003009   SOMDEE T, KRAIKLANG R, MAHAWEERAWAT C, YANGYUEN S, MAHAWEERAWAT U, CHUMROENPHAT T, SOMDEE T (Mahasarakham Univ, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand, Email: thida_tay@yahoo.com) : Amino acid, phytochemical compositions and antioxidant activity of inky cap mushroom (Coprinus radiata). Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 53 - 6.

Evaluation of the amino acid composition, phytochemical properties and antioxidant activity of Coprinus radiata mushrooms was conducted. Free amino acid composition of fresh mushrooms was analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The phytochemical properties analysis included total phenolic compound content and total flavonoid content of these mushrooms. Furthermore, antioxidant activity assays were performed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Based on the results shown that a high concentration of non-essential amino acids, especially those of arginine and glutamic acid, were observed. However, isoleucine and leucine were major essential amino acids in these mushrooms. The ethanolic extract of C. radiata showed higher phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity than those of the water extract. It suggested that the C. radiata is a natural source containing some essential amino acids, a high amount of phytochemical properties and high antioxidant activity, potentially having medicinal and nutritional properties that provide health benefits.

1 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

003008   SRIVASTAVA N, RATHORE B K, VISHNOI R K, BAJPAI S ( Chemistry Dep, Amity Univ Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Campus, Lucknow - 226 028, Email: nitinsriv5@gmail.com, sbajpai1@amity.edu) : A Simple and convenient method for synthesis of artemisinin dimer through aliphatic nitro compounds. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 49 - 52.

A simple way of synthesis of artemisinin dimer using nitro aliphatic compounds is reported. Herein, few artemisinin monomers and dimers have been synthesized with the help of linker nitroalkanes using iron catalyst supported on polymer (Fe/SBA-15). The synthesized artemisinin shows good anticancer and antimalarial activities.

2 tables, 22 ref

003007   KUMAR P, KHANNA A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow - 226 021, Email: pradeepkumar@ietlucknow.ac.in) : Extraction of uranium from aqueous solution of nitric acid and organic solvent using ionic liquid. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 43 - 8.

In present study, tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP), a classical complexing agent for metallic cations, has been studied for the extraction of uranium into ionic liquids (ILs): 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-bis(tri-fluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMIM][TF2N]) and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium-bis(tri-fluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([P_(14)666][TF2N]). Increasing HNO₃ acidity of aqueous solution from 0.01 to 1 M the distribution ratio, DU decreases from 16 to 1.2 for 1.1 M TBP in [BMIM][TF2N] and the corresponding extraction efficiency (% E) varies from ~94 to 55. In the acidic range of 1 to 8 M DU and % E shows reversal trend of giving a local maximum at 8 M. This behaviour is compared and validates by literature. In contrast, on increasing in aqueous acidity from 0.01 to 8 M the extraction of uranium into [P_(14)666][TF2N] ionic liquid, DU enhances from 2 to 39 and (%E) goes up from ~ 51 to 95. Since, [P_(14)666][TF2N] works better than [BMIM][TF2N] in the acidic range > 0.1. This ionic liquid has been used for selective separation of uranium from strontium giving a D_U of 63 and D_Sr of 2 with 98% E of uranium at 8 M acidity. To confirm the various species and groups in the formed complex, FTIR studies have been conducted.

9 illus, 36 ref

003007   SHARMA N, MEHER L C, CHANDRA K, KUMARI A, BALA M (Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research, Old Bowenpally, Secunderabad - 500 011, Email: meher@diber.drdo.in) : Chemical modification of camelina oil based unsaturated fatty acid for renewable biolubricant base stock. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 37 - 42.

A green and eco-friendly method for preparation of oleochemicals from Camelina oil was developed for possible application for biolubricant basestocks, The steps involved are consisting of epoxidation of Camelina oil based fatty acid followed by further branching with wide range of alcohol such as 2-propanol, n-butanol, isoamyl alcohol and 2-ethylhexanol. These products were evaluated with physicochemical properties such as acid value, oxirane oxygen content (OOC), hydroxyl value, low temperature properties, viscosity at 40 and 100 °C, viscosity index and characterized by FTIR, 1 H NMR. The appearance of peak at 824 cm^–1 in the FTIR spectra was due to the formation of epoxy group and broad peak appeared at 3500-3300 cm^–1 is for hydrogen bonded O-H stretching vibration of hydroxy group. The 1 H NMR spectra showed a signal at 2.9-3.2 ppm region indicated CH-proton attached to the oxygen atom of the both epoxy group for epoxidized product, peaks for newly formed secondary alcohols emerged at 4.25-3.35 in alkoxy derivatives. The Camelina based synthetic product may find application in biolubricants base stock.

5 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

003006   BALANAGIREDDY G, NARAYANA A, ROOPA M ( Bio-Medical Engineering Dep, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Hebbal, Bengaluru - 560 032, Email: surajroopa@gmail.com) : Investigation of organic field-effect transistor (OFET) based NO2 sensing response using low-cost green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 31 - 6.

A low-cost and green-synthesized zinc oxide nanostructured particles are extensively studied owing to their remarkable and ample characteristics with less toxicity and eco-friendly approach. The present work comprehends the green synthesis of ZnO nanostructured particles using bougainvillea leaf extract-arbitrated microwave-assisted synthesis and their use in field effect transistor for nitrogen dioxide sensing at room temperature. The as-synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using analytical techniques; XRD determined the pure crystallite structure with no impurities, SEM confirmed the spherical shape of nanoparticles with ~20 nm (average particle size) and the atomic weight percentage were analyzed using EDAX, notable photophysical properties were revealed from absorption and emission spectra performed using UV-visible spectroscopy. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) and ZnO nanoparticles were employed in the field effect transistor (p-type) for NO₂ sensing at room temperature with the mobility (field-effect) of ~10^-4 cm² V^-1 s^-1. The sensitivity of the fabricated OFET device was extracted from the transistor characteristics (at Vgs = -30 V and Vds = -40 V) found to be ~4.8 × 10^-3 nA/ppm. The device exhibited engrossing characteristics such as excellent recoverability (> 95%), with ultrafast response time (< 30 s) and greater sensitivity with high stability as can be assessed from the electrical characteristics.

5 illus, 35 ref

003005   MURUGAN A, THANDIAYYAKONE V, KUMARASAMY S, RAVIKUMAR C R, MUTHAIAH S, CHAKRABARTY M, ARASU P T, RAJKUMAR T, YADAV H S ( Chemistry Dep, East West Institute of Technology, Bangalore - 560 091, Email: ravicr128@gmail.com) : Electrochemical studies on vanadyl complex with meso-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)porphyrin using electron paramagnetic resonance and cyclic voltammetry. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 26 - 30.

The oxidation products of transition metal complexes with porphyrin are being examined currently by many research groups. meso5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)porphyrin [T(2,5-(OCH₃)₂)PP] and its coordination compound with oxovanadium(IV) resulting in VO[T(2,5-(OCH₃)₂)PP] were prepared by the standard procedures. The resulting complex was characterized with or without the addition of antimony pentachloride by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The UV-visible absorption spectrum of porphyrin ligand-based oxidation of vanadyl porphyrin VO[T(2,5-(OCH₃)₂)PP] in the presence of 0.5 mM SbCl5 has shown bands at 425, 540 and 650 nm. The final electro-oxidation product has a broad absorption band centered at 650 nm. It is characteristic of a porphyrin mono- cation which is seen due to oxidation at 0.0995V of ∆E value in the cyclic voltammogram of VO[T(2,5-(OCH₃)₂)PP]. These spectral features observed during the oxidation are in good agreement with the stepwise formation of mono-cation radical and di-cation. The EPR spectrum of VO[T(2,5-(OCH₃)₂)PP] suggests that it could be oxidized to the radical cation by oxidation with SbCl₅ in dichloromethane. A radical cation is observed at low temperature and this spectrum corresponds to monomeric π-cation radical. A spectrum of fifteen lines is observed on the further addition of SbCl₅ in dichloromethane. Thus, monomeric π-cation radical is recognized as [VO(TPP)]⁺ . It is confirmed by the appearance of a new band at 1275 cm^-1 in the IR spectrum. Zero field splitting (ZFS) was calculated from the triplet state on the EPR spectrum. It is suggested that ZFS interaction occurs from the dipolar coupling between the two electrons.

5 illus, 21 ref

003004   PADHY R K, BHATTAMISRA S D ( Chemistry Dep, National Institute of Science & Technology, Golanthara, Berhampur - 761 008, Email: rkpadhy@nist.edu) : Surfactant catalyzed oxidation of ethanolamines by cerium(IV). Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 21 - 5.

Effect of surfactant medium on the kinetics of oxidation of amino alcohol by cerium(IV) has been reported. Two amino alcohols namely, monoethanolamine (MEA) and triethanolamine (TEA) are chosen for kinetic study. Sizeable changes in reaction rate are noted only in presence of sodium lauryl sulphate (NaLS) as surfactant. Both the amino alcohols exhibit rate maxima at around the cmc of NaLS, beyond which the kψ-[NaLS] profile shows slow increase in rate constant with increasing NaLS concentration. Suitable model has been used to explain the kinetic pattern post CMC and from this the micelle-reactant binding constant values have been evaluated. From the temperature dependence study, the activation parameters for the oxidation reactions have been computed and these are compared against those obtained for aqueous medium. Based on all information, plausible mechanism for micellar catalysis has been presented.

2 illus, 3 tables, 47 ref

003003   SAWANT J D, PATIL K K, GOKAVI G S ( Chemistry Dep, Rajaram Coll, Kolhapur - 416 004, Email: kranti301@gmail.com) : Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of metformin hydrochloride by hexamolybdocobaltate(III) in acidic medium. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 15 - 20.

The oxidation of metformin hydrochloride by Anderson-Evans type hexamolybdocobaltate(III) anion was investigated under pseudofirst-order condition in acidic medium at 298 K. The rate of reaction is accelerated by increase in the concentration of H⁺ ion. The decrease in the reaction rate with increase in the concentration of the oxidant [H₆CoMo₆O₂₄] ^3- anion and added molybdate ion kinetically indicate existence of the prior equilibria between various forms of the oxidant. In present study, the oxidant exists in monomers [H₆CoMo₆O₂₄] ^3- anion, [H₅CoMo₅O₂0] ^2- anion and dimer [H₄Co₂Mo₁₀O₃₈] _^6- forms between the pH 2 and 1. The active oxidant species is [H₅CoMo₅O₂0] ^2- anion. Under experimental conditions, the reaction involves direct electron-transfer from metformin center to oxidant anion generating free radical in rate determining step. The fast hydrolysis of formed free radical in presence of second oxidant molecule leads to formation of carbonyl imino functional group in the oxidation product. The ionic strength and solvent polarity had no significant effect on the rate of reaction. FT-IR spectra of metformin and its oxidation product sample were recorded and analyzed. The FT-IR spectra show the change in frequency of the functional groups of oxidation product than that of the pure MET. The formation of oxidation product was confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography associated with electron impact mass spectroscopy (LC/EI-MS). Thermodynamic parameters are evaluated by temperature variation kinetic data and are in support of the proposed mechanism. The probable mechanism is proposed leading to complicated rate law as a result of involvement of prior equillibria between various forms of the oxidant.

4 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

003002   BERA R ( Chemistry Dep, Dinabandhu Andrews Coll, Garia, Kolkata - 700 084, Email: berarajesh2010@gmail.com) : Catalytic efficacy of 2,2′-bipyridine cobalt(II) Complex: Hydrothermal Synthesis, X-ray structure and aerobic epoxidation of alkenes. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 10 - 4.

A mononuclear cobalt(II) complex, [Co(bpy)₂(NO₃)](NO₃)·3H₂O (1) (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) has been synthesized hydrothermally and the crystal structure was characterized by X-ray crystallography. Complex 1 is capable of activating aerobic oxygen at atmospheric pressure. [Co(bpy)₂(NO₃)](NO₃)·3H₂O (1) was used as an active catalyst for the aerobic epoxidaion of various alkenes with isobutyraldehyde as co-reductant in acetonitrile medium. Complex 1 catalyzes the epoxidaion reaction efficiently, which reflected in high yield of products with desired selectivity.

2 illus, 3 tables, 50 ref

003001   DEVI G, KAUR M, NAGPAL M, SHARMA A, PURI V, DHINGRA G A, ARORA M (Chitkara Univ, Rajpura - 140 401, Email: manju.nagpal@chitkarauniversity.edu.in, nagpalmanju@ymail.com) : Advanced dosage form design: Role of modified natural gums. Asian J. Chem 2021, 33 (1), 1 - 9.

Gums are naturally occurring segments in plants, which are cheap and abundant. Natural gums and their derivatives are widely used in a pharmaceutical dosage form. These natural materials possess several advantages over synthetic ones being chemically inert, non-toxic, low cost and biodegradable. However, quick degradation in the body, poor mechanical properties and low solubility are few disadvantages. To overcome these disadvantages, natural gums are modified by applying different chemical modification procedures. The modification of gums is done via various methods such as changing functional groups of gum, cross-linking with ions, grafting with polymers, sulfation, phosphorylation and thiolation. Modification of gums results in some superior properties which can be used in drug delivery applications. For example, change in crystallinity, improved solubility, stability, and improved mechanical properties are of use in development of modified drug delivery systems. Modified gums help to achieve pH dependent delivery and sustained delivery along with improved release kinetics of the drug. Current review covers various types of modifications in general and research literature on various medications of different gums (locust bean gum, cashew gum, moringa gum, xanthan gum, etc.). The modified natural gums and their derivatives can be the prospective carriers in the controlled drug delivery of drugs.

2 illus, 1 table, 85 ref

044267   SIVARAMAKRISHANAN T, ANNAMALAI G, ELANGO G (Chemistry Dep, Government Arts Coll, Tiruvannamalai-606 603, Tamil Nadu) : Characterization and application of diols based liquid crystalline copolyester. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2020, 10(1), 11-21.

Copolyesters are one of the most important classes of polymers with repeating carboxylate group in their spine. A novel random copolyester was synthesized using 1,2-Propanediol, 2,3-Butanediol with phthaloylchloride as dissimilar diols and diacidchloride monomers. The obtained polymers were characterized by Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The surface morphology and crystalline nature of the polymers were analyzed using Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Polarizing optical microscope (POM). Activation energy determination of polyester from their thermal behavior. From the above all details the synthesized polyesters are novel to posses the nature of liquid crystalline. Results of the exploration reveal that the innovative entries of copolymer were recommended into the set of liquid crystalline copolymers.

12 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

044186   YADAVA R N, RAGHUVANSI J (Chemistry Dep, Dr. H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central Univ), Sagar - 470 003, Madhya Pradesh, Email: sjyotsna0@gmail.com) : Antioxidant activity of a new flavone glycoside from the stems of Gmelina arborea roxb.. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 198-203.

Gmelina arborea Roxb. belongs to the Verbenaceae family, commonly known as Gambhar. It is distributed throughout India, Ceylon, Malayan and Philippine Islands. Its roots have anthelmintic properties. Its flowers are useful in the treatment of leprosy and blood diseases. Its fruit has diuretic properties and aphrodisiac. It is also used in anemia leprosy and vaginal discharges. Leaves have shown analgesic, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic activities. A new flavone glycosides 5, 7.4ʹ-trihydroxy-8, 3ʹ-dimethoxyflavone- 4ʹ-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl- 7-Oβ-D-xylopyranosyl (1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside(A) along with two known compounds Luteolin (B) and Apigenin (C) were isolated from ethanolic extract of the stem parts of the plant. The characterization and structural elucidation of these compounds were carried out by various color reactions, chemical degradation, and spectral analysis. Antioxidant activity of compound A was evaluated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay system which has shown a significant radical scavenging activity.

6 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

042248   SAMBAVI S M, VISHALI S, VARJANI S, MULLAI P (Chemical Engineering Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002, Tamil Nadu, Email: pmullai@yahoo.in) : Electricity generation in a microbial fuel cell using iron oxide nanoparticles. Indian J Exp Biol 2020, 58(8), 571-7.

Rapid industrialization and population growth have generated a worldwide interest in renewable energy resourcesto meet. In this context, microbial fuel cells serve the dual purpose of electricity generation and wastewater treatment in a sustainable way. Here, we conducted a set of experiments in two-chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) to study its efficiency in chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and electricity generation. The MFC was run at constant pH of 5.5 and mesophilic temperature of 30-32C using mixed consortia of sediment as inoculum and candy industry wastewater as substrate. Of the five different initial substrate concentrations of 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000 and 10000 mg COD/L studied, the highest COD removal efficiency of 96.0 % and electricity generation of 810 mV was recorded at the initial substrate concentration of 4000 mg COD/L. The experiments conducted also revealed that iron oxide nanoparticles concentration of 0.10 g/L with an average size of 25.64 nm, increased the electricity generation potential to 870 mV by 6.9 %. Among the different species of bioelectricity generating bacteria colonized, Corynebacterium variabile SMS-14 was documented as the most dominant species.

6 illus, 1 table, 46 ref

046795   MOHAMMAD F A, ALKAZAZZ F F, ABDLUSATTAR S A (Chemistry Dep, Mosul Univ, Mosul, Iraq) : Zinc deficiency is associated with meprin a in Iraqi patients with Crohn’s disease. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194447.

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the world’s leading cause of death and represents a serious global health problem. The general recommendations to operators in the prevention of CHD should include complete lipid profile testing, that is Total Cholesterol(TC), Total Triglycerides(TG), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL). Recent recommendations have supported non-fasting lipid assessment. On the other hand, classification of dyslipidemias was derived in fasting samples, and cohort studies and clinical trials have performed fasting assessments. The aim of this study was to evaluate fasting versus non-fasting in measuring lipid profile & complete blood picture. A total of 80 female were divided into four groups of 20 female each. The 1st three groups were fasting for 4, 6,14 hours respectively and the 4th group was non-fasting. Blood samples were taken from these females for biochemical & hematological investigations. The lipid profile parameters were measured using Synchron CX4 clinical system Beckman Coulter Inc., Brea, CA. Complete Blood Picture was measured by using automated hematological analyzers BC-3000 plus (Hamburg, Germany). Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS( Statistical Package for Social Sciences) number 22. Biochemically, for TC,TG & VLDL, it was found that fasting 6 , 14 hours gave significant differences (P< 0.05) when compared with non-fasting group while there were non-significant results for the mean level of HDL & LDL between groups . Regarding hematological assessment, there were non-significant differences between groups in measuring Hemoglobin, Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelet counts. Since non-fasting may weaken the accuracy in diagnosing some forms of hyperlipidemia, we proposed that laboratories & organizations should also offer measurement of fasting triglycerides according to clinical situations , as in the case of very high non-fasting triglyceride concentration.

2 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

042214   GHAI V, SINGH H, AGNIHOTRI P K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab - 141 001, Email: viney.ghai@iitrpr.ac.in) : Synthesis and transfer of large area graphene without support layer. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 2020, 27(6), 1141-4.

Graphene is a 2-dimensional flat sheet of carbon species confined into a honeycomb structure exhibits unique optical, electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. Graphene due to its fascinating properties finds application in the area of flexible electronics, nano-devices, health care, defence, photovoltaics and many others. In this work, graphene is grown on a copper foil using thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at 1000 °C. Methane is used as a carbon source and hydrogen is supplied for the reduction of copper catalyst.Raman spectroscopy along with surface morphology and surface topology confirms the formation of graphene layer. Further, the fabricated graphene is directly transferred toglass substrate without any support layer. SEM and Raman confirms the defect-free transfer of graphene. Moreover, transferred graphene sheet shows high transparency along with hydrophobic nature with a contact angle of 93°.

5 illus, 22 ref

042213   BEDI H S, AGNIHOTRI P K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab - 141 001, Email: harpreet.bedi@iitrpr.ac.in) : Effect of carbon nanotubes on the interlaminar and fracture properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 2020, 27(6), 1136-40.

The average properties of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) depend on the extent of interaction between the fiber and matrix. Any means, therefore, to modify either of the two constituents of CFRPs is the key to design the composite. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are often used to tailor the interface/interphase in conventional CFRPs either by mixing the nanotubes in matrix or by growing them on the surface of fiber. However, the incorporation of nanotubes, by either means, may affect the mechanical performance of the matrix and that of the composite as a whole. Experiments are carried out to assess the effect of CNT dispersion on the rate sensitivity of matrix, and the effect of CNT grafting on the average mechanical properties of laminated composites. For better dispersion and interfacial interaction of nanotubes with matrix, molecular level designing of nanotubes is carried out by way of functionalization. It is found that the ultimate strength of epoxy composites increases with applied loading rate, and that neat epoxy is more rate sensitive than CNT based epoxy nanocomposites. Significant enhancements are also observed in the interlaminar and fracture properties of CFRPs after the incorporation of grafted nanotubes in the composite.

4 illus, 25 ref

042212   SHARMA D K, BAGOTIA N (Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi - 110016, Email: sharmadk28ces@gmail.com) : Production of graphene and carbon nanotubes using low cost carbon-based raw materials and their utilization in the production of polycarbonate/ethylene methyl acrylate -based nanocomposites. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 2020, 27(6), 1127-35.

In the earlier studies carbon nanomaterials were synthesized by using cheaper raw materials such as coal, super clean coal, plastics etc. by the authors research group. Presently, carbon nanomaterials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes have been prepared from cheap carbon-based materials such as dry ice and Pongamia oil. The graphene and carbon nanotubes were also synthesized by catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (dry ice) in the presence of magnesium metal flame and from pongamia oil using chemical vapour deposition setup respectively. The multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized. The synthesized graphene and MWCNTs were characterized by different characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy. Thus, synthesized graphene and MWCNTs have been used as conductive filler in polycarbonate/ethylene methyl acrylate nanocomposites. Different properties i.e. electrical conductivity and electromagnetic inference shielding properties of these nanocomposites have been studied. This study opens new avenues for the fabrication of novel lightweight materials that may be used in communication systems or for other applications such as in the fuel cells, solar cells, supercapacitors, Lithium ion batteries. Several cheaper raw materials have been suggested for the production of CNTs, graphene, carbon nanoparticles, quantum dots etc.

10 illus, 1 table, 42 ref

042209   SHIVANNA S, KRISHNEGOWDA J, RAMESH A M, GANGADHAR A (Mysore Univ, Mysore, Karnataka - 570 006, Email: srikantas@hotmail.com) : Fe-Ni nanoparticle-catalyzed controlled synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on CaCO₃. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 2020, 27(6), 1104-11.

The synthesis of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) is becoming most ideal method for producing large quantity of CNT at different temperature conditions. Nano-porous materials such as transition metal carbonates with bimetallic alloy catalyst were used to fabricate MWCNTs with high yield and less amorphous carbon. In the present research work, the MWCNTs were successfully fabricated using Fe-Ni bimetallic catalyst on CaCO₃ support with the 180 % optimum yield. The proposed yield was high and less-cost effective catalysts to other methods. The yield of MWCNTs depends on four parameters such as growth time (30/45 min), growth temperature (700/730 ^oC), acetylene flow rate (150/190 ml/min) and argon flow rate (800/900 ml/min). The impact of the reaction temperature and the flow rates were observed to be most significant on the high yield of MWCNTs.

7 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

042206   PAREDES G, SEINE G, COURS R, HOUDELLIER F, ALLOUCHE H, ONDARÇUHU T, PIAZZA F, MONTHIOUX M (Toulouse Univ, Toulouse 31055, France, Email: gd.paredes@ce.pucmm.edu.do) : Synthesis and (some) applications of carbon-nanotube-supported pyrolytic carbon nanocones. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 2020, 27(6), 1091-4.

Graphene-based cones with nanosized apex can be obtained by means of a high temperature pyrolytic carbon deposition process using methane and hydrogen as gaseous feedstock and single carbon nanotubes as deposition substrates. Aside the cones, micrometer-sized carbon beads or fibre segments are deposited meanwhile which are a key morphological component for allowing handling and mounting the carbon cones and then using them for various applications. Based on both the literature dealing with pyrolytic carbon deposition processes and experimental observations, a peculiar deposition mechanism is proposed, involving the transient formation of pitch-like liquid phase droplets which deposit onto the individual carbon nanotubes. In this picture, it is believed that a key parameter is the diameter ratio for the droplets and the nanotubes, respectively. The cone concentric texture and perfect nanotexture are shown by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, which allows interesting mechanical and conducting properties to be predicted. Correspondingly, applications of the carbon nanocones as electron emitters for cold-field electron sources on the one hand, and as probes for various modes of near-field microscopy on the other hand, have been tested.

7 illus, 11 ref

042193   VUCIC M R, MITROVIC J, KOSTIC M, VELINOV N, PETROVIC M, BOJIC D, BOJIC A (The Univ of Nis, Visegraska 33, 18000 Nis, Serbia, Email: mimaradovic@gmail.com) : Ultra-violet responsive photocatalytic application of CuO/Bi oxide nitrate hydroxide hydrate powder. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 2020, 27(5), 976-83.

A new photocatalyst CuO/Bi oxide nitrate hydroxide hydrate (C-BONH) has been synthesized by hydrothermal method. The obtained product has been characterized using x-rays diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The surface area has been measured by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, and it has been found 4.42 m² g^–1. The photocatalytic activity has been evaluated by removal of reactive blue 19 (RB 19) dye, where total decolorization has been achieved in less than 15 minutes. The photocatalytic process is described with four kinetic models (Langmuir‒Hinshelwood model, pseudo-first order kinetic model, pseudo-second order kinetic model and Chrastil diffusion model). Langmuir‒Hinshelwood kinetic model and pseudo-first order kinetic model the best describe the photocatalytic process. Chrastil diffusion model has been shown that diffusion has not any influence on the process. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) has been decreased from 28.1 to 6.82 mg dm^–3within 180 minusing UV light (254 nm wavelength). It has been observed that photocatalyst retained its stability and activity even after five cycles, which could significantly reduce the operation cost in practical applications.

6 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

044075   WOROKWU C , BLESSING I (Chemistry Dep, Ignatius Ajuru Univ of Education, Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria) : An investigation of undergraduate chemistry education students mastery and use of standard nomenclature in Rivers State. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(1), 66-72.

The study aimed at elucidating the extent to which Chemistry education students in the universities based in Rivers State had displayed mastery for the use of conventional nomenclature and standard units in the learning of organic, inorganic and physical Chemistry. The design was a cross-sectional survey. The sample of 115 students composed of, students from Rivers State University, University of Port Harcourt and Ignatius Ajuru University of Education obtained through stratified random sampling technique were tested with 30 test items (code named TUNIC) that was well validated and had reliability coefficient of 0.96 via Pearson Product Moment Correlation Technique. The relevant data gathered were subjected to mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA. The results of the study showed that, the three universities exhibited poor mastery of conventional nomenclature in inorganic and organic Chemistry, moderate mastery of conventional units in physical Chemistry. Rivers State University and University of Port Harcourt exhibited moderate mastery in the use of conventional nomenclature and units in Chemistry while Ignatius Ajuru University of Education exhibited poor mastery in the use of conventional nomenclature in Chemistry. University type and gender were not significant factors influencing undergraduate Chemistry education students’ mastery and use of conventional nomenclature in Chemistry.

3 tables, 25 ref

042175   JAYALAKSHMI S, SINGH R A, MOHAN S, CHEN X, GUPTA M (Wenzhou Univ, Wenzhou 325 035, China, Email: arvindsingh.r@gmail.com) : Mechanical and tribological properties of aluminium incorporated with amorphous Ni₆₀Nb₄₀ particles. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 2020, 27(4), 844-52.

In this paper, development and characterization of pure aluminium (Al) reinforced with metallic amorphous Ni₆₀Nb₄₀ particles has been presented. Ni₆₀Nb₄₀ amorphous alloy reinforcement powder has been incorporated within Al-metal powder to produce Al-Ni₆₀Nb₄₀ composite. The composite has been sintered using bidirectional microwave sintering technique. Structure, indentation/tensile/compressive behaviour and tribological properties of the produced Al-10 % Ni₆₀Nb₄₀ have been evaluated. It has been found that the: (i) reinforcement have retained the amorphous structure, (ii) reinforcement have distributed uniformly in the matrix and (iii) interface between the Al-matrix and the amorphous reinforcement has been free of reactive products. Upon comparison of mechanical properties with pure aluminium, the synthesized composite has showed significant enhancement in microhardness, tensile and compressive yield strengths. Under dry sliding wear condition, the composite has showed lower wear rates and lower coefficient of friction. The observed improvement in the composite behaviour has been explained using the processing-microstructure-mechanical properties correlation.

6 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

042171   HEIDARI G, MOSAVIE-KHOEI M (Esfarayen Univ of Technology, Esfarayen, North Khorasan, Iran, Email: g.heidari976@gmail.com) : Pulse electrodeposition of Ni/nano-SiC composite coatings: Effect of waveform, duty cycle and current density. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 2020, 27(3), 802-7.

In this study, nano-sized SiC particles have been codeposited with nickel using an additive free sulfamate bath under pulsed direct current (PDC) and direct current (DC). In order to find the effect of current density, duty cycle (D.C.) and waveform on coating, coatings have been studied in terms of microstructure, microhardness and SiC-codeposition. The scanning electron microscope results shown that the grain microstructure of the coatings have significantly affected by the waveform and D.C. changing the waveform in order of square, sine and ramp and also decreasing the D.C. resulted in finer grain microstructure. The SiC codeposition has shown an optimum value of about 3.3 wt % at the D.C. value of 30 %; it also shows a reasonable trend with changes in the waveform. Moreover, according to the microhardness results, the composite coatings with fine grain microstructure have shown a higher microhardness.

8 illus, 5 tables, 25 ref

042170   SZUCKI M, DZIUBINSKA A, WINIARSKI G, MAJERSKI K, DROZDOWSKI K, GORNY M, BURAS J (AGH Univ of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland, Email: mszucki@agh.edu.pl) : Application of 2XXX and 7XXX series alloys as input material for the new casting-forging hybrid process. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 2020, 27(3), 795-801.

The aim of the work has been to analyze the aluminum alloys for plastic working from the point of view of their usefulness in the new hybrid manufacturing process which includes gravity casting and forging. The tests have been carried out on popular aluminum alloys from the 2xxx and 7xxx series: 2017A, 2024, 7022, and 7075, respectively. The authors have focused on the problem of using these materials at the casting stage. The analyses have included verification of the technological properties of alloys, including fluidity and the tendency to create porosities. Next, the influence of the solidification rate (associated with the use of various molds) on the casting microstructure has been determined. Based on the conducted analyzes, the alloys with the best casting behavior have been indicated. At the same time, possible problems that may occur at the forging stage have been discussed.

10 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

042167   SINGH M, SINGH G, JAYANT A (Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Longowal - 148 106, Punjab, Email: arvindjayant@gmail.com) : Optimization of turning parameters of titanium chrome-molybdenum (Ti-Cr-Mo) alloy using taguchi method. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 2020, 27(3), 776-82.

The traditional turning process has used in this study to develop a mathematical model from experimental data to predict the surface roughness of titanium chrome-molybdenum (Ti-Cr-Mo) alloy when the workpiece is machined with cutting parameters i.e. spindle rotational speed, feed rate and depth of cut. In order to determine the contribution of the cutting parameters, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been applied and Taguchi technique (smaller the better) has been used to optimize the parameters that affect the surface roughness. Mitutoyo SJ-400 roughness tester with cutoff length 0.8 mm has been used to measure the surface roughness of machined workpieces. Optimal parameters that are obtained to achieve minimum surface roughness value are 280 rpm rotational speed, 0.5mm/rev feed rate and 0.59 mm depth of cut.

6 illus, 6 tables, 16 ref

042165   LIU Y, YIN F, LI Z, CHEN Z, ZHAO M, LONG Z (Xiangtan Univ, Hunan 411105, PR China, Email: fuchengyin@xtu.edu.cn) : Effects of adding aluminium in zinc bath on Co-Zn interfacial reaction. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 2020, 27(3), 764-9.

Effects of adding 0.3 wt.% Al in Zn bath on the microstructure and reaction kinetics of intermetallic compounds have been studied using Co/Zn and Co/Zn-Al solid/liquid diffusion couples by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and wave dispersive spectrometry (WDS). The intermetallic compounds in the Co-Zn interface have been identified and the diffusion process of Al in zinc bath has been analyzed. The diffusion constants of intermetallic compounds have been evaluated. The chemical potential of Al and standard Gibbs free energy of intermetallic compounds have been calculated using the Co content as a variable based on the calculation of phase diagram (CALPHAD) method. The results show that the chemical potential of Al decreases with increasing Co. At the solid/liquid interface, the Co content is high, the chemical potential of Al atoms is lower than that in other areas, uphill diffusion of Al atoms occurs, and an Al-rich metastable phase forms. The Gibbs free energy of the CoAl phase is lower than that of Co-Zn compounds; therefore, the Co atoms diffuse through the γ2 layer into the Al-rich area and nucleate to form a shape-stable CoAl layer at the solid/liquid interface and significantly inhibit the Co-Zn interfacial reaction.

6 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

042164   KALIAPPAN N, CHIDAMBARAKUTTALAM K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Haramaya Univ, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, Email: kaliappan45490@gmail.com) : Environment effect on microstructure properties of gas tungsten arc welding for titanium and aluminium alloy joints. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 2020, 27(3), 757-63.

Many engineering applications are in need of high strength and low weight alloys; titanium and aluminium alloys are used in several engineering applications to reduce weight. In this study, investigate effect of environment conditions on microstructure properties of gas tungsten arc welded assisted with brazing of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4v and aluminium alloy Al7075 has been carried out. Alloys are made joined together in natural environment and at shielded argon gas environment conditions. Mechanical properties have been arrived, tensile tests have been conducted to examine the strength of weld and results have been achieved 92.3 Mpa and 356 MPa in regular and argon environment, respectively. Vicker’s hardness value of 103.4 Hv and 183.1 Hv has been attained in respective environment condition. Fatigue properties have been elevated and fracture surface of the specimens analyzed in respective mechanisms. Welding speed, arc voltage and welding current parameters are considered to join the dissimilar alloys in both environments and identified the most influencing parameters. SEM and XRD techniques have been used to weigh up the microstructures of weld interface. The outcomes confirmed that argon gas, as a joining environment, has a substantial blow on properties of mechanical and microstructure of the weld joint.

14 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

042162   ZHU Q (Chongqing Institute of Engineering, Chongqing 400054, China, Email: zoukaisan@163.com) : Interfacial improvement of carbon fiber/polyoxymethylene composites by depositing functionalized carbon nanotubes on the fibers. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 2020, 27(3), 744-9.

CF/POM/CNT ternary composites have been prepared by melt blending method with carbon nanotubes (CNT) as modifier, maleic anhydride (MAH) as interfacial compatibilizer and polyoxymethylene (POM) as matrix. The mechanical properties of CNT on CF/POM have been studied by temperature-controlled tensile, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The results show that the interface properties of CF/ POM/CNT ternary composites can be improved by adding MAH, thus improving the mechanical properties of the composites. The tensile strength, bending strength and impact strength of the ternary composite at room temperature have increased, and the tensile strength of CF/POM/CNT ternary composites has improved by 12.1 %.

7 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

042159   MAHATA S, MUKHOPADHYAY M, BANERJEE A, KUNDU A, MANDAL B, DAS S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Kalyani Government Engineering Coll, Kalyani - 741 235, West Bengal, Email: sdas.me@gmail.com) : Exploring grindability of Ti-6Al-4V using an indigenously developed environment friendly micro pump based cooling system. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 2020, 27(3), 724-9.

Titanium alloys are ideally suited for different manufacturing applications because of their unique combination of high specific strength over a wide range of temperature, in addition to excellent corrosion resistance properties. However, grinding of titanium alloys is quite difficult due to their high hardness at elevated temperature, low thermal conductivity and elastic modulus. Application of cutting fluid helps to improve grindability, but with the increasing level of environmental consciousness, new technologies have been required to address the problem. This investigation deals with application of alkaline soap water through an indigenously developed micro pump based cooling system during grinding of Ti-6Al-4V. Comparison has been made with dry grinding with respect to some response parameters such as grinding forces, specific energy, surface roughness, grinding chips and ground surface morphology. Results have indicated that grinding forces, specific energy requirement and surface roughness decrease with the application of the micro pump based system. Observation of grinding ratio, chip form and ground surface has shown favourable results. Therefore, this newly developed micro pump system may be recommended to supply soap water for grinding titanium alloys.

8 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

042151   ISLAK S, ESKIA O, KOC V, OZORAK C (Kastamonu Univ, Kastamonu 37150, Turkey, Email: serkanislak@gmail.com) : Wear properties and synthesis of CrFeNiMoTi high entropy alloy coatings produced by TIG process. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 2020, 27(3), 659-64.

The aim of this study is to investigate wear and microstructure properties of CrFeNiMoTi high entropy alloy coating produced by using tungsten inert gas (TIG) process on the medium carbon steel. The coatings have been compared in terms of their phase composition, microstructure, and hardness. Phase compound and microstructure of coating layers have been examined by using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and optical microscope (OM). The images show that the coatings have consisted of the cladding zone, interface zone, and heat affected zone. Also, the microstructure of the coating has been mainly composed of dendrite and discontinuous interdendritic segregation. The surface microhardness of this high entropy alloys up to 450 HV_0.3, has been about 2.5 times as the substrate. The wear behaviour of the specimens has been compared through dry sliding wear tests under the same conditions. Average coefficient of friction values of the high entropy alloy (HEA) coating has been obtained at relatively low levels.

10 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

042135   BARGEBID R, KHABNADIDEH S (Shiraz Univ of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Email: khabns@sums.ac.ir) : ZnO in ionic liquid under microwave irradiation: A novel medium for synthesis of phloroglucide derivatives as antimicrobial agents. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(12), 1893-902.

Owing to the wide applications and significance of phloroglucide analogues in organic synthesis, pharmacology and industry, there is considerable interest in the synthesis of these compounds. Nevertheless, there are few methods for preparation of these compounds. Here we reported a simple, clean, and highly efficient procedure for the green synthesis of tricyclic polyhydroxyl aromatic compounds. Microwave-assisted alkylation reaction between 4-substituted-2, 6-bis(chloromethyl)phenols and various phenol derivatives, in the presence of zinc oxide (ZnO) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexaflourophosphate ([Bmim]PF₆), affords the title compounds in short duration with high yields. We have synthesized 18 derivatives of the title compounds 3a-3r by this procedure. Chemical structures of all synthesized compounds have been confirmed by spectrophotometric methods such as IR, NMR and mass spectroscopy. Some of the synthesized compounds have been screened for their antimicrobial activities. Antifungal and antibacterial activities have been evaluated against different species of microorganisms including gram positive and gram negative bacteria as well as fungi. Broth microdilution method as recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute has been used for this purpose. The results show compounds 3i, 3k and 3m have the best antibacterial and antifungal activity against most of the examined species. Compounds 3b, 3f, 3o, 3p and 3q also show good activity against some species.

8 tables, 19 ref

042133   TANYA, NANDI S ( Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical Univ, Kashipur - 244 713, Email: sisir.iicb@gmail.com) : QSAR of 1,3,5-triazine compounds towards inhibition of toxoplasmosis utilizing computed molecular descriptors. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(12), 1881-6.

Growing attention has been focussed towards a considerable amount of experimental and theoretical study of anti toxoplasmosis compounds having inhibitory activities against toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmosis is a dangerous disease in both urban as well as rural areas. It is caused by Toxoplasma gondii. The life cycle involves feline species such as both domestic and wild cats, and other felids such as lions, etc. There are various targets for developing anti toxoplasmosis agents. One of the most promising targets is dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). 1,3,5-Triazine compounds have been reported to inhibit the T. gondii. But there is hardly any formulation of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) involving 1,3,5-triazine inhibitors to date. Therefore, it is our target in the present study to develop QSAR models based on the computed theoretical molecular descriptors to scale the essential features responsible for the DHFR inhibition. These screened features of the selected compounds will help to design the potent congeneric series.

1 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

042132   KOTHA S, PULLETIKURTI S (Chemistry Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai - 400 076, Maharashtra, Email: srk@chem.iitb.ac.in) : Synthesis of spiro-annulated cyclobutane derivatives through ketene [2+2] cycloaddition and ring-rearrangement metathesis. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(12), 1875-80.

Herein is reported a concise synthesis of spiro-annulated cyclobutane tetracyclic and pentacyclic derivatives by ketene addition, and ring-rearrangement metathesis (RRM) as key steps, starting with commercially available norbornadiene and dicyclopentadiene. The tetracyclic spiro-derivative contains a [5/5/4] core unit, which is the key building block to angular triquinanes synthesis. Whereas, the pentacyclic spiro-derivative contains a basic core skeleton of presilphiperfolanes, and other sesquiterpenoids.

2 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

042131   KOTHA S, PULLETIKURTI S (Chemistry Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai - 400 076, Email: srk@chem.iitb.ac.in) : Synthetic approach to oxa-triquinanes via olefin metathesis as a key step. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(12), 1868-74.

Earlier, a simple synthetic approach to cis, syn, cis-triquinanes and propellanes from exo-nadic anhydride through metathesis approach had been demonstrated. In the present work is discussed a distinct course of observations when this methodology has been extended to oxygenated exo-nadic anhydride derivatives and the importance of stereochemistry and the role of hetero atom in the outcome of olefin metathesis has been demonstrated.

1 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

042130   KALSHETTI R G, MANDLE R D, KAMBLE S P, SUDALAI A (Chemical Engineering and Process Development Div, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune - 411 008, Maharashtra, Email: a.sudalai@ncl.res.in) : P₂O₅-mediated Friedel-Crafts acylation of activated arenes with carboxylic acid as acylating agent. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(12), 1861-7.

P₂O₅ has been found to be a highly efficient and environmental friendly catalyst for the liquid-phase acylation of activated aromatic substrates giving aromatic ketones (45-93 %) in a regioselective manner. Both aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids can be employed as acylating source. The process is particularly demonstrated at 100 g scale in the case of anisole and acetic acid to produce 4-methoxyacetophenone.

3 tables, 6 ref

042127   ACHARYA P T, JETHAVA D J, VASAVA M S, BHAVSAR Z A, BHOI M N, RAJANI D P, PATEL H D ( Chemistry Dep, Gujarat Univ, Ahmedabad - 380 009, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drhiteshpatel1@gmail.com) : Synthesis, docking study and biological evaluation of novel N-(1,3-benzothiazole2-yl)-2-(pyridine-3-ylformohydrazido) acetamide derivatives. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(11), 1721-37.

A series of N-(1,3-benzothiazole-2-yl)-2(pyridine-3-ylformohydrazido acetamide derivatives have been synthesized by facile and efficient conventional method. The structures of the compounds have been elucidated with the aid of elemental analysis, IR, ESI-MS, and ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data. Molecular docking revealed that synthesized derivatives and target proteins are actively involved in the binding pattern and had a significant correlation with biological activity. Molecular dynamics studies have also been performed and ADME parameters for the synthesized compounds determined. Biological evaluation of all synthesized compounds have been carried out in vitro for their antibacterial, antituberculosis and antifungal efficacy against various bacterial and fungal strains and H₃₇Rv. The different studies indicate that newly synthesized compounds possess moderate to good biological activities.

13 illus, 5 tables, 41 ref

042126   PATEL N B, CHAUHAN N B, PATHAN S S, PATEL V M, MISTRY B M (Chemistry Dep, Jamanaben Narottambhai Motiram Patel Science Coll, Surat - 395 017, Gujarat, Email: patelvatsal1904@gmail.com) : Pyridine clubbed coumarin analogues: Their synthesis and biological studies as antimicrobials and antioxidants. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(11), 1713-20.

The major aim of this study is to develop the new class of coumarin candidate clubbed with dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile with an improved potency as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent. The key intermediate 6-nitro-4-methyl coumarin-yl chloro acetate 5 have been linked to the 6-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,2-dihydro pyridine-3-carbonitrile IIa-j derivative to afford 4-methyl-6-nitro-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl-2-(3-cyano-6-(4-fluoro phenyl)-4-(substituted-phenyl) pyridin-2-yl-oxy) acetates 7a-j via efficient organic transformations. All the new derivatives have been characterized by spectral studies (IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR and mass spectroscopy). In vitro antimicrobial activity have been carried out using the broth microdilution method and antioxidant potency using DPPH bioassays. Bioassay results reveal that compound 7e are equipotent against E. coli with MIC value 50 µg/ mL compared to standard drug ciprofoloxacin. A final analogue 7c with 4-chlorophenyl substituent indicated better antifungal potency against C. albicans with MIC value 100 µg/ mL compared to standard drug griseofulvin. In addition, newly synthesized analogues have been found to be significant scavengers of DPPH radical with IC₅₀ values of 32.11 μg/mL. It has been observed that the potent antibacterial candidate has proved to possess significant antioxidant activity. The presence of chlorine and hydroxy group on phenyl ring plays an important role for the potency in above mentioned biological assay.

1 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

042125   DEOHATE P P, MULANI R S (Chemistry Dep, Shri Radhakisan Laxminarayan Toshniwal Coll of Science, Akola - 444 001, Email: pradip222091@yahoo.co.in) : Synthesis of triazine linked pyrazole heterocyclics by conventional heating and microwave irradiative cyclocondensation and evaluation of antitubercular and antimicrobial potential. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(11), 1707-12.

The synthesis of (4-benzylideneamino-6-methyl-[1,3,5]-triazin-2-yl)-(5-methyl-2-substituted phenyl/H-pyrazol-3-yl)-amines and (4-benzylideneamino-6-methyl-[1,3,5]-triazin-2-yl)-(5-methyl-2-substituted benzoyl/isonicotinoyl/cinnamoyl-pyrazol-3-yl)-amines by conventional heating and microwave irradiative cyclocondensation have been achieved by the cyclisation of N-(4-benzylideneamino-6-methyl-[1,3,5]-triazin-2-yl)-3-oxo butyramide with substituted hydrazines and acid hydrazides. The required butyramide has been synthesized by the reaction of 2,4-diamino-6-methyl-[1,3,5]-triazine with benzaldehyde followed by the condensation with ethyl acetoacetate. Structural elucidation of synthesized compounds has been performed by IR, ¹H NMR and mass spectral studies besides chemical transformation and elemental analysis. The title compounds have been evaluated for their antitubercular and antimicrobial potential against some selected microorganisms to establish the structure activity relationship.

2 tables, 30 ref

042124   BAWAZIR W A, ABDEL-RAHMAN R M (Chemistry Dep, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia, Email: wbawazeer@kau.edu.sa) : Synthesis of fluorinated 3-hydrazino-1,2,4-triazino[5,6-b] indoles as novel herbicidal systems. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(11), 1703-6.

A few fluorinated 3-hydrazino-1,2,4-triazino[5,6-b] indoles (5-8) have been synthesized and screened for their herbicidal effect. Treatment of 3-hydrazino-8H/8-fluoro-1,2,4-triazino[5,6-b] indoles (3 and 4) with fluorinated acyl derivatives (A and B) yielded the rich fluorine 1,2,4-triazino indole. Structure of the products have been established by elemental analysis and spectral measurements. The presence and position of fluorine atoms have been deduced from ¹⁹F NMR. The novel fluorinated hydrazino-1,2,4-triazino[5,6-b] indoles have been tested for post-emergent herbicidal activity against grass weed species and broadleaf weed species.

1 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

042123   TIWARI S, AHMAD A, SINGH V K (Chemistry Dep, Allahabad Univ, Allahabad - 211 002, Email: drshailendratiwariau@gmail.com) : Dihetero double Michael addition in PEG-400: Synthesis of 2,3-dihydro- [2,3-c]- [1,2,4]-triazole scaffold. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(10), 1586-92.

Potassium carbonate in poly (ethylene glycol-400) has been found to be a highly effective and efficient medium for the straight forward, convenient, one pot and green synthesis of diethyl/ethyl cyano-5-[substituted phenyl-2,3-dihydro-[1,3,4]-thiadiazolidino - [2, 3-c] – [1, 2, 4]-triazol -2- yl] – malonate/acetate through intramolecular cyclo- elimination of Michael adducts formed between the reaction of 4-amino-5- substituted phenyl-3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole 1 with diethyl-2-(ethoxymethylene) malonate and ethyl -2-cyano-3-ethoxyacrylate respectively. The structures of all the new compounds have been elucidated using IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR, mass spectral data and elemental analyses.

2 tables, 37 ref

042122   BHUYAN P, BHUYAN A J, DUTTA B J, BHARALI S J, SAIKIA L ( Chemistry Dep, Rajiv Gandhi Univ, Rono Hills, Doimukh - 791 112, Email: lakhinath.saikia@rgu.ac.in ) : Microwave assisted, BF₃.OEt₂ catalyzed efficient synthesis of tosylhydrazones and SC-XRD study of two of the synthesized tosylhydrazones. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(10), 1579-85.

A highly efficient methodology for transformation of carbonyl compounds to their corresponding tosylhydrazones under microwave irradiation in presence of BF₃.OEt₂ catalyst has been developed and described here. The methodology is highly prospective for tosylhydrazone synthesis especially of diaryl ketones, as already existing procedures are found to be less effective for the same. Seventeen carbonyl compounds have been studied and found to deliver their corresponding products in excellent yield (92-98 %). The products crystallize out from the reaction mixture during cooling at room temperature which excludes further purification processes. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) analysis of two of the synthesized tosylhydrazones have been carried out and reported here.

1 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

042121   SARANG P S, YADAV A A, TRIVEDI, G K SALUNKHE M M (Shivaji Univ, Vidyanagar, Kolhapur - 416 004, Email: mmsalunkhe@hotmail.com) : Synthesis and X-ray diffraction structure of a novel steroid-pyrrolidinoisoquinoline alkaloid hybrid. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(10), 1575-8.

A novel steroid – pyrrolidinoisoquinoline alkaloid hybrid has been successfully synthesized by Diels-Alder reaction N-acyliminium ion cyclization sequence.

3 illus, 19 ref

042120   UMASANKAR G, BUSIREDDY M R, KOTAMARTHI B, KARUNAKAR G V, RAO V J (Fluoro and Agrochemicals Dep, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad - 500 007, Email: vaidya.opv@gmail.com) : Pyrene appended terpyridine derivatives as electrochemiluminescence material for OLEDs: Characterization of photo-physical, thermal and electrochemical properties. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(10), 1564-74.

Three new terpyridine appended pyrene derivatives (Pyr-Tp, Pyr-Ph-Tp, and Pyr-Bp-Tp) have been synthesized by condensation and Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. The photo-physical, electro-chemical and thermal properties of these compounds have been investigated in detail. DFT studies have been carried out to understand the structure-property relationships at the molecular level. Synthesized fluorophores displayed high quantum yield (70-96%) of fluorescence due to triplet to singlet intramolecular energy transfer, delayed fluorescence and positive solvatochromism indicating the presence of intra-molecular charge transfer excited state. In addition, they have high thermal decomposition temperature (T_d: 390-450°C), melting temperature (T_m: 180-220°C) and further with suitable oxidation and reduction potentials makes them favourable molecules for OLED fabrications.

8 illus, 5 tables, 56 ref

042119   KOTHA S, CHEEKATLA S R (Chemistry Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai - 400 076, Email: srk@chem.iitb.ac.in) : Synthesis of cis-syn-cis and cis-anti-cis linear triquinanes via photo-thermal metathesis. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(10), 1556-63.

Diverse cis-syn-cis and cis-anti-cis triquinane frameworks have been assembled by a simple synthetic protocol starting with substituted cage diones under microwave irradiation conditions. Thermal fragmentation of the cyclobutane ring play a key role in this process and milder reaction conditions have been employed in contrast to normal flash vacuum pyrolysis conditions. Here, thermal isomerization of the double bond has also been realized under the microwave irradiation conditions to afford the isomeric triquinanes at low temperature. These triquinane units are considered to be useful for the total synthesis of natural products and non-natural products containing fused cyclopentane rings.

3 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

042118   BATRA N, RAJENDRAN V, WADI I, GHOSH P C, NATH M (Chemistry Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi - 110 007, Email: mnath@chemistry.du.ac.in) : Synthesis and antimalarial activity of sulfonamide-attached coumarin-[1,2,3]- triazoles. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(10), 1545-55.

Drug resistance in malaria parasites is one of the major stumbling blocks hindering the goal of malaria elimination. One of the major strategies to counter drug resistance is the development of new potent antimalarial drugs. In the present study, a series of novel sulfonamide based coumarin-[1,2,3]-triazole conjugates have been synthesized via Huisgen reaction between azidosulfonamides and 4-hydroxy- or 7-hydroxymethylcoumarinoalkynes. All the compounds have been characterized spectroscopically and screened for their in vitro antimalarial activity against P. falciparum 3D7 strain. Out of the twenty five synthesized compounds, four compounds displayed significant activity (IC₅₀ <10 µM) with the most active compound having an IC₅₀ of 3.64 µM.

1 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

042117   PRASOONA G, KISHORE B, BRAHMESHWARI G (Chemistry Dep, Kakatiya Univ, Warangal - 506 009, Email: kishore.01star@gmail.com) : A simple and efficient one-pot synthesis of novel benzimidazo[1,2-a]- chromeno[4,3-d] pyrimidinones catalyzed by [Et₃NH][HSO₄]. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(09), 1418-24.

A simple and efficient one-pot synthesis of novel polyheterocyclic benzimidazo[1,2-a]- chromeno[4,3-d]pyrimidinones 4 via a three-component condensation of 2-aminobenzimidazole 1, aromatic aldehydes 2 and 4-hydroxy coumarin 3 catalyzed by Bronsted acid ionic liquid triethyl ammonium hydrogen sulphate [Et₃NH][HSO₄] under solvent-free conditions is reported. The main advantages of this protocol are short reaction time, easy work-up, operational simplicity, and excellent yields with high purity, without intervention of chromatography.

2 tables, 27 ref

042116   OZDEMIR Y, BEKIRCAN O, COLAK A, DOKUZPARMAK C (Chemistry Dep, Karadeniz Technical Univ, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey, Email: obekircan@gmail.com) : Synthesis and evaluation of lipase inhibitory activities of substituted 1,2,4-triazole derivatives. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(09), 1409-17.

Pancreatic lipase (PL) plays a major role in the hydrolysis of dietary triglycerides to monoglycerides and free fatty acids in the small intestine before absorption of fats. The excessive consumption of dietary fat (triglyceride) and not to utilize it for energy production can cause an increase in obesity. Obesity is one of the serious health problem in the world and leads to many diseases such as some types of cancer, heart disease, gallstones, sleep apnea, fatty liver disease, type-2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease. Therefore, lipase is the target enzyme to prevent these diseases and the inhibitors of lipase are very important molecules as drug candidate molecules. In this study, fifteen new heterocyclic compounds have been synthesized starting from 2-[3-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]-acetohydrazide and their anti-lipase activities have been examined. According to in vitro inhibition studies, molecule 2e is found to be the most potent inhibitor with the lowest IC₅₀ value. Docking studies' results have substantially supported this result and it is seen that compound 2e is one of the four molecules with the highest binding affinity. This molecule binds to the enzyme in its binding pocket by means of weak interactions with mainly Ile79, Asp80, Val260, Arg257 and His264.

1 illus, 1 table, 40 ref

042115   PUTRA A M J, KURNIA S R, MARJANI F N, ERNAWATI T, ISNAENI I, LOTULUNG P D N, SUNDOWO A, SIMANJUNTAK E, MEGAWATI M, YANUAR A ET AL (Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jakarta 12710 Indonesia, Email: andr014@lipi.go.id) : Andrographolide undergoes modification after illumination by blue laser in the presence of sodium bicarbonate. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(09), 1384-7.

Andrographolide is the marker compound of Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh), a herb that constitutes many traditional Asian remedies. In the present photochemical approach to modify its 12-en-14-hydroxyl moiety into 13-enone, a methanol solution of andrographolide has been illuminated with blue laser for 6 hours in the presence of sodium bicarbonate. After the illumination, it has been discovered that the 12-en-14-hydroxyl moiety undergoes modification into the 11-enone.

3 illus, 9 ref

042113   MOHAMADPOUR F (Apadana Institute of Higher Education, Shiraz, Iran, Email: mohamadpour.f.7@gmail.com) : 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU): as a highly efficient bicyclic amidine catalyst promoted solvent-free and one-pot synthesis of 1H-pyrazolo [1, 2-b] phthalazine-5,10-dione derivatives. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(08), 1234-42.

1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) as a highly efficient bicyclic amidine catalyst promoted one-pot multi-component synthesis of biologically active 1H-pyrazolo [1, 2-b] phthalazine-5, 10-dione derivatives via one-pot four-component condensation reaction of phthalimide, hydrazine monohydrate, aryl aldehydes and malononitrile under solvent-free conditions through simple filter with no necessity of chromatographic purification steps. Use of safe, non-volatile, non-corrosive, highly efficient, readily available and easy to handle of catalyst, one-pot reaction, high yields and short reaction times, economical and convenient synthesis, solvent-free conditions and operational simplicity are among the other added advantages that make this approach an attractive alternative for the synthesis of these biologically active compounds.

4 tables, 33 ref

042112   PANDIT C, PANDYA M, JADEJA Y, GOHEL J, KAPADIYA K (Chemistry Dep, R K Univ, Rajkot, Gujarat, Email: khushal_kapadiya06@yahoo.com) : An efficient regioselective synthesis of N-alkylated purine-triazole analogues. Indian J Chem Sec B 2020, 59B(08), 1225-33.

Nitrogen rich purine adduct (2) was prepared by reaction of 2,6-dichloro purine (1) with hydrazine hydrate was converted to hybrid purine-triazole ring (4) by a simple cyclisation process (con. HCl & methanol) on reaction with 3-phenoxy benzaldehyde. The regioselectivity of synthesized adducts was carried out by simple spectroscopic techniques i.e. IR, ¹H NMR & ¹³C NMR spectra. These studies gave an idea regarding replacement of chlorine out of C-2 or C-6 position. Novelty was introduced by alkyl substation at N-9 position of imidazole ring and at –NH of triazole ring and a series of 4-chloro-5a,6-dihydro-1,6-dialkylated-8-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-e]purine (5a-5g) hybrids were synthesized.

2 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref