003083   SANJEEVA P, RAO B S, PRASAD V K, RAMANA P V (Chemistry Dep, Sri Krishnadevaraya Univ, Ananthapuramu - 515 003, Email: ramanapv54@gmail.com) : Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities of 1-((5-Bromobenzofuran-2yl)methyl)-4-substituted phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles. Asian J Chem 2021, 33 (3), 565 - 9.

A synthesis of useful intermediate, 2-(azidomethyl)-5-bromobenzofuran starting from 5-bromobenzofuran-2-carboxylic acid is described. The reaction of 5-bromo-2-(iodomethyl)benzofuran with sodium azide affords 2-(azidomethyl)-5-bromobenzofuran. 5-Bromo-2- (iodomethyl)benzofuran was obtained from a combination of consecutive 5-bromobenzofuran-2-carboxylic acid reactions involving NaBH₄ reduction followed by the iodination of the resulting alcohol. The utility of 2-(azidomethyl)-5-bromobenzofuran has been demonstrated for the preparation of a novel series of 1-((5-bromobenzofuran-2-yl-)methyl)-4-substituted phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles in excellent yields. The newly synthesized compounds have been characterized and evaluated for antimicrobial activities against Gramnegative and Gram-positive bacterial strains.

1 table, 18 ref

003082   SINGH N K, SHRESTHA S, SHAHI N, CHOUDHARY R K, KUMBHAR A A, POKHAREL Y R, YADAV P N (Chemistry Dep, Tribhuvan Univ, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal, Email: yrp@sau.ac.in, pnyadav219@gmail.com) : Enhancement of anticancer activity of N(4)1-(2-Pyridyl)piperazinyl 5-nitroisatin thiosemicarbazone on chelation with copper(II). Asian J Chem 2021, 33 (3), 557 - 64.

5-Nitroisatin-4-(1-(2-pyridyl)piperazinyl)-3-thiosemicarbazone (Nitistpyrdlpz) and its Cu(II) complex were synthesized and characterized by CHN and thermal analysis and spectroscopic measurements viz. UV-vis, FTIR, 1 H NMR, ¹³C NMR, ESI-HRMS, PXRD and EPR. In the complex, copper(II) ion is coordinated by terdentate thiosemicarbazone anion and one chloride ion in a distorted square planar geometry. The synthesized compounds against breast cancer cell lines; MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 and epidermoid carcinoma; A431 showed that the complex contributed to reduce the percentage of cell viability toward all the tested cell lines but remarkable contribution toward MDA-MB-231 cell line. The IC₅₀ of the complex and free ligand was found in the range of IC₅₀ 0.85-1.24 µM and IC₅₀ 3.28-3.53 µM, respectively. Among those cell lines, the complex may be the better anticancer agent toward MDA-MB-231 because of its action at micromolar concentration (IC₅₀ 0.85 µM).

3 illus, 6 tables, 59 ref

003081   LAKSHMIPURADA S, REDDY K R, SUNDARAVEL S (Government Science Coll, Bangalore - 560 001, Email: rkrchem@gmail.com) : Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon/ZnO nanocomposite from water hyacinth for heavy metals adsorption and its antimicrobial activity. Asian J Chem 2021, 33 (3), 551 - 6.

In present work, the activated carbon was prepared from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by chemical process. Nanocomposites were formed using activated carbon and ZnO nanoparticles to get improved electrostatic interactions for the successful adsorption of heavy metal ions such as nickel, cadmium, lead and chromium from aqueous solution. The prepared nanocomposites were further characterized using XRD, SEM and EDAX techniques. The heavy metal ions removal efficacy was evaluated through ICP-OES. The result showed that the prepared nanocomposite efficiently adsorbed 76.75-92.40% nickel, 75.80-92.25% cadmium, 86.25-96.30% lead and 76.37-95.26% chromium. Nanocomposites showed a significant antimicrobial activity against Streptococci and B. subtilis.

6 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

003080   SIRIPIPATTHANA P, SRIHANAM P, SANGDEE A (Chemistry Dep, Mahasarakham Univ, Thailand, Email: patthraporn.s@msu.ac.th, nanasara1@gmail.com) : Natural phytochemicals and biological activities of wild grape (Ampelocissus martinii Planch.) root extract. Asian J Chem 2021, 33 (3), 545 - 50.

A hydromethanolic root extract of Ampelocissus martinii Planch. (A. martinii) was analyzed by standard methods for its phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitions and antibacterial activities. The root extract exhibited the highest content of saponins, followed by phenols, proanthocyanidin and flavonoids, respectively. It showed high antioxidant activity in FRAP and CUPRAC assays. The root extract and standard Trolox had similar antioxidant activities in the DPPH and ABTS assay. It also showed much higher α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity compared to standard acarbose. Moreover, the root extract inhibited all tested Gram-positive bacteria with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 6.25 mg/mL. These results indicate that A. martinii root can be pharmaceutically used as active ingredients to prevent bacterial infection and radical-related diseases especially diabetes.

2 illus, 3 tables, 62 ref

003079   KALIRAJ S, JEYALAKSHMI R, KATHIRAVAN M K, MADHAVAN T, DEVI A (Chemistry Dep, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur - 603 203, Email: jeyalakr@srmist.edu.in, rajyashree64@gmail.com) : Design, molecular docking and biological evaluation of fused thienopyrimidines and quinazoline. Asian J Chem 2021, 33 (3), 537 - 44.

The anticancer activity of the condensed pyrimidine and quinazoline moieties are pronounced with a different pathway. Thienopyrimidine is considered as ring equivalent bioisosteres of quinazolines and present in other heterocyclic compounds including thienopyrimidine. The present investigation focused on the synthesis of thienopyrimidine and quinazoline derivatives for their anticancer activity against the human oral squamous carcinoma-3 (HSC-3) cell line. The synthesized compound confirmed for their structural characteristics from spectral analysis and tested for anti-proliferative activity from MTT assay. The electron-withdrawing group in 4-chloro thienopyrimidines and amino ester derivate/facilitate the inhibition of cancer cells. Further probing by docking studies revealed that the compounds exhibit possible interactions with VEGF, FGFR and c-Met proteins, which are known to have a role in the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Among the derivatives a moderate activity demonstrated by substituted 4-chloro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]- pyrimidine (4a) and ethyl 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxylate (1a) derivatives. Lack of chirality and the presence of bulky substituents in few of the compounds were found to be the cause for lower potency.

5 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

003078   SHARMA A, KHATURIA S, SINGH H L (Chemistry Dep, Mody Univ of Science and Technology, Lakshmangarh - 332 311, Email: hlsingh9@rediffmail.com) : Synthesis of new schiff base of 1,3-oxazine and 1,3-thiazine derivatives derived from 4-phenyl substituted chalcones and evaluation of their antibacterial activity. Asian J Chem 2021, 33 (3), 531 - 6.

Oxazine and thiazine heterocycles have distinctive interests due to their important class of natural and non-natural products and exhibit high biological activities in the pharmaceutical and biological fields. This work was planned to synthesize Schiff base of 1,3-oxazine and 1,3-thiazine derivative from 4-phenyl substituted chalcones. The structures of the newly synthesized targeted compounds were established from UV, IR, ¹ H NMR, ¹³C NMR and DFT calculations. The molecular properties HOMO-LUMO energy, energy gap, softness and harness were calculated using DFT/B3LYP/6-311G (d,p) basis set. in vitro Antibacterial activities of Schiff bases of 1,3-oxazines and 1,3- thiazines derivatives were investigated against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and compared with each other. It was found that thiazine derivatives showed higher activity.

1 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

003077   SINGH S, SHIKHA D, SINGH V, GUPTA S (Applied Chemistry Dep, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand Univ, Bareilly - 243 006, Email: drsushmitagupta12@gmail.com) : Enhancement of photogalvanic effect of toluidine blue dye using sodium lauryl sulphate as an efficient additive for solar energy conversion and storage. Asian J Chem 2021, 33 (3), 527 - 30.

In photogalvanic cells, electron transfer reactions can lead to the inexpensive production of solar power with an inherent storage capacity because in solution, the ions involved act as mobile charges through diffusion. This study improved the storage capacity and solar power of photogalvanic cells comprising ethylenediamine acetic acid (EDTA), toluidine blue and sodium lauryl sulphate (NaLS) as a reductant, photosensitizer and surfactant, respectively. The observed maximum photocurrent, photopotential, and open circuit voltage, of the photogalvanic cell were 150 A, 743 mV and 1065 mV, respectively. The efficiency of conversion cells was approximately 0.2630 %. In the dark, the storage capacity (t_0.5) was 124 min for the photogalvanic cell. The optimization of the influence of different parameters such as variation in photosensitizer concentration, surfactant, reductant, pH, and temperature as well as the electrical output was performed. A mechanism was proposed for photocurrent generation in the photogalvanic cell.

2 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

003076   SAILAJA O, MANORANJANI M, KRISHNAVENI G (Chemistry Dep, P.B. Siddhartha Coll, Vijayawada - 520 010, Email: manoranjani@pbsiddhartha.ac.in) : Simultaneous Estimation of Aflatoxins (B₁, B₂, G₁ and G₂) by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) in Corn Samples. Asian J Chem 2021, 33 (3), 521 - 6.

Aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavins and Aspergillus pasasiticus have been investigated in the corn (maize) collected in different locations in Andhra Pradesh state, India. In the present study, 24 corn samples collected from different harvest, storage and dumping areas were analyzed for detection of aflatoxin contamination by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Mixed aflatoxin working standard solutions with a concentration of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 ng/mL were prepared and followed by instrumental analysis and the retention times of the sample chromatograms were compared with the standard aflatoxins B₁, B₂, G₁ and G₂ retention times in order to determine the contamination. The findings revealed that among 24 collected samples, only 10 samples have been found positive for aflatoxins contamination when subjected to LC-MS analysis. Co-occurrence of aflatoxin was identified in the most of the samples. Even though 10 samples were tested positive total aflatoxin content in the most positive are found within the acceptable limits (30 µg/kg) and samples collected at dumping areas (S4, S8 and S10) show the presence of exceeding quantity than the limits described by FSSAI. Total aflatoxin content in the most positive were found within the acceptable limits (30 µg/kg) and the samples collected at dumping areas S4 (40.9 µg/kg), S8 (53.2 µg/kg) and S10 (71.86 µg/kg) had shown exceeding limits. The sample S7 collected from the storage was also found positive of presence of aflatoxin G2- 13.49 µg/kg and B2-21.14 µg/kg with total aflatoxin of 34.65 µg/kg. High contamination of these dumping areas may lead to contamination of storage points nearer to these areas. Present results showed that the corn samples at dumping areas were found to be contaminated with the Aspergillus flavins and Aspergillus pasasiticus.

5 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

003074   SHRIVASTAVA S C, RAMAKANT , SRIVASTAVA S, PANDEY J D (Chemistry Dep, Allahabad Univ, Prayagraj - 211 002, Email: subhash.chem.au@gmail.com) : Evaluation and comparative study of acoustic non-linearity parameter of liquid metals and alloys using sound speed and density data. Asian J Chem 2021, 33 (3), 509 - 14.

The non-linearity acoustic parameter (B/A) has been computed for six pure liquid metal alloys (Na, K, Rb, Cs, Pb and Sn), four liquid metal alloys (K-Rb, Na-Cs, Pb-Sn and Na-K) and other several liquid metals at different temperatures. This parameter has been calculated by using three different approaches viz. Hartmann method, Ballou rule and Johnson et al. method. The input data required density, sound speed and thermal expansivity were taken from literature. A comparative study has been carried out and quite satisfactory results are obtained.

6 tables, 26 ref

003073   SELVARAJ S, RAVICHANDRAN S, PRABHU S R B, PRASHANTH G K, SATHYANANDA H M (ECE Dep, Surya Engineering Coll, Mettukadai - 638 107, Email: eben4uever@gmail.com) : Novel foam adsorbents in dyes and heavy metals removal: A review. Asian J Chem 2021, 33 (3), 499 - 508.

The present review comprises various novel foam adsorbents with unique adsorption performance in process of removal of dyes and heavy metals. Water pollution because of toxic dyes and heavy metals and its ill-effect on the ecosystem is of great concern to researchers, as it affects the living creatures on the planet. Novel foam adsorbents from carbon foam, chitosan foam, metal foam and polymer foam were developed as efficient materials with good chelating ability to adsorb dyes and heavy metal ions. Novel carbon foam adsorbents were reported to have superior adsorption capacity in removal of dyes and heavy metals. This review aims to look at various novel foam adsorbents used in adsorption studies and their potential in dyes and heavy metals removal. This work provides a worthy challenge and the future possibility for designing novel foam materials for various applications.

1 illus, 5 tables, 78 ref

003072   MISTRI R, KUMAR B (Chemistry Dep, Achhruram Memorial Coll, Purulia - 723 202, Email: rajibmistri@yahoo.co.in) : Supported transition metal catalysts for organic fine chemical synthesis: A review. Asian J Chem 2021, 33 (3), 489 - 98.

Transition metal catalysts play an important role for synthesis of industrially and laboratory important organic fine chemicals to control the selectivity, activity and stability. In this review, we focus on mainly transition metal based supported catalyst, mainly oxide supported catalyst for heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation and oxidation of some synthetically important organic molecules. First we discuss the industrially important catalytic organic synthetic reactions. This is followed by the role of supported metal catalysts in the heterogeneous synthetic catalytic reactions with specific attention to hydrogenation and oxidation of organic molecules. The role of base metals and noble metals in monometallic and bimetallic catalysts are then discussed. Some synthetic routes for preparation of oxide supported metal catalysts are also discussed. Finally, a general discussion of the metal-support interaction (MSI) in oxide supported metal catalysts is made.

3 illus, 153 ref

003071   DAYYIH W A, ANI I A, AL-SHDEFAT R I, ZAKAREIA Z, HAMID S A, SHAKYA A K (Al-Ahliyya Amman Univ, Amman, Jordan, Email: ak_shakya@ammanu.edu.jo, ashokkumar2811@gmail.com) : Development and validation of a stability-indicating HPLC method for empagliflozin and linagliptin in tablet dosage form. Asian J Chem 2021, 33 (2), 484 - 8.

A simple, stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographical (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the estimation of empagliflozin and linagliptin in combined dosage forms. Chromatographical separation was optimized by isocratic HPLC using C-18 column [BDS 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm] utilizing a mobile phase consisting a mixuture of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid and acetonitrile (60:40 v/v) running at a rate of 1 mL/min and monitoring effluents at 230 nm. The retention time of empagliflozin and linagliptin was 2.05 min and 4.10 min, respectively. Correlation coefficient (r² ) was 0.999 for both empagliflozin and linagliptin. The precision of method for the analysis of empagliflozin and linagliptin were 0.33 and 0.22, respectively. The accuracy of method (as recovery) was 100.96 to 101.48 % for empagliflozin and 100.09 to101.13 % for linagliptin. The results indicate the present method is accurate, precision and rugged as these results are within the specified limits. Therefore, the validated economical methodology can be applied for forced degradation study of empagliflozin and linagliptin in solid dosage forms.

7 illus, 7 tables, 21 ref

003070   THABEDE P M, SHOOTO N D, NAIDOO E B (Chemistry Dep, Vaal Univ of Technology, South Africa, Email: mapulepseabelo@gmail.com, ntaotes@vut.ac.za) : Sorption of Chromium(VI), Cadmium(II) ions and methylene blue dye by pristine, defatted and carbonized nigella sativa L. seeds from aqueous solution. Asian J Chem 2021, 33 (2), 471 - 83.

Present study reports on the sorption study of chromium(VI), cadmium(II) ions and methylene blue dye by pristine, defatted and carbonized Nigella sativa L. seeds from aqueous solution. The removal of oil from pristine Nigella sativa L. (PNS) seeds was carried out by defatting the Nigella sativa with acetone and N,N-dimethylformamide and then labelled ANS and DNS, respectively. Thereafter the defatted ANS and DNS adsorbents were carbonized at 600 ºC for 2 h under nitrogen and labelled as CANS and CDNS. The results of pristine, defatted and carbonized seeds were compared. The removal of Cr(VI), Cd(II) and methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions was investigated by varying adsorbate concentration, solution pH, reaction contact time and temperature of the solution. The SEM images indicated that the surface morphology of PNS was irregular, whilst ANS and DNS had pores and cavities. CANS and CDNS was heterogeneous and had pores and cavities. FTIR spectroscopy showed that the adsorbents surfaces had bands that indicated a lot of oxygen containing groups. The pH of the solution had an influence on the removal uptake of Cr(VI), Cd(II) and methylene blue. The sorption of Cr(VI) decreased when pH of the solution was increased due to different speciation of Cr(VI) ions whilst the removal of Cd(II) and methylene blue increased when solution pH was increased. Pseudo first order kinetic model well described the adsorption of Cr(VI), Cd(II) and methylene blue onto PNS. On the other hand, the kinetic data for ANS, CANS, DNS and CDNS was well described by pseudo second order. Furthermore, the removal mechanism onto PNS and ANS was better described by Freundlich multilayer model. The CANS, DNS and CDNS fitted Langmuir monolayer model. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that the sorption processes of Cr(VI), Cd(II) and methylene blue was endothermic and effective at high temperatures for all adsorbents. The ∆Sº and ∆Hº had positive values this confirmed that the sorption of Cr(VI), Cd(II) and methylene blue onto all adsorbents was random and endothermic, respectively. The values of ∆Gº confirmed that the sorption of Cr(VI), Cd(II) and methylene blue on all adsorbents was spontaneous and predominated by physical adsorption process. The CANS had highest adsorption capacity of 99.82 mg/g for methylene blue, 96.89 mg/g for Cd(II) and 87.44 mg/g for Cr(VI) followed by CDNS with 93.90, 73.91 and 65.38 mg/g for methylene blue, Cd(II) and Cr(VI), respectively. The ANS capacities were 58.44, 45.28 and 48.96 mg/g whilst DNS capacities were 48.19, 32.69 and 34.65 mg/g for methylene blue, Cd(II) and Cr(VI), respectively. PNS had the lowest sorption capacities at 43.88, 36.01 and 19.84 mg/g for methylene blue, Cd(II) and Cr(VI), respectively.

7 illus, 4 tables, 94 ref

003069   ARUNKUMAR N (Chemistry Dep, Saraswathi Narayanan Coll, Madurai - 625 022, Email: arun.snc.mdu@gmail.com) : Synthesis of visible light active delafossite structured CuCrO_{2: Optical and photocatalytic studies.} Asian J Chem 2021, 33 (2), 465 - 70.

Synthesis of delafossite structured CuCrO₂ by sol-gel method using tartaric acid as a complexing agent is reported in present study. The product has been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), SEM, Raman spectra, BET (surface area analysis) and UV-Vis-diffused reflectance spectroscopy. Powder X-ray diffraction revealed the formation of delafossite structured CuCrO₂ phase at 800 ºC for 3 h, which was further confirmed by thermal analysis that showed one weight loss and endothermic peak at above 800 ºC corresponded to the phase transition. Hexagonal plate like morphology of the synthesized powder was confirmed by SEM analysis. The Raman spectra showed three Raman scattering peaks of the delafossite structure of CuCrO₂. Diffused reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) revealed that the band gap of the prepared CuCrO₂ microcrystals was about 2.90 eV. In addition, the synthesized CuCrO₂ was used for the degradation of p-nitrophenol and H₂ generation under visible-light which showed 32.4 µmol (10.8 µmol/h) of H₂ and 92 % degradation of p-nitrophenol (20 mg/L) after 4 h of visible light irradiation. Further analysis revealed that • OH and • O₂ ⁻ were the main ROS responsible for p-nitrophenol degradation.

7 illus, 26 ref

003068   PERIYAN D, CHINNASAMY U (Chemistry Dep, Thiruvalluvar Government Arts Coll, Rasipuram - 637 401, Email: utaysachu@gmail.com) : Maleimide-g-pyridine octadecene polymers: synthesis, characterization, thermal stability, fluorescence and biological studies. Asian J Chem 2021, 33 (2), 459 - 64.

The fluorescent poly(maleic anhydride-alt-octadecene-arylmethoxypyridine) (PMAOA) and poly(maleic anhydride-alt-octadecenearylchloropyridine) (PMAOB) polymers were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, ¹ H & ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The thermal stability of polymers was measured by TGA-DTA in the range 100-700 ºC. The fluorescence properties of the synthesized PMAOA and PMAOB polymers were studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectra and showed notable report due to influence of pyridine grafted to the malelic anhydride ring derivatives. The fluorescent polymers, PMAOA and PMAOB shows high efficacy of antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillusniger, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli pathogens.

4 illus, 2 tables, 56 ref

003067   SARMAH N, BARUAH S, MALAKAR A, CHAKRABORTTY M, BANIK B, DAS B K (Chemistry Dep, Gauhati Univ, Guwahati - 781 014, Email: bhabatosh.iisc@gmail.com, birinchi.das@gmail.com) : Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial properties of [Cu₂(µ-O₂CC₉H₁₉)₄(4-CNpy)₂]. Asian J Chem 2021, 33 (2), 453 - 8.

Reports on the isolation and crystallographic characterization of metal carboxylates having long alkyl chains are relatively rare. Herein, a dinuclear copper(II) tetracaprate (i.e. tetradecanoate) complex, [Cu₂(µ-O₂CC₉H₁₉)₄(4-CNpy)₂] (I), where 4-CNpy = 4-cyanopyridine is reported. The complex has been synthesized by a facile method and characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as IR and UV-vis spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility measurement and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure is dimeric with the familiar paddle-wheel geometry, which was originally observed in the structure of copper(II) acetate monohydrate. In the dimeric structure, both copper(II) centres display distorted square pyramidal geometry. The substituted pyridine ligands occupy the apical positions through the pyridyl nitrogen atoms. Complex I has been tested for antimicrobial behaviour against a few bacterial strains. Owing to the redox-active nature of copper, complex I shows considerable promise as an antimicrobial agent.

6 illus, 4 tables, 41 ref

003066   KALPANA P, AKILANDESWARI L (Chemistry Dep, Sri Sarada College for Women, Salem - 636 016, Email: akilchem@gmail.com) : Can aromaticity of fused aromatic ring in 1,3-pentadiene modulate its reactivity towards [1,5]-Halo Shift? - A DFT study. Asian J Chem 2021, 33 (2), 447 - 52.

In (Z)-1,3-pentadienes, [1,5]-H migration is suprafacially allowed while fluorine shift in this system takes place by a Contra Hoffmann antarafacial pathway for which aromaticity is the driving force. If aromaticity of the transition structure (TS) can drive a reaction towards a disallowed pathway as found in the case of fluorine, the role of aromatic ring annealed to (Z)-1,3-pentadienes in determining the reaction pathway and barrier is worth noting. Hence, the combined role of aromaticity of transition state and the loss in aromaticity of the annealed ring has been explored during the [1,5]-X (X = H, F, Cl, Br) shifts in aromatic (benzene/naphthalene) annealed 1,3-pentadiene system. Notable correlations between various aromaticity index NICS(0,1) with activation barriers show that aromaticity of transition structure in pericyclic reaction can drive the stereochemical course of a reaction. The distinct effect of fluorine to other halogens is the antara migration while the other halogens (Cl & Br) prefer supramode.

4 illus, 5 tables, 44 ref

003065   PANG S Y, SURATMAN S, TAY J H, TAHIR N M (Malaysia Terengganu Univ, Terengganu, Malaysia, Email: pang.sy@umt.edu.my) : Investigation of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of brunei bay, East Malaysia. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (2), 439 - 46.

The surface distributions of aliphatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated from coastal sediments of Brunei Bay, southern South China Sea. The concentrations of total n-alkane (TNA) and 16 USEPA priority PAHs ranged from 0.67 to 9.88 µg/g and 4.72 to 102 ng/g, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) clustered the hydrocarbons in surface sediments according to their relationship and geographical locations, anticipated to the inputs and activities in proximity. Biomarker diagnostic ratios revealed that biogenic n-alkane inputs in the coastal sediments are exported from the fluviomarine and mangrove swamp environment, while the PAHs inputs are derived from mixed petrogenic and petroleum combustion residues. Overall, the level of PAHs in the study area is between low to moderate, based on the comparison with other areas worldwide.

6 illus, 2 tables, 55 ref

000637   SHARMA S (Biochemistry Dep, Rajasthan Univ of Health Sciences, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Hypertension gene risk score in diagnosis and prediction of complications. RUHS J Health Sci 2021, 6(1), 53-62.

Hypertension (HT) is a polygenic disease and is the most important risk factor for morbidity and mortality globally due to associated risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The relation between genetic determinants of hypertension and the development of CVD can therefore be important for understanding disease mechanisms. This review aims to highlight the potential of genomic screening to develop and evaluate a gene risk score for cardiovascular risk prediction in hypertension. Gene risk score as a risk prediction tool is a promising area potentially supporting effective prevention of HT and CVD. Generating a gene risk score substantially improves health outcomes by diagnosing the risk of developing a disease, based on the total number of changes related to disease, followed by early and aggressive intervention in patients with high score.

2 tables, 63 ref

000415   DOLATALIZADEH M, BEHZAD M, KHADEMINIA S, ARAB A (Inorganic Chemistry Dep, Semnan Univ, Semnan- 35351-19111, Iran) : Experimentally designed natural light induced photocatalytic performance of nanostructured eu2ce2o7 synthesized by a facile solid state method in removal of environmental pollutant malachite green (MG). Proc Natl Acad Sci India 2021, 91(1), 9-20.

Nanopowders of Eu₂Ce₂O₇ were synthesized via solid-state reactions between Eu₂O₃ and (NH₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆ raw materials at stoichiometric 1:1 Eu/Ce molar ratio at 800 °C (S₁), 900 °C (S₂), 1000 °C (S₃) for 8 h and 1000 °C for 10 h (S₄). The synthesized materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) technique. Structural analyses were performed by FullProf program employing profile matching with constant scale factors. The results showed that the patterns had a main Eu₂Ce₂O₇ structure with a space group of Fm3¯¯¯mFm3¯m. FESEM images showed that the synthesized Eu₂Ce₂O₇ particles had mono-shaped sphere morphologies. Ultraviolet–visible spectra showed that the nanostructured Eu₂Ce₂O₇ powders possessed strong light absorption properties in the ultraviolet–visible light region. The direct optical band gap energies were 3.08 eV (S₁), 3.05 eV (S₂), 2.91 eV (S₃) and 2.74 eV (S₄). Photocatalytic performance of the synthesized nanomaterials was investigated for the degradation of pollutant Malachite Green (4-{[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylidene}-N'N-dimethylcyclohexa-25-dien-1-iminium chloride) (MG) in aqueous solution under solar light condition. The optimum conditions were modeled and obtained by design expert software for S₁ which were 0.4 ml H₂O₂, 20 mg catalyst and 60 min for the removal of 60 ml of 50 ppm MG solutions. The degradation yield in these conditions was 93% for (S₁).

41 ref

000414   SINGH M, SINHA S, KRISHNA V (Chemistry Dep, Allahabad Univ, Allahabad- 211 002 , UP) : Computed distribution of quaternary complexes of CU(ii), ZN(ii) CO(ii) and NI(ii) with citrulline and tryphtophan as primary ligand and thymine as secondary ligand. Proc Natl Acad Sci India 2021, 91(1), 1-7.

Investigation in solution exhibits the interest of chemist in thermodynamic aspects, which include knowledge of the stability constant of complexes with ligands of biochemical interest. It has been relevant for the experimental modeling of both reactions of metal ions with biomolecules and non-covalent interactions occurring in biological system. Stability constant data have been utilized to compute the equilibrium constant of ternary and quaternary complexes of citrulline/tryptophan and thymine with Cu(II), Zn(II) Co(II) and Ni(II) using SCOGS computer program at 37 ± 1 °C and in ionic strength I = 0.1 M NaNO₃. The metal–ligand formation constant of MA, MB, MAB and M₁M₂AB type of complexes follows Irving William order. The distribution curves of various complex species occurring at the different physiological pH have been discussed, and solution structures with an explanation of plausible equilibria have been proposed.

22 ref

000624   NATARAJAN V, MANOHAR N, ELAVARASAN P (Chemical Engineering Dep, King Khalid Univ, Abha- 61421, Saudi Arabia, Email: vnatarajan@kku.edu.sa) : Review selection criteria of microbial fuel cell types and applications. Res J Biotech 2021, 16(5), 193-203.

The world’s energy consumption has increased enormously due to increase in energy demand, therefore research is focused on alternate eco-friendly energy sources. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a bioelectrochemical device that transposes the chemical energy present in organic and inorganic compounds into electricity by using microorganism as biocatalysts. The major classification of MFC is based on design/construction such as single chambered, double chambered, up flow and stacked cell; parameters affect the function of a cell such as substrate mediator, inoculum, membrane and electrode design, microorganisms in aqueous medium and as biofilm at electrode. The applications of MFCs are bioelectric and biohydrogen generation, industrial effluent/wastewater treatment, bioremediation of toxic compounds and biosensors. The major advantage of MFC is generation of electricity at low temperature which significantly helps to reduce the pollution for creating clean environment. The major obstacles are microorganism culture, high cost of electro catalyst and membrane. This review elaborately discusses on selection criteria to choose right kind of MFC for specific application

2 illus, 5 tables, 83 ref

000622   PRIYANKA, TAHZEEB B, AMIT K, BIRENDRA P, KUMAR V D (Chemistry Dep, Patna Univ, Patna-800 005, Email: dkvermachempu@gmail.com) : Isolation and optimization of lipase producing Micrococcus sp. from oil contaminated soil. Res J Biotech 2021, 16(5), 181-6.

Lipases are important hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol having numerous applications and industrial potential. Studies on lipase enzyme production were carried out with a bacterial strain (Micrococcus sp. SJ4) isolated from oil contaminated soil sample. Due to the reason that oil contaminated soil sample are rich in lipid and fatty acid, it makes them a very good source to find microorganisms in capable of degrading lipids by producing lipase enzymes. The bacterial strain SJ4 was studied and identified based on morphological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequencing. Lipase activity was optimized by physical and chemical parameters such as pH, temperature, incubation time and carbon and nitrogen sources. A high level of lipase production was found at 35 ºC with pH 8.0 and incubation time 48 hours by the lipase producing bacteria SJ4 Micrococcus sp. Maximum activity was observed in olive oil and peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. The results of the present study demonstrate that the Micrococcus sp. is ideal for extracellular lipase production at industrial level.

5 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

000606   ARFIANDI, FADJRIA N, NANDA A S, MARJONI R (Phytochemistry Dep, Dwi Farma Academy of Pharmaceutical, West Sumatera, Indonesia, Email: mhdriza.marjoni@gmail.com) : Isolation of endophytic bacteria on African leaves (Vernonia amygdalina) and its activity against Escerichia coli bacteria. Res J Biotech 2021, 16(5), 69-73.

The endophytic bacteria are beneficial microorganisms that interact with host plants without causing any damage or infection to them. Some studies state that certain endophytic bacteria can produce chemical compounds that have health effects, especially endophytic bacteria isolated from medicinal plants. African leave (Vernonia amygdalina) is a medicinal plant that has many health benefits and has long been used in the treatment of a variety of conditions.. This study aimed to do endophytic bacterial isolation and screening on Bitterleaves and test the activity of Escherichia coli. The number of endophytic bacteria that were isolated were 2 isolates: Nan-1 and Nan-2. Both isolates had potential activity (characterized by the formation of inhibition zones ) against Escherichia coli bacteria. The formation of inhibition zones indicated the possibility of compounds having an antibacterial effect. The isolate that showed the largest inhibition zone was Nan-2, so it could be concluded that the isolate was the most potential isolate as an antibacterial compound.

3 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

000399   ANAFCHEH M, ABOLFATHI Z, ZAHEDI M (Chemistry Dep, Alzahra Univ, Tehran 19835-389, Iran, Email: m.anafcheh@alzahra.ac.ir) : BN-Substituted non-classical fullerenes containing square rings. Pramana- J Phys 2021, 95(1), 10.1007/s12043-020-02042-4.

We performed density functional calculations to investigate the electronic and magnetic properties of BN-substituted non-classical fullerenes. The substitutional structures, binding energies, energy gaps between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), ionisation potentials, electron affinities, vibrational frequencies and nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) were systematically investigated. The binding energies of the BN-substituted non-classical fullerenes were found to be slightly smaller than those obtained for pure non-classical fullerenes. While the reverse trend was observed for BN-substituted C46 and C32 fullerenes, it was found that the BN-substituted C62 fullerene has bigger ionisation potentials (IP) and smaller electron affinities (EA) than that of their parents. Because of low concentration of BN impurity, the IR spectra in the BN-substituted fullerenes are very similar to those of their parents, which can be considered as two separate regions: a low-frequency region at 200–1000 cm−1 corresponding to the out-ofplane bending and breathing modes and a high-frequency region at 1000–1800 cm−1 derived from the stretching of C–B, C–N, B–N and C–C bonds. It was shown that diatropic and paratropic ring currents of hexagons and pentagons together with the harshly antiaromatic character of the four-membered ring combine to produce a relatively small NICS at the centre of the C62 and C46 fullerene cages. The decrease in the antiaromatic and aromatic character of the B2N2 ring and the adjacent hexagons affects the aromaticity character of the BN-substituted fullerenes.

4 illus, 55 ref

000590   EMRIADI, UNTARI P, EFDI M (Chemistry Dep, Andalas Univ, Padang- 25163, Indonesia, Email: emriadi@sci.unand.ac.id ) : Leave extract of syzygium malaccenseas green inhibitor of mild steel in acidic medium. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 569-77.

Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1N hydrochloric acid medium was investigated in the presence of Syzygium malaccense leaves extract (SMLE) as a green corrosion inhibitor. The inhibition effect of the extract was studied by weight-loss method, potentiodynamic polarization, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The inhibition efficiency increased with increasing inhibitor concentration and temperature. The temperature effect on inhibition process in 1N hydrochloric acid solution at temperature range 303 – 333 K. The results showed that the highest inhibition efficiency 88.11 % was observed in the presence of 7 g/L SMLE in 1N hydrochloric acid solution at high temperature. The adsorption of SMLE was found to obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. A mixed-type inhibitor of SMLE was confirmed from the potentiodynamic polarization. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were assessed on the corrosion and inhibition process.

8 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

000588   SHARMILA A, THAMIZHINI P, PRABHA K L (Chemistry PG & Research Dep, Bharathidasan Univ, Tiruchirappalli- 620 022, Email: sharmipreethi@gmail.com ) : Study on synthesis, spectral characterization and antimicrobial activity of bidendate schiff base transition metal complexes. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 653-8.

In this study, four new transition metal complexes were synthesized using Schiff base ligand HL which was acquired by the condensation of Indole-3-carboxaldehyde and 2-(methylthio)aniline. Various Physico-chemical techniques, molar conductance, Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV) have characterized these complexes. The conductivity values suggest that these complexes are inherently non-electrolytes. The structural geometry of the prepared complexes was determined. The ligand HL and its metal complexes were screened for antimicrobial activity using the disc agar diffusion process. The result reveals that the complexes of Cu (II) have been shown to have higher antimicrobial activity

1 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref

000587   PRATAMA A, SUPENO M, KEMBAREN F R (Chemistry Dep, Sumatera Utara Univ, Medan- 20155, Indonesia, Email: mintosupeno09@gmail.com) : The use of palm oil as hydrocarbon fuel with saponification pretreatment through catalytic cracking with Fe/Cr catalyst. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 647-52.

The catalytic cracking of palm oil to become hydrocarbon fuel with saponification pretreatment has been done by using Fe/Cr catalyst. Palm oil or triglyceride is very difficult to cut off with metal catalyst so that to do it should use chemical catalyst through saponification pretreatment to form triglyceride acetate salt which will be analyzed its DSC to find out its degradation temperature. Catalytic cracking was made in the acetate salt by using Fe/Cr catalysts in stainless steel receptacle of 304 austenitic types with the most dominant Fe/Cr component. The process of the catalytic cracking reaction occurred at the temperatureof 250- 360^oC which produced hydrocarbon fuel. The produced hydrocarbon fuel was analyzed by using FTIR which indicated that there was a functional group that stated that distillate produced from catalytic cracking contained hydrocarbon fuel–strong absorption in the wavelength of 2923cm^-1 which indicated the existence of alkenes functional group and absorption peak in the area of 992 cm^-1and 906 cm^-1 which showed the existence of C-H group as alkenes. GC-MS analysis was done to identify the compounds found in hydrocarbon fuel obtained from distillate in catalytic cracking. The hydrocarbon fuel contains11.71% of compound1-dodecene (C₁₂H₂₄). The heat of combustion value and Cetane Index of hydrocarbon fuel were 10,896.28 cal/g and 50.9 respectively.

3 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

000585   ARTYKOVA D M-K, MUSABEKOV K B, TAZHIBAYEVA S M, ORYNTAEVA A, SUGURBEKOVA G K, KULICHIKHIN V (Analytical Dep, Al-Farabi Kazakh National Univ, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Email: zhexenbek.toktarbay@gmail.com) : Surface modification of montmorillonite clay with organic molecules. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 635-40.

In this paper, the organoclay was synthesized by the modification of the Na-montmorillonite from the deposit of Tagan (East Kazakhstan) with octadecylamine (ODA). Using X-ray phase analysis, the intercalation of ODA molecules in the interlayer spaces of the mineral was studied. The presence of ODA in the clay structure and the formation of hydrogen bonds in it after modification were confirmed by IR spectroscopy. According to the results of dynamic light scattering, a decrease in the particle size of montmorillonite after modification was shown. The TGA curves showed a decrease in the content of bound water in organoclay compared with the initial mineral. The determination of the contact angles made it possible to ascertain the substantial hydrophobization of montmorillonite and to create an optimal concentration of ODE causing this effect.

5 illus, 18 ref

000584   TARIGAN R E, SINAGA S M, MUCHLISYAM, ALFIAN Z (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Medan- 20155, Indonesia, Email: muchlisyam@usu.ac.id ) : Simultaneous determination of dextromethorphan hydrobromide, doxylamine succinate and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in cough and cold syrup by area under curve spectrophotometry method. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 629-34.

Dextromethorphan hydrobromide, doxylamine succinate and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride are in cough and cold formulation. The research aims to determine levels of dextromethorphan hydrobromide, doxylamine succinate and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in their combined cough and cold syrup by the area under curve spectrophotometry method without a prior separation step. This method is based on the area under the curve value of each spectrum in various concentrations is calculated to selected wavelength range analysis, with ethanol as solvent. Then, this method was applied to determine levels of dextromethorphan hydrobromide, doxylamine succinate and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in syrup. The result of this method is the analysis of selected wavelength ranges of dextromethorphan hydrobromide, doxylamine succinate and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in the wavelength ranges of 273-283 nm, 262-272 nm and 251-261 nm, respectively. The area under curve method has linearity 0.9997, accuracy 100.61 % and precision 0.40 % for dextromethorphan hydrobromide, linearity 0.9980, accuracy 100.68 % and precision 0.70 % for doxylamine succinate, linearity 0.9991, accuracy 100.38 % and precision 0.45 % for pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. The method is successfully applied to determine dextromethorphan hydrobromide, doxylamine succinate and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in cough and cold syrup simultaneously and fulfill the validation requirements

4 illus, 2 tables, 41 ref

000582   FEMI-ADEPOJU A G, FATOBA P O, OLUYORI A P, ADEPOJU A O (Landmark Univ, Omu-Aran, Kwara, Email: oluyori.abimbola@lmu.edu.ng ) : Phytochemical and antimicrobial analysis of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 616-21.

The phytochemical constitution and antimicrobial study of a methanolic extract from the Dryopteris filix-mas, an underutilized lower plant, was investigated. The extract was fractionated chromatographically for improved bioactivity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Candida albicans. Micro-dilution method was employed for the antimicrobial investigation of the crude extract while the chromatographic fractions were subjected to disc diffusion assay. Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis were the most susceptible to the crude extract both with MIC 25 mg/ml. The chromatographic fractionation improved the antimicrobial potency of the crude extract as shown by the reasonable increase in the observed zone of inhibition while the GC-MS analysis unveiled the nature of phytochemicals in the bioactive chromatographic fractions. This study, therefore, projects Dryopteris filix-mas as a rich source of phytochemicals with promising potential in antimicrobial therapy.

6 tables, 25 ref

000580   MULYATI S, APRILIA N A, ALAM P N, RAZALI N, ZUHRA, FATMAWATI , KAMARUZAMAN S, AMIN A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Syiah Kuala Univ, Banda Aceh- 23111, Indonesia, Email: sriaprilia@unsyiah.ac.id ) : Preparation and characterization of sugarcane Bagasse nanocellulose crystalline using acid hydrolysis with and without ultrasonication. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 601-7.

The utilization of sugarcane bagasse to be nanocellulose as filler in polymer composites has been isolated. Nanocrystalline cellulose from bagasse was investigated using homogeneous hydrolysis of hydrochloric acid (HCl) with and without ultrasonication. The homogeneous process by using ultrasonication for 30 minutes. Four nanocellulose samples were prepared with and without homogeneous with HCl concentrations of 10 and 20 %. Nanocellulose characterization was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy which indicated the presence of carboxyl groups from cellulose. The X-ray diffraction spectrum proved the presence of cellulose, with high crystallinity 68 and 65 % by ultrasonication and 53 and 48 % without ultrasonication with increased HCl concentration. The sizes of crystalline nanocellulose were decreased with increased HCl concentration, even though with and without ultrasonication. Furthermore, the nanocrystalline size was reduced from 4.37, 4.15, and 3.94 nm. Finally, with scanning electron microscopy, nanocrystalline cellulose analysis showed that the nanocellulose structure was like individual crystallites and was uniformly dispersed showing a needle-shaped structure. Nanocrystalline cellulose was found for this method can be used for reinforcement for polymer composites.

4 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

000579   NATSIR H, DALI S, SARTIKA, LELIANI, ARIF A R (Chemistry Dep, Hasanuddin Univ, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, Email: hasnahnatsir@gmail.com) : Enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen from yellowfin tuna bones and its potential as antibacterial agent. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 594-600.

There are several sources of collagen, one of which is the yellowfin tuna bones. Collagen is a bioactive peptide with specific biological characteristics so that it can be used widely. However, hydrolysis is carried out to produce collagen hydrolysate to increase the biological effectiveness of collagen and its application. This study aimed to produce collagen hydrolysate from yellowfin tuna bones using collagenase from Bacillus sp. 6-2 and evaluate its ability as an antibacterial agent. The Hydrolysis process was optimized by varying the concentration of substrate, enzyme and hydrolysis time. To determine the effectiveness of the hydrolysis process in inhibiting bacterial growth, the hydrolysis degree and antibacterial activity of collagen hydrolyzate have been investigated. Results showed that hydrolysis at a substrate concentration of 10 %, enzyme of 10 % and hydrolysis time of 4 h was the optimum conditions to obtain the highest degree of hydrolysis (22.48 %). All collagen hydrolysates obtained have antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with the highest inhibition zones of 11.50 mm and 12.60 mm respectively. Collagen hydrolysate from yellowfin tuna bones is bactericidal so it is a very good candidate to be developed as an antibacterial agent.

3 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

000578   PAWAR R D, PATIL S R, WAGHULDE G P (D. D. N. Bhole Coll, Bhusawal- 425 201, Email: drgpwaghulade@gmail.com) : Molecular interaction studies of binary mixture of alkanols with o-nitrotolune at two temperatures. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 584-93.

Density (ρ), viscosity (ρ), and ultrasonic velocity (U) of a binary mixture of t-butyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol and isopentyl alcohol have been reported with O-nitrotoluene at 303.15 and 313.15 K. The data analysis obtained gave information of different parameters such as excess molar volume (VE), viscosity deviation (Δn), deviation in isotropic compressibility (ΔKs), excess free length (LFE), internal pressure (πE) available volume (VaE) and Gibbs free energy (G*E) of the binary liquid mixture. The observed data shows the intermolecular interaction between alcohols and O-nitrotoluene as a common solvent. The observed parameters and their changes are correlated to each other.

2 illus, 5 tables, 42 ref

000577   MAHENDRA I P, SARAGIH W, HARDIYANTI R (Chemistry Dep, Sumatera Utara Univ, Medan- 20155, Indonesia, Email: rinihardiyanti@usu.ac.id ) : Antimicrobial activity of cellulose nanofiberbased hydrogels from ABACÁ banana pseudo-stem fibre. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 578-83.

Abacá (musa textilis) is a tropical plant and a notable producer of strong natural fibers of high quality. The cellulose nanofibers (CNF) can be further formulated as fillers in biomedical hydrogels. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial properties and physicochemical characteristics of cellulose nanofiber-based hydrogels (CNF hydrogels) derived from abacá pseudo-stem fibers crosslinked with gelatin and glutaraldehyde (GA) as biomedical hydrogels for facial masks. The research began with the preparation of abacá fibers from pseudo-stems, followed by the isolation of cellulose nanofibers from α-cellulose derived from abacá fibers. The CNF hydrogels were crosslinked with gelatin and glutaraldehyde through chemical reactions. The hydrogels were then characterized using the following analyses, i.e swelling test, degree of crosslinking, XRD, and antimicrobial activities. The optimum condition in preparing the hydrogel was found in the addition of 0.5 g CNF, which resulted in good results based on the swelling test and degree of crosslinking. Also, the CNF hydrogels displayed good crystallinity and morphologies, and the presence of high antimicrobial activities against microbial pathogens (Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus), which proved their potential as biomedical hydrogels for facial masks.

3 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

000576   PRIHADI A R, MAIMULYANTI A, SAEFUMILLAH A (Analytical Chemistry Dep, Politeknik AKA, Bogor, Indonesia, Email: askal_m@yahoo.com) : Development of diffusive gradient in thin film as a new method for prediction of phosphate release from marine sediment. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 561-8.

The diffusive gradient in the thin-film (DGT) technique can be used to predict phosphate release from sediment. The phosphate concentration was determined from the dissolved phosphate in the overlying water. The phosphate in overlying water diffused and accumulated in the DGT device. The study of phosphate released from sediment including the effect of temperature, pH, agitation, and phosphate concentration in the overlying water. The sediment was used in this experiment collected from the marine sediment of Jakarta Bay with speciation of phosphate in sediment as water-soluble P (H₂O-P), loosely bound-P (NH₄Cl-P), exchangeable fraction-P (NaHCO₃-P), P bound to iron (NaOH-P), and P bound to calcium (HCl-P). The fraction of H₂O-P, NH₄Cl-P, NaHCO₃-P, HCl-P, and NaOHP was 0.16, 0.60, 2.68, 19.23, 1.63, and 0.20 µg/g, respectively. The maximum temperature of phosphate released at 35 ^oC with the concentration of phosphate was 99.88 µg/L, the phosphate accumulation in the DGT device was 8.2569 µg and CDGT was 131.21 µg/L. The range of pH 5-10 resulted in the phosphate released was 59.33-100.16 µg/L, MDGT range 1.8331-2.9734 µg and C DGT range 13.21-22.82 µg/L. The agitation did not influence the phosphate released from the sediment. The phosphate accumulated in the DGT unit for deployment in the overlying water indicated the phosphate release from the sediment. It shows the ability of the DGT unit to absorb phosphate released from sediment to water. It can be inferred from this study that the DGT unit can predict phosphate release from the sediment based on the increase of phosphate accumulation in the DGT unit.

5 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

000575   NEOLAKA Y A B, NAAT J N, LAPAILAKA T, RACHMAT TRIANDI T, SABARUDIN A, DARMOKOESOEMO H, KUSUMA H S (Chemistry Education Dep, Nusa Cendana Univ, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, Email: johnson_naat@staf.undana.ac.id ) : Adsorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II) using silica@mercapto (HS@M) hybrid adsorbent synthesized from silica of Takari sand: Optimization of parameters and kinetics. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 550-60.

The silica@mercapto (HS@M) hybrid adsorbent was successfully synthesized from Takari sand and modified with mercapto. The HS@M was synthesized using the sol-gel method. FTIR results showed that HS@M had been successfully prepared by showing the presence of groups of hydroxyl (-OH), silanol (Si-OH), siloxane (Si-O-Si), methylene (-CH₂), and thiol (-SH) with the peak of 3426.33 cm^-1, 2936.62 cm^-1 and 2553.39 respectively. It also showed the interaction in HS@M-Cu(II) and HS@M-Pb(II), indicated by the disappearance of silanol, siloxane, and thiol groups. There was also a new absorption band at 797.2 cm^-1. XRF results showed that there were two major substances in HS@M, which were Si and S with each percentage of 31.7 % and 59.6 %. The surface morphology imaged by SEM showed there were amorphous granules on the surface of HS@M, The mapping analysis showed there was a homogenous distribution of granules on the surface of HS@M. Optimum acidity for Cu(II) and Pb(II) adsorption was at pH 5. The optimum contact time of Cu(II) was 50 min and that of Pb(II) was 80 min. The optimum concentration of Cu(II) was 80 mg/L and that of Pb(II) was 20 mg/L. Finally, the adsorption kinetics of both ions followed pseudo-second-order.

8 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

000574   SUJATHA K, RAO J, BHAGWAT S V, SOUJANYA (Chemistry Dep, Karnatak Univ, Dharwad- 580 003, Email: sujathakorganic@gmail.com ) : A novel and efficient method to synthesis miconazole analogue and its intermediates. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 545-9.

An alternative method for the preparation of Micanozole intermediate 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1- yl)ethanolis described, process involves the 2,4-Dichlorocaetophenone as the key raw material from which the substituted 2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethanone was prepared. 2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethanone was reduced to 2-Chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethanol and via SN 2 reaction with imidazoles the 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)- 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethanol was obtained, further1-(2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl0-1Himidazole was synthesized.

2 tables, 22 ref

000572   DEVI R K S, KUMARI S S (Chemistry Dep, S.T. Hindu Coll, Nagercoil- 629 002, Email: srinaircool@gmail.com ) : Synthesis, spectral characterization and biocidal evaluation of schiff base metal(II) complexes from amino acids. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 530-4.

A novel ligand (E)-2-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylideneamino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (HMA-HBA) and its metal nitrate complexes of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) were synthesized and characterized by infrared, electronic spectra, elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility and molar conductivity. The analytical and electronic spectral data suggest a 6-coordinate octahedral structure and 1:1 stoichiometry for all the prepared metal (II) complexes. Molar conductance studies revealed the electrolytic behavior of the newly prepared complexes. The free Schiff base ligand and their metal complexes were also screened for the selected bacterial and fungal species by disc diffusion technique.

3 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

000570   MOHANRAJ V, SAKTHIVEL P, IILANGO S S, PONNUSWAMY S (Chemistry PG & Research Dep, Government Arts Coll, Coimbatore- 641 018, Email: kspons2001@gmail.com ) : Synthesis, spectral, thermal, NLO and DFT studies on n-nitroso-2, 6-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)- 3, 3- dimethylpiperidin-4-one: Experimental and theoretical approach. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 516-22.

An organic NLO material viz., N-nitroso-2, 6-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-3, 3-dimethyl-piperidin-4-one (NPM3DMPO), is synthesized and single crystals are grown by adapting the technique of slow evaporation using methanol. Solubility study is used to find out the appropriate solvent for crystal growth. The absorption range of the crystals is studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy. FT-IR spectrum is used to confirm the functional groups. Thermal studies (TG/DTA) are used to determine the stability of the material. To find out the suitability of this crystal for NLO applications, a second-order nonlinear optical property of NPM3DMPO has been ascertained by Kurtz and Perry technique. Quantum chemical studies are done by B3LYP/6-311 g(d,p) basis set using Gaussian’09. Done

8 illus, 23 ref

000569   NAIDU G C R, SUDHAKAR C (Chemistry Dep, Institute of Science GITAM, Visakhapatnam- 530 045, Email: chsudhakargitam@gmail.com ) : LC-MS method development and validation for quantification of crotamiton and its impurity (A) in marketed dosage forms. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 510-5.

An efficient and convenient LC-MS (reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy) method has been developed and validated for quantification of Crotamiton (CTM) and its impurity A (CTMI A) in the marketed dosage form. The method was intended for separation of CTM and its impurity CTMI A, conditions are aimed at sensitive determination of CTMI A, as it is existing in very low concentration in its API (CTM). Chromatographic separation was achieved on Knauer C18 vertex plus column (100 X 4.6 mm) using methanol: Acetonitrile: 1.0 N ammonium acetate (55:44:1) as a mobile phase in isocratic mode with UV detection at 264 nm. Quantification was achieved using an electrospray ion interface operating in positive mode, under multiple reaction monitoring conditions.

7 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

000567   GHOSH N S, SINGH R (Shobhit Univ, Uttar Pradesh- 247 341, Email: ranjitsps@gmail.com) : In vitro cytotoxicity assay of biogenically synthesized bimetallic nanoparticles. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 486-92.

Over recent years biogenic preparation of bi metallic nanoparticles using natural extracts has gained much interest. The need to develop economic, nonhazardous and green procedures of preparation of these particles utilizing the plants is being strongly felt. The chemical, physical, and a range of methods are reported to synthesize nanoparticles but these methods result in the production of hazardous toxic byproducts. Moreover, these methods are very expensive too. The present study reports an environmentally friendly, low-cost, new and rapid method for the synthesis of AuAg bimetallic nanoparticles. A green process of preparation of Au-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles using Desmodium gangeticum leaf extract has been developed. The morphology of the biosynthesized nanoparticles was studied using UV-Vis, TEM, FESEM techniques. The crystallinity of the particles was confirmed by EDAX and XRD. It was noted that the leaf extract successfully reduced the metals into metallic nanoparticles with few minutes, thus offering a convenient biosynthetic method for the nanoparticles. The developed Au-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles exhibited surface plasmon resonance at 490 nm. The average size of nanoparticles was found to be 42 nm. The synthesized nanoparticles were tested for in vitro anticancer activity against DU145 (prostate cancer), and Hela (cervical cancer) cell using MTT reduction assay. The IC₅₀ was found to be 60.52 μg/ml in the case HeLa cell line & 66.51 μg/mL in DU cancer cell lines. The method is cost-effective and can be easily scaled.

8 illus, 19 ref

000566   BHARATE Y N, SAKHARE M A, JADHAV S B, NAIKWADE S D (Chemistry Dep, Science and Commerce Coll, Aurangabad- 423702, Email: yogesh.bharate21@gmail.com ) : Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial screening of Mn[II], Co[II] acetate and VO[II] sulphate complexes of schiff base ligand. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 479-85.

Transition metal complexes of O and N donor Schiff Base ligand(4-(2,5-dihydroxybenzylideneamino)-1,5-dimethyl2-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3(2H)-one)withMn[II], Co[II] and VO[II] have been prepared and characterized by CHNS analysis, 1H NMR, UV–visible, FTIR spectra, P-XRD and TG analysis. From spectroscopic data, the stoichiometry of the metal complexes is 1:1 (M:L). The P-XRD data propose a monoclinic crystal system for Mn[II], Co[II] and VO[II] complexes. The ligand and its metal complexes were screened for antibacterial studies against E. coli and S. aureus.

10 illus, 5 tables, 21 ref

000565   KUMAR A, KUMAR D, GUPTA P K (Chemistry Dep, Maharishi Markandeshwar, Ambala- 133 207, Email: parveen.gupta@mmumullana.org) : Syntheses and spectral studies on the polymer-anchored complexes of Cd(II), Co(II) and Fe(III) metal ions. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 473-8.

A new polymer-anchored mixed Schiff base (PS–LH2) (I) and its metal complex with cadmium(II), cobalt(II) and iron(III) have been synthesized. PS–LH2(I) has been prepared by the reaction of (PS–Cl) and the Schiff base (LH2) derived from propylene diamine, acetylacetone and 3-aldehydo salicylic acid. The polymer-anchored coordination compounds have been prepared by the reaction of PS–LH2 and solution of metal salts in DMF. These compounds have been characterized based on elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility measurement, reflectance and IR spectra. The shift in the position of (C=N), (C–O) and (C–O) stretches indicate the dibasic tetradentate nature of PS–LH2. The [PS–LCo] is square planar; [PS–LCd] is tetrahedral and [PS–LFeCl·DMF] is octahedral. The coordination compound [PS–LCd] is diamagnetic whereas [PS–LCo] and [PS–LFeCl·DMF] are paramagnetic. The coordinated DMF molecule is lost from [PS–LFeCl·DMF] by heating it for 3 h at a definite temperature in an air oven.

2 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

000562   MANSOBEN B, MORIN J V, INFAINDAN M, AYER F L, MARTY, MANDOSIR L L, UGHUDE J O, AWENDU D, YARANGGA R, PATULAK P, NOYA P, SANTI D (Chemistry Dep, Nature Sciences Papua Univ, Papua Barat, Indonesia, Email: jecko_morin@yahoo.com ) : The influence of soil chemical content factor on Rusweri River water quality in Supiori Regency, Province of Papua, Indonesia. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 454-9.

Research on the effect of chemicals on the water quality of the Rusweri river in Supiori Regency has been conducted. The inventory plan of the river as a provider of raw water in Supiori Regency will begin in 2020, and the Rusweri river is one of the candidates to be used, it will be seen using its green water for microbiological assistance that can be researched the Rusweri river. This study uses a descriptive method that explains the water quality of the Rusweri river with physical and chemical monitoring parameter methods for each place in the Rusweri river. The results of this study contain several chemical and physical parameters that exceed the quality standard threshold. Increased concentrations of parameters PO4¯, Fe, F¯, COD, and BOD from upstream to downstream due to the river bed structure that already contains particular metal contents and also the influence of organic and microbiological concentrations that enter through the addition of secondary rivers on the body Rusweri river. Calculation of river pollution index results in an average of mildly polluted status, which is dominated by phosphate parameters.

10 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

000561   GUGULOTH V (Chemistry Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: drvijayacharan77@gmail.com) : Synthesis of a novel derivatives of [1,4]benzoxazinone. Osmania Univ 2021, 14(1), 448-53.

A series of novel 4-(2-hydroxy-3-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl) propyl)-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one derivative have been synthesized in good yields and the crucial intermediate 4-(oxiran-2-methyl)-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin3(4H)-one was obtained by the reaction of 4-allyl-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one with K₂OSO₄, K₂[Fe(CN)₆], K2CO₃, tBuOH in water to cis-diol compound of 4-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one, followed by protection and deprotection of primary alcohol of 2-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-4H- benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-4-yl)propyl-4-methyl benzenesulfonate and were characterized by using 1H NMR, IR and Mass spectroscopic methods and they were good agreement with the proposed structures.

2 illus, 17 ref

000560   DAS A (Chemistry Dep, P. D. Women’s Coll, Jalpaiguri- 735 101, Email: amritapdwc@yahoo.co.in) : Impact of some natural hazards on the quality of water: River Diana, District Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 439-47.

A detailed study of Physico-chemical parameters of River Diana is unavailable though it is an important stream among the left bank tributaries of River Jaldhaka of district Jalpaiguri in West Bengal, India. It is a flood-prone River and channel shifting, sedimentation, erosion are the main features of the River. These natural hazards affect the quality of River water. It also becomes polluted by the Cutting of trees and unscientific dolomite mining in Bhutan hills. Diana basin is mainly a tea garden belt and the existing records showed that the people of tea garden areas in Jalpaiguri are mostly suffered from water-borne diseases. So the primary objective of this work is to make a report on the quality of water of River Diana and to verify the quality, especially to ensure the safety of local people because they use River water for daily purposes. Some preliminary parameters like pH, Temperature, Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Chloride, Total Hardness, Magnesium-Hardness, CalciumHardness, Turbidity etc. which are the reflection of pollution of surface water, were measured and the values proved that River Diana is polluted but not over-polluted. Though the observed values of the parameters are within the limit the River water is not safe for everyday use.

2 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

000559   GAVALI L V, SHIVANKAR V S, MORE P S (Chemistry Dep, Smt. Chandibai Himathmal Mansukhani Coll, Ulhasnagar – 421 003, Email: prajaktasandeep@gmail.com) : 4-methyl-n-n-octylaniline as an emerging extractant for the liquid-liquid extraction of toxic metal like lead(II) to reduce its health hazards. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 433-8.

4-Methyl-N-n-octylaniline has been studied as an emerging extractant for the solvent extraction of Lead(II) from the aqueous iodide phase. 4 % 4-Methyl-N-n-octylaniline dissolved in xylene is used as anion exchanger to extract Lead(II) from the same volume of the aqueous phase. Acetate buffer is used for stripping of lead(II) from the organic phase. Anion exchange mechanism had been proposed based on a study of the effect of acidity and extractant concentration. Effect of other parameters like the effect of diluent, time of equilibration, aqueous to organic phase volume ratio, foreign ions on the quantitative extractive separation of Lead(II) were studied using 0.1 M KI and 1.0 M H2SO4 as the concentration of the medium. The method was further studied for the separation of Lead(II) from synthetic mixtures and commercial cosmetic samples like lipstick and face powder.

4 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

000557   BAZHENOV Y M, MURTAZAEV S Y, SALAMANOVA M S, MINTSAEV M S (Grozny State Oil Technical Univ, Grozny, Russia, Email: madina_salamanova@mail.ru) : Structural composite materials based on anthropogenic raw stuff and clinkerless binders of alkaline tempering. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 409-23.

The importance of the performed studies is stipulated by increasing the annual production of Portland cement; the byproduced carbon dioxide and harmful emissions of sulfurous compounds, dioxins, and other substances exert a negative impact on the environment of both individual countries and the world. Thus, the leading construction companies of Russia and the world are interested in conversion to clinkerless binders and structural composite materials on their basis. To solve the highlighted problems, the authors have attempted to develop binders and concretes of alkaline tempering using finely dispersed aluminosilicate additives aiming at the further substitution of rather an expensive Portland cement at least in such fields where high engineering properties are not necessary. This work studies mineral powdered additives of both natural and anthropogenic origin, such as quartz sand, limestone, volcanic tuff, siliceous marl, wastes of cement industry in the form of precipitator clinker and aspiration dust. After determination of the surface activity of the powders, it was established that the highest activity was characteristic for mineral additives based on volcanic tuff and siliceous marl annealed at 700°C. Optimum recipes and properties of clinkerless binders of alkaline activation based on highly dispersed mineral components have been determined, efficient compositions of fine concrete based on the proposed clinkerless cement of alkaline activation have been developed. The obtained experimental results are of practical value for the construction industry since the developed recipes of clinkerless cement make it possible to substitute expensive and energy-intensive Portland cement in the production of concrete and reinforced concrete structures.

9 illus, 6 tables, 26 ref

000556   REDDY Y A, BABU D K, SREELATHA G, RAVINDHRANATH K (Chemistry Dep, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram- 522 502, Email: ramvindhranath.kunta@gmail.com) : Ascorbic acid tread red mud immobilized in caalginate beads as an effective adsorbent for the removal of copper ions from industrial wastewater. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 397-408.

Ascorbic acid treated red mud-immobilized in ‘Calcium alginate’- beads (ARM-Ca-alg) is investigated as an adsorbent for removing toxic Cu²⁺ ions from water adopting batch modes of extraction methods. Treatment of red mud with a reducing agent like ascorbic acid enhances its adsorption nature towards Cu²⁺, having easily convertible oxidation states. Extraction parameters are investigated for maximum absorptivity of Cu²⁺ ions. Adsorption capacity is found to be as high as 126.0 mg/g. Further, ARM-Ca-alg exhibits good adsorption throughout pHs: 3 to 10 and thereby, enabling the adsorbent for its applicability for samples having varying pHs. Cu²⁺-ions can be removed entirely from Cu²⁺ solution (50 mg/l) by equilibrating the solution for 2 h with 1.25 g/l of ARM-Ca-alg, at pH: 6, rpm: 350 and temp: 303 K. Spent adsorbents can be re-generated and reutilized for 7 cycles with marginal loss of adsorption capacity. Thermodynamic parameters are evaluated. The observed -ve ΔG values emphasize the endothermic and spontaneity of the process of adsorption. High ∆H value (44.404 KJ/mole) for ‘ARM-Ca-alg’ reflects that adsorption is through chemisorption. The primary mechanism of adsorption may be due to ion-exchange and/or reduction of Cu²⁺ to less soluble Cu+ depending upon the solution's pH. ΔS values (positive) implies disorder at the solid-liquid boundary. It renders the Cu²⁺ penetrate more into the layers of ‘ARM-Ca-alg,’ resulting in more absorptivity. Of the various adsorption isotherms applied, Langmuir isotherm explains well the sorption process, indicating the monolayer of adsorbate and homogenous distribution of adsorption sites. On analysis of the kinetics of adsorption, the pseudo-2nd-order model describes well. FESEM analysis signifies the adsorption of Cu²⁺. ARMCa-alg is successfully applied to remove Cu²⁺ from industrial effluent water samples

13 illus, 4 tables, 50 ref