016400   Wan A;Jiang G;Yu W;Cong H (NO, Engineering Research Centre of Warp Knitting Technology, Ministry of E, Wuxi-214 122, Email: ailan.wan@jiangnan.edu.cn) : Fuzzing mechanism and fibre fatigue of wool knit. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(3), 238-43.

Fibre fatigue fibrillation and even fracture of knitted wool fabric under the rubbing force have been studied using scanning electron microscopy. The fatigue fracture sections, involved in the process of abrasion, show that loop hairs predominantly participate in fuzzing and the free ends exist in either pills formation or wearing-off. The major form of failure consists of the bend fatigue which is about 70 - 80% of the total failure and cracks. Fibrils occur in torsional fatigue (10 - 18%) and fibrillation head-ends comprise both bending and twisting.

7 illus, 13 ref

016399   Rathinamoorthy R;Thilagavathi G (Fashion Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: r.rathinamoorthy@gmail.com) : Knitted fabric specifications and axilla odour retention characteristics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(3), 244-53.

Study focuses on the role of bacteria and the effect of textile structure on the odour formation. Cotton knitted fabric made of three different structures are selected based on their commercial importance. The knitted samples are given for human wear trial and the effect of structure on odour formation is analysed. It is found that the rib structure has the high odour intensity rating and the least value is observed for plain jersey. This is explained in terms of thickness and mass per square meter of the fabric. Sensory evolution test is performed by the expert team and it is confirmed that the higher the mass and loop density, the higher is the odour formation. The thicker fabric enhances the optimum environment in the axilla region for better bacterial growth. This is confirmed by the bacterial isolation process and swab analysis, the thicker the structure (rib) the higher is the presence (CFU/ml) of corynebacterium Sp., Bacillus Sp. and Staphylococcus Sp. groups than in the thinner structure (single jersey). higher amount of carboxylic acid is formed in the axilla region as a metabolic byproduct of bacteria. The formation of carboxylic acid in the textile material after wear trial is further confirmed objectively by PTR-MS and FTIR studies, where fragments of butyric, valeric and isobutryic acid along with acetates groups are identified. Response surface methodology is adapted to study the effect of fabric parameter on odour formation. Using this experimental design, the general relationships relating the properties with variables as well as the significant terms in these relationships are computed.

5 illus, 3 tables, 42 ref

016398   Ramasamy K A;Nalankilli G;Shanmugasundaram O L (Textile Technology Dep, EIT Polytechnic College, Kavindapadi-638 455, Email: achutharams@yahoo.com) : Properties of cotton, tencel and cotton/tencel blended ring spun yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(3), 322-5.

Yarn characteristics of pure cotton, 67:33 cotton/tencel blend, 33:67 cotton/tencel blend and pure tencel have been studied. Blending is done at draw frame. Machinery parameters are kept constant for studying the effect of fibre parameters on yarn characteristics. It is observed that the addition of tencel increases single yarn strength significantly at the higher tencel composition. Presence of tencel improves the elongation property. Packing fraction of tencel and tencel blended yarn is found to be more than that of cotton. Swelling diameter of pure cotton yarn is found to be lower than those of pure tencel and tencel/cotton blend yarns. Hairiness (H) decreases with the addition of tencel in the blend. It is also observed that the coefficient of friction (yarn- to- metal) of blend yarn reduces with the addition of tencel fibre in the blend.

^ssc2 tables, 18 ref

016397   Parmar M S;Singh M;Tiwari R K;Saran S (NO, Northern India Textile Research Association, Sector 23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad-201 002, Email: msprmr@yahoo.com) : Flame retardant properties of poly (lactic acid) fibre fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(3), 268-73.

Polylactic acid and its blended yarns with various fibres have been converted in to woven fabrics. These fabric samples have been scoured and then tested for mechanical and flame retardant properties. The results indicate that the high alkaline scouring severely damages polylactic acid fibre. Therefore, mild alkaline scouring is done for further studies. The scoured fabric samples are tested for various flame retardant properties and compared with polyester blended fabrics. Results indicate that polylactic acid fibre is not suitable for upholstery, apparel and work wear in terms of flame retardant properties.

7 tables, 14 ref

016396   Namiranian R;Najar S S;Etrati S M;Manich A M (Textile Engineering Dep, Amirkabir Univ of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Email: saeed@aut.ac.ir) : Seam slippage and seam strength behavior of elastic woven fabrics under static loading. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(3), 221-9.

Effects of fabric extensibility and stitch density on seam slippage and strength behavior of elastic woven fabrics have been studied. Six fabric samples with different values of elasticity have been woven by changing the number of elastic core-spun cotton yarns and normal ring cotton yarns in the weft direction and then finished for sewing process. The samples are sewn with three stitch density levels (4, 5 and 6 stitches/cm) in warp direction and one stitch density level (5 stitches/cm) in weft direction. Fabric tensile properties, seam slippage load and seam strength have been measured and analyzed both in warp and weft directions. The results show that seam slippage and strength properties can be well explained in terms of fabric tensile properties. In general, increase in fabric extensibility leads to decrease in seam slippage load and seam strength in weft direction. In warp direction, seam slippage load also decreases with increase in fabric weft extensibility, whereas seam strength remains invariant. The results also reveal that the increase in stitch density results in a higher seam slippage load and strength value.

7 illus, 6 tables, 18 ref

016395   Mukherjee S;Ray S C;Punj S K (Fashion Design Dep, National Institute of Fashion Technology, Kolkata-700 098, Email: sandip_m1995@rediffmail.com) : Dimensional parameters of 1x1 rib fabric produced on a circular bed double jersey knitting machine using ultrasonic technique. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(3), 230-7.

Attempt has been made to investigate as well as to gain an insight on the non-dimensional parameters such as course constant (Uc), wale constant (Uw), stitch density constant (Us) and loop shape factor (Ur) of the knitted fabrics produced on a double jersey circular bed machine equipped with 1x1 rib gaiting using cotton, polyester/viscose, acrylic and polyester multifilament yarns. Fabric samples are prepared by varying the stitch cam setting, input tension, yarn count, etc. on a 16 gauge circular knitting machine and are subjected to relaxation treatment by using conventional technique as well as mechanical energy of ultrasonic waves for maximum shrinkage. It is observed that this new relaxation technique produces similar dimensional and non-dimensional parameters of the fabric as obtained with the conventional relaxation treatments. It is also found that the values of the four non-dimensional parameters such as Uc, Uw, Us and Ur follow a specific trend and are found comparable with the experimental values obtained by previous workers for cotton fabrics knitted in circular knitting machine. Regression analyses have been made and regression equations are generated to study the effect of loop length on courses and wales (ribs) per cm at different stages of relaxation.

2 illus, 6 tables, 14 ref

016394   Merati A A;Alamdar Yazdi A;Farokhnia A (NO, Advanced Textile Materials and Technology Research Institute, Amirkab, 424, Hafez Ave, Tehran, Iran, Email: merati@aut.ac.ir) : Yarn properties development with diagonally slotted roller on ring spinning machine. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(3), 289-95.

To develop new ring spinning process, the diagonally slotted rollers (DSR) of various angles (15°, 30° and 45°) have been designed, manufactured and then fitted below and parallel to the top front draft rollers of a ring spinning frame. The yarn samples of 20 tex are produced in conventional ring spinning, Solo spinning and newly developed DSR spinning methodologies. In ring spinning process, the escaped fibre ends from the strand surface in the spinning triangle do not entangle with other fibres when the yarn is twisted and therefore they make the yarn hairs. In DSR rollers, the slot walls provide a condition to prevent escaping of fibre ends from the strand and keep the fibre ends on the strand surface in the twisting process. The experimental results show that the yarns produced with DSR roller of 30° slot angle (DSR30) have less S3 value of hairiness and a cleaner appearance than conventional ring-spun yarns. The hairiness of the yarns of DSR30 and Solo spinning processes do not have a statistically significant difference. Also, the improvement in ring-spun yarn tenacity and elongation is much larger for newly developed DSR spinning process in comparison with Solo spinning process. Consequently, it is concluded that the DSR spinning methodology improves the hairiness and mechanical properties of ring-spun yarns even more successfully in comparison with the Solo spinning method.

5 illus, 15 ref

016393   Li W;Zhu Z (NO, Key Laboratory of Eco Textile Science and Technology of Ministry of Ed, Wuxi-214 122, Email: zhuzhifengwu@sina.com.cn) : Effect of sulfosuccinylation of corn starch on the adhesion to viscose fibres at lower temperature. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(3), 314-21.

Acid-thinned corn starch has been sulfosuccinylated to different levels of degree of substitution to study the adhesion of starch to viscose fibres at lower temperature. The sulfosuccinylated starches with a degree of substitution range 0.009 - 0.036 have been synthesized through a two-step reaction, namely starch maleation and sulfonation. The adhesion is evaluated in term of tensile force of slightly sized roving yarns. In addition, light transmittance, surface tension and retrogradation of cooked starch paste have also been measured for revealing the reason why the improvement on the adhesion is achieved. Sulfosuccinylated starch is characterized by FTIR and DSC. It is found that the sulfosuccinylation helps to overcome inherent drawback like insufficient adhesion of starch to fibres under lower temperature. The improvement is achieved through reducing the retrogradation and surface tension of cooked starch paste under lower temperature. It is recommended that the sulfosuccinylated starch is capable of being used at the temperature of about 65 °C, without significantly exhibiting the adverse influence on the adhesion when sulfosuccinylated starch has the degree of substitution value of 0.02-0.036.

4 illus, 4 tables, 35 ref

016392   Kumar B;Das A;Singh P A (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: apurba65@gmail.com) : Elastane-cotton core spun stretch yarns and fabrics: Part III-Comfort Characteristics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(3), 282-8.

Air permeability, thermal characteristics and microclimate conditions of the woven fabrics made of stretchable elastane core-spun yarns have been studied. The weft yarns are spun with different spinning parameters, namely elastane stretch, proportion of elastane core and twist multiplier. A three-variable factorial design technique, proposed by Box & Behnken, is used to investigate the combined interaction effect of the above variables. The effect of these variables on air permeability, thermal resistance, thermal absorbtivity and various microclimate conditions (temperature and relative humidity) with or without air flow has been analyzed. The work has been performed in two stages, non-convective mode and convective mode for examining microclimate behavior of the above fabrics. For the analysis, the contour plots are obtained to examine the interactive effect of all the variables on different fabric characteristics. It has been observed from the experimental results that twist multiplier is the most influencing parameters on air permeability and thermal behavior of the fabrics. The selected levels of the variables do not show marked difference on the microclimate under convective and non-convective modes, and all fabric samples achieve same microclimate conditions after certain period of time.

5 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

016391   Jagatheesan K;Ramasamy A;Das A;Basu A (Textile Technology Dep, Centre for Applied Research in Electronics, Indian Institute of Techno, Delhi-110 016, Email: alagiru@gmail.com) : Electromagnetic shielding behaviour of conductive filler composites and conductive fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(3), 329-42.

In this study, theory of EMI shielding and research conducted on textile fabrics to impart conductivity for attenuating the electromagnetic (EM) radiation by means of different techniques have been reviewed in detail. Shielding of the EM waves can be done by means of reflection, multiple reflection and absorption by the shield. Different metals with their alloys and polymeric materials are initially used as shielding materials with some limitations. However, the recent developments in conductive fabrics and composites replace the conventional shielding materials. The composites with better conductivity and light weight could be a promising barrier material for protecting electronic circuits from the EM radiation and mechanical damage. Materials with high absorption co-efficient could impart shielding effectiveness of 80 dB for the frequency of 18 GHz. This paper mainly focuses on the necessity of conductive textile fabric and composites used as hybrid electromagnetic shields.

^iia9 illus, 1 table, 74 ref

016390   Hamdaoui M;Lanouar A (L E S T E Laboratory, National School of Engineers Univ of Monastir, Tunisia, Email: hamdaouimohamed@yahoo.fr) : New kinetic model for cotton reactive dyeing at different temperatures. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(3), 310-13.

Reactive dyeing kinetic on cotton at different temperatures has been studied. The dyeing experiments are carried out using liquor-to-materials ratio of 40:1 in a sealed stainless steel dyebath housed on the Ahiba Nuance Speed. A new kinetic model is proposed that describes the dye exhaustion at different durations. This mathematical equation is used to interpret the experimental data in terms of kinetic parameters of the dye molecules. The results show that the theoretical predictions are in reasonable agreement with experimental data with higher average regression coefficients. It is also observed that the exhaustion process of reactive dye in cotton fabrics could be divided into two steps, viz rapid and slow processes.

3 illus, 12 ref

016389   Gupta D;Gulrajani M L;Thakur A N;Agrawal A (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016, Email: deepti@textile.iitd.ernet.in) : Optimization of parameters for application of sericin on cotton knits. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(3), 260-7.

In this study, a process has been developed for durable coating of sericin on cotton knits. Treated samples are tested for wicking, stiffness, moisture vapour transmission rate and air permeability. Results show that cotton knits become more hydrophilic on application of sericin. Air and water vapour transmission improve, thus making the cotton sample suitable for applications in skin moisturizing and skin healing. These results indicate that sericin can be used to develop a durable finish on cotton for use in medical and sports garments.

5 illus, 5 tables, 19 ref

016388   Dave H;Ledwani L;Chandwani N;Desai B;Nema S K (Chemistry Dep, Manipal Univ Jaipur, Jaipur-303 007, Email: devehemen@gmail.com) : Surface activation of polyester fabric using ammonia dielectric barrier discharge and improvement in colour depth. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(3), 274-81.

Effect of atmospheric pressure ammonia dielectric barrier discharge on the surface of polyester fabric has been studied using contact angle goniometer, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and SEM. It is observed that the surface of plasma treated polyester is more hydrophilic due to incorporation of nitrogenous polar functional groups and shows different conformational composition and crystallinity. The ATR-FTIR results clearly indicate the conversion of trans ethylene glycol residue to gauche one after plasma treatment and thus reduction in crystallinity. Plasma treatment has shown synergetic effect on dye uptake. Natural dyeing of plasma treated polyester with 'Rubia cordifolia' has shown 65% improvement in colour depth in comparison to untreated polyester fabric.

6 illus, 1 tables, 29 ref

016387   Chakraborty J N;Jaruhar P (NO, National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar-144 011, Email: chakrabortyjn@gmail.com ) : Dyeing of cotton with sulphur dyes using alkaline catalase as reduction catalyst. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(3), 303-9.

Attempts have been made to dye cotton with alkaline catalase to observe if sodium sulphide can be replaced with it. It is observed that the alkaline catalase is too capable of developing comparable dyebath potential, dye receptivity on cotton, reduction bath stability as well as colourfastness of dyeings as obtained in sodium sulphide based reducing systems.

4 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

016386   Celik H I;Dulger L C;Topalbekiroglu M (Textile Engineering Dep, Gaziantep Univ, Gaziantep-27310, Turkey, Email: hcelik@gantap.edu.tr) : Fabric defect detection using linear filtering and morphological operations. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(3), 254-9.

An algorithm with linear filters and morphological operations has been proposed for automatic fabric defect detection. The algorithm is applied off-line and real-time to denim fabric samples for five types of defects. All defect types have been detected successfully and the defective regions are labeled. The defective fabric samples are then classified by using feed forward neural network method. Both defect detection and classification application performances are evaluated statistically. Defect detection performance of real time and off-line applications are obtained as 88% and 83% respectively. The defective images are classified with an average accuracy rate of 96.3%.

4 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

014419   Sadasivam P;Mohandas Gandhi N;Saravanan S V; Varatharaj M (Mechanical Engineering Dep, EIT Polytechnic College, Kavindapadi, Erode, Tamil Nadu, Email: sada_eit@yahoo.co.in) : Thermal energy conservation for sustainable development. Pollut Res 2014, 33(1), 201-4.

Textile printing is a term used for applying colours to fabric in different designs and patterns. In textile printing the whole fabric is uniformly dyed and the patterns are well defined. The textile fabric printing forms a part of the textile finishing process. In fabric printing, the designs are applied to the fabric by three methods- roller method, flat screen and rotary screen method. Rotary printing is where images that are to be printed are curved around the cylinder. Any kind of substance can be printed using a rotary printer such as paper, cloth, etc. The rotary printer consists of a tubular screen through which the print paste is forced into the fabric. The rotary printing is most commonly used these days for apparel fabrics. The knitted fabric is mostly printed in the rotary as there is no stress such as stretching and pulling of the fabric should not take place. The existing rotary printing devices are designed to print woven fabric and also knitted fabric. These machines can print the fabric only on one side. Tubular knitted fabric has two layers when flattened. We have to print the fabric one side, dry and again we have to batch and print on another side. But the present machine can print the fabric on both sides simultaneously. The rotary printing device consists of squeezing blades to squeeze out the printing paste and two rotary screen circumferences meeting tangentially and rotating in opposite directions. The edges of the squeezing blades and the tangential contact line of two screens meet in a single line. The fabric is fed from top to bottom at the same speed as that of the peripheral speed of rotary screen. The two screens are connected with two end ring which are connected to gears which in turn is connected to a single shaft. The fabric passes between two screens and the two squeezing blades squeeze the printing paste and the colour penetrates through the screen and gives the desired design. To dry the printing paste on two sides' single pass through drier will enough. To complete the printing on both sides of the tubular knitted fabric single pass will do. But in conventional machine the fabric has to be dried twice to get the print on both sides. Instead of heating fabric twice it is enough to heat fabric only once to complete print on both sides. The thermal energy required to heat the fabric one time is saved by this machine.

3 illus, 3 ref

014418   Roy Maulik S;Bhowmik L;Agarwal K (Silpa-Sadana Dep, Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan-731 236, Email: s_r_moulik@yahoo.co.in) : Batik on handloom cotton fabric with natural dye. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2014, 13(4), 788-94.

Handloom forms a precious part of the generational legacy and exemplifies the richness and diversity of culture and artistry of the weavers. Tradition of weaving by hand is a part of the country's cultural ethos. However, in the present context of globalization and rapid technological changes, handloom sector is beset with many challenges and the handloom products are being continuously replicated on power looms at much lower price. Hence, there is a need to strengthen this sector given the employment potential and market demand for handloom products. On the other hand environmental considerations are now becoming additional important factors during the selection of consumer goods including textiles all over the world. Affairs related to environmental preservation and control of pollution have renewed interest for use of natural dyes for the colouration of textile materials all over the world, particularly in the developed countries. In the past few decades, batik work on textile materials has gained popularity among the young generations who quickly adapted the easy-to-do method for individualizing their shirts, trousers, jeans and casual clothing. Therefore, product diversification through batik work with natural dyes is one of the ways to create fancy effect on the handloom products for the ever changing fashion market. A greater emphasis on using natural dye in the textile industry could make a valuable contribution to environmental sustainability in the 21^{st century.}

3 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

014417   Panneerselvam R G (Weaving Dep, Indian Institute of Handloom Technology, Chowkaghat, Varanasi-221 002, Email: rgpanneer61@gmail.com ) : Petni, kondi and reku: Traditional techniques of weaving handloom silk sarees. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2014, 13(4), 778-87.

Petni, Kondi and Reku are the names of three different traditional techniques being practiced by the handloom weavers in preparing the warp to produce pallau, body and border of silk sarees in solid colours. The basic colour concepts of warp and weft used in getting solid colour pallau, body and border have been analyzed. The steps followed for the preparation of warp in different colours have been observed separately in all these three techniques. In each step, the intersections of different colour ends in different parts of the saree have been noted and shown as threads interlacing diagram and/or line diagrams to understand the technicality involved in these traditional processes. The salient features of these three techniques have been studied. While comparing, it is found that the reku technique is very simple to carry and hence it has now slowly replaced the petni and kondi technique in different handloom clusters.

7 illus, 5 ref

014416   Benjamin Lazarus S;Vel Murugan V;Saravanan S V (Mechanical Engineering Dep, The Kavery Engineering College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, Email: sblslr24@gmail.com) : Mechanical behaviour of environment friendly compression molded random and woven plant fibre polyester composite. Pollut Res 2014, 33(1), 165-70.

Commodity driven composites which are categorized as lower price composites are mostly made of natural fibre. Natural fibre composites are mainly price-driven commodity composites, which have useable structural properties at relatively low cost. The manufacture, use and removal of traditional composite structures usually made of glass, carbon and aramid fibres are considered critical because of the growing environmental consciousness. Therefore this research work involves eliminating the problem involved in the existing composite with the help of natural fibres, over traditional reinforcing fibres such as glass and carbon. The following work illustrates the manufacture and tested values of one such composite manufactured from a plant fibre which is used as green manuring plant called Crotalaria juncea. Retted fibres after alkali treatment is taken and plate preparation is done using polyester resin mixed with random orientation of the fibre of lengths 20,30,40 and 50mm to a weight of 21,28,31,35,42 and 45 grams as the first part. In the second stage woven orientation of biaxial, biaxially stitched and unidirectional mat, in 2 layers and 3 layers separately are mixed with polyester resin and plates are prepared. Both the stages are tested for tensile and flexural properties such that the breakeven value of each property is analyzed, and the results acquired derive the usefulness of the material for required application.

10 illus, 15 ref

014415   Benjamin Lazarus S;Vel Murugan V;Saravanan S V (Mechanical Engineering Dep, The Kavery Engineering College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, Email: sblsr24@gmail.com) : Mechanical behaviour of enviroment friendly compression molded random plant fibre polyester composite. Pollut Res 2014, 33(1), 161-4.

Commodity driven composites which are categorized as lower price composites are mostly made of natural fibre. Natural fibre composites are mainly price-driven commodity composites, which have useable structural properties at relatively low cost. The manufacture, use and removal of traditional composite structures usually made of glass, carbon and aramid fibres are considered critical because of the growing environmental consciousness. Therefore this research work involves eliminating the problem involved in the existing composite with the help of natural fibres, over traditional reinforcing fibres such as glass and carbon. The following work illustrates the manufacture and tested values of one such composite manufactured from a plant fibre which is used as green manuring plant called Crotalaria juncea. Retted fibres after alkali treatment is taken and plate preparation is done using polyester resin mixed with random orientation of the fibre of lengths 20,30,40 and 50mm to a weight of 21,28,31,35,42 and 45 g as the first part. It will be tested for tensile and flexural properties such that the breakeven value of each property is analyzed and the results acquired derive the usefulness of the material for required application.

6 illus, 8 ref

013407   Bhaskaran E (NO, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, Email: e.bhaskaran19@gmail.com) : Productivity and technical efficiency of textile industry clusters in India. J Instn Engrs : Ser C 2013, 94(3), 245-51.

Indian textile industry is one the largest and oldest sectors in the country and among the most important in the economy in terms of output, investment and employment (E). The sector employs nearly 35 million people and after agriculture, is the second-highest employer in the country. Its importance is underlined by the fact that it accounts for around 4% of Gross Domestic Product, 14% of industrial production, 9% of excise collections, 18% of E in the industrial sector, and 16% of the country's total exports (Ex) earnings. For inclusive growth and sustainable development most of the Textile Manufacturers has adopted the Cluster Development Approach. The objective is to study the physical and financial performance, correlation, regression and Data Envelopment Analysis by measuring technical efficiency (0), peer weights (λ_i), input slacks (S^{-), output slacks (S+) and return to scale of four textile clusters (TCs) namely IchalKaranji Textile Cluster, Maharashtra; Ludhiana Textile Cluster, Punjab; Tirupur Textile Cluster, Tamilnadu and Panipat Textile Cluster, Haryana in India. The methodology adopted is using Data Envelopment Analysis of Output Oriented Banker Charnes Cooper Model by taking number of units (U) and number of E as inputs and sales (S) and Ex in crores as an outputs. The non-zero λ_i's represents the weights for efficient clusters. The S <62> 0 obtained for one TC reveals the excess U (S-) and E (S-) and shortage in sales (S+) and Ex (S+). To conclude, for inclusive growth and sustainable development, the inefficient TC should increase their S/turnover and Ex, as decrease in number of enterprises and E is practically not possible. Moreover for sustainable development, the TC should strengthen infrastructure interrelationships, technology interrelationships, procurement interrelationships, production interrelationships and marketing interrelationships to decrease cost, increase productivity and efficiency to compete in the world market.}

1 illus, 13 tables, 8 ref

012447   Upadhayay H;Babel S (Textile and Apparel Designing Dep, College of Home Science, Maharana Pratap Univ of Agriculture and Techn, Udaipur, Rajasthan) : Magic of floor on fabric: revival of traditional floor painting of Kumaon by contemporary adaptation on apparels. Asian J Home Sci 2013, 8(2), 722-5.

The present study was undertaken to adapt traditional designs from Aipan (floor painting) of Kumaon on Kurties using Textile designing software. Developed designs were printed on kurties through block printing. The finding of the present study reveals that the developed kurties were innovative, creative have enough market potential and were highly appreciated by the respondents.

2 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

012446   Tripathi S;Dewan S (Textile and Apparel Designing Dep, College of Home Science, Maharana Pratap Univ of Agriculure and Techno, Udaipur, Rajasthan) : Designing and construction of casual skirts for college going girls using denim and printed cotton. Asian J Home Sci 2013, 8(2), 547-9.

In the present study, casual wear skirts for college going girls aged between 19-22 years was done using denim and printed cotton. Ten designs were created and evaluated by 30 respondents form Government Home Science College, Chandigarh. Casual wear is the most desired aspect in clothing practices for every age. Conventional denim and cotton are used to create some innovative designer wears. In the present scenario western, dresses are on the mind of young people and adolescents. To break the monotony of designs in fashion world and to provide new and different designs to the apparel industry, the study was undertaken. Of all the components of the women's wardrobe, skirts are one of the most popular dresses. These designer wears can be worn in different combinations according to the individual's interest.

2 tables, 4 ref

012445   Srivastava M;Rajvanshi R (Textiles and Apparel Designing Dep, College of Home Science, Maharana Pratap Univ of Agriculture and Techn, Udaipur, Rajasthan, Email: meenuclt@yahoo.com) : Process simulation of digital embroidery design module. Asian J Home Sci 2013, 8(2), 406-12.

The DED (digital embroidery design) module was developed keeping in mind the principles of mass customization and personalization to derive competitive advantage in respond to consumers demand for customized products. Adobe Photoshop and PE design software were used for developing colourways and digital embroidery design from Rajasthani miniature paintings in systematic manner in the form of digital embroidery design module.In order to judge the efficacy of developed 'digital embroidery design module' (DED), of simulated textile designs for mass customization, the usefulness of developed "DED" module was assessed by a panel of 10 judges (previously selected) and 10 entrepreneurs. The developed digital embroidery designs were highly liked and well appreciated by the judges. Results showed that developed "DED" module was found acceptable by 91.09 per cent and 92.36 per cent by the judges and entrepreneur respondents.

1 illus, 5 ref

012444   Srivastava M;Babel R (Textiles and Apparel Designing Dep, College of Home Science, Maharana Pratap Univ of Agriculture and Techn, Udaipur, Rajasthan) : Appraisal of experiential learning and apparel production. Asian J Home Sci 2013, 8(2), 743-5.

The recent adoption of computers in the apparel industry signals a challenge to educators in higher education to revamp the apparel design curricula and include computer-aided design (CAD). Simulations of apparel design and the manufacturing process, aimed at effective transfer of knowledge and skills from classroom to workplace, augment teaching strategies. The Apparel Production Management Centre of Department of Textiles and Apparel Designing, College of Home Science, Udaipur is one of the founder centres of experiential learning established in the year 2008-09 to provide skill oriented hands on training. The strengths of ELC lie in flexibility in manufacturing versatile products in varied cost range with strong fabric base and value addition through creative skills of the budding designers using traditional regional motifs, with the materials of satin mix, tapestry for drapes and even cotton mixes with synthetics for the traditional look.

^iia3 illus, 1 ref

012443   Singh N;Anita Rani (Clothing and Textiles Dep, College of Home Science, G.B. Pant Univ of Agricuture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, Email: neetasingh.345neeta@gmail.com) : Extraction and processing of Sesbania aculeata fibre. Asian J Home Sci 2013, 8(2), 399-402.

Fibre was extracted from stem of Dhaincha (Sesbania aculelata) by 15 days tank retting. It is harsh, coarse and shiny fibre but lacks the elasticity, which was further processed for scouring with 1 per cent KOH and bleached with 1 per cent H₂O₂. Treated fibres which were obtained after treatment with 1 per cent KOH and 1 per cent H₂O₂ had good in strength, fineness, moisture regain, elongation and whiteness index.

1 illus, 5 tables, 7 ref

012442   Sharma A (Faculty of Fashion Design, National Institute of Fashion Design, New Delhi, Email: aps.sharma83@gmail.com) : Eco-friendly textiles: a boost to sustainability. Asian J Home Sci 2013, 8(2), 768-71.

This article presents an overview of the textile industry highlighting major processes, techniques and practices that are used to make textile industry more sustainable. There is an essential need to identify the stages in various steps of textile production that are said to be the greatest cause for environmental degradation with a special focus on substances that are likely to cause harm to eco- balance. Now a days various processes, techniques and practices related to textile production have been developed to cure the world from being affected by the hazardous effects of chemicals etc. which are either used in textile industry or released as a by-product by the textile industries. These all sustainable methods and techniques to be adopted by textile industries in order to save environment and to foster sustainability in the field of textiles.

12 ref

012441   Rajvanshi R;Srivastava M (Textile and Apparel Designing Dep, College of Home Science, Maharana Pratap Univ of Agriculture and Techn, Udaipur, Rajasthan) : Phad painting of Bhilwara, Rajasthan. Asian J Home Sci 2013, 8(2), 746-9.

^iia4 illus, 6 ref

012440   Kishore N;Paul S;Grover E;Maurya S (Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: neeti.kishore@gmail.com) : Adaptation of monumental motifs for textile application. Asian J Home Sci 2013, 8(2), 726-30.

India, the land of culture and crafts, has been known to the world for its magnificent textile arts since ages. It will not be wrong to say that the world history of textiles is incomplete without the mention of Indian textiles. There is a great need to revive the traditional records of textiles by giving captivating grandeur to the Indian textile pieces by introducing innovative designs like Indian monuments on woven materials. Moreover, it can be a better way to preserve the Indian cultural heritage as well as to maintain the value of inimitable Indian textiles. Therefore, the researchers have put forth this innovative idea into practice. It has revolutionized the world of designing by bringing in a change in existing style of designing for woven materials like sarees, kurtis and skirts. The research and related designs can meet the ever changing needs of the customers as they are ethnically trendy and appealing to the fashion world. Not only this, the concept will further open a new vista for weaving industry.

10 illus, 4 ref

012439   Dhanalaxmi R K;Vastrad J V (Textile and Apparel Designing Dep, College of Rural Home Science, Univ of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, Karnataka, Email: jyotivastrad@gmail.com) : Colour fastness properties of dyed mesta fibre. Asian J Home Sci 2013, 8(2), 476-9.

Mesta is the name given to the fibres obtained from commercially cultivated species such as Hibiscus cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa, which belongs to the family Malvaceae, harvested at 15 days prior to physiological maturity and physiological maturity stage. Stalks were treated with 2 per cent urea and steeped in horizontal and combination of vertical-horizontal. Fibre was scoured, bleached and dyed using napthol dyes. Dyed fibre was studied for its fastness properties. Study revealed that scoured+bleached+dyed fibres extracted from stalks harvested at physiological maturity stage was good to excellent and poor for the fibres extracted from stalks harvested 15 days prior to maturity. Thus, scoured+bleached+dyed mesta fibres can be utilized in producing textiles and accessories that require minimum or no washing.

2 tables, 4 ref

012438   Dave J;Babel S (Textiles and Apparel Designing Dep, College of Home Science (MPUAT), Udaipur, Rajasthan, Email: dave.jaymala78@gmail.com) : Computer aided designing of sarees simulate from mewar paintings. Asian J Home Sci 2013, 8(2), 499-501.

An attempt has been made to simulate textile designs from Mewar paintings for sarees using CAD software. 15 saries designs were developed on computer using Corel Draw software to select the best five placements and its folk embroidery, prior to actual embroidery on saree and evaluated by panel of sixty judges. The findings of present study revealed that the designs were very innovative, creative and as per the current market need and were highly appreciated by the judges.

2 illus, 1 table, 1 ref

012437   Dani S;Garg R (Clothing and Textile Dep, Shri Ram Girls College, Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, Email: ritu77.garg@gmail.com) : Comparative study on phulkari embroidery techniques on ladies suit. Asian J Home Sci 2013, 8(2), 680-3.

Present study was conducted to know the preference of respondents regarding different technique of phulkari embroidery, to know the preference of respondent regarding floral motif on ladies suits. "In Phulkari Meri Maan Ne Kadhi, Is noo Ghut Ghut Japhiyan Paawan".

3 tables, 8 ref

012436   Boruah B;Gogoi M (Clothing and Textiles Dep, Faculty of Home Science, Assam Agricultural Univ, Jorhat, Assam, Email: bulbulboruah@yahoo.co.in) : Plant based natural surfactants. Asian J Home Sci 2013, 8(2), 759-62.

Increased environmental awareness with different important factors of life like food, clothing and housing concern with the efficient selection of good quality cleansing product for clothing and household articles. As a green alternatives of soap and some harmful detergent natural surfactant for cleansing purpose can be extracted from some plants and animals which contain saponin and sapogenin in their chemical structure. The study showed that the surfactant produced from some plants and animals are less harmful to the environment but a good scientific approach to preserve the quality of our life as well as our valuable fabric and clothing.

1 table, 3 ref

012435   Adeel S;Rehman F U;Hanif R;Zuber M;Haq E U; Muneer M (Chemistry Dep, Government College Univ, Faisalabad, Pakistan, Email: shahidadeeelchemist@gmail.com) : Ecofriendly dyeing of UV-irradiated cotton using extracts of Acacia nilotica Bark (Kikar) as source of quercetin. Asian J Chem 2014, 26(3), 830-4.

Increasing awareness about safe products in textiles has developed the worldwide choice in natural colour based textiles. For the present study, barks of Acacia nilotica (Kikar) has been selected as source of natural flavone dye (querecetin). Both cotton fabrics and dye powder were exposed to UV radiations for 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min. Later on the dye was extracted using irradiated (RP) and un-irradiated dye powder (NRP) followed by dyeing of irradiated (RC) and un-irradiated fabric (NRC). Different dyeing variables such as temperature, time, pH, liquor concentration (M:L) and electrolyte concentration were optimized and dyeing was performed at these optimum coniditions. To improve colour strength and colour fastness properties different concentrations of mordants such as Cu (copper sulphate), Al (aluminum sulphate), Fe (iron sulphate) and tannic acid were employed. ISO standard methods were employed to determine the colour fastness to light, washing and rubbing to observe the effect of UV radiation on these fastness properties. The fabrics investigated in CIE Lab system using spectraflash showed that exposure for 90 min modifies the surface of fabric and dyeing for 50 min at 55 °C, using 8 g/100 mL of salt using dye bath of pH 6 provides the best colour strength. It is also found that iron is the best mordant among other used that improves the colour fastness properties from moderate to good.

7 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

011419   Venkatraman K;Govindarajan S;LingasamyK; Balakrishnan M;Thirumanasekaran D;Ramasamy A (Chemistry Dep, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Tehnology, Virudhunagar-626 001, Email: anbu_may3@yahoo.co.in) : Synthesis and spectral characterizations of poly(congored) frafted silk fibre - a kinetic approach. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(2), 172-9.

Silk fibre has been grafted with poly(congored) (PCR) dye in an aqueous medium under different experimental conditions like temperature, weight of silk fibre and concentration of CR dye in the absence of mordant's and fixing agents. The grafting kinetics of PCR onto silk fibre is quantitatively followed by spectroscopy (UV -visible and fluorescence spectra) method. The thermodynamic parameters, number of binding sites, binding constant, and nature of quenching system are determined from the kinetic data. The chemical grafting of PCR onto silk fibre is confirmed by FTIR, UV-visible and fluorescence spectra. The conductivity measurements, cyclic voltammetry measurement and FE-SEM analysis also supports the chemical grafting of PCR onto silk fibre.

5 illus, 27 ref

011418   Murugesan B (Textile-Fashion Technology Dep, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, Email: mbharan79@gmail.com) : Analysis on sewing ferformance of ring, rotor, airjet and DREF-3 friction spun yarn fabrics. J scient ind Res 2014, 73(8), 521-4.

In this research work, various yarn structured fabrics have selected in order to analysed the seam strength, slippage, puckering and appearance characteristics. It was observed that the seam strength and seam slippage were greatly influenced by yarn structure parameter and fabrics parameters and also DREF-3 friction spun yarn fabric have higher seam strength and slippage.

2 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

011417   Moazzeni N;Hasani H;Shanbeh M (Textile Engineering Dep, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan-84156-83111, Iran, Email: mshanbeh@cc.iut.ac.ir) : Effet of material and fabric parameters on fatigue value of weft knitted fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(2), 130-4.

Effect of material type, fabric structure, stitch, and cycle number of tensile fatigue has been studied on dynamic fl1tigue behavior of interlock weft knitted fabrics in course direction. To investigate the effect of controllable factors on fatigue value, Taguchi method has been used. The fatigue value has been defined as the percentage of variation in bagging resistance of knitted fabrics before and after tensile fatigue cyclic loading. A signal to noise ratio analysis has been adopted to identify the most effective parameters on fatigue value and also to determine the best factor levels for producing knitted fabrics with lowest value of fatigue. According to the SN ratio analysis, fabric structure shows the dominant effect on fatigue value followed by stitch density, number of cyclic loads and blend ratios.

4 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

011416   Maulik S R;Agarwal K (Visva-Bharati University, Silpa-Sadana Dep, , Sriniketan-731 236, Email: s_r_moulik@yahoo.co.in) : Painting on handloom cotton fabric with colourants extracted from natural sources. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2014, 13(3), 589-95.

Cotton fabric was painted with Rubia cordifolia, Laccifer lacca, Acacia catechu, Punica granatum, Terminalia chebula, Curcuma longa and Camellia sinensis in presence of aluminum sulphate, ferrous sulphate and copper sulphate as mordants employing a simultaneous mordanting technique followed by steaming of the painted fabric at 102°C for 30 min, whereas Indigofera tinctoria was applied in absence of any such salts. Such painting technique appears to be superior as compared to traditional process in respect to ease of application, storage stability of paste, colour fastness to light, rubbing and wash. It appears that such hand painted fabric has the potential for giving a crafty look to various handloom fabrics used for apparel and home furnishing purpose. In fact, it can also be used for embellishing finished garments such as t-shirt, jackets, etc. as also many other products like bags, pillows, cushion cover or anything made up of fabrics just by adding designs and colors to them. In view of use of various salts at concentrations much below their respective maximum permissible limits, such painted cotton fabrics can also be considered as eco-friendly product and is worth as labeled eco-textile.

1 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

011415   Manshahia M;Das A (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016) : Thermo-physiological comfort of compression athletic wear. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(2), 139-46.

Thermo-physiological comfort aspects of compression athletic wear have been studied. Core-spun elastane-cotton blended yams with different elastane proportion, elastane stretch and twist multiplier have been spun and single jersey knitted fabrics are prepared. A three-level three-variable factorial design technique proposed by Box and Behnken has been used to study the interaction effects of the variables on the characteristics of fabrics. The influence of these variables on physical and comfort properties of fabric is studied, the response surface equations for all the properties are derived and the design variables are optimized for various fabric properties. The fabrics become heavier and thicker, and show improved thermal resistance, lower air and water permeability and poor moisture management properties, with the increase in proportion of elastane and level of elastane stretch. Higher twist results in better air and water vapour permeability but lower thernal resistance and wicking.

6 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

011414   Liu X;Su X (School of textile and Clothing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214 122, P R China, Email: luxinjin2006@163.com ) : Convergence point of the multi-strand yarn spinning. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(2), 196-200.

In this study, convergence point of multi-strand yam spinning has been investigated. Firstly, the complete convergence point state is studied for two-strand yam spinning. Then, one condition such that two strands are kept symmetric on the convergence point is given correspondingly. Secondly, a system of the equations governing the general multi-strand yam spinning with n strands is presented by introducing a series of virtual intermediate variables. After eliminating the intermediate variable, the partial convergence point state F_I and ω_I of multi-strand yarn spinning is given. It is observed that the complete convergence point for two-strand yarn spinning can be determined by the densities and radius of two strands and the spun yarn.

^ssc3 illus, 10 ref

011413   Karolia A;Sardiwal S (Clothing and Textiles Dep, Faculty of Family and Community sciences, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390 002, Email: anjalikarolia@hotmail.com) : Namda - The traditional felted craft of Rajasthan. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2014, 13(2), 409-15.

India's rural arts and handicrafts are the visual expression and technological processes of people living at 'several cultural, religious and social levels. For centuries Indian arts and crafts have been distinguished for their great aesthetic and functional value. The Indian handicrafts industry is highly labor intensive cottage based industry and de-centralized, being spread all over the country in rural and urban areas. One such traditional craft called Namda is produced since ages in the state of Rajasthan which is famous throughout the world for its profile art treasures, for its scenic beauty and bracing climate so also for its crafts. The present study was an attempt to study the traditional Namda craft of Rajasthan. Efforts were directed towards documenting the traditional Namda art of Tonk and to highlight its unique characteristics with respect to methods, materials, implements, raw materials and surface ornamentation techniques employed. Concern was also given towards reflecting the present scenario of this handicraft industry. Another major objective was to study the socio-economic profile of the craftsmen involved in the craft. Detailed emphasis was also laid on studying the changes that have intruded in the contemporary production practices of this felted rug.

4 illus, 4 ref

011412   Karolia A;Richa Prakash (Clothing and Textiles Dep, Faculty of Family and Community Sciences, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390 002, Email: akarolia01@gmail.com) : Design and development of fashion accessories inspired from the hand woven shawls of Nagaland. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2014, 13(2), 418-26.

Nagas, inhabitants of Nagaland, are said to belong to the Indo-Mongoloid stock. Unlike other parts of India, where much of the spinning and weaving, is in the hands of men, in Nagaland it is exclusively the monopoly of women. They mainly weave shawls and mekhalas which range from a simple white cloth to elaborately designed ones. These textiles are mainly produced only for their own consumption and available in the local markets. These textile products require more visibility, which can be achieved through contemporary product design and value addition through design development which can lead to better and wider market acceptability and network. Therefore, the present study was undertaken with the major objective of documenting the history, origin, weaving techniques, motifs and significance of the hand woven shawls of the three tribes of the state, i.e. Ao, Chakhesang and Lotha and then designing fashion accessories inspired from the hand woven textiles and ornaments of Nagaland. Inspired from these textiles fashion accessories, i.e. bags, belts and neckwear were designed and constructed and its market acceptability was studied. The study revealed that the products were highly appealing in the market and there was lot of scope to develop such products. The respondents and shopkeepers also acknowledged that the attempt was very innovative and creative to make people aware of the textiles of Nagaland and the study helped uplift, preserve and popularize the hand woven textiles of the state by product diversification.

12 illus, 5 ref

011411   Karimian M;HasaniH;Ajeli S (Textile Engineering Dep, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan-84166-83111, Iran, Email: h_hasani@cc.iut.ac.ir) : Numerical modeling of bagging behavior of plain weft knitted fabric using finite element method. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(2), 204-8.

This study focuses on the applicability of finite element method to analyze the bagging behavior of plain single jersey weft knitted fabrics in the term of bagging resistance. The findings show that the numerical modeling of the bagging resistance of the plain knitted fabric using solid elements and yam transverse Isotropic properties has good agreement with experimental values.

^ssc6 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

011410   Kamalha E;Zheng Y S;Zeng Y C; (College of Textile Science and Engineering, Donghua University-210 620 Shanghai, China, , Email: edwinkam11@gmail.com) : Effect of solvent concentration on morphology of electrospun Bombyx mori silk. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(2), 201-3.

Effect of solvent (LiBr and CaCl₂:methanol:water::l:2:8) concentration on the morphology of ectrospun Bombyx mori silk has been studied. Scanning electron microscopy is used to elucidate the appearance and diameter of the nanofibres. Concentrations of solvents in the range of 25-30% are found to yield fibres with fewer beads, and a better distribution of diameter. At lower concentrations, the fibres are found scattered and more discontinuous, although they appear finer as compared to the fibres produced using higher solvent concentration. The two solvents are found to yield similar results.

^ssc2 illus, 12 ref

011409   Gupta D;Kothari V K;Jhanji Y (Textile Tehnology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016, Email: deepti@textile.iitd.ernet.in) : Heat and moisture transport in single jersey plated fabris. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(2), 115-2.

Effect of yarn linear density in the inner and outer layer of single jersey plated knits on heat and moisture transport and air permeability of resultant fabrics has been studied. These three factors all together determine the comfort of the wearer. Statistical analysis indicates that thermal resistance of the fabric increases significantly with increase in yarn linear density. Fabrics knitted with finer yarns and higher loop lengths are more permeable to air and water vapor and are found to have lower values of thermal absorptivity, thereby making them more suitable for use during hot and humid conditions.

1 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

011408   Ghosh S;Chavhan M V (NO, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar-144 011, Email: ghoshs@nitj.ac.in) : Geometrical model of stitch length for lockstitch seam. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(2), 153-6.

Geometrical model has been proposed for prediction of thread consumption based on original cross- section of lock stitch seam for woven fabric. The developed model has been used to calculate the thread consumption during the process of stitching. The stitch length equation is obtained in terms of feed rate, thickness of fabric, machine rpm, thread diameter and position of the cross-over point between needle and bobbin thread in a stitch. Some experiments are carried by changing the parameters such as thickness, tension of needle thread and feed rate with high gsm denim fabric on JUKI lockstitch machine. The needle and bobbin threads length per stitch is also calculated. A new model is therefore proposed for the calculation of stitch length in seam balance as well as in any other conditions, depending on the position of needle and bobbin thread cross-over point. To predict the thread consumption in a lock stitch seam, a dynamic analysis of the S1Jtching process is needed.

4 illus, 2 tables

011407   Gao Z;Ma P;Jiang G;Miao X (Engineering Research Center of Warp Knitting Technology, Ministry of E, JIangnan University, Wuxi-214 122, China, Email: jiang@526.cn) : Tensile properties and meso-scale mechanism of multi-axil warp-knitted fabrics of variousstructural designs. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(2), 122-9.

Tensile properties tests of three kinds of multi-axial warp-knitted fabric, namely triaxial fabrics (-45° /90° /+45° and -45° /0° /+45°) and quadraxial fabric (-45° /90° /+45° /0°) have been studied along the orientations of 0°, 45°and 90°. Stress-strain curves are obtained. The whole tension processing has been observed through high-speed camera and the series of images is picked up to analyze the meso-scale mechanism of the extension and displacement of tows on oriented layers. The results indicate that the tensile properties of MWK fabric are closely related to the orientations of the layers, and stitching yarns incarnate significant effects on deformation procedures of fabrics.

5 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

011406   Ganesan P;Ramachandran T (Textile Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: ganeshg007@gmail.com) : Copper enriched medicinal herbal treated garments for selective skin diseases. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(2), 185-9.

Copper enriched herbals treated garments have been produced using alternate medical concepts to cure selective skin diseases. The extracts of three medicinal herbs, such as marigold, peppermint and camphor, have been imparted into the bamboo, micro-denier polyester and blends of bamboo and micro-denier polyester knitted fabrics by exhaust or direct application and by microencapsulation using pad - dry - cure method. Microcapsules are produced using herbal extracts as core and gum acacia as wall material. Structure of microcapsules has been evaluated using polarized microscope, and the presence of copper by FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope confirms the binding and availability of microcapsules on the fabrics. The antimicrobial efficacy by quantitative method in terms of bacterial reduction and the clinical trials also confirm the curative performance and antimicrobial activity of the treated samples.

3 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

011405   Eza T S M;Ahmad W Y Wan;Ahmad M R;Omar K; Ahmad M N (Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: wanyunus@salam.uitm.edu.my) : Effectiveness of activated carbon produced from coconut and oil palm shells as anti-odour on textile farics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(2), 190-5.

In this study, activated carbon produced from coconut (Co) and oil palm (Op) shells has been applied in different percentages (5, 10 and 15%) on polyester and cotton fabrics through coating and pigment printing techniques. Two types of odour measurements are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the anti-odour activated carbon, namely through the human olfactory tests and by using a device called portable electronic nose 3 (PEN 3). Prior to the tests, the treated and control fabric samples are exposed to onion odour simulating to body odour. The results show that fabrics containing activated carbon are able to reduce odour. The coated activated carbon fabrics show a better result than the printed activated carbon fabrics. The higher the concentration of activated carbons on the fabrics, the lower it generates odour intensity and odour annoyance, which also lower the odour of onion on the fabrics.

6 illus, 18 ref

011404   Deogaonkar S C;Patil A J (The Bombay Textile Research Association, , LBS Marg, Ghatkopar (W), Mumbai-400 086) : Development of conductive cotton fabri by in situ chemical polymerization of pyrrole using ammonium peroxidisulphate as oxidant. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2014, 39(2), 135-8.

Cotton fabrics have been treated with polypyrrole by oxidative in situ chemical polymerization to make them electrically conductive. Ammonium peroxidisulphate is used as an oxidizing agent to overcome corrosion problem caused by ferric chloride. The effect of polymerization duration, monomer concentration, and dopant addition has been studied with respect to conductivity and tensile strength of fabric. Coating of polypyrrole layer is evaluated in terms of electrical conductivity measurement. The conductive fabrics are characterized by HZATR- FTIR characterization and scanning electron microscopic analysis. Addition of dopant is found to improve conductivity of the fabric.

3 illus, 15 ref