000554   SENAM, ROHAETI E (Chemistry Dep, Negeri Yogyakarta Univ, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia, Email: eli_rohaeti@uny.ac.id ) : Development of antibacterial cotton fibers by application nanoparticle produced by mangosteen rind. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 382-88.

A silver nanoparticle is one material that has antibacterial activity. The objectives of this study are to determine the contact angle and antibacterial activity of cotton fiber by adding Ag nanoparticles and hexadecyltrimethoxysilane compound. The Ag nanoparticle was produced by the active component of mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana L.) as a natural reducing agent. The addition of hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) compounds is also done to make cotton fibers are hydrophobic. The Ag nanoparticle was performed by using Ultra Violet - Visible spectrophotometer, the antibacterial activities of cotton in inhibiting S. aureus and E. coli were analyzed by measuring an inhibition zone, and hydrophobicity properties of cotton before and after modification were measured using the method of the sessile drop. The colloid of Ag nanoparticles was produced at 442 nanometers and have an average diameter size of as much as 116 nanometers. The cotton after modification with HDTMS showed the biggest contact angle as much as 129.55°. The cotton after modification with HDTMS and Ag nanoparticle has the highest inhibition activity against S. aureus. These cotton fibers can be used as antibacterial products with a strength 4 to 5 times greater than in silver nanoparticles.

6 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

000552   RATHOD S B, LANDE M K (Chemistry Dep, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada Univ, Aurangabad- 431 004, Email: mkl_chem@yahoo.com) : Solvent free synthesis of 3, 4-dihydropyrimidine- (1H)-one via Bigenilli reaction using MoO₃ loaded CeO₂-ZrO₂ as a solid catalyst. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 368-73.

The present study demonstrates the synthesis of molybdenum trioxide (MoO₃) supported on cerium-zirconium oxide (CeO₂-ZrO₂) with 8, 10, 12, 15, 20 wt % molybdenum loading were prepared by co-precipitation and impregnation method. The catalytic activity examined by the synthesis of 3, 4-dihydropyrimidine-(1H)-one derivative via Bigenilli reaction using a mixture of aromatic aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate and urea under the solvent-free condition in the microwave. The catalyst concentration and the power of microwave irradiation were optimized for the synthesis of 3, 4-dihydropyrimidine-(1H)-one. The effective results revealed that 20 wt % MoO₃ loaded CeO₂- ZrO₂ catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity with higher productivity. The described method is efficient, simple, non-toxic and environmentally benign

4 tables, 44 ref

000551   RAJI S, RAMALINGAM S, SUBRAMANIA A (Chemistry Dep, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil- 626 126, Email: rama.s.lingam@gmail.com ) : Electrodeposition of Cu-PPY nanocomposite and its corrosion resistance behaviour. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 359-67.

Polypyrrole (PPY) reinforced copper nanocomposites (Cu-PPY) are prepared by using a simple electrodeposition method and characterized by XRD, SEM, EIS and Tafel polarization techniques. Polypyrrole (PPY) nanoparticles are synthesized by surfactant assisted dilute polymerization method and characterized by UV-Vis, FTIR, and Cyclic voltammetry studies. As synthesized polypyrrole (PPY) nanoparticles are used to prepare Cu-PPY nanocomposites using acid copper sulphate bath by electrodeposition technique. The Debye-sherrer formula is used to measure the average crystallite size of the electrodeposited Cu and Cu-PPY nanocomposite coatings from their XRD data are found to be ~32 nm and ~23 nm, respectively. Its structure is crystalline fcc and the texture is (220). The surface morphology of Cu-PPY nanocomposite coatings on the copper matrix showed almost spherical shaped crystallites. The Cu-PPY nanocomposite coatings have increased microhardness compared to electrodeposited copper. This is due to the reduced grain size of Cu-PPY nanocomposite coatings. Electrochemical impedance and Tafel polarisation studies revealed that the Cu-PPY nanocomposite coating in 3.5 % NaCl solution has better corrosion resistance than the pure Cu coating.

8 illus, 6 tables, 35 ref

000550   NURLIANA L, MUSTA R, RISNAWATI, DAMHURI, PRASETYA N B A (Chemistry Education Dep, Halu Oleo Univ, South East Sulawesi, Indonesia, Email: rustammusta.04@gmail.com) : Antifungal kinetics activity of patchouli oil (Pogostemon heyneanus) and its microencapsulation on Aspergillus Flavus. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 351-8.

Research of patchouli oil (Pogostemon heyneanus) microencapsulation as antifungal on Aspergillus flavus has been carried out. This research aims to find out antifungal activity of microencapsulated patchouli oil on fungi A. flavus equipped with kinetics reviews comprising determination of activity and its reaction order. Patchouli oil was obtained from the isolation process using the steam-water distillation method with a yield of 0.88 %. Characterization using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry showed that patchouli oil as the result of isolation process contains 6 main components, which are ß-caryophyllene (8.04 %); 6,10,11,11-tetramethyl- tricyclo (17.20 %); α-guaiene (17.86 %); 1H-3a,7-methanoazulene (11.88 %); δ-guaiene (23.49 %) and patchouli alcohol (6.68 %). Patchouli oil microencapsulation was carried out using spray drying method with several coating material variations:maltodextrin (1:8, 1:10, 1:12) and produced a yellowish-white sticky powder that brings a distinctive aroma of patchouli oil. Inhibition zone of antifungal in patchouli oil and its microencapsulation results toward A. flavus are categorized as insensitive, but patchouli oil is 100% sensitive. Resistibility activity of patchouli oil reaction is n = 0.5 with k’ = 0,1030; for microencapsulation process is n= 0.7 with k’ = 0.1144, causing the difference of curve At versus t for those antifungal

7 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

000548   MAHILANG D, HAIT M, PENDHARKAR T, JANA U, PANDA S R (MATS Univ, Raipur-493 441, Email: drsandhyaranipanda@gmail.com) : Biosorption of heavy metals in polluted water using natural materials as bio-adsorbent. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 333-42.

Anthropogenic exercises create and release wastes containing heavy metals into the water resources, making them inaccessible and frightening to human wellbeing, just as the environment. Customary strategies for the extrusion of metal ions are incredibly costly. Treating a lot of water cause inadequate metal expulsion and produces vast amounts of muck and other poisonous items that require careful removal. The purpose of the investigation is to explore the impending efficiency of natural biosorbent to expel heavy metals from polluted water. The optimum pH, contact time, initial metal concentrations were investigated, and the sample is further studied for FTIR and SEM analysis. The result shows that the natural bio-adsorbent shows a high potential for heavy metal removal.

6 illus, 2 tables, 50 ref

000547   SAIKISHORE V P, BISWAL S K, MOHAPATRA R K (Chemistry Dep, Centurion Univ of Technology and Management, R.Sitapur, Odisha, Email: dr.skbiswal@cutm.ac.in) : A series of mixed ligand metal complexes: synthesis, characterization and molecular docking investigations against coronavirus spike protein. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 325-32.

A series of mixed ligand complexes with a Schiff base (HL1) (obtained from 2-hydrazinobenzimidazole and ohydroxyacetophenone) acts as primary ligand and 1,10-phenanthroline (secondary ligand, L2) have been synthesized and investigated by various physico-analytical techniques. The spectral results suggested the tridentate nature of the Schiff base with NNO donor type. The prepared complexes exhibited distorted octahedral geometry. Moreover, molecular docking studies have been carried out against the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (PDB ID: 6M0J) and SARS-CoV spike receptor-binding domain (PDB ID: 2AJF).

5 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

000546   FRATIWI S, GHUFIRA, YUDHA S S, RATNAWATI D, TRIAWAN D A, GUSTIAN I (Chemistry Dep, Bengkulu Univ, Bengkulu- 38371, Indonesia, Email: irfan.g@unib.ac.id) : The development of proton conducting membranes based on used materials. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 319-24.

The development of proton conducting membranes based on used materials has been carried out. The used material, in this case, is styrofoam, which is chemically polystyrene. Membranes have been prepared by blending compositions styrofoam and cupriethylenediamine by mass per volume ratio: 2 : 0.5, 2 : 1, 2 : 1.5 and 2 : 2. Blending has done through the process of mixing styrofoam and cupriethylenediamine in chloroform solvent by stirring and then printed on petridish containers. Evaporation of the solvent is carried out slowly at 35 ℃ until membranes are obtained. The proton-conducting membranes were characterized by using FTIR, XRD, SEM and an impedance analyzer instrument. The FTIR spectrum of the membranes shows that there is absorption at wave number 3306.08 cm^-1 which shows O-H and at wave number 3306.08 cm^-1 which shows the amine bond N-H 3093.18-3159.61 cm^-1 . The diffractogram pattern of the membranes in each composition has a wide peak at 2� with an angle of 20° which shows that the membranes have an amorphous phase. SEM analysis shows that the membrane morphology has an uneven and foamy surface. The maximum conductivity of 35.52 × 10^-8 S/cm is found in the addition of 2 mL cupriethylenediamine with a temperature of 30 ℃.

6 illus, 13 ref

000545   AUNG E E, KRISTANTI A N, AMINAH N S, TAKAYA Y, RAMADHAN R, AUNG H T (Chemistry Dep, Airlangga Univ, Surabaya, Indonesia, Email: alfinda-n-k@fst.unair.ac.id) : Anticancer activity of isolated compounds from Syzygium aqueum stem bark. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 312-8.

From stem bark of Syzygium aqueum, oleanolic acid, and b-sitosterol were isolated successfully. Their structure was identified using spectroscopic methods such as UV-Visible, Fourier Transform Infrared and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. The isolated compounds were then tested for their anticancer activity against cervical, and breast cancer cell lines using the MTT method. The presence of these two compounds isolated from the stem bark of S. aqueum is the first to be reported.

3 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

000544   KUMARI S, SEEMA, RANKA M (Chemistry Dep, Rajasthan Univ, Jaipur-302 004, Email: mmt31ran@gmail.com) : Schiff base of isatin and its chromium metal complex: synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 306-11.

Schiff bases are excellent biological active compounds due to the presence of N, O, or S as heteroatoms prepared by the condensation reaction of carbonyl compounds (aldehyde or ketone) with a primary amine. Isatin Schiff bases found to possess several biological as well as pharmacological activities.1-3 Our present work reports synthesis and characterization of Isatin-3-phenylhydrazone (IPH) and its metal complex [CrL2Cl2]. Various techniques include physiochemical Analysis, elemental Analysis, magnetic moment measurement, spectral techniques (FTIR, UV-Vis, 1 H-NMR), etc., have been employed to characterize both ligand and complex. Since Isatin-3-phenylhydrazone Schiff base has already been reported to show antimicrobial activity 4 against various bacteria such as S. aureus, B. subtilus, Enterococcus D, E. coli, P. vulgaris etc., hence, both synthesized ligand and complex are evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activity against particular bacterial and fungal strains and results obtained were compared with the standards. Further, we are concerned with the ligand's pharmacological action and its metal complex with enhanced efficiency and minimal side effects

3 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

000543   TUKIRAN, PUTRI D O (Chemistry Dep, Negeri Surabaya Univ, Jl. Ketintang Surabaya-60231, Indonesia, Email: tukiran@unesa.ac.id) : Chemical profile by LC-MS analysis from the selected fraction of methanol extract of Syzygium malaccense. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 295-305.

In our previous study, two compounds from the stem bark of Syzygium malaccense were isolated, namely palmitic acid and methyl oleate. In this article, we intend to display the chemical components' identification results in selected fractions of methanol extract of the plant. Through LC-MS analysis, twenty chemical components of the fraction were identified. Structurally, they can be grouped into phenolic acid derivatives such as gallic acid and casuarinin and flavonoid derivatives, including chalcones, flavanols or catechins, flavanones, and flavonols.

7 illus, 1 table, 57 ref

000542   THAMIZHINI P, SHARMILA A, PRABHA K L (Chemistry PG Dep, Bharathidasan Univ, Tiruchirappalli- 620 018, Email: thamizhiniperiyasamy@gmail.com) : Synthesis and spectral analysis of schiff base of mixed ligand copper (II) complexes. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 288-94.

The six new mixed ligand Schiff base of copper(II) complexes are synthesized from the Schiff base (HL) derived from pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde and a pair of 2-(methylthio)aniline as primary ligands and 2,2’- bipyridine(bipy) and 1,10-phenanthroline(phen) as secondary ligands. 1H-NMR, IR, electronic spectra, and conductivity measurements describe the ligand and copper(II) complexes. In nature, the molar conductance experiments of these complexes indicated non-electrolyte. A distorted octahedral geometry around the central metal ion is suggested by spectroscopic data from the complexes. Electrochemical experiments have been conducted using cyclic voltammetry. The intense signals may be assigned to the Cu^II/ ^I redox couple

7 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

000541   IRAWAN C, HANAFI, SULISTIAWATY L, FOLIATINI, ROCHAENI H, SUKIMAN M (Chemical Analysis Dep, Polytechnic of AKA Bogor, Bogor- 16154, Indonesia, Email: foliatini@gmail.com) : Phytochemical screening and volatile compound analysis using GC-MS of isem kembang (Mangifera lampungise), indigenous fruit from Lampung, Indonesia. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 276-87.

The study of volatile phytochemical compounds in the extract of “Isem Kembang (Mangifera lampungise)” fruits have been successfully conducted by using phytochemical assay, followed by Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Isem Kembang fruits were extracted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol in the separated experiment. The result of the phytochemical assay of isem kembang extract revealed the presence of various phytochemical bioactive: tannin and phenol in n-hexane and methanolic extract, fa flavonoid in the methanolic extract, and terpenoid in ethyl acetate extract. GC-MS analysis provides more detailed information, i.e. the structure of the primary constituents of each extracts, which involves alkanes, alkenes, esters, carboxylates, phenolic, aromatic, dan aldehyde compounds. The antioxidant capacity of the extract was evaluated by DPPH radical method. IC₅₀ was found to be 23, 89, and 1871 mg/L for ean xtract of ethyl acetate, methanol and n-hexane, respectively. According to the results, the extract of isem kembang could be a potential resource of natural antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic agents.

5 illus, 6 tables, 36 ref

000534   PREMALATHA B, RAMANATHAN P (Chemistry PG & Research Dep, Government Arts Coll, Mutlur- 608 102, Email: premalatha.au18@yahoo.in) : Synthesis, spectral studies, anti-oxidant, antiinflammatory and antibacterial activities of 3-(1h-indol-3-yl)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-one derivatives. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 227-32.

The 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-one derivatives were synthesized by conventional method. The compounds are analyzed by IR, NMR, mass spectral and anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities are carried out. The studies identify the active compounds accountable for anti-oxidants and antiinflammatory. Studies are extremely required for future drug growth.

4 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

000531   TABA P, BUDI P, GAU A A, HALA Y, FAUZIAH, SUTAPA I W, MANGA J (Chemistry Dep, Hasanuddin Univ, Makassar- 902 45, Indonesia, Email: paulinataba@unhas.ac.id) : Mesoporous silica modified with amino group (NH₂-MCM-48) as adsorbent of Ag(I) and Cr(III) in water. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 204-11.

The amino-modified mesoporous silica (NH₂-MCM-48) was synthesized using a mixture of surfactants as a template that was re-extracted using a methanol-hydrochloride solution. The modifying agent was 3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (3-APTMS). The characterization was conducted using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). We investigated the reduction of Ag(I) and Cr(III) concentrations in the solutions using the modified material under several variables, i.e., pH, contact time, and initial ion concentration. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer measured the concentrations of the ions. The XRD and FTIR results proved that the basic material was MCM-48, and the template was mostly removed after the extraction, respectively. The modified material was successfully produced showed by the FTIR peak of N-H stretching vibration. The equilibrium of the Cr(III) adsorption was achieved in a longer time than that of the Ag(I) adsorption. The adsorption kinetics of Ag(I) and Cr(III) ions obeyed a model of pseudo-second-order and followed better the Langmuir adsorption model than the Freundlich, with a capacity of 0.87 and 2.02 mmol g^-1, respectively. The amine-modified mesoporous silica, NH₂-MCM-48 for this study is a very high potential as an adsorbent of metal ions used in the study.

6 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

000530   THI H T, MINH T N, DO Q-D , THANH N C, MINH T P (Ho Chi Minh City Univ of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam, Email: 1585017@hcmut.edu.vn) : Applying cavitation technique to optimize the synthesis of catfish epoxide oil, a biological compound with high chemical activity. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 194-203.

This study reported the synthesis of catfish epoxide oil with the assistance of the cavitation technique. The highest yield (94.11 %) of epoxidation reaction of catfish fat with hydroperoxide, acetic acid, sulfuric acid catalyst achieved at 50 PSi, 45 °C, the molar ratio of (H₂O_2/CH₃COOH/double bonds (C = C)) of (3.75/1.25/1) in just 5 minutes. The characterization of materials and products were analyzed by FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, 13C-NMR analysis. The results showed that the cavitation technique improved significantly the efficiency of the catfish epoxide oil process. The synthesis process used catfish fat feedstock, a by-product of catfish meat processing with available abundant supply. The epoxidized catfish oil product was high chemical activity and it also could be predicted as a high biodegradable compound. It could be said that the sustainability of the process is possible entirely.

8 illus, 25 ref

000529   SAGAR S S, CHAVAN R P (Chemistry Dep, I. C. S. Coll, Ratnagiri- 415 709, Email: ssssachin1984@gmail.com) : An efficient one pot synthesis of 2-aryl benzoxazole by using SiO₂/MgSnO₃ as a heterogeneous recyclable catalyst. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 186-93.

A highly effective, novel and fast processing method are reported the various derivatives of 2-aryl benzoxazole were prepared by using a catalytic amount of Silica containing MgSnO₃ (SiO₂/MgSnO₃). Low catalytic loading of silica-containing MgSnO₃ is found to be an economical and reusable catalyst for the reaction. The obtained percent yield of the product was satisfactory with a good experimental setup and the final products are pure and facile. The catalyst can be reused several times without loss of product yield and activity.

4 illus, 5 tables, 48 ref

000527   AZHAR M, KHAIRANI S, PUTRA A, DANIEL I R, AHDA Y, IHSANAWATI, PUSPASARI F, NATALIA D (Negeri Padang Univ, Padang- 25131, Indonesia., Email: minda@fmipa.unp.ac.id) : Molecular identification of UKG isolate and characterization of its inulin-degrading enzyme. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 171-8.

Inulin-degrading bacteria from the dahlia tuber rhizosphere are potential sources of biocatalyst that hydrolyzed inulin to produce fructose and fructooligosaccharide (FOS). The research was done to identify the UKG isolate that screened from the dahlia tuber rhizosphere and determine the characterization of its extracellular inulindegrading enzyme. The enzyme was purified using ammonium sulfate. Enzyme activity was determined using DNS reagent. Inulin degrading enzyme from Klebsiella variicola UKG isolate worked optimally at pH 5 and 40 ºC. The enzyme showed endo-type action. The estimated molecular mass of the inulin degrading enzyme was 43 kDa. The enzyme had KM 63,317 mg/mL, and Vmax 0,274 µmol/mL.min. The enzyme is suitable for the production of FOS prebiotic from inulin

7 illus, 34 ref

000526   GUGULOTH V (Chemistry Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad-500 007, Telangana, Email: drvijayacharan77@gmail.com) : Synthesis of (substituted-phenyl1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl) methyl-2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro4h-benzo[b][1,4] oxazin-4-yl) acetate derivatives. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 166-70.

A novel succession of synthesis of (substituted-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl) methyl-2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-4Hbenzo[b][1,4] oxazin-4-yl)acetate derivatives have been synthesized in ethical yields and was characterized by using 1 H NMR, IR and Mass spectroscopic methods and they were superior accordance with the proposed structures.

1 illus, 7 ref

000525   INDRIANI, AMINAH N S, PUSPANINGSIH N N T, HASNA I H, TAKAYA Y, SATRIMAFITRAH P (Chemistry Dep, Airlangga Univ, Indonesia-. 601 15, Email: nanik-s-a@fst.unair.ac.id) : Vladinol F, Neolignan compound from the stem bark of Dryobalanops oblongifolia (DIPTEROCARPACEAE) and antiplasmodial activity. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 161-5.

Drybalanops oblongifolia known as kayu kapur is a plant member of Dipterocarpaceae family. A neolignan, vladinol F, was successfully isolated from the dissolved fraction in acetone-ether of Dryobalanops oblongifolia stem bark. The chemical structure's determination was done based on an analysis of UV-Vis, NMR, and MS spectra and a comparison with the reference. In vitro test of this compound against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 showed that IC₅₀ value was 3.51 μg/mL

3 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

000524   NURHAENI, DARWIS D, SATRIMAFITRAH P (Chemistry Dep, Tadulako Univ, Palu- 94148, Indonesia, Email: pasjan82@gmail.com) : Fermented Moringa oleifera seeds enhanced with Euchema cottonii as an alternative tempeh: organoleptic analysis, protein, and fiber content. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 155-60.

A study of new tempeh produced from Moringa oleifera seeds fermented with commercial yeast and the addition of Euchema cottonii was performed. The study was designed to utilize M. oleifera seeds as an alternative material for tempeh, to determine its protein and fiber content, as well as organoleptic analysis. Tempeh was produced with a variation ratio of commercial yeast and fermentation time. The ratio of M. oleifera seeds: E. cottonii was varied to explore the most suitable composition for consumers. Protein and fiber content analysis was determined following reference methods. Results indicated that 24 hours' fermentation using 1-gram commercial yeast produced the highest protein (20.57%). M. oleifera seeds: E. cottonii ratio of 70:30 was the most preferred tempeh with a hedonic value of 3.76. Forty-eight hours’ fermentation with 3-grams commercial yeast yielded maximum fiber content. It can be concluded that this alternative tempeh is a good alternative for soybean tempeh as it contains high proteins and fibers.

3 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

000522   SUHARSO, PADLI M, TUGIYONO, BUHANI (Chemistry Dep, Lampung Univ, Bandar Lampung-35145, Indonesia, Email: suharso_s@yahoo.com) : Combination of gambier extract and benzoic acid as inhibitor of calcium sulfate scale formation. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 141-8.

In this study, it was carried out the addition of a mixture of gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) extract and benzoic acid as an inhibitor of scale growth of calcium sulfate using the seeded experiment technique. The experiment was performed on variations in the concentration of calcium sulfate growth solution with variation from 0.15 to 0.25 M by the presence of inhibitor mixture 0 - 125 ppm and a temperature of 90 ° C. Observations on the growth of calcium sulfate crystals formed were carried out by weighing crystals obtained in each series of experiments. Characterization of calcium sulfate crystals obtained was done by particle size analyzer/PSA and scanning electron microscope/SEM. The results obtained showed that the addition of a mixture of gambier extract and benzoic acid at a ratio of 1: 1 may block the formation of calcium sulfate crystals with effectiveness in the range of 2 - 54 % depending on the concentration of the inhibitor added. The results obtained are supported by data obtained by SEM and PSA analysis. The data obtained from SEM and PSA confirmed that the size of calcium sulfate crystals after the addition of the inhibitor becomes to be smaller than the normal growth.

6 illus, 1 table, 48 ref

000521   KARTIKA R, SULASTRI L, SIMANJUNTAK P (Mulawarman Univ, Samarinda, Indonesia, Email: rudi_biokimia@yahoo.com) : Stilbinoid compound from ethanol extract of the bark ‘raru’ , Vatica pauciflora blume (dipterocarpaceae). Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 137-40.

Vatica pauciflora Blume (local name: Raru) is known by Tapanuli’s people widely as additional ingredients mixed to make toddy beverage as tuak which made from nira (sugar palm juice). This addition is intended to match the sweet taste and alcohol. The local people also know raru bark is used as diabetic treatment. In this research, isolation of chemical compound based on cytotoxic treatment with Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA) of ethanol extract raru’s bark. Separation process was conducted by column chromatography [(SiO2; i. n-hexane-ethylacetate = 1 : 1; ii. CHCl3- MeOH = 10 : 1 ~ 1 : 1; iii. CHCl3-MeOH-H2O = 5 : 5 : 1; iv. CHCl3-MeOH = 1 : 1 and further purification with preparative TLC (SiO2; CHCl3-MeOH: H2O = 7: 3: 1 and gave one pure isolate with LC50 of 34.20 ppm. Based on the interpretation of Ultra Violet (UV), FT-Infra Red (FT-IR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1 H & 13C-NMR) spectra show that the compound is a stilbinoid, piceid acid.

2 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

000520   ROJAS C E, VERA E, APERADOR W (Militar Nueva Granada Univ, Bogotá, Colombia, Email: william.aperador@unimilitar.edu.co) : Determination of the relationship between beta-tricalcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite multilayers and their deterioration in a simulated body fluid. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 131-6.

Considering that the 316LVM regarded as a medical-grade, is one of the most used biomaterials in the manufacturing of joint prosthesis, due to its low cost, and also its mechanical properties and resistance to corrosion, however, in the presence of body fluids, it degrades, liberating ions to the medium and causing rejection of the implant. An alternative to this phenomenon is to employ coatings of one or more materials that isolate the steel from environmental degradation. In this paper, multilayer coatings of hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate were deposited, with a variation in the number of layers (n=1, 10, 30 and 50 layers) at the constant thickness, to analyze the electrochemical behaviour as the number of layers increases. The scanning electron microscopy technique was used to determine the elemental composition of the multilayers and the Ca/P ratio. Atomic force microscopy analyses were also performed to determine the topography. It is obtained that the corrosion current density, decreases to a greater number of multilayers, offering an improved behaviour in the corrosion processes.

3 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

000517   SÁNCHEZ-MOLINA J, BAUTISTA-RUIZ J, SÁNCHEZ-ZÚÑIGA J V (Francisco de Paula Santander Univ, San José de Cúcuta - 540005, Colombia, Email: jorgesm@ufps.edu.co) : Characterization of clay material and rice husk from Northeast Colombia. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 105-10.

This research was to study materials from the region to use them industrially applying the circular economy concept. Clay Material and Rice Husk were evaluated in the manufacture of ceramic products. X-ray Diffraction and X-ray Fluorescence techniques were used to determine the raw materials' chemical and mineralogical composition. Thermal analysis techniques (TG and DTG) were used to complement the study. The XRD results showed an abundance of quartz. The results of the thermal analysis establish significant losses due to calcination. The thermal conductivity was also measured in ceramic specimens made from two types of pastes, one with 100 % Clay Material and the other with a 5 % substitution for Rice Husk. The results showed a decrease in thermal conductivity in the test tubes with the addition of Rice Husk. Consequently, the Rice Husk as a substitute for the Clay Material allows for ceramic production with thermal efficiency.

2 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

000515   PURWONO B, NUROHMAH B A, FATHURROHMAN P Z, SYAHRI J (Chemistry Dep, Gadjah Univ, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Email: purwono.bambang@ugm.ac.id) : Some 2-arylbenzimidazole derivatives as an antimalarial agent: synthesis, activity assay, molecular docking and pharmacological evaluation. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 94-100.

A series of some 2-arylbenzimidazole derivatives have been synthesized from substituted aryl aldehyde and ophenylenediamine using microwave radiation and tested for its antimalarial activity. The 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1Hbenzimidazole showed excellent in vitro antimalarial activity toward Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) strain. Molecular docking studies have supported in vitro antimalarial assay. This compound also showed good bioavailability and druglike properties.

1 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

000513   SRIVANI K, LAXMINARAYANA E, CHARY M T (Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univ, Telangana- 500 085, Email: mtcharya@yahoo.com) : Synthesis, antimicrobial activity and docking studies of 1-methyl-3-(quinoxalin-2-yl) pyrrolidin-2-one. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 82-7.

The preparation of 1-methyl-3-(quinoxalin-2-yl) pyrrolidin-2-onewas described in a simple manner followed by green procedures, title compound was thoroughly characterized by IR, 1 HNMR and mass spectra data. The resulted compounds 5, 6 and 7 screened for biological activity and docking studies results are presented.

2 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

000298   DARWISH A G, SHAKE E S (Biochemistry Dep, Minia Univ, Minia- 615 19, Egypt, Email: ahmed.darwish@famu.edu) : Physalis peruviana juice and seeds methanolic extracts; gas chromatography mass spectrometry; antioxidant and anticancer against human A549, HepG2. Pharmacogn Mag 2021, 17(73), 1-5.

Physalis peruviana L. is a medicinal herb and its consumption increases annually in The Middle East, also the scientific research on it increases due to its valuable nutrient.  Methanolic extracts of P. peruviana L. seeds and juice were screened for their anticancer and antioxidant. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy profiling was performed for all extracts. . The identification of seeds and juice methanolic extract showed the main sex compounds; ethanol, 2,2’ -oxybis-, caffeic acid in both of the extracts. Octadecadienoate ethyl and octadecenoic acid have been found in seed extract, and octadecadienoic acid and ferulic acid were in juice extract. Seeds extract has phenolic and flavonoid content as 53.58 and 45.56, respectively, comparing to juice extract (26.58 and 7.30, respectively). The antioxidant activities of seeds extract using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) (28.73 at 50 µg/ml and 1164.10, respectively) comparing to juice extract values (4.06 at µg/ml and 848.43, respectively). The conspicuous optimistic result is that seeds extract showed cancer inhibition against human HepG2 and A549 (81.45 and 85.34, respectively) comparing to juice extract  (44.06 and 32.06, respectively). Therefore, the demand to increase the usage of Physalis or golden berry in people’s diet is a demand to face the environmental oxidative stress.

2 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

000290   GINTING B, MUSTANIR, NURDIN, MAULIDNA, MURNIANA, SAFRINA (Chemistry Dep, Syiah Kuala Univ, Banda Aceh- 23111, Indonesia) : Evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activity of myristica fragrans houtt. bark. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 780-6.

This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer activity of secondary metabolite compounds from Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg) bark using n-hexane extract based on DPPH radical scavenging and microculture tetrazolium salt (MTT) assay. The chemical structural analysis using NMR, FTIR, and LC-MS spectroscopy confirmed and identified the structure of isolated compound namely (2E)-5(2z.4E)-hexa-2,4,-dio-zyl)-2propylcyclohexanol (C₁₈H₃₀O₄) for the first time which is corresponding for the excellent antioxidant and anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell lines with the IC₅₀ value of 99.76 and 10.75 ppm, respectively.

5 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

000285   SUMARAWATI T, CHODIDJAH, NASIHUN T ( Chemistry Dep, Sultan Agung Islamic Univ, Central Java– 50112, Indonesia) : Both ethanol and ethyl acetate curcuma Zedoaraia extract was capable of inducing cells death in t47d cell line culture. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 737-43.

Curcuma zedoaria (CZ) has been proven capable of inducing apoptosis in cells cancer. CZ extraction can be performed by ethanol and acetyl acetate as solvent. However, which one of these extracts is superior remains unclear.  This study aimed to investigate the difference potential effect of ethanol and acetyl CZ extract on apoptosis of T47D cell line. In this study 21 wells were assign into seven groups: control group (T47D); treatment groups consisting of group of ethanol CZ extract 46 (EtZ-46); group of ethanol CZ extract 23 (EtZ-23); group of ethanol CZ extract 11 (EtZ-11); and group of ethyl acetate CZ extract 111 (AcZ-111); group of ethyl acetate CZ extract 55 (AcZ-55); and group of ethyl acetate CZ extract 27 (AcZ-27). In T47D group only loaded with T47D cell line; in treatment groups aside from loaded with T47D cell line culture, also treated with ethanol or acetyl acetate CZ extract respectively. Concentration of T47D cell was 5 x 10⁴ T47D cells line in 100 μl suspension loaded on each well of 21 wells and kept in CO₂ incubator overnight. The apoptosis cells were measured after 48 hours post CZ treatment.  Post Hoc analysis indicated that the number of apoptosis cells in AcZ-111 was significant higher compared to that of other groups, p<0.05. Acetyl acetate CZ extract treatment with dose 111 μg was capable of inducing apoptosis in T47D cell line superior than that of other groups including ethanol CZ extract.

3 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

000511   SIAHAAN J M, ILLYAS S, LINDARTO D, NAINGGOLAN M (Sumatera Utara Univ, Medan, Indonesia, Email: jekson.siahaan.sked@gmail.com) : The effect of ethanol extract and ethyl acetic fraction of standardised chayote squash to reduce blood sugar level and the function of pancreatic ß-cell of male albino rats induced by STZ-NA-HFD. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 65-73.

An impaired pancreatic ß-cell function can cause glucotoxicity, measured by the homeostasis model assessment of βcell function (HOMA-B). Glucotoxicity can be controlled by administering extracts and fractions of plant secondary metabolite compounds that are anti-hyperglycemic and preventing damage to pancreatic ß-cells. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of chayote squash on the function of pancreatic ß-cells and the decrease of blood glucose levels. Dry chayote squash was characterized, extracted with ethanol, and fractionated with ethyl acetate. The experimental albino rats were administered with streptozotocin, nicotinamide, and high-fat diets for up to 72 hours. After an increase in blood glucose levels, albino rats were treated with ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction by post-test randomized controlled group design for one month. After the treatment, the blood glucose level and insulin level were tested. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was applied. Simplified characteristics of the chayote squash were following the standards of herbal medicines in Indonesia. Chayote squash ethanol extract had a high total phenolic content, while the ethyl acetate fraction had a high total flavonoid content. Giving ethanol extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg bw could increase insulin secretion and HOMA-B to a higher degree. Meanwhile, ethyl acetate fraction at a dose of 100 mg/kg bw could reduce blood glucose levels. It is concluded that the administration of ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of chayote squash can maintain the function of pancreatic ß-cells and lower blood glucose levels

4 tables, 40 ref

000505   SINGH K, KUMARI B, SHARMA A (Chemistry Dep, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra-136 119, Email: profkiransingh2017@gmail.com) : Synthesis, spectral characterisation and biological studies of NiII, CuII, ZnII and CdII complexes with 1,2,4-triazole based bidentate schiff base. Res J Chem Environ 2021, 14(1), 29-35.

Complexes of NiII, CuII, ZnII and CdII metal ions with a novel Schiff base ligand 4-(((3-ethyl-5-mercapto-4H-1,2,4- triazol-4-yl)imino)methyl)-2-methoxy-6-nitrophenol (HTNP) were synthesised, thoroughly characterized by spectral techniques i.e. IR, 1 H-NMR, fluorescence, electronic spectra and also structurally examined by elemental analysis, thermal analysis and magnetic moment measurements. A significant enhancement in the fluorescence intensity of HTNP was observed after complexation. Comparative in vitro antimicrobial activities of HTNP and its metal complexes were studied and these novel compounds were found to show moderate to significant antibacterial activity. The results also indicated that antimicrobial activity of the Schiff base ligand (HTNP) gets considerably increased on complexation.

5 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

000504   SARMA M D, GHOSH S (Chemistry Dep, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Coll, Parganas- 700 131, Email: sgorganic1971@gmail.com) : Facile regioselective monobromination of anilines and phenols through green protocol and evaluation of their bioactivity. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 19-28.

Several bromoanilines and bromophenols were synthesized in good to nearly quantitative yields using a mixture of potassium bromide and potassium bromate in presence of dilute acid under mild conditions in a short time. Some of the prepared Bromo derivatives showed fairly strong antioxidant properties when screened for in vitro antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and compared with standard natural antioxidant Lascorbic acid. Most of the synthesized Bromo compounds displayed broad-spectrum activity against Bacillus subtilis, but except one, they were found to be inactive against Escherichia coli.

2 illus, 3 tables, 54 ref

000502   IRHAM W H, TAMRIN, MARPAUNG L, MARPONGAHTUN (Chemistry Dep, Sumatera Utara Univ, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia, Email: thamrinsumut@gmail.com) : Preparation and characterization of bacterial cellulose supplemented Centella asiatica L. urban extract to improve mechanical properties. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 9-15.

Bacterial Cellulose is relatively pure, hydrophilic, has crystallinity index and tensile strength higher. Therefore Bacterial Cellulose has been widely used for biomaterial as woun healing, artificial blood vessel, drug delivery etc. Bacterial cellulose supplemented Centella Asiatica L. Urban had been produced from acetobacter xylinum using the saturating method. The aim is to enhance the characterization of Bacterial Cellulose by adding Centella Asiatica L. Urban extract. Bacterial cellulose (BC) and Bacterial cellulose supplemented Centella Asiatica L. Urban (BCCA) were characterized by FTIR test, SEM test, Mechanical Test, and XRD test. The result showed that adding Centella Asiatica L. Urban extract enhances the characterization of Bacterial Cellulose. Mechanical Test showed decrease mechanical properties of BC, and XRD showed Supplemented Centella Asiatic L. Urban extract did not disturb the regularity of BC chains and increased the crystallinity index.

5 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

000501   DZHAKIPBEKOV E O, SAKIBAYEVA S A , DZHAKIPBEKOVA N O, SAGITOVA G F, BEKZHIGITOVA K A, SHINGISBAYEVA Z A (Oil Refining and Petrochemistry Dep, M. Auezov South Kazakhstan Univ, Shymkent, Kazakhstan, Email: erzhan.d777@gmail.com) : The investigation of physical and chemical properties of water solutions of polymers and their application in combination with drugs. Rasayan J Chem 2021, 14(1), 1-8.

In this article are shown soft dosage forms (ointments) obtained based on polymer reagents. Water-soluble polymers are synthesized based on acryl-containing compounds. Aqueous solutions of polymeric reagents and their physical and chemical properties (viscosity and optical density) have been investigated. It was shown that polymers can be used for the transportation of drugs. The polymer macromolecule at pH = 3.5 is in a folded state. The macromolecule is unfolded with increasing pH. This leads to an increase in viscosity, the optical density does not change. The drugs are passed toxicological control. Based on toxicological investigate and analysis of the data obtained, it was concluded that the polymers have insignificant functional accumulation. Do not show skinresorptive and allergic effects. The compatibility of polymers with antibiotics (levomycetin, levomycetin sodium succinate) was investigated. To establish the compatibility of copolymers with the antibiotics levomycetin, levomycetin sodium succinate and neomycin sulfate, it is necessary to identify the antimicrobial activity of antibiotics, which is determined by diffusion into agar. The properties of soft dosage forms (ointments) were sinvestigated using the agar diffusion method, it was shown that antibiotics are compatible in combination with the polymer reagent and their antimicrobial activity was revealed.

2 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

000219   HASHIM I, OMOSA L K, NCHIOZEM-NGNITEDEM V A, ONYARI J M, MARU S M, GUEFACK M-G F, MBAVENG A T, KUETE V (Chemistry Dep, Nairobi Univ, Nairobi, Kenya) : Antibacterial activities and phytochemical screening of crude extracts from kenyan macaranga species towards MDR phenotypes expressing efflux pumps. Phcog Commn 2021, 11(2), 119-26.

Macaranga species are traditionally used for the treatment and management of coughing, fungal infection, and wounds. In this study, the phytochemical screening and antibacterial activities of nine crude extracts from Macaranga conglomerata, Macaranga kilimandscharica and Macaranga capensis were determined against 13 bacterial strains expressing multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotypes.  Phytochemical screening of the extracts were carried out according to the standard methods, while the iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) colorimetric assay was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the plants extracts.  Flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and coumarins were the major secondary metabolites found in all the plant extracts. The results of antibacterial studies revealed that all the plant extracts displayed good activities with MIC values ranging from 4 – 128 μg/mL against the tested micro-organisms. Most of the extracts exhibited a bactericidal effect against E. coli, E. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, P. stuartii, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus with MBC/MIC ratio ≤ 4. In the presence of efflux pump inhibitor (PaβN), the inhibition potency of all the crude extracts against the tested bacterial strains were substantially enhanced. It is worth noting that the activities of MKL, MCL, and MCR towards P. stuartii (NEA16), E. aerogenes (ATCC13048), and K. pneumoniae (KP55), respectively were improved by more than 8-fold in the presence of PAβN. The findings of this study indicated the possibility of using all the tested plant extracts as a source of therapeutic agents in the fight against multi-drug resistant bacteria.

4 tables, 50 ref

000215   AINA T, AKPE V, MAGBAGBEOLA O, COCK I E (Biochemistry Dep, Lagos Univ, Nigeria) : Anti-proliferative activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa l. calyx flavonoid extracts on cervical cancer cells using flow cytometry. Phcog Commn 2021, 11(2), 88-94.

Impairment of the normal progression of the cell cycle affects the growth and development of the daughter cells, which may result in cancer cell proliferation. Herein, we investigate the effect of flavonoid fractions of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyx on cell cycle progression in cervical cancer cells. Flavonoids (bound and free), lipids and aqueous fractions were extracted from a methanolic extract of H. sabdariffa calyx using ethyl acetate, diethyl ether and petroleum ether. Each of these fractions were used to treat HeLa cervical cancer cells and monitored using a flow cytometer.  The cells exposed to the extract and its fractions had higher percentages of inactive cells (no cell division) at the quiescent (G0) and gap one phases (G1) of the cell cycle in comparison to control cells. The highest values were obtained from cells treated with the bound and free flavonoid fractions. The results of this study suggest that HeLa cervical cancer cell proliferation is significantly inhibited by H. sabdariffa flavonoid fractions. Daily consumption of beverages consisting of H. sabdariffa may therefore prevent the early stages of cervical cancer and inhibit the progression of the disease once it is established.

2 illus, 1 table, 47 ref

000213   LOZANO C M, VASQUEZ-TINEO M A, RAMIREZ M, INFANTE M I (Chemistry and Physics Dep, School of Natural Sciences and Technology, PR, USA) : In vitro antimicrobial activity of tropical medicinal plants used in santo domingo, dominican republic: Part 2. Phcog Commn 2021, 11(1), 52-60.

Medicinal plants of Dominican Republic are used for medicinal purposes, but still very little is known about these uses and very few evidence exist to support such uses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of crude ethanolic extracts of 48 medicinal plants collected at regional or municipal markets in Dominican Republic for the treatment of several types of infections associated diseases.  Crude ethanolic plant extracts were tested against five species of micro-organisms - E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans using the disc diffusion method. For selected plants, antibacterial activity was also measured for seven (Gram positive and Gram negative) micro-organisms by the standard radial streak method in agar plates. MIC of selected plants was determined against B. subtilis by the broth microdilution method using MTT dye. Forty-three of the plants tested showed inhibitory activity against one or more of the micro-organisms at 50 μg of extract. Eleutherine bulbosa, Hymanea courbaril, Ocimum basilicum, Petiveria alliacea, Piper aduncum, Plantago major, Rosmarinus officinalis and Trichilia hirta were effective inhibiting growth of at least three out of the four bacteria strains tested. Moderate MIC values were in the range of 140 µg/mL for A. racemosus to 2920 µg/mL for Chamaesyce hyssopifolia. A few extracts showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Conclusion: Several ethanolic crude extracts derived from plants used in traditional medicine in the Dominican Republic possess antimicrobial activity against a variety of the tested micro-organisms. Isolation and/or identification of potential biologically active compounds and elucidation of their mechanism(s) of action will require further study.

1 illus, 3 tables, 75 ref

000194   DHIMAN S (Chemistry Dep, Mehr Chand Mahajan DAV Coll for Women, Chandigarh- 160 017, Email: shefalitac@gmail.com) : Biocatalytic oxidation of sulfides to sulfones. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 250-5.

This paper describes a method for the biocatalytic oxidation of sulfides. During the screening of microorganisms using pure cultures of bacteria and fungi for the oxidation of sulfides, it was observed that a number of strains of microorganisms, were able to oxidize various sulfides (1-4), but the desired sulfoxide was either not obtained or obtained only as a minor product. A close observation of the reaction showed complete oxidation and thus sulfone (5-8) formation had occurred in these cases. Sulfones are used to stabilize intermediates like α-radicals, α-anions etc. and also used as cationic synthons in many known reactions. This prompted us to explore the sulfone synthesis by biocatalytic route. Approximately 20 % of the strains tested (400 bacterial and 200 fungal) showed the formation of sulfone with conversion rate varying from 3 to 100 % based on TLC analysis. There were two strains of fungi, Aspergillus ochraceus MTCC 5245 and Penicillium Funiculosum MTCC 5246 which showed excellent biocatalytic activity for oxidation sulfides to corresponding sulfones in high yield. In all these strains, the product was different from corresponding standard sulfoxide prepared by oxidation with m-chloroperbenzoic acid but well corresponded with the standard sample of sulfone prepared by oxidation of the corresponding sulfides with oxone®. The identity of sulfones in all cases was confirmed by 1 H NMR

1 illus, 1 table, 42 ref

000193   STACIU I (Physical Chemistry Dep, Bucharest Univ, Bucharest- 030 018, Romania, Email: Istanciu75@yahoo.com) : Study rheological behavior of rapeseed oils compared to mineral oil. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 247-9.

This article presents the dependence of dynamic temperature viscosity and shear rate for rapeseed oils used as biodegradable lubricant and SAE 10W. The studied rheograms show the dependence of the dynamic shear rate viscosity as well as the dependence of the dynamic temperature viscosity. From the rheograms there is a decrease in the dynamic viscosity with temperature and shear rate for the two oils. The dynamic viscosity of rapeseed oil is most strongly influenced by the shear rate compared to the studied SAE 10W oil. The rheological behavior of rapeseed and mineral oil SAE 10W was studied with the Haake VT 550 viscometer at temperatures between 40 and 1000 C.

5 illus, 16 ref

000189   JERLITE K J J, NEVADITHA N T (Chemistry Dep, Nesamony Memorial Christian Coll, Marthandam, Tamil Nadu, Email: jasminejerlite2014@gmail.com) : Hemocompatibility and surface morphology of vegetable oil based polyurethane eggshell powder nanocomposite. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 229-34.

In the present work, biocompatible polyurethane (PU) and PU–based nanocomposites (PUENs) of different composition have been synthesized from hydroxylated olive oil- based polyurethane and eggshell powder as filler. The synthesized polyurethane nanocomposites are characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM and XRD analysis. The chemical resistance and biodegradability of the PUENs have been studied in different chemical environments. SEM analysis confirms the incorporation of eggshell powder into the polyurethane matrix. The XRD study reveals that the intensity of the peak increases from 90 to 137 cts with the increase in crystallinity. The chemical resistance shows the swelling and degradation of the PUENs at higher concentration of the HCl and NaOH. In soil burial degradation method 13 %-18 % of weight loss is observed in PUEN3 and PUEN4. The hemolytic rate of PUEN4 is < 2 % at 10 to 40µg/mL showing non-hemolysis, implies better hemocompatibility of the sample.

5 illus, 5 tables, 17 ref

000188   YACOUBA A C, IBRAHIM S L, WAGE A R M, NA I ( Chemistry Dep, Agadez Univ, Agadez, Niger, Email: arachidchaibou@gmail.com) : Optimization of some parameters on the low efficiency of solvent extraction of uranium with alamine 336. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 213-20.

Solvent extraction of uranium from sulfate liquor acid ore with Alamine 336 from two suppliers has been studied. The influence of various parameters, such as sulfuric acid concentration on uranium bearing solutions, concentration of Alamine 336, and concentration of uranium was investigated. The decrease of uranium efficiency extraction at the plant was caused by the degradation of the organic phase. Degradation caused by the presence of vanadium in the uranium ore. Two theoretical stages could efficiency extract more than 90 % of uranium from a solution containing 3881 mg/L at O/A ratio of 1.5:1. At the range of sulfuric acid concentration of 0.1 M to 0.2 M, Uranium efficiency was enhanced from 89 % to 92 at the 1st contact and from 18 % to 20 % at the second contact. At this range of concentration, the UO2 (SO4 ) 2 2 - species predominate. For sulfuric acid concentrations over 0.2 M the uranium efficiency decreased due to the presence of UO2 (SO4 ) 2 2 - and UO2 (SO4 ) 3 4- species. Improving volume percentage of Alamine 336 in organic phase enhanced the uranium efficiency to 99 %.

10 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

000186   ANUSE D G, DESALE V J, THORAT B R, ANUSE D D, JAGADHANI S G, ABRAHAM K G, YAMAGAR R S (Chemistry Dep, Government of Maharashtra`s Ismail Yusuf Coll of Arts Science and Commerce, Mumbai- 400 060, Email: devidasanuse@gmail.com) : Synthesis and screening of biologically active schiff bases of benzothiazoles and its zinc and lanthanum metal complexes. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 187-93.

The substituted 2-Aminobenzothiazole and ethyl 2-(4-formyl-3-hydroxyphenyl)-4- methylthiazole-5-carboxylate in methanol mix together and heat the reaction mixture for overnight, It gives Schiff’s bases (derivatives of substituted aminobenzothiazole) 3.This compound 3 when treated with zinc chloride it gives zinc metal complex of Schiff’s bases 4 and if compound 3 was treated with Lanthanum chloride gives Lanthanum metal complex of Schiff’s bases 5, which shows marked biological activities.

4 tables, 19 ref

000184   ALIMUDDIN, RAFEEQ M (Chemistry Dep, Maulana Azad National Urdu Univ, Gachibowli- 500 032, Hyderabad, Email: khanalim192@gmail.com) : Synthesis and characterization of strontium oxide nano particle by sol-gel method. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 177-80.

Synthesis of strontium oxide nanoparticles was carried out by sol-gel method using strontium nitrate and sodium hydroxide at room temperature which is very simple and cost effective. The characterization of strontium oxide nanoparticles was done using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR). X-ray diffraction pattern indicates that the nanoparticles are crystalline in nature. The crystalline size of strontium oxide nanoparticle was calculated by Debye-Scherrer formula. The crystalline sizes are about 80 nm. The morphology of nanoparticles was observed and investigated using SEM. The material at room temperature, calcined at 2000 C, 4000 C and 6000 C respectively shows pseudo spherical shape, cubic form and finally it becomes cylindrical this shows that there is a agglomeration with increase in temperature. FTIR spectrum of strontium oxide shows the peak at 854.64 cm-1 which is due to Sr-O bond.

3 illus, 28 ref

000182   BHARADWAJ N, KAUSHIK J (Chemistry Dep, Dr. C.V. Raman Univ, Bilaspur, C.G, Email: kaushik.jaishri08@gmail.com) : Nano synthesis and characterization of complex derived from silver metal conjugated with midodrine hydrochloride. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 157-61.

The stability constant Kf for the complexation of Ag(I) metal ion with Midodrine hydrochloride were determined by spectrophotometric method at room temperature .The colored complexes were measured at 300 nm. The stability constant of the complexes were found to be 5.47 by mole ratio method. The stoichiometry of the complexes formed between the Midodrine drug and Ag (I) metal ion are 1:1 M/L ratio. Silver conjugated Midodrine hydrochloride Nano synthesized and characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, XRD and FT-IR. The UV-Visible spectra of Midodrine -Ag nanoparticle in the range of 322 nm. XRD conform The crystallite size of Midodrine -Ag (I) nanoparticles are found to be 64.5 nm from Debye Scherer formula. The crystallinity of nanoparticles is Face centered cubic structure. SEM conform of particle size and surface morphology, FTIR analyzed involvement of -NH2 group in Midodrine is the stabilized of silver nanoparticle. This research is focuses on complexation, Nano synthesis and characterization of Drug-silver nanoparticle for antihypotention therapy.

5 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

000181   GURAV V L, SAMANT R A (Chemistry Dep, K. C. Coll, Mumbai- 400 020, Email: vlgurav83@gmail.com) : Application of waste egg shell for adsorption of cd(ii) and pb(ii) ions to protect environment: equilibrium, kinetic and adsorption studies. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 128-35.

In the present work, we studied the impact of adsorption parameters on adsorption of M(II) [Cadmium and Lead] using calcinated chicken egg shell as biomaterial. The characterization of biomaterial reveals; crystallite size by Scherrer formula is 66.58 nm and 9.80 m2 /g BET surface area. The adsorption of cadmium and lead on calcinated egg shell was found to be dependent on equilibrium adsorption parameters. The adsorption kinetic models and adsorption isotherm were successfully applied. The removal method was validated with anodic stripping voltametric technique. For standard aqueous sample of M(II), maximum removals were obtained at pH 5 and 200 mg of adsorbent and 120 min of contact time. The kinetic model followed pseudo second order kinetics at equilibrium contact time of 120 minute. The amounts of M(II) adsorbed per unit mass of calcinated egg shell increases with initial concentration up to 50 mg/L followed by deviation in results were observed. The Freundlich’s adsorption isotherm model is better fitted for M(II) adsorption with R2 closed to unity i.e 0.9998 for Cadmium and 0.9983 for Lead. For real samples, adsorbed M(II) also recovered with 98 + 0.5 % recovery using 10 mL of 1.0 M HCl with flow rate of 2 mL per minute.

10 illus, 4 tables, 53 ref

000181   GURAV V L, SAMANT R A (Chemistry Dep, K. C. Coll, Mumbai- 400 020, Email: vlgurav83@gmail.com) : Application of waste egg shell for adsorption of cd(ii) and pb(ii) ions to protect environment: equilibrium, kinetic and adsorption studies. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 128-35.

In the present work, we studied the impact of adsorption parameters on adsorption of M(II) [Cadmium and Lead] using calcinated chicken egg shell as biomaterial. The characterization of biomaterial reveals; crystallite size by Scherrer formula is 66.58 nm and 9.80 m2 /g BET surface area. The adsorption of cadmium and lead on calcinated egg shell was found to be dependent on equilibrium adsorption parameters. The adsorption kinetic models and adsorption isotherm were successfully applied. The removal method was validated with anodic stripping voltametric technique. For standard aqueous sample of M(II), maximum removals were obtained at pH 5 and 200 mg of adsorbent and 120 min of contact time. The kinetic model followed pseudo second order kinetics at equilibrium contact time of 120 minute. The amounts of M(II) adsorbed per unit mass of calcinated egg shell increases with initial concentration up to 50 mg/L followed by deviation in results were observed. The Freundlich’s adsorption isotherm model is better fitted for M(II) adsorption with R2 closed to unity i.e 0.9998 for Cadmium and 0.9983 for Lead. For real samples, adsorbed M(II) also recovered with 98 + 0.5 % recovery using 10 mL of 1.0 M HCl with flow rate of 2 mL per minute.

10 illus, 4 tables, 53 ref

000180   ALI N M (Chemistry Dep, Albaha Univ, Albaha, Saudi Arabia, Email: nada.m@bu.edu.sa) : Chemical composition, antimicrobial activity and potential cytotoxic effect of Mentha viridis (spearmint) extracts from Saudi Arabia. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 120-7.

Many medicinal plants have been used to treat and prevent illnesses in Saudi Arabia. The present study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of Mentha viridis obtained from Albaha region of Saudi Arabia and evaluate its antimicrobial and antiproliferative potential. The extract was obtained from plant fresh material and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial and antiproliferative potential of the plant extract was analysed by performing four subsequent extracts: ethanol, petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol. The GC-MS analysis showed carvone as a main component, as it comprised 64.82 % of the plant extract. In antimicrobial activity, methanol extract showed significant activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with zone of inhibition of 15 mm. The MTT assay showed that petroleum ether and chloroform extracts have moderate cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line with IC50 values of 193.23 μg/mL and 131.86 μg/mL, respectively. Chloroform extract also showed mild activity against HCT-116 colorectal cancer cell line with IC50 value of 189.2 μg/mL. This study highlights the potential of M. viridis extracts as powerful bioactive phytochemicals with possible role in diseases and cancer therapy.

2 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

000178   VIDHYA S, ROSE A L, PRIYA F J, KEERTHANA T, PRIYADHARSHINI R (Chemistry Dep, Holy Cross Coll, Tiruchirappalli- 620 002, Tamil Nadu, Email: vidhyachem@hcctrichy.ac.in) : Anti-urolithiatic activity of silver nanoparticles of Terminalia chebula bark. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 109-15.

The potential inhibitory action of herbs plays an indispensable role in modern medicine. The struvite crystal is an infectious stone related to urinary tract infection, hence the present study highlighted the anti-urolithiatic potential of Terminalia chebula bark mediated silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles formation was confirmed by SPR band at 437nm. FT-IR spectroscopic studies suggested that phytoconstituents are primarily responsible for the reduction and capping of silver nanoparticles. TEM and XRD analysis revealed that the uniformity in shape and crystalline nature of T. chebula mediated silver nanoparticles. The single gel diffusion method was adopted to found the inhibition action of T. chebula mediated silver nanoparticles in struvite crystals. The inhibition efficiency was found to be 87.9 %, indicated that T. chebula mediated silver nanoparticles was a good inhibitor for the struvite crystals. The shift in band values of FTIR spectra confirms that the phyto constituents present in T. chebula bark is responsible for the anti-urolithiatic activity.

14 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

000177   NGUYET L T B, NG V T (Industrial Univ of Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, Email: tiennv@hcmute.edu.vn) : Physical properties of films based on gelatin and dialdehyde starch with different oxidation degrees. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 103-8.

In this study, dialdehyde starch (DAS) was prepared by oxidizing corn starch using potassium periodate as the oxidant. The aldehyde contents in DAS were determined using titration with hydroxylamine and were found proportional to the molar ratio of KIO4:C6H10O5. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm the breakage of the bond between C2 and C3 in anhydroglucose units and the formation of -CHO group in DAS. X-ray diffractometry showed a decrease in crystallinity of starch after periodate oxidation. Thermogravimetric analysis showed reduced thermal stability of DAS in comparison with the native starch. The prepared DAS was blended with gelatin to form films by casting method. Increasing aldehyde contents in DAS from 0 to 12.2 % resulted in decreased moisture contents, solubility in water, and the swelling capacity of gelatin-DAS films. The value of tensile strength and elongation at break of the gelatin-DAS films rose when the aldehyde content was low (0-3.5 %), but declined when the aldehyde content was high (3.5-12.2 %). Slight periodate oxidation is, therefore, an effective way to enhance the mechanical characteristics of blend films from DAS and other biopolymers.

3 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

000176   DATTA A (Chemistry Dep, Shibpur Dinobundhoo Institution, Howrah- 711 102, West Bengal, Email: arupdattadb@gmail.com) : Pentafluorophenylammonium triflate: A mild, efficient and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of 2-arylbenzothiazole and 2-arylbenzothiazoline derivatives in a green chemical approach. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 95-102.

In this work, one pot, simple and environmentally benign effective synthesis of 2-substituted benzothiazole and benzothiazoline derivatives are described in presence of PFPAT (pentafluorophenylammonium triflate) catalyst in water successfully. A series of benzothiazole derivative were synthesized by the reaction between 2-aminothiophenol and various aldehydes in good yields. Recyclability of the catalyst is observed for four times without loss of its activity in aqueous medium.

2 illus, 5 tables, 31 ref