005895   Zhang Y;Jiang G;Yao J;Tong Y (Engineering Research Center of Clothing of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech Univ, China, Email: azy888@163.com) : Automatic pattern segmentation of jacquard warp-knitted fabric based on hybrid image processing methods. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(2), 208-12.

This paper reports an automatic pattern separation approach for jacquard warp-knitted fabric, which includes bilateral filter, pyramidal wavelet decomposition and improved fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering. First, jacquard warp-knitted fabric images are captured and digitized by a scanner in gray mode, and then the bilateral filter is adopted to smoothen the fabric textures formed by various lapping movements of jacquard fabric and to reduce the noise appearing in capturing process. Next, multi-scale wavelet decomposition is applied to lessen calculation burden and to shorten computation time. Finally, the modified FCM clustering is proposed, in which the Mercer Kernel function is used to make some features prominent for clustering, and a weight function is proposed to measure the similarity between the data and the clustering center. The experimental results reveal that this hybrid method can achieve fast and accurate pattern segmentation. It is proved that this study is suitable for the pattern separation of jacquard warp-knitted fabric.

^ssc6 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

005894   Urs G T;Ananda H T;Nanda Prakash M B;Byrappa K;Somashekar R (Studies in Physics Dep, Mysore Univ, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, Email: rs@physics.uni-mysore.ac.in) : Crystal and molecular structure of muga wild silk fibres based on [Ala-Gly]_n sequence using LALS technique. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(2), 131-6.

X-ray diffraction pattern of muga wild silk fibres has been recorded using imaging plate system (Dip-100S). In order to identify various Bragg reflections and to compute X-ray intensities of these reflections, fibre processing software (CCP13) has been used. A molecular model is first constructed with standard bond lengths and angles using helical symmetry and layer-line spacing observed in the X-ray pattern. The model is then refined against observed X-ray data using linked atom least squares method. The crystal and molecular structure of muga wild silk fibres are compared with reported domestic and wild silk fibre. We could get good R-factor with refinement of a model having beta-pleated sheet structures formed by hydrogen bonds having antipolar - antiparallel arrangement.

2 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

005893   Shakyawar D B;Raja A S M;Ajay Kumar;Pareek P K (NO, UP Textile Technology Institute, Kanpur-208 001, Email: asmraja16475@gmail.com) : Antimoth finishing treatment for woollens using tannin containing natural dyes. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(2), 200-2.

Attempts have been made to develop natural dye based antimoth finishing process using natural dyes as an alternative of chemical based process. Natural dyes obtained from different sources are used to dye the woollen fabric and then screened for antimoth efficacy. Woollen fabrics dyed with extract of silver oak leaves, wall nut husk and pomegranate rind have shown highest resistance to moth attack. The screened sources carrying antimoth property are then subjected to phytochemical analysis along with non-carrying natural dyes for analyzing their chemical constituents. The result reveals that the chemical constituent of natural dyes plays a crucial role in determining antimoth efficacy. The amount of tannin content present in the natural dyes can be taken as an indicator to determine the antimoth efficacy.

^ssc2 tables, 10 ref

005892   Saikhom J D;Potsangbam K S;Choudhury M D (Life Science and Bioinformatics Centre Dep, Assam Univ, Silchar-788 011, Email: saikhom.joylani@gmail.com) : Effect of various mordants in Kum dyed cotton, silk and woollen yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(2), 184-9.

Colour fastness properties, tensile strength and elongation percentage of various yarns such as cotton, wool and silk, naturally dyed with fermented Kum leaves [Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) Kuntze] using traditional technique of cold and heating process and chemical technique with metallic salts have been studied. The colour fastness in both traditional and chemical technique shows fair to excellent results. Except for some cases in silk and woollen yarns, the tensile strength and elongation percentage of all the dyed yarns are found to be higher as compared to that of the grey yarn. In cotton yarn, both traditional and chemical pre-mordanting techniques show improvement in colourfastness and high tensile strength and elongation percentage as compared to grey yarn.

3 tables, 30 ref

005891   Ramya K;Maheshwari V (Costume Design & Fashion Dep, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore-641 014, Email: ramyakathiresan@yahoo.com) : Antiseptic treatment for human foot wounds using piper betel extract finished bamboo/cotton fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(2), 213-16.

In this study, the extracts of Piper betel leaves have been obtained and finished on to the natural and regenerated bamboo/cotton knitted fabrics. The finished fabrics are assessed for the antibacterial activity against the selected pathogens Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Proteus sp., which are commonly present in the human foot wounds. The obtained results are compared with the untreated fabrics and also with the fabric samples treated with two antibiotics, viz Cefixime and Levofloxacin which are commonly used for the treatment of the foot wounds. The herbal extract treated fabrics show good antibacterial activity against the pathogens, which makes them to have an antiseptic property. To enhance the wash durability of the finished samples the herbal extracts are microencapsulated and their wash durability is assessed using the standard methods.

^ssc1 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

005890   Paul P;Sanyal P;Chowdhury S;Mukhopadhyay G; Gon D P;Das K (NO, Indian Jute Industries' Research Association, 17 Taratala Road, Kolkata-700 088, Email: palashiitd@gmail.com) : Relationship among seam strength, weft-way fabric strength and stitch density of B. twill jute bag. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(2), 195-9.

Influence of weft-way fabric strength and stitch density on the seam strength of B. Twill jute bag has been studied. Study reveals that a correlation exists among seam strength, weft-way fabric strength and stitch density of B. Twill jute bags sewn with herakle stitches. A regression equation for seam strength as a function of two factors namely weft-way fabric strength and stitch density has been established.

^ssc2 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

005889   Koranne M;Chattopadhyay D P;Jaiswal H (Textile Engineering Dep, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The M S Univ of Baroda, Vadodara-390 001, Email: milvako@yahoo.co.uk) : Properties of jute-cotton union fabrics through wet processing treatments: part II-double cloth structures with jute weft in subdued form. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(2), 157-61.

In this study, self stitched double cloth and weft wadded self stitched double cloth woven fabrics with cotton warp and jute weft have been prepared in such a way that the appearance of jute weft is subdued on fabric surface. These fabrics are subjected to four kinds of wet processing treatments to suppress harshness and prickliness of jute component and to enhance fabric properties. Improvement in fabric properties has been determined through objective evaluation. Fabric handle of jute-cotton union double cloth fabric is improved by all the four treatments. Bending length is reduced for a particular weave with particular treatments only. Fabric tensile strength is reduced by all the four treatments.

4 tables, 7 ref

005888   Keshk S M A S;Yousef E;Omran A (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, King Khalid Univ, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia, Email: keshksherif@gmail.com) : Preparation and characterization of starch /cellulose composite. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(2), 190-4.

Novel preparative method for starch/cellulose composite in different ratios has been reported. The composite is obtained by mixing cellulose extracted from paper garbage and corn starch in PEG/NaOH solution. Starch/cellulose composite is characterized by different techniques, namely XRD, TGA and optical absorption measurements. From XRD data, it is observed that cellulose would lead to expand the d-spacing of (10 plane and decrease the d-spacing of (110) plane of starch. The UV absorption peaks are shifted towards the longest wavelengths in the visible region for starch/cellulose composite. However, the refractive index value decreases from 1.44 to 1.08 and consequently the dielectric constant value decreases from 2.07 to 1.16 with increasing the starch ratio. Furthermore, the glass transition temperature increases from 107 °C for starch to 115 °C for starch/cellulose composite. However, the excess in starch ratio leads to increase in local crosslink density in the composite network.

4 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

005887   Jhanji Y;Gupta D;Kothari V K (Fashion & Apparel Engineering Dep, The Technological Institute of Textiles & Sciences, Bhiwani-127 021, Email: deeptibgupta@gmail.com) : Liquid transfer properties and drying behavior of plated knitted fabrics with varying fibre types. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(2), 162-9.

The present study aims at investigating the effect of face yarn linear density and back layer fibre type on the liquid transfer properties and drying behavior of single jersey plated knitted fabrics. Fabrics knitted with coarser yarns exhibit high water absorbency, slow drying capability (characterized by lower water evaporation percentage) and appear to be unsuitable for high activity levels. Polypropylene/cotton fabric is found to be the preferred choice at high activity levels owing to lower water absorption, higher trans planar wicking and higher water evaporation percentage. Plated fabrics with nylon in the next to skin layer show high water absorption, poor trans planar wicking and slow drying capability. Nylon/cotton fabrics are, therefore, found to be ineffective in providing dry microclimate next to skin and may not be suitable at high activity levels.

7 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

005886   Hamdaoui M;Nasrallah S B (NO, , ENIM, Avenue IBN Eljazzar 5019, Monastir, Tunisia, Email: hamdaouimohamed@yahoo.fr) : Capillary rise kinetics on woven fabrics - experimental and theoretical studies. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(2), 150-6.

Kinetics study of vertical water capillary rise on woven fabrics has been studied. Experiments are performed at 20±2°C and 65±2% RH by using a CCD camera and an electronic microbalance. A mathematical model is developed in order to interpret the experimental data in terms of diffusion parameters of water molecules on the porous materials and the height attained at equilibrium. The results show that the theoretical predictions are in reasonable agreement with experimental data with higher correlation coefficients. It is also found that kinetic parameters and the height of water attained at equilibrium are influenced by the composition (type of fibre) and the structure of the woven fabrics. It is concluded that the wicking ability is strongly enhanced with the decrease of the weft count (yarns/cm) and in the presence of higher float length of the weft yarns in the woven structure as in the case of satin 8/5. The sorption ability of the cotton fabrics has also been studied by using measurements of the mass of water absorbed by the textile. The results indicate that the satin structure, which is the less tightened one, has the best sorption ability.

4 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

005885   Halari N R;Rakshit A K;Chattopadhyay S K; Bhowmick M (NO, Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Mumbai-400 019, Email: manik.bhowmick@gmail.com) : Effect of twist level and twist direction of core (double) yarn on dref-3 spun yarn. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(2), 137-9.

In this study, an attempt has been made to understand the behaviour of friction spun yarn by introducing doubled yarns as core with diversity in twist level and direction. 'Z' twisted 15tex (40s Ne) parent yarn has been used for doubling purposes. To examine the effect of doubling, three twist levels are chosen, viz. 50, 60 and 70% of the parent yarn twist for both the directions viz. S and Z. Thus, six samples of doubled yarns are prepared. These samples are tested for the count, twist, breaking force and elongation. These yarns are introduced as core into DREF-3 friction spinning system; keeping the sheath fibre constant viz. combed cotton sliver of 0.15 hank for all the samples. The twist direction of the doubled yarn used as core is found to be the influential factor for the breaking force and elongation of the friction spun yarn.

3 tables, 7 ref

005884   Ghosh S;Chipot N (College of Technology, Eastern Michigan Univ, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA, Email: sghosh@emich.edu) : Embedding aromatherapy essential oils into textile fabric using β-cyclodextrin inclusion compound. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(2), 140-3.

Beta-Cyclodextrin inclusion compounds have been attached to the 100% cotton and 50:50 cotton/polyester fabrics using sol-gel, prepared from 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and tetraethoxy orthosilicate. Aromatherapy essential oils, having eucalyptus, lavender and lemon fragrances, have been applied on to the treated fabrics by a selected application method. The durability of these fragrances on fabrics has been rated by four judges for six weeks, and up to six washings. The judges rated the fragrance intensity once a week during this period. The scent ratings are found to decrease over six weeks and six washing; however, the fabrics continued to have a decreasing fragrance after six weeks. Fabric abrasion resistance, thermal resistivity and moisture vapor resistivity do not alter significantly; however, an increase in the tensile strength of the polyester/cotton blend fabric is observed after the application of the finish.

2 tables, 14 ref

005883   Geethadevi R;Maheshwari V (Costume Design and Fashion Dep, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore-641 014, Email: geets_fashion@yahoo.co.in) : Long-lasting UV protection and mosquito repellent finish on bamboo/tencel blended fabric with microencapsulated essential oil. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(2), 175-9.

In this study, bamboo/tencel 50:50 blended fabric has been used for microencapsulation finishing by essential oil combination using exhaustion method in order to enhance the wash durability of the fabric. The three shell materials, namely sodium alginate, Acacia arabica and Moringa oleifera gum and three core materials like thyme oil, cypress oil and grapefruit oils in combination of 2:1:1 have been used. Then the fabrics are tested for functional properties like UV protection and mosquito repellency, and also the fabric is analyzed for allergic test. The result shows that the Moringa oleifera shell finished fabric has very good activity in both the functional property and there is no allergic reaction found. The durability can also be achieved up to 30 washes by using Moringa oliefera gum material as compared to other two.

1 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

005882   Ezazshahabi N;Latifi M;Tehran M A;Madanipour K (Textile Engineering Dep, Textile Excellence and Research Centers, Amirkabir Univ of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Email: latifi@aut.ac.ir) : Measurement of yarn density in woven fabrics using fringe projection moire techniques. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(2), 203-7.

Fringe projection Moire, a novel, accurate and fast technique with high repeatability, has been developed in order to measure the yarn density in woven fabrics. In the experimental set-up, collimated laser beams illuminate a Ronchi grating to be projected on a fabric. In case the density of projected lines and fabric becomes the same, the desired moire pattern is observed on the fabric. As a result, the measurement of the distance between grating and fabric can guide us to find out fabric yarn density by using simple equations. In this regard, twenty five groups of shirting woven fabrics consisting of five weave structures and five different weft densities have been tested. The results show that there is a high correlation (R^{2 =0.9932) between the data obtained from the new and the conventional methods.}

^ssc6 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

005881   Dekanic T;Pusic T;Soljacic I (Zagreb Univ, Faculty of Textile Technology, Zagreb, Croatia, Email: tdekanic@ttf.hr) : Influence of special finishes on denim properties. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(2), 170-4.

This study deals with imparting special effects on denim fabric using novel finishes. Special finishes are applied on desized indigo dyed cotton fabric. Their impacts are evaluated concerning breaking force, spectral characteristics and surface appearance. The results show significant differences among modern special treatments, thus providing important data on the processing of denim. All finishes show decrease in breaking force and cause changes in spectral characteristics of the treated samples. The results indicate that some of them are acceptable only as an effective segment on a garment.

3 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

005880   Banale A K;Chattopadhyay R (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: rabisankarc@yahoo.com) : Effect of yarn twisting and de-twisting on comfort characteristics of fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(2), 144-9.

Effect of yarn twisting and de-twisting on fabric comfort has been studied. Cotton yarns of 23 tex with 669 turns/m and 15 tex with 827 turns/m have been produced as nominal yarns. Another 23 tex yarn has been produced with 866 turns/m and 945 turns/m along with 15 tex yarns with twist of 1024 turns/m and 1103 turns/m, with excess twist of 197 turns/m and 276 turns/m than the nominal yarn. The excess twists in the 23 tex and 15 tex yarns are then removed by de-twisting process which results in yarns with twists of 669 turns/m and 827 turns/m respectively, called modified yarns. Plain knitted fabrics are produced from both modified and nominal yarns and then bleached. The dimensional properties, air permeability, water vapor permeability, wicking and fabric compressibility are measured for nominal and modified fabrics. Finally, comparison of comfort characteristics is made between the nominal and the modified materials. The twisting and de-twisting process made the modified yarns to have higher yarn diameter, softness and less flexural rigidity without any change in yarn strength as compared to nominal yarns. Modification increases fabric thickness, tightness factor, wicking height and compressibility. However, stitch density, air permeability and water vapor permeability of the modified fabrics are found to be reduced.

3 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

005879   Ajay Kumar;Raja A S M;Shakyawar D B;Pareek P K;Krofa D (NO, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar-304 501, Email: kumarajay8171@gmail.com) : Efficacy of natural dye from Gerardiana diversifolia on pashmina (cashmere) shawls. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(2), 180-3.

Present investigation deals with studies on potentiality of a colour extract from Gerardiana diversifolia as a source of natural dye, and on identification of chemical constituents responsible for dyeing ability. The efficacy of the extracted dye(s) on pashmina (Cashmere) fabrics has been evaluated for colour strength and fastness properties. Phytochemical studies reveal that the quinone and tannin are major components contributing to dyeing properties. The extracted colorant from Gerardiana diversifolia has potential to dye pashmina fabric with brown and grey shades having excellent wash and good to very good light fastness properties.

1 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

004887   Tarafder N (Hooghly Engg & Technology, , Pipulpati, P O & Dist Hooghly) : Fancy yarns - application and production methods. Man Made Text India 2014, 57(9), 334-9.

The variety of fancy yarn effects is unlimited, but there are a few general categories which offer some possibilities for classification. There are at present, four main methods being used for the purpose of production of fancy yarns that involve structural effects like hollow spindle, ring twisting, the combined systems and the chenille system. In the production of fabrics for middle market apparel, fancy doubled yarns become fashionable or unfashionable just like any other design elements. It is becoming increasingly important to be able to envisage variants upon a particular yarn effect that are optimized for sale at different market levels or for different production methods. Ring spinning in spite of the challenges of a variety of spinning methods in recent years, is still regarded as the standard spinning method, and it remains the benchmark against which all other yarn production processes are measured. The present paper gives the applications and production methods for these fancy yarns.

13 ref

004886   Talukder S;Kumar P;Pratap R (Materials Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru-560 012, Email: praveenk@materials.iisc.ernet.in) : Controlled material transport and multidimensional patterning at small length scales using electromigration. Curr Sci 2015, 108(12), 2167-72.

Electromigration, mostly known for its damaging effects in microelectronic devices, is basically a material transport phenomenon driven by the electric field and kinetically controlled by diffusion. In this work, we show how controlled electromigration can be used to create scientifically interesting and technologically useful micro-/nano-scale patterns, which are otherwise extremely difficult to fabricate using conventional cleanroom practices, and present a few examples of such patterns. In a solid thin-film structure, electromigration is used to generate pores at preset locations for enhancing the sensitivity of a MEMS sensor. In addition to electromigration in solids, the flow instability associated with the electromigration-induced long-range flow of liquid metals is shown to form numerous structures with high surface area to volume ratio. In very thin solid films on non-conductive substrates, solidification of flow-affected region results in the formation of several features, such as nano-/micro-sized discrete metallic beads, 3D structures consisting of nano-stepped stairs, etc.

9 illus, 18 ref

004885   Sumithra M;Baby Stella J;Yuvarani S (Costume Design & Fashion D, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore) : Mosquito repellent finish on dyed bamboo fabric using thyme oil. Man Made Text India 2014, 57(9), 331-3.

In the present study an attempt has been made to develop mosquito repellent activity using thyme oil. Three herbs viz. annotto seed, onion peel and sappan wood were selected and dyed with bamboo fabric. After dyeing the fabric was coated with thyme oil, to find out the efficiency of mosquito repellent finish and it was concluded that the fabric coated with annotto seed for bamboo fabric gave the best results w en compared to other two herbs viz. onion peel and sappan wood.

5 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

004884   Herlekar I (NO, , , Email: iherlekar@gmail.com) : Biodegradable ropes from seaweed extracts. Curr Sci 2015, 108(12), 2140.

1 illus, 1 ref

004883   Fatma T;Goel A (Clothing & Textiles Dep, G B P U A & T, Pantnagar) : Reusable textiles: an innovative waste management approach. Man Made Text India 2014, 57(9), 345-9.

Rapid increase in volume and types of solid and hazardous waste as a result is becoming a burgeoning problem for environment. It is necessary to ensure effective and sustainable management of waste. Reuse of waste textile and clothing products is a way which avoids throwing the items away and manifest itself in redistributing the items in the form of second-hand clothing via charity shops or textile merchants (also known as rag collectors) and reusing fabrics also introduced as eco-fashion like jeans can be reused and converted to make various other items like purse, sleeper, coaster & flower etc. with the help of creativity and innovation. Reuse is an innovative and sustainable waste management approach to minimise the solid waste and preserves the "embodied energy" that was originally used to manufacture an item. This review paper creates general awareness about the techniques of waste management.

5 illus, 8 ref

004882   Dechprasittichok P;Sontag C;Tongtan J;Luachan S (Chemical Technology Dep, Suan Dusit Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailan, Email: pornpassanan_dac@dusit.ac.th) : Utilization of agricultural residues: de-oiled organic rice bran as adsorbent of moisturizers for cosmetic products. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(4), 1473-6.

Objective of this research is to study the adsorption of two types of moisturizers in cosmetic, urea and glycerin, by de-oiled organic rice bran. Urea and glycerin are moisturizers which can enhances the water-binding capacity on the skin. The samples of the de-oiled organic rice bran were obtained from Surin province of Thailand. The samples were pretreated with sodium hydroxide. In equilibrium time experiments, 0.5 g of dried de-oiled organic rice bran were immersed into 50 mL of urea or glycerin 1 % wt. solutions and shaken for various times followed by the determination of remaining moisturizer in the solution. To find the adsorption capacity of moisturizers by de-oiled organic rice bran, 0.5 g of dried de-oiled organic rice bran were immersed into 50 mL of urea or glycerin solutions with different concentration levels (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15 and 30 g 100 mL^{-1). The solutions were shaken for 1,440 min. The equilibrium time for urea and glycerin was achieved at 40 and 60 min., respectively. The de-oiled organic rice bran could adsorb higher amounts of urea than glycerin. The adsorption isotherm could be well described by the Freundlich isotherm model. The findings of this study would be beneficial to evaluate the suitability and efficiency of adsorption of moisturizers by de-oiled organic rice bran for future application such as body scrub.}

4 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

004881   Chattopadhyay D P;Patel B H (Textile Chemistry Dep, The M S University of Baroda, Vadodara) : Functional properties of silver nano-sol treated wool and silk fabric. Man Made Text India 2014, 57(9), 340-4.

In the present investigation in-house synthesized colloidal nano-silver was applied on wool and silk fabric by pad-dry-cure technique. The fabric samples treated with silver nanoparticles were tested for changes in absorbency, air permeability, water permeability, UV transmittance percentage, electrical resistivity, antibacterial and dyeability compared to the untreated wool and silk fabric sample. Those samples that were treated with silver nanoparticles were found to enhance its UV transmittance percentage, electrical resistivity, dyeability with acid dye and antibacterial activity.

1 illus, 8 tables, 9 ref

002021   Vadivel M;Rajesh K S (NO, , ) : Application of cationic starch in wet end operation for sustainability of small paper mills in India. IPPTA Jl 2015, 27(1), 83-91.

Economic growth of any industry depends on its technological competence, sustainability quality as per customer satisfaction at competitive cost. The Indian paper industry accounts for about 2% of world's production, and is presently producing around 12 million tons per annum paper and board, considering growth and demand in recent years at an average of 8% per annum Indian paper industry should plan for at least 25 million tones of production by 2025 for which the Indian paper industry should prepare itself to overcome various constraint in its growth. Industries taking due timely care can only survive and grow in this severe competitive age. With this view, application of cationic starch and dry strength resin at wet end for filler retention had been analyzed at lab scale and also plant trial was taken at a small scale recycled paper mill. The results were compared in terms of cost reduction on final paper production without compromising the quality and production rate.

12 illus, 6 ref

002020   Tarafder N (NO, Hooghly Engineering and Technology, Pipulpati, Hooghly) : Textiles for protection against harmful ultra violet radiation. Man Made Text India 2014, 42(8), 300-6.

Paper deals with the various harmful UV radiations, their detection, hazards on human body and methods for protection of textiles against them.

9 ref

002019   Singha K (Textile Technology Dep, Panipat Institute of Engineering & Technology, Haryana) : Review on asbestos fiber. Man Made Text India 2014, 42(7), 247-50.

Asbestos fiber is been generally used for gas mascot, cycle, plane reinforcement application etc. The main issue of asbestos fiber on the human epidemiology health effect has been discussed as per as the health standards with the different types of the asbestos fiber. More than 95% asbestos fibers are used is chrysolite or chrysatile which is white in color. The SEM and the various properties have thoroughly reviewed in this article.

8 illus, 9 ref

002018   Sharma K D;Sriapathi K;Chandra M M (NO, , ITC Ltd., P.S.P.D Unitt: Bhadrachalam Sarapaka-507 128) : Case study: increasing recovery boiler power output by introducing MP soot blowing. IPPTA Jl 2015, 27(1), 102-5.

Kraft Pulp Mills generate huge amounts of organic as well as inorganic effluents from its washing section which poses a very big challenge to treat them to eliminate pollution load. Since the organics are having huge amount of heat value in them, this allowed us to explore the possibility of getting energy from it by processing it through the Soda Recovery Plant from ages. As many of the processes this process also went on lots of changes starting from its earlier days and reached a stage where the 50 to 55% of the energy requirement of the Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill is met through this route. Due to the change in lifestyle and huge industrialization, the energy need as well as cost, never seen a downtrend and increasing day by day. Human always innovates new ways to meet this challenge through improving the efficiency of equipment and processes. Our process is also not an exception. One such initiative done by ITC PSPD is described in this paper.

2 illus, 1 ref

002017   Pandey Y;Sakshi;Pal G (Clothing and Textiles Dep, G.B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar) : Impact of washing silk on its physical properties. Man Made Text India 2014, 42(8), 292-4.

Silk is known as 'Queen of textiles' and is considered as precious in India. Mulberry silk is more used as compare to other silk. Mulberry silk fabric becomes soft, flexible and less stiff after washing. The washing practices resulted in the removal of sericin and other impurities present on the surface of the fabric resulting to smoothness on the fabric surface. Paper describes the effect of different wet and cleaning agents on fabric properties such as crease recovery, drape, moisture regain, shrinkage, abrasion resistance, tearing strength and tensile strength, it was found that fabric properties decreased after repeated cleaning with different wet and dry cleaning agents.

3 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

002016   Mohapatra H S;Rout P K (Textile Technology Dep, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab) : Biodegradability of natural fibres. Man Made Text India 2014, 42(7), 255-8.

Biopolymers represent the most abundant compounds in the biosphere and constitute the class of polymers that are renewable, sustainable and biodegradable. The most common biopolymer in the biosphere and the main component of most of the natural fibres like cotton, linen, jute etc, is cellulose. Products produced from biopolymers including cellulose are very susceptible for microbial growth which can lead to many aesthetic, functional problems and even infection. The present study will discuss the biodegradation effects of microorganisms on cotton which is a cellulose fibre. The various factors affecting biodegradation has been studied, the time period taken by the microorganism to consume completely the natural fibre is also studied.

5 illus, 6 ref

002015   Mitra A (Silpa-Sadana Dep, Visva-Bharati Univ, P.O. Sriniketan) : Multi-criteria decision making processes and its application in textile: a comprehensive review. Man Made Text India 2014, 42(8), 298-9.

Multi-Criteria Decision Making is an emerging tool of the decision support system, which has enjoyed wide applications in various engineering and decision making problems. Amongst the many exponents of MCDM, this paper deals with the detailed methodologies, in an elucidated manner, of the three variants namely AHP, multiplicative AHP and TOPSIS. Some of the applications of the MCDM approaches hitherto reported have also been highlighted.

^iia2 tables, 36 ref

002014   Maurya S;Grover E;Parvez R;Yadav A K (Ethelind School of Home Science, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Science, Allahabad) : Enzymatic treatment of woolen fabric using acid proteases. Man Made Text India 2014, 42(7), 251-4.

Enzymatic treatment of textiles significantly improves some of their properties as well as increases their aesthetic values and comfort of use. Enzymes can be used in order to develop environment friendly processes by reducing the concentration of chemical agents, water and energy consumption. In the case of wool fibre, it is possible to substitute conventional chlorine treatment with the enzymatic process, which changes the diameter and comfort factor of wool fiber and significantly increases the whiteness of the fabric. Bursting Strength testing was carried out on the fiber samples from these knitwears to study the change in average fiber diameter and mechanical properties. The application of enzymes in the wool modification process was studied, and it was proven that the application of enzymes has considerable effect on the surface structure, as well as on physical properties of wool fibres and fabrics.

9 ref

002013   Lasopha S;Watanesk R;Dejmanee S (Chemistry Dep, School of Science, Walailak Univ, Nakhon Si Thammarat-8061, Thailand, Email: sudkamon2009@hotmail.com) : Comparative study on traditional indigo dyeing onto cotton fabric using ripe banana and sodium dithionite as reducing agents. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(1), 28-32.

In most industrial and conventional dyeing processes, indigo dye reduced in a high alkaline which sodium dithionite is of major importance. However, the processes involve many economical, ecological and technical problems. In this study, sodium dithionite and also ripe banana were used as reducing agents for indigo dyeing onto cotton fabric. Their capability of indigo reduction and also their kinetic and thermodynamic studies of indigo dyeing were investigated using UV-visible spectroscopy at λ_max 410 nm. Results revealed that under the same reduction condition of pH-13, 30 °C, sodium dithionite exercised its superiority in terms of reducing time, the amount of reducing agent and yield of reduced indigo over ripe banana. In addition, the kinetic data evaluated via pseudo-second order model reveals that the activation energy of dyeing process using sodium dithionite as reducing agent was lower than the energy required to dye cotton fabric using ripe banana. Moreover, the adsorption studies of indigo dye on cotton fabric indicated that both reducing agents fitted well with the Langmuir model and their adsorption processes are exothermic and spontaneous. However, the cotton fabric dyeing using ripe banana as reducing agent gave lighter color measured in term of its lightness compared to using sodium dithionite.

7 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

002012   Krishnamachari A;Asokan P M;Haridass K; Srinivasan L;Sundaresan V (NO, , ) : Novel biosurfactant derived from natural sources and its application in deinking of waste paper. IPPTA Jl 2015, 27(1), 77-91.

Present research addresses the influence of biosurfactant developed by Texbiosciences, offers eco- friendly alternative to chemical surfactant for the removal of ink particles in the waste paper. The effect of biosurfactant treatment was studied on the laboratory scale with the objective of reduction in conventional chemicals used in the deinking process. Biosurfactant with the combination of enzyme treatment eliminated 100% hydrogen peroxide, 100% sodium silicate and biosurfactant alone eliminated 100% chemical surfactant and 50% reduction of hydrogen peroxide and sodium silicate with the same level of brightness without affecting the strength properties and yield in the waste paper deinking process. The result showed that the biosurfactant acts as dual character both as bleaching agent and as surface-active agent.

6 illus, 6 ref

002011   Jin E;Li M;Zhang L (College of Textiles and Garments, Shaoxing Univ, No. 508 Huancheng West Road, Shaoxing, 312000, P.R. China, Email: kof.manman@163.com) : Effect of polymerization conditions on grafting of methyl methacrylate onto feather keratin for thermoplastic applications. J Polym Mater 2014, 31(2), 170-83.

Biodegradable and inexpensive thermoplastics were developed through graft polymerization of native feather keratin with methyl methacrylate as a potential substitute for the petroleum-based products. Feathers are available in large quantities at low price and more than 80% of them are keratin. However, natural feather keratin does not have good thermoplasticity, cannot be employed as thermoplastic products and applied in the industry widely. In this research, effects of graft polymerization conditions, such as concentration and molar ratio of initiators, pH, temperature and time of polymerization on grafting parameters, i.e., conversion of monomer to polymer, grafting ratio and grafting efficiency, were studied. Methyl methacrylate was found to be successfully grafted onto the molecular chains of the feather keratin and appropriate graft polymerization conditions were obtained. The feather keratin-g-poly(methyl methacrylate) developed showed good thermoplasticity and the films of the grafted keratin had superior tensile properties.

9 illus, 22 ref

002010   Dongre S S;Salunkhe P R (NO, The Synthetic and Art Silk Mills' Research Association, SASMIRA, Mumbai) : Production of microbial dyes having functional properties for textile application. Man Made Text India 2014, 42(7), 259-64.

Ancient ages embarked the use of coloured textiles; natural dyes were the only source of colours available then, with the advent of 19th century advancement in chemicals and auxiliaries led to the development of synthetic dyes. These dyes substituted natural dyes/pigments vowing to cost economics, ease in manufacturing, application and importantly good durability. As an alternative to synthetic dyes, natural dyes which are extracted from natural sources like fruits and vegetables have limitations in terms of reproducibility and cost which makes them difficult to sustain in the market. In this paper, a new area of natural dyes has been explored having remarkable properties in comparison to synthetic dyes. In addition to this, the extracted micrcbial colourants has shown some important functional properties like antibacterial, antifungal, anti-parasitic, anti-mycobacterial activities which makes them more useful in Technical Textiles and allied sectors.

7 illus, 4 ref

002009   Das S;Chattopadhyay S K;Basak S (NO, Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology (CIRCOT), Mumbai) : Application of SVM for predicting tensile characteristics of cotton ring yarn. Man Made Text India 2014, 42(8), 287-91.

High Volume Instruments (HVI) and Advanced Fibre Information System (AFIS) have revolutionized the concept of cotton fibre testing. Test results on cotton fibres have been used by the researchers to predict the yarn properties using mathematical, statistical and artificial neural network (ANN). This estimation can be extended to Support Vector Machine (SVM) and the accuracy of prediction in case of SVM model is found better in most cases in the present study. The SVM needs less number of training data compare to ANN for getting high degree accuracy. The SVM is basically a classifier where there is no direct numerical output but the tenacity values are converted into some predefined class labels for obtaining output results. This paper describes an application of SVM model for predicting the yarn strength from fibre properties and comparison of this result with the ANN method.

2 tables, 14 ref

002008   Arumugam A (NO, , No. 904, Vikas Prabha, Mulund (E), Mumbai-400 081) : Developments in bio-refinery and its impact on pulp & paper industry. IPPTA Jl 2015, 27(1), 92-101.

Environmental sustainability and energy security, put pressure on the use of renewable or recyclable resources with zero impact on environment for meeting the growing needs of energy. Further mandates and regulations facilitate the use of bio-fuels in transport vehicles. Technological developments have now made it possible to use the renewable resource, namely biomass to produce bio-fuel, power and chemicals in a bio-refinery. Global bio-fuel production is currently estimated at 100 billion liters per year. Food crop, wood, agricultural residues, etc based bio-refineries have emerged as one of the solutions to the global energy problem. Commercial scale bio-refineries are in operation in several countries and some are under construction. Various technologies have been developed for producing bio-fuels, power and or chemicals from varieties of biomasses. This paper reviews the developments in bio-refineries, and its impact on pulp and paper industry.

4 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

002007   Anupam Kumar;Swaroop V;Sharma A K;Lal S P; Bist V (Pulping and Bleaching Div, Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Himmat Nagar, Saharanpur-247 001) : Sustainable raw material selection for pulp and paper using SAW multiple criteria decision making design. IPPTA Jl 2015, 27(1), 67-76.

Identification of suitable specie and determination of suitable age of a tree are two important aspects related to selection of raw material for wood based pulp and paper industry. General procedure adopted for addressing these problems includes the following* steps: physicochemical' characterization of raw material, morphological analysis of raw material, performing designed pulping and bleaching experiments, evaluation of pulp characteristics and mechanical strength properties of paper sheets. This study attempts to make these raw material selection efforts shorter and simpler using simple additive weighting (SAW) multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) approach taking into account only the proximate-chemical, physical and morphological features of raw materials. A total of four case studies related to selection of suitable specie of Eucalyptus and Leucaena; and selection of suitable age of Acacia and Leucaena species have been presented to demonstrate and validate the methodology of the proposed process. SAW method has been applied to the decision making unit comprising proximate-chemical, physical and morphological characteristics of these raw materials to rank them according to preference for pulping and papermaking. Results achieved in this research are in confirmation of those published in literature and reveal that the SAW method is practical, feasible, and simple to apply for pulp and paper based raw material selection.

2 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

001014   Li Q;Gao C;Cheng Z (NO, Shandong Univ, 27 Shan Da Nan Lu, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China, Email: gaocanzhuhj@163.com) : Synthesis and properties of poly(N-tert-butylacrylamide-co-acrylamide)/ silica composite hydrogels. J Polym Mater 2014, 31(3), 233-48.

In order to synthesize a series of temperature sensitive hydrogels, the N-tert-butylacrylamide (NTBA) and acrylamide (AAm) were selected as the comonomers and polymerized by free-radical copolymerizarion. Poly (NTBA-co-AAm)/silica (STA) composite hydrogels with prescribed feed composition of NTBA and AAm (50:50 mol%) were prepared by incorporating spherical silica particles (100μm) as the pore-forming agents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for revealing the porous structure of hydrogels. The STA hydrogels exhibited a much faster response than hydrogels without Silica (TA) during swelling and deswelling processes. Particularly, the macroporous structure of STA hydrogels can greatly improve the shrinking rate of deswelling process. The pulsatile swelling-deswelling cycles were repeatable with excellent reproducibility. Such STA hydrogels may be used as a support for controlled release of macromolecular agents.

9 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

001013   Kishore N;Paul S;Rukhsana;Maurya S (Textiles and Apparel Designing Dep, Ethelind School of Home Science, SHIATS, Allahabad) : A study on problems and constraints of Varanasi weavers. Bioved 2014, 25(2), 199-203.

The present study was conducted to know the problems and constraints of weavers of Varanasi. 100 weavers represented the sample for the present study. A structured interview schedule was prepared to know the problem and constraints of the weavers. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents faced personal problems related to busy schedule, affecting health and non-cooperation from family members. The financial problem included less profit, irregular income and lack of money for further investment. It was found that weavers faced the marketing problems like fast changing trends of designs, indecent behavior of customer and expensive raw material.

4 tables, 3 ref

023313   Geelani S M (Environmental Sciences Div, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmi, Shalimar-190 025, Email: geelani111@gmail.com) : Eco-friendly dyeing of wool and pashmina fabric using Quercus robur L. (fruit cups) dye and Salix alba L. (wood extract) mordant. J appl nat Sci 2015, 7(1), 138-43.

Study was conducted to investigate the dyeing potential of Quercus robur L. (fruit cups) dye and Salix alba L. (wood extract) mordant on wool and pashmina fabrics. The experiment was conducted keeping in view the environmental safety by using unutilized plant materials and excluding the usage of chemical agents. The dyeing was carried out individually including and excluding mordant adopting different mordanting methods. The parameters like percent absorption, colour coordinates, colour strength (K/S), relative colour strength and colour fastness with regard to washing, light and rubbing were investigated. The results revealed higher percent absorption of mordanted samples than unmordanted samples. Colour coordinates (L*a*b*, Chroma, hue and Δ) of dyed wool and pashmina fabric exhibited satisfactory results. The colour strength (K/S) and relative colour strength of pashmina fabric recorded higher than wool fabric. The fastness properties to washing, light and rubbing showed satisfactory grades including and excluding natural mordant. However, the grades of mordanted samples were found better than unmordanted samples. The dye and mordant in isolation and in combination showed beautiful colours and shades on selected fabrics with satisfactory retention properties, hence can be utilized commercially for coloration of wool and pashmina fabrics.

2 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

022302   Basak S;Samanta K K;Chattopadhyay S K;Narkar R (NO, Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Indian Council of, Adenwala road, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019, Email: shantanubasak@gmail.com) : Self-extinguishable ligno-cellulosic fabric using banana pseudostem sap. Curr Sci 2015, 108(3), 372-83.

Flame retardancy was imparted to ligno-cellulosic jute textiles using banana pseudostem sap (BPS), an eco-friendly natural by-product obtained during the extraction of fibres from the banana pseudostem. The extracted sap was made alkaline and applied to a pre-mordanted Greige fabric. The flame-retardant properties of both the control and treated fabrics were analysed in terms of limiting oxygen index (LOI), horizontal and vertical flammability, and the total heat of combustion. The treated jute fabrics showed a far better flame-retardant property compared to the control fabric. By 1.9 times increase in the LOI after application of the alkaline BPS, the treated fabric (1 : 4) showed no flame and got self-extinguished within a minute. Based on thermal degradation, pyrolysis and dehydration studies, and analysis of the chemical composition of the flame-retardant finish prepared from the BPS, the mechanism of imparting flame retardancy to jute textiles has been postulated. The imparted finish was found semi-durable in soap wash, and did not cause any significant loss in tensile and tear strength of the fabric.

7 illus, 5 tables, 41 ref

021395   Xue Z (College of Textile and Garment, Shaoxing Univ, Shaoxing 312000, P.R. China, Email: zhaoxue44455709@sina.com) : Microwave-assisted antimicrobial finishing of wool fabric with chitosan derivative. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(1), 51-6.

Chitosan guanidine hydrochloride derivative has been synthesized by the guanidinylation reaction of chitosan with thiourea trioxide. The structures of chitosan guanidine hydrochloride are characterized by FTIR and 13CNMR. A microwave heating system has been used to apply chitosan guanidine hydrochloride on wool fabric to impart antimicrobial finishing. Conventional and microwave-assisted finishing of wool fabric with chitosan guanidine hydrochloride is compared. The influence of microwave heating on the efficiency of crosslinking is studied by SEM and FTIR. Scanning electron microscopy substantiates adhesion of the chitosan guanidine hydrochloride on the surface of the wool under microwave heating. Microwave-based finished samples show better antimicrobial properties and durability after 40 washes than conventionally finished samples without losses in strength properties.

6 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

021394   Tholkappiyan E;Saravanan D;Jagasthitha R; Angeswari T;Surya V T (Textile Technology Dep, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam-638 401, Email: tholtextech@gmail.com) : Modelling of sound absorption properties of sisal fibre reinforced paper pulp composites using regression model. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(1), 19-24.

Multiple linear regression models have been developed to predict the sound absorption properties of sisal fibre reinforced recycled paper pulp composites (light in weight), with varying fibre volume fraction, average cut-length of the fibres and composite thickness. The composites are produced using Box and Behnken experimental design and evaluated by relevant standards. An attempt has also been made to study the effect of various parameters in multiple linear regression models. The actual experimental data are compared with predicted results using multiple linear regression model. The correlation coefficient between experimental and predicted value is found to be 0.977. The maximum noise reduction coefficient is observed (through experimental) in the bulk density of 171 kg/m^{3 at frequency ranges between 125 Hz and 4000 Hz with the average value of 0.58.}

3 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

021393   Sundaram S K;Jayabal S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, A C College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi-630 004, Email: kalyan.int@gmail.com) : Extraction procedure and tensile properties of dharbai and christmas palm natural fibres. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(1), 108-11.

A new variety of natural fibres has been extracted from Dharbai and Christmas palm for their use as reinforcement in polymer matrix composites. The tensile properties and cross-section area of Dharbai and Christmas palm fibres have been evaluated experimentally and compared with natural fibres such as sisal, banana and coir which are already used as reinforcement in polymer composite. Monofilament test has been used to study the tensile properties of the fibres and Rapid-I machine vision system is used to determine the diameter of the fibres. Density of the fibre is determined using picnometric procedure. The investigation confirms that Dharbai and Christmas palm fibres could be effectively used as reinforcement materials in the natural fibre reinforced polymer composites.

^ssc1 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

021392   Subramanian S;Vaidheeswaran S;Pradeep S; Uthaman P (Textile Technology Dep, Anna Univ, Chennai-600 025, Email: ssubbu@annauniv.edu) : Comparison of polyester-cotton blended yarns produced by blending of polyester with semi-combed and super-carded cotton fibres. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(1), 31-5.

Polyester-cotton blended yarns have been produced with the combination of two different types of blending, viz. blowroom and drawframe and two different methods of removing short fibres, viz. semi-combing and super-carding as the later method is economical. It is found that the yarns produced using blowroom blending method show better yarn quality as compared to that of drawframe blending with respect to evenness, imperfections, classified faults and tensile strength. Compared to the yarn produced using polyester-semi combed cotton and drawframe blending, the yarn produced using polyester-super carded cotton and blowroom blending gives better quality yarn.

6 tables, 8 ref

021391   Singh J P;Behera B K (Textile Technology Dep, U.P. Textile Technology Institute, Kanpur-208 001, Email: jpsingh.iitd@gmail.com) : Performance of terry towel. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(1), 112-21.

In this paper, a critical review of the evolved theories and mechanisms of water absorption in terry fabric has been reported along with the key factors to improve the water absorption. Critical analysis of all the information helps to understand and choose the most realistic theory and mechanism of water absorption of terry fabric which will be helpful in designing the most absorbent terry fabric. Both dynamic and static water absorbency along with the initial time lag immerse to be the equally important attributes of the water absorbency performance of terry fabrics. High loop shape factor is the key to improve the absorbency behaviour of the terry fabric. Study of cross-section images of different fabric is the original work of the authors for supporting the concluding theory, mechanism and results.

^iia8 illus, 58 ref

021390   Sha-Sha S;Xing T;Ren-Cheng T (National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow Univ, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China, Email: tangrencheng@suda.edu.cn) : Enzymatic dyeing and functional finishing of textile fibres with ferulic acid. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(1), 62-9.

The catalyzed polymerization of ferulic acid (FA) by laccase from Rhus vernicifera has been studied, and its polymeric products are used for the dyeing and functional finishing of silk, wool, nylon, viscose and cotton fabrics by two methods, namely simultaneous enzymatic polymerization of FA and dyeing at 50°C (one-step method), and enzymatic polymerization of FA at 50 °C followed by dyeing at 90 °C (two-step method). The analyses of UV-Visible and FTIR spectra show the formation of yellow poly(ferulic acid) (PFA) in which FA units are mainly linked together with C-C bonds. The colouration of PFA on fabrics occurs due to physical adsorption, and not because of interaction of covalent bond between PFA and fibres. The enzymatically dyed fabrics display yellow to orange colour hues, and pale to moderate colour depth, depending on fibre species and dyeing methods. The dyed fabrics show excellent rub fastness and staining fastness during washing, relatively weak light fastness and colour change fastness during washing; the two-step method shows better wash fastness ratings for colour change. The enzymatic dyeing of FA provides fabrics with multifunctional properties of antioxidant activity, UV-protection and deodorization.

3 illus, 6 tables, 30 ref

021389   Naghashzargar E;Semnani D;Karbasi S (Textile Engineering Dep, Isfahan Univ of Technology, Isfahan, Iran, Email: e.naghashzargar@tex.int.ac.ir) : Optimization of silk yarn hierarchical structure by genetic algorithm to design scaffolds. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(1), 81-6.

A genetic algorithm model has been developed to determine the optimal parameters of mechanical aspects of a silk wire-rope scaffold with the highest predictive accuracy and generalized ability simultaneously. The study pioneered on employing a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize the parameters of scaffold in tendon and ligament tissue engineering. Experimental results show that the GA model performs the best predictive accuracy to imply mechanical behavior with native values successfully.

3 illus, 6 tables, 22 ref