and mineral compositions of the plant showed that the H. petiolare is immensely rich in vital nutrients that are of great importance to health and metabolism. These nutrients are suggested to be partly responsible for the plant’s useful medicinal properties.

4 illus, 25 ref

003055   MURALIDHARAN D, RAMYA R,PANDIAN K (Inorganic Chemistry Dep, Madras Univ, Chennai - 600 025, Email: jeevapandian@yahoo.co.uk) : Surface modification of cellulose nanofiber with polyaniline using aniline monolayer as seed for chemical oxidation polymerization of aniline. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 367 - 70.

A simple method is adopted to prepare conducting polyaniline thin film on cellulose filter paper by chemical oxidative polymerization. In order to improve the adhesion of polyaniline on cellulose nanofiber aniline terminal, silane monolayer was used as catalyst to initiate polymerization reaction. It was also showed that aniline dimer modified cellulose nanofiber shows an enhanced polyaniline growth and acting as seed for the polyaniline growth. The polyaniline modified cellulose fibre filter paper was then characterized with UV-visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, FE-SEM and electrochemical studies. Polyaniline modified filter paper strips can be used for naked eye sensing of ammonia and hydrazine in environmental samples.

5 illus, 22 ref

003053   SHANKAR E B, NAIDU C G, KUMAR C P, RAJASHEKHAR K (Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi - 522 213, Email: naiduiict@gmail.com, naidu064@gmail.com) : A Validated SPE-UPLC-DAD Method for quantification of parabens in industrial waste effluent water samples by using activated carbon nanofiber modified filter paper. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 350 - 8.

The present work describes a sensitive, simple, cost-effective and fast analytical procedure to detect the parabens in industrial waste effluent water samples using novel activated carbon nanofiber (CNF) modified filter paper based solid phase extraction technique coupled with liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector (UPLC-PDA). The carbon nanofiber coated filter paper was used as an adsorbent and also characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) showed superior porous structure. Various factors effecting the adsorption and desorption process were studied. The optimum parameters which improve the efficiency are paper length 1 cm × 2 cm, adsorption time 15 min, eluent methanol, eluent volume 5 mL, sample pH 7, desorption time 2 min, 2% salt addition and 300 rpm stirring rate respectively. The parabens exhibited superior linearity ranging from 0.1-50 ng mL^-1. The regression coefficient (R² ) value ranging from 0.9981-0.9989. This method exhibited good sensitivity with the quantification limit (LOQ) between 0.5-0.75 ng mL-1 and detection limit (LOD) over the range of 0.1-0.25 ng mL^-1. The precision was expressed from the RSDs values from 0.74-0.97 %. The spiked analytes revealed excellent recoveries in the range of 95.30-116.72 % with RSD less than 5.72 % for all the water samples also applied for real samples.

10 illus, 3 tables, 39 ref

003052   SARMA M D, GHOSH S (Chemistry Dep, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Coll, New Barrackpore - 700 131, Email: sgorganic1971@gmail.com) : Mechanochemistry in action: Exploitation of internal acid catalysis in solvent-free synthesis of imines and evaluation of radical scavenging activities of imino derivatives. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 345 - 9.

Mechanochemical protocol has been exploited to accomplish the synthesis of imino derivatives from aromatic amines with acidic functionalities and different aromatic aldehydes in excellent to nearly quantitative yields. Presence of acidic groups in the aromatic amines has been found to have profound influence on the course of the reaction. The prepared imines were screened for in vitro antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Some of the prepared imino derivatives displayed good to moderate antioxidant property when compared with standard natural antioxidant (L-ascorbic acid).

5 illus, 1 table, 49 ref

003049   MOSES J M, DESHMUKH D W, TANGDE V M, DHONDGE A S, PALIWAL L J, DHONDGE S S (Chemistry Dep, S.K. Porwal Coll, Nagpur - 441 001, Email: sudhakardhondge@gmail.com, s_dhondge@hotmail.com) : Volumetric and acoustic properties of D(+) Glucosamine•HCl and L-Lysine•HCl in aqueous solutions at different temperatures. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 325 - 32.

In present work, density and speed of sound of aqueous binary mixtures of biologically important amino acid derivatives namely D(+) glucosamine·HCl and L-lysine·HCl have been measured at three different temperatures i.e. (278.15, 288.15 and 298.15) K and in the concentration range of 0.0-0.2 mol kg^-1. Using density and speed of sound data, different thermodynamic and acoustic parameters like apparent molar volume (V_φ) and apparent molar isentropic compression (K_φ) of solute have been computed at different temperatures. Speed of sound data have also been used to calculate hydration number (n_H) of solute. The temperature dependence of the limiting apparent molar volume of solute has been used to calculate thermal expansion coefficient (α* ), apparent molar expansivity (E⁰_φ) of solute and Hepler’s constant (∂² V⁰ _φ/∂T² ). The final outcome of the study has been discussed in terms of various interactions among solute and solvent molecules.

5 illus, 5 tables, 45 ref

003048   ATHENA G S, KRISHNAN J, SURESH E, PAUL R R (Chemistry Dep, C.M.S. Coll, Kottayam - 686 001, Email: rony@cmscollege.ac.in) : Using homoenolate annulated products for synthesis of indole embedded derivatives. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 319 - 24.

The facile transformation of the functionalized spiro-cyclopentanones obtained by N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) catalyzed homoenolate annulation strategy, leading to the synthesis of indole embedded compounds is described.

1 table, 73 ref

003047   HUONG D T V, GIANG P M, HOANG D H, PHUONG N A, TRUNG T A (Vietnam National Univ, Hanoi, Vietnam, Email: dothiviethuong@gmail.com) : Chemical composition and pharmacological activities of plantago major L. in Vietnam. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 314 - 8.

Plantago major L. in Vietnam was investigated for its chemical composition and also evaluated the biological activities against enzyme αglucosidase and free radicals activities. The powder mixture of dried leave and roots of this species was extracted separately by three solvents: dichloromethane, water, water:alcohol (50:50, v:v). The chemical composition of dichloromethane extract was analyzed by GC-MS system to identify eighteen components, out of which eight biologically active compounds viz. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, n-hecxadecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-methyl ester, allogibberic acid, β-tocopherol, campesterol, γ-sitosterol, lup-20(29)-en-3-ol and friedenlan-3-one were presented. The concentration of radical scavenging activity DPPH expressed by IC50 for water, water:alcohol (50:50, v:v) and dichloromethane with 208.7, 89.3 and 62.05 µg/mL, respectively. The dichloromethane, water and water:alcohol (50:50, v:v) extract of Plantago major exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 116.4, 302.7, 195.9 µg/mL, respectively, which was comparable with acarbose (98.4 µg/mL). Plantago major L. in Vietnam may be effective inhibitors as the antidiabetic candidate and helpful to reduce the postprandial glucose levels.

4 tables, 45 ref

003046   NAGADEEP J, KAMARAJ P, ARTHANAREESWARI M, VIVEKANAND P A (Chemistry Dep, SRM Univ, Kattankulathur - 603 203, Email: jnagadeep@yahoo.co.in) : Identification of tartaric acid adduct impurities in dipyridamole capsule formulation related substances method. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 307 - 13.

Two tartaric acid adduct degradation products namely dipyridamole tartaric acid monoester and dipyridamole ditartaric acid ester are observed in a dipyridamole capsule formulation. The adduct impurities are inevitable in the formulation due to the interaction of multilayers of dipyridamole on tartaric acid pellets. Present study reported a simple procedure for generating these two major adducts degradation products from a mixture of dipyridamole drug substance and tartaric acid by stress study. The obtained stress mixture was characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to assure the identity of adduct degradant impurities. The obtained solid stress mixture was stable for more than one year and the prepared solution can be used as reference solution to identify both the degradants during related substance analysis. Practically, the identification of tartaric acid degradants applied to the British pharmacopeia monograph related substances method, where no mechanism for identification of these adduct impurities was described. This study establishes relative retention times for the British pharmacopeia method, which enables the chemist to monitor these two major degradants during quality control release testing and shelf life stability. The same kind of experimental approach for identifying tartaric acid adduct impurities in the British pharmacopeia method can be extended to any of the in-house laboratory-developed related substance methods.

6 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

003045   POKHREL S, SHAH S, ADHIKARI H S (Chemistry Dep, Tribhuvan Univ, Kathmandu, Nepal, Email: shantabhattarai2014@gmail.com) : Synthesis and characterization of chitosan from prawn shells and study of its effects on weight loss of myrica esculenta fruits. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 299 - 306.

In this work, chitin and chitosan were obtained from prawn shell wastages by chemical treatment method. Structural characterization of chitin and chitosan by FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ¹³C NMR clearly showed the formation of chitosan from chitin. The physico-chemical properties of chitosan viz. molecular weight, moisture content, ash content and degree of deacetylation (DD) were analyzed. The optimum condition of deacetylation process to obtain chitosan from chitin was analyzed. The FTIR spectra showed the characteristic peaks corresponding to hydroxy, acetamido and amino functionalities of chitosan obtained from partial deacetylation of chitin and the solid state ¹³C NMR showed the formation of chitosan with characteristic peaks. XRD showed the shifting of crystallinity phases showing more crystallinity of chitin than chitosan. XPS spectrum of prepared chitin with the peaks corresponding to N, C and O binding energy was analogous to the standard. The effect of chitosan coating in extension of postharvest life of Kaphal (Myrica esculenta) fruits was investigated and chitosan coating was observed to have a potential to prolong storage life, control decay and weight loss.

8 illus, 2 tables, 45 ref

003044   ANSHU, RANI M, MAKEN S (Chemistry Dep, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Univ of Science and Technology, Murthal - 131 039, Email: sanjeevmakin@gmail.com) : Optical studies of binary mixture of chloro substituted benzene and n-hexane or cyclohexane or 1,4-dioxane. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 291 - 8.

Thermophysical properties of binary liquid mixtures are highly beneficial for getting information about the intermolecular interactions and geometrical effects in the system. The chloro-substituted benzene compounds like 2-chlorotoluene, 4-chlorotoluene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene also have wide range of application in industrial and biomedical areas. In present work, the refractive indices (n) of haloarenes, hydrocarbons, ether, and respective possible binary mixtures were experimentally determined over the entire compositions at T= (298.15-318.15) K. The mixtures selected were 2-chlorotoluene or 4-chlorotoluene or 1,3-dichlorobenzene (1) + n-hexane or cyclohexane or 1,4-dioxane (2) with its possible combinations. The ∆n is positive for all binary mixtures at all investigated compositions. Different rules of mixing like LorentzLorentz, Erying-John, Arago-Biot, etc. were also used to predict n values. The ∆n values were also analyzed in terms of ongoing intermolecular interactions among the components of the selected systems.

6 illus, 5 tables, 35 ref

003043   BIFTU W K, RAVINDHRANATH K (Chemistry Dep, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram - 522 502, Email: ravindhranath.kunta@gmail.com) : Calcium alginate beads doped with nano-ZrO₂ and activated carbon of annona reticulate plant as an effective adsorbent for water remediation of chromium(VI). Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 281 - 90.

An activated carbon produced from stems of Annona reticulate plant (SACAR) by conc. H₂SO₄ digestion, is observed to have strong affinity for toxic Cr(VI) ions. Its adsorptivity for Cr(VI) ions was enhanced by admixing it with ‘nano-ZrO2’ (Zr-SACAR)-synthesized adopting green methods. For ensuring easy filtration, the ‘active carbon + nanoparticle composite’ was immobilized in calcium alginate beads (Zr-SACAR-Ca). Optimum extraction conditions for these three adsorbents for the removal of Cr(VI) ions from water were investigated. The adsorption capacities were found to be 92.2 mg/g for SACAR; 109.83 mg/g for Zr-SACAR and 119.34 mg/g for Zr-SACAR-Ca. The sorption nature was characterized by XRD, FTIR, FESEM and EDX studies. The sorption mechanism was investigated using various isotherm models. Thermodynamic studies revealed the endothermic and spontaneous nature of sorption. The kinetics of adsorption was well defined by the pseudo-second-order model. The spent adsorbent are regenerated and reused until six cycles with marginal decrease in Cr-adsorptivity. The adsorbents developed are effectively applied in the treatment of polluted water samples collected from Ethiopia.

7 illus, 3 tables, 51 ref

003040   MUTHUKUMARAN B, MURUGAIYAN V (Chemistry Dep, Presidency Coll, Chennai - 600 005, Email: vanithapcb@gmail.com) : Optimizing parameters for the remediation of chromium(VI) contaminated groundwater on Tamil Nadu chromates and chemicals limited (TCCL) Site of Ranipet, Tamilnadu using electrocoagulation process. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 276 - 80.

This paper presents the effects of variables such as electrode material, electrode distance, pH, initial concentration of Cr(VI), applied current, electrolyte and time duration in the treatment of contaminated groundwater for the removal of Cr(VI) at two different concentrations of 200 and 800 mg/L of Cr(VI) using batch electrocoagulation process. Initially, the conditions were optimized from synthetic contaminated water, which was in congruence with chloride and sulphate ions as present in the contaminated groundwater. The optimum conditions obtained on removal of Cr(VI) from synthetic contaminated water were applied in real Cr(VI) contaminated groundwater collected from a bore well at chromate ore processing residue (COPR) dumpsite. The results of the treated contaminated groundwater were found that all the parameters were within the limits of Pollution Control Board discharge standards. The efficiency and energy consumption on the removal of Cr(VI) from real contaminated groundwater were compared with and without addition of NaCl. The results suggest that the optimum conditions for a 99.99% removal efficiency were initial concentration 200 mg/L of Cr(VI), pH 6.0, applied current 2 A, electrolyte 2 g/L of NaCl, time duration 35 min and energy consumption 2.625 Whr/m³ .

6 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

003040   KUMAR V, KUMAR R, SALAHUDDIN, MAZUMDER A (Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida - 201 306, Email: kushwaha.vk0928@gmail.com) : Design, synthesis and in vitro antibacterial evaluation of naphthalen-2-yloxy based oxadiazole-2-thione derivatives. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 266 - 70.

A series of novel Mannich bases 5-(naphthalen-2-yloxymethyl)-3-(substituted)aminomethyl-3H-[1,3,4]oxadiazole-2-thiones (5a-h) were synthesized by aminomethylation of substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione by equimolar concentration of primary or secondary amines. Synthesized compounds were characterized by spectrometric techniques (IR, ¹ H & ¹³C NMR), and evaluated for antibacterial potential against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains using cup-plate method employing ciprofloxacin as standard drug. Compounds 5a-c and 5g exhibited strong antibacterial activity against tested bacterial strains. Compound 5a was active against Bacillus pumilus, Shigella dysenteriae and Vibrio cholera; compound 5b exhibited significant activity against Bacillus pumilus, and Shigella dysenteriae; compound 5c was active against Bacillus pumilus and Vibrio cholera and compound 5g was active against Dshigella boydii and Acinetobacter aceti bacterial strains. The SAR study revealed that the synthesized compounds (5a-h) having less bulky group exhibited good antibacterial activity

2 tables, 24 ref

003039   KAKAR R, ABDULLAH A, RASHID M, HUSSAIN R T, YAAKOP A S, BHAWANI S A (Malaysia Sarawak Univ, Sarawak, Malaysia, Email: amirasuriaty@usm.my, sabhawani@gmail.com) : Bioremediation of pollutants and sustainable energy production through bacterial activities in microbial fuel cells: An overview. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 253 - 65.

Electrical energy generation can be achieved in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) through the catalytic action of microorganisms which can oxidize organic matter and convert it into a biofilm. In MFCs, the exoelectrogens play a crucial role. MFCs is eco-friendly promising technology that produces electricity from various organic substrates. It is a novel and environmentally friendly approach for bioremediation and sustainable electricity production. The fact that heavy metals contributing adversely to the environmental pollution thus the microbial fuel cell technology has a solution for this as well, performing the removal and recovery of heavy metals by using both single and doublechambered MFCs. Many studies show that the new strains of microbes can produce power densities individually as high as strains from mixed communities. However, the implementation of this technology is just limited to the laboratory scale because of a few challenges like low efficiencies, low production rates. This review article focuses an introduction about the role and mechanism of different microorganisms towards energy production, biofilm formation, high power producing microbes inside the microorganisms, the electron transfer mechanism to the electrodes and vice-versa and the removal of heavy metals.

3 illus, 1 table, 143 ref

003038   RANA R (Chemistry Dep, Garhbeta Coll, Garhbeta - 721 127, Email: ranaabhinandan@gmail.com) : A review on metal-organic frameworks: Synthesis and applications. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 245 - 52.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are inorganic-organic hybrid porous materials that are composed of positively charged metal ions and organic linkers. The metal ions form nodes that connect the arms of the linkers together to form one-, two-, or three-dimensional structures. Due to this void structure, MOFs have an unusually large internal surface area. They have received enormous interest in recent years particularly as newly developed porous materials. They possess a wide range of potential applications like gas storage, catalysis, sensors, drug delivery, adsorption, etc. In present review article, synthetic methods and applications of MOFs have been discussed.

2 illus, 2 tables, 46 ref

003037   SINGH N, RAI A K, VYAS R, AMETA R ( Chemistry Dep, PAHER Univ, Udaipur - 313 003, Email: nirmalsingh0068@gmail.com) : Photocatalytic activity of nickel doped CoO nanocomposite for the degradation of azure A dye. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 240 - 4.

Nanocrystalline cobalt(II) oxide doped with nickel was prepared using the sol-gel method and employed as a photocatalyst for azure A dye degradation under visible light. The prepared photocatalyst was analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The photocatalytic activity of Ni-doped CoO under different working parameters, like concentration, pH, dosage (Ni-doped and undoped CoO), light intensity for the degradation of azure A dye was also optimzed. It was observed that the dye degradation rate improved after doping. Approximately 76% and 85% of azure A dye was degraded within 90 min through undoped and Ni-doped CoO, respectively.

6 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

003035   YELKIN I, RESZKE E, SCHROEDER G (Adam Mickiewicz Univ in Poznan, Poznan, Poland, Email: schroede@amu.edu.pl) : Glow discharge plasma as a cause of changes in aqueous solutions: The mass spectrometry study of solvation processes of ions. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 220 - 30.

A new apparatus for inducing changes in the properties of water in closed dielectric vessel by subjecting it to pulsed direct current glow discharge plasma is designed and constructed. It has been hypothesized that the action of plasma on the structure of water consists in resonance excitation of water aggregates. As a result of resonance excitation, aggregates of high molar masses are broken down into low molecular mass aggregates. Analysis of the ESI MS spectra revealed that in all tested aqueous solutions after exposure to plasma, the concentration of low-molecular solvated ions [M(H₂O)]⁺ and [M(H₂O)₂] ⁺ significantly increased, while the concentration of the ions of high molecular masses [M(H₂O)_6-10] ⁺ solvated by water aggregates decreased, relative to their concentrations in the water solutions not subjected to plasma irradiation. According to our measurements also a significant change in pH occurs. The presented results clearly show that it is possible to process a liquid that changes its structure without involving high processing energy and, unexpectedly, the obtained change of parameters is significant and stable over time.

13 illus, 1 table, 56 ref

003034   HUONG N T, NAM D T, NHAN N T, NGOC SON N, TRI L M, THANH (Institute of Chemistry and Materials, Hanoi, Vietnam, Email: nguyenhuong0916@gmail.com, vmthanh222@yahoo.com) : Synthesis of PEG-Fe3O4/ZnO magnetic nanocomposites by ultrasound assisted co-precipitation process and their antibacterial activity. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 215 - 9.

In this study, PEG-Fe₃O₄/ZnO magetic nanocomposties were synthesized by a ultrasound assisted co-precipitation method. The magnetic nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, FESEM and VSM techniques. The effect of Fe₃O₄:ZnO ratio on the crystallite size and the lattice parameter of the nanoparticles was also studied using XRD. Magetic nanoparticles of PEG-Fe₃O₄/ZnO nanocomposites exhibit the particles size in the range of 20-30 nm. The VSM measurements at room temperature showed that PEG-Fe₃O₄/ZnO nanocomposites had superparamagnetic properties. These results indicated that ultrasonication time and ration (Fe₃O₄/ZnO) greatly affect the characteristics of the nanoparticles. The antibacterial efficiency of PEG-Fe₃O₄/ZnO nanoparticles was tested against Sacharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis and E. coli bacteria using disc diffusion method.

7 illus, 1 tables, 21 ref

003033   VENKATANARAYANA M, JAGGAVARAPU R M R, REDDY G V, SHARATHBABU H ( Chemistry Dep, GITAM School of Science, Hyderabad - 502 329, Email: vmuvvala2@gitam.edu) : Identification and efficient synthetic method for preparation of cyclopentane-1,3-diol impurity in tafluprost drug. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 210 - 4.

In present work, the isolation, synthesis and characterization of the identified triol impurity present in tafluprost is described. This investigation helps to avoid formation of impurity by control the reaction and its leads to improving high yields of tafluprost. The source of impurity was identified, due to over-reduction of lactone with diisobutyl aluminum hydride (DIBAL-H).

11 ref

003030   DEY S, ZAKIR SULTAN M, ABDUS SALAM M ( Chemistry Dep, Dhaka Univ, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh, Email: masalam@du.ac.bd) : Synthesis, characterization of ceftibuten-copper(II) complex and prediction of its biological activity. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 190 - 4.

Ceftibuten dihydrate, one of the third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic is effectively used in curing several infectious diseases. The complexation of drug with metal may enhance the antibacterial activity. In this work, a new complex of ceftibuten dihydrate with Cu(II) was synthesized, characterized and antibacterial activity is reported. The in vitro test showed that the antibacterial activity of complex of ceftibuten was greatly enhanced against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi.

3 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

003029   BALU P, ASHARANI I V, THIRUMALAI D ( Chemistry Dep, Thiruvalluvar Univ, Vellore - 632 115, Email: thirumalaid@tvu.edu.in) : Synthesis of melamine core starburst polyamide g1 dendrimer and its antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 185 - 9.

A novel polyamide first-generation dendrimer 7 was synthesized from new methodology under mild reaction conditions. The AB2 adduct, ethyl 2-[N-[2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionyl]amino]ethylate (3), was prepared from 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (bis-MPA) and glycine as a linker. Further, G1 dendrimer 7 was synthesized by coupling melamine (5) with monomer 3. The structural elucidations of all the compounds were confirmed by FTIR, 1 H & 13C NMR and HRMS. The G1 dendrimer was found to exhibit significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. cloacae and antioxidant activity by DPPH scavenging method when compared to the standard, ascorbic acid.

2 illus, 25 ref

003028   MANNAN M A, CHANDRA L, ISLAM A B M N, HOSSAIN M S, KUDRAT-E-ZAHAN M, KIDA T ( Chemistry Dep, Rajshahi Univ, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh, Email: mannan.chem@ru.ac.bd) : Averrhoa bilimbi: A prospective source of bioactive compounds against antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 179 - 84.

Averrhoa bilimbi fruit has been studied to find out a possible source of bioactive compounds against antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. To achieve this goal, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of five different fractionates such as methanolic crude, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water fraction of A. bilimbi were investigated by UV-vis spectrophotometry, disc diffusion and brine shrimp lethality test methods simultaneously. Other phytochemicals viz. carbohydrate, tannins, polyphenols, glycosides, etc. were also screened out by conventional test methods concurrently. Total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents were found to be ranging from 3.807-262.129 mg GAE g^–1 and 67.848-1159.061 mg CE g^–1, respectively, in all the analyzed fractions. DPPH free radical scavenging activity revealed distinctive IC50 value of 5.63 and 10.26 µg mL^–1 in the chloroform and ethyl acetate extractives. Fractionates of petroleum ether and methanolic crude also presented strong cytotoxic potential with the LD50 values of 8.89 and 20.3 µg mL^–1 in the brine shrimp lethality bioassay test. Petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited good antimicrobial activity with the zone of inhibition against Bacillus cereus (11 mm and 14 mm) and Escherichia coli (7 mm and 9 mm). Finally, it has been recommended that A. bilmbi fruit might be an effective source of bioactive compounds against antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity as well as antioxidant with potent radical scavenging activity.

5 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

003027   AZMI N F M, ALI R, AZMI A A, ROZAINI M Z H, BULAT K H K, ANUAR S T (Univ Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia, Email: sabiqahanuar@umt.edu.my) : Theoretical evaluation on the interaction between triglycerides and methylxanthines using density functional theory B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) and molecular electrostatic potential. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 171 - 8.

The binding, interaction and distortion energies between the main triglycerides, palmitic-oleic-stearic (POS) in cocoa butter versus palmitic-oleic-palmitic (POP) in refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm oil with cocoa′s methylxanthines (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline) during the production of chocolate were theoretically studied and reported. The quantum mechanical software package of Gaussian09 at the theoretical level of density functional theory B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) was employed for all calculations, optimization, and basis set superposition errors (BSSE). Geometry optimizations were carried out to the minimum potential energy of individual species and binary complexes formed between the triglycerides, methylxanthines and polyphenols. The interaction energies for the optimized complexes were then corrected for the BSSE using the counterpoise method of Boys and Bernardi. The results revealed that the binding energy and interaction energy between methylxanthine components in cocoa powder with triglycerides were almost of the same magnitude (13.6-14.5 and 3.4-3.7 kJ/mol, respectively), except for the binary complex of POS-caffeine (25.1 and 10.7 kJ/mol, respectively). Based on the molecular geometry results, the hydrogen bond length and angle correlated well with the interaction energies. Meanwhile, the POS-caffeine complex with two higher and almost linear bond angles showed higher binding and interaction energies as compared to the other methylxanthines. Therefore, a donor-acceptor analysis showed that the hydrogen bond strength was proven using the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), which resulted in parallel outcomes. The research results were believed to be one of the factors that contributed to the rheological behaviour and sensory perception of cocoa products, especially chocolate.

3 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

003026   FUAD M M, FIKRIAH F, KAMARUZZAMAN B Y, RAHMAN M M, NURIZNI N A N (International Islamic Univ Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia, Email: fuadm@iium.edu.my) : Fractionation of rare earth elements in surface sediment of peninsular Malaysia coastal waters. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 166 - 70.

The environmental fate of rare earth elements (REEs) in the Malaysian environment is limitedly known; however, industrial emission is increasing. This study focused on the REE assessment of the surface sediments obtained from rocky shore ecosystems along the Peninsular Malaysia coastal waters, on deliberating interspatial variability, and on describing their partitioning. Samples were treated with the Teflon Bomb technique, and the concentration of 14 natural REEs was measured through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Through quality control practices, the results were verified by employing a standard reference material BCR 667. The tendency of REE distribution was the most mutual property of particular places worldwide and in Malaysia. Among REEs present in sediment, strong correlations were observed, which indicated REEs they behave coherently to each other in different processes of geochemical fractionation. The contaminant metals, namely manganese, arsenic, cadmium and copper, were strongly correlated with REEs (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05); hence, these metals may be nonanthropogenic in origin because REEs are geogenic in origin. The enrichment factor (EF) values of the comparative results were divided by the region-specified deficiency to minimal enrichment in all the regions, except in the east coast region, which presented considerable enrichment, suggesting a probability of discharge of the anthropogenic effluent. The results of the analysis normalized to chondrite presented patterns of low atomic weight rare earth elements (LREEs) enrichment, gradual downward pattern and depletion through high atomic weight rare earth elements (HREEs) concentrations.

3 illus, 5 tables, 24 ref

003025   SINGAM S, MESINENI A R, CHAKRA C S ( Chemistry Dep, Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Ghatakesar, Medchal - 501 301, Email: singam.shylaja@vbithyd.ac.in) : Effects of formulated nano-urea hydroxyapatite slow release fertilizer composite on the physical, chemical properties, growth and yield of cyamopsis tetragonoloba (cluster beans). Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 159 - 65.

Urea and phosphorous fertilizers are commonly used in agriculture but, due to their solubility in water and transportation, cause eutrophication. Hence, it is thought worthwhile to investigate for urea hydroxyapatite nanoparticles which have less mobility and could supply required N and P macronutrients to the crops. These high surface area nanoparticles are synthesized through chemical co-precipitation method and it is assumed that due to their biocompatibility, act as rich phosphorous and nitrogen source. These are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The impact of urea hydroxyapatite nanofertilizer on growth and yield of cluster bean plants for the period of four months has been carried out. The experimental results have shown that the usage of these nanofertilizers have enhanced both the plant growth and yield. The application of urea hydroxyapatite nanocomposites for the bio-availability of plants considered to be environment friendly.

10 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

003024   REDDY P R, MUSUNURI S, REDDY D R, CHITTALA V S, MURTHY P V N S, KRISHNAMOHAN K ( Chemistry Dep, Krishna Univ, Machilipatnam - 521 001, Email: rajeshpeketi1979@gmail.com) : Synthesis and characterization of novel analogues of lopinavir. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 151 - 8.

The present work describes the identification, origin, synthesis, characterization and control of four novel analogues of lopinavir viz. leucine analogue of lopinavir, isoleucine analogue of lopinavir, methyl analogue of lopinavir and dihydroxy analogue of lopinavir.

16 ref

003023   PADMINI T R, VAGDEVI H M, JINENDRA U ( Chemistry Dep, Kuvempu Univ, Shivamoga - 577 201, Email: vagdevihm@gmail.com) : Synthesis of benzoxazole associated benzothiazine-4-ones and their in vitro and in silico antimicrobial, antioxidant activities. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 137 - 50.

In present study, a series of 3-[(5-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)amino]-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-1,3-benzothiazin-4-ones (6a-n) were synthesized and elucidated by elemental, FT-IR, ¹ H & ¹³C NMR and LC-MS studies. The in vitro antibacterial screening against Grampositive bacterial strains such as B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli, P. aeruginosa was carried in comparison with tetracycline as reference standard. Antifungal activities against different fungal strains namely R. oryzae, A. niger, A. favus, C. albicans and S. cerevisiae have been evaluated by comparing with fluconazole as reference standard. Compounds 6b, 6c, 6e, 6j, 6m and 6n emerged as highly potent antimicrobial agents. The DPPH radical scavenging assay of the synthesized moieties showed good antioxidant potency comparable to standard ascorbic acid. The molecular docking simulation studies of all the title compounds in their active conformation analogues with target proteins (PDB ID 2XCT-antibacterial, PDB ID 1IYL-antifungal, PDB ID 2HCKantioxidant) exhibited good binding interactions in top scoring poses. The pharmacokinetic properties prediction by ADMET descriptors and Lipinski′s rule of five endorse the properties of newly synthesized compounds to a drug molecule. The results of the docking protocols were compatible with the in vitro studies which validates the potency of the molecules.

3 illus, 10 tables, 39 ref

003022   CHAOSRI P, SIRIPIPATTHANA, SRIHANAM P ( Chemistry Dep, Mahasarakham Univ, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand, Email: prasong.s@msu.ac.th) : Water hyacinth cellulose/silk fibroin composite films: Preparation and characterization. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 132 - 6.

This study aimed to extract cellulose from water hyacinth using as material for preparation of cellulose/silk fibroin composite films. Using scanning electron microscope (SEM), the native silk fibroin film has smooth surfaces and homogeneous texture, while the cellulose film has short fiber on its surface with dense in texture. The composite films have different morphologies depending on types of polymer used and hierarchical step of film. FTIR analysis showed that the main functional groups of both cellulose (hydroxyl groups) and silk fibroin (carbonyl and amine groups). The composite films also found the absorption peaks of the functional groups which confirmed the composite of both polymers. This results indicated that both polymers had well compatible via bonding formation between the functional groups. The composite films have the maximum temperature decomposition (T_d,max) slightly higher value than that of native silk fibroin film. This suggested that the interaction between silk fibroin and cellulose resulted to increase of thermal stability as well as the flexibility of the film.

5 illus, 40 ref

003021   NAYAK R A, MANGTE A D ( Chemistry Dep, Shree P.M. Patel Institute of P.G. Studies and Research in Science, Anand - 388 001, Email: anvitadandale@rediffmail.com) : Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of novel N-glycosyl hydrazino carbothioamide. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 127 - 31.

In view of applications of N-glycosylated compounds in medicinal chemistry and in many other ways, herein the synthesis of novel Nglycosyl hydrazino carbothioamides is reported. New N-glycosyl hydrazino carbothioamides were synthesized by the condensation of per-O-acetyl glycosyl isothiocyanate with different aromatic hydrazides. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by using the IR, 1 H NMR and mass spectral studies. Antimicrobial evaluation of the synthesized N-glycosyl hydrazino carbothioamide was also examined. Antimicrobial activities of the synthesized compound were evaluated against bacteria E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. pyogenus and fungi C. albicans, A. niger and A. clavatus. All the N-glycosyl hydrazino carbothioamides exhibit promising antimicrobial activity.

1 table, 14 ref

003020   NIGAM K, DAS T, HARSHEY A, KUMAR A, KAPOOR N, YADAV V K, SRIVASTAVA A (Bundelkhand Univ, Jhansi - 284 128, Email: ankit_forensic81@rediffmail.com) : Effectiveness of talcum powder for decipherment of latent fingerprints on various substrates. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 120 - 6.

Decipherment of latent fingerprints are one of the most common tasks in crime scene investigation as it carries the unique identification feature of the individuals related to that offence. Powder dusting is the most suitable method to develop latent prints on a wide range of nonporous and semiporous surfaces. In present work, a commercially available talcum powder, generally used as a common cosmetic product, has been used to decipher latent prints on 28 non-porous and semi-porous surfaces commonly encountered in daily life. The powder is economic and harmless in nature and easily available in market. The results showed that the powder developed good quality fingerprints on most of the surfaces and can be a good substitute of conventional powders.

8 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

003019   MULGUND S P, KALBURGI P B, RAKARADDI P G ( Civil Engineering Dep, Basaveshwar Engineering Coll, Bagalkot - 587 102, Email: sangita5679@gmail.com) : Optimization of fenton's process for the treatment of cotton textile wastewater using response surface methodology. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 113 - 9.

Degradation of cotton textile wastewater using Fenton’s process was investigated. The effect of individual and interactive operating parameters on the response was analyzed using central composite design (CCD), a commonly used form of response surface methodology (RSM). The operating parameters selected were pH, dosage of hydrogen peroxide, dosage of iron and the responses (dependent parameters) were chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour. The model derived correlation coefficients R² and R² _adj for COD were 0.982 and 0.966, respectively and the values were almost similar for colour also. The optimum values for various operating parameters namely pH, H₂O₂ and Fe²⁺ dosage were found to be 3.33, 60.57 and 1.56 mM, respectively for electrolysis time of 60 min. By performing the experiments with these values of operating parameters, the COD and colour removal efficiencies were found to be 83.5% and 98.1%, respectively.

6 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

003017   BHUYAN D ( Chemistry Dep, Dergaon Kamal Dowerah Coll, Dergaon - 785 614, Email: debachem.bhuyan@gmail.com) : Microwave-assisted efficient synthesis of spiropyridine derivatives via catalyst- and solvent-free one pot four component reaction. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 103 - 7.

A microwave-assisted, one-pot four-component reaction strategy has been developed for the synthesis of some novel spiropyridine derivatives from 1,3-dimethyl barbituric acid, chalcone, aromatic aldehyde and ammonium acetate under catalyst- and solvent-free conditions.

2 tables, 41 ref

003013   LAVANYA P, VIJAYAKUMARI N, SANGEETHA R, PRIYA G ( Chemistry Dep, Vivekanandha Coll for Arts and Science for Women, Veerachipalayam, Sankari - 637 303, Email: srilavs870@gmail.com) : Development of chitosan-collagen/substituted hydroxyapatite-polypyrrole biocomposite with prospective application in bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 76 - 82.

An innovative hybrid based on chitosan-collagen/copper, manganese substituted hydroxyapatite-polypyrrole (CS-COL/CMHA-PPY) was developed in present study to further enhance the surface morphology of regenerative medicine scaffolds by combining the synthesized copper, manganese substituted hydroxyapatite (CMHA) and polypyrrole with the chitosan and collage solution accompanied by solvent casting techniques. The fabricated biocomposite was characterized using FTIR, XRD and SEM techniques. It investigated the effects of CMHA and polypyrrole on the scaffold's physico-chemical characteristics like swelling proportion, degradation, and mechanical nature. The CS-COL/CMHA-PPY biocomposite demonstrated lower deterioration rate and higher mechanical properties according to the chitosan-collagen and CS-COL/CMHA biocomposite. MTT assay conducted a tentative evaluation of the tissue engineering and cytotoxicity of the chitosan-biocomposite scaffold utilizing osteoblast cells. Tests demonstrated no toxicity, so osteoblast cells were bound to the biocomposite pore surfaces so propagated. Such results indicated that the scaffold established has the preconditions which can be used as a scaffold for the reconstruction of bone tissue.

5 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

003011   CHANDA M, JHA S, MUKHOPADHYAY D, PANDEY M ( Chemistry Dep, Sikkim Manipal Univ, Majitar, Rangpo-737136, Email: sangeeta.j@smit.smu.edu.in) : Characterization of humic acid and fulvic acid extracted from soil samples of cultivated areas of North Bengal and Sikkim States, India. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 62 - 6.

Humic acid and fulvic acid extracted from soils of cultivated areas, collected from Majitar, Darjeeling and Pundibari cities were first isolated, purified and then characterized for the physico-chemical properties (oxidizable organic carbon, electrical conductivity, pH, phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, CEC, etc.). The physico-chemical studies showed that soils were neutral to acidic but are independent of altitude. Organic carbon, available phosphorus, nitrogen were higher with soil of Majitar city. The total acidity, carboxylic group, phenolic -OH group were higher in fulvic acid than in humic acid. Further, both acids were characterized by potentiometric titration, viscometric measurement, surface tension and spectral analysis. The humification index (E₄/E₆) of fulvic acid was relatively higher than humic acid. The highest molecular weight of humic acid and fulvic acid were recorded 13645.83 and 1465.54, respectively.

5 tables, 29 ref

003010   NDWANDWE S L, OLIVIER M T, GOLOLO S S (Biochemistry Dep, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences Univ, Ga-Rankuwa (Pretoria), South Africa, Email: Stanley.gololo@smu.ac.za) : Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of flavonoid derivative compounds isolated from sclerocarya birrea leaves. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 57 - 61.

Sclerocarya birrea is one of many medicinal plants used in African traditional medicine for treatment of diabetes. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethanolic crude extract of the leaves of the plant species led to the isolation of a pure compound (CMP-1). The pure compound showed antioxidant and antidiabetic activities with average IC₅₀ values of 1.04 mg/mL and 46 µg/mL, respectively that were well comparable to the crude extract and known standards compounds, ascorbic acid and quercetin. The spectroscopic profiling of the purified compound revealed a flavonoid derivative structural skeleton. The findings of the study suggested that the flavonoid derivative compounds play a major role towards the medicinal value of Sclerocarya birrea.

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