012980   Kasndhavadivu P;Rathinamoorthy R;Surjit R (Fashion Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: r.rathinamoorthy@gmail.com) : Moisture and thermal management properties of woven and knitted tri-layer fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(3), 243-9.

In this study, bamboo charcoal, lyocell, bamboo and micro polyester yarns have been used to enhance the moisture and thermal management properties of the functional fabrics. Two tri-layer fabrics are developed by using both knitted and woven structures. These fabrics are then evaluated for the comfort characteristics, such as water vapour permeability, thermal conductivity, water absorption, wicking, drying rate and spreading rate. The results reveal that the tri-layer weft knitted fabrics possess exceptionally good functional characteristics, such as air permeability, water vapour permeability, transverse wicking and drying rate, due to their structural factors as compared to the woven tri-layer fabrics. The woven tri-layer fabric possesses higher thermal conductivity, water absorption and vertical wicking than the knitted structure. The effects of fibre content on the properties of tri-layer fabrics are also found to be significant. The tri-layer fabric made of bamboo charcoal/micro polyester/lyocell exhibits higher air permeability, water vapour permeability, thermal conductivity, wicking tendency and faster drying rate. In the case of tri-layer fabric made of bamboo/ micro polyester/lyocell combination, the water absorption, verticle wicking, transverse wicking and spreading areas are found to be high.In this study, bamboo charcoal, lyocell, bamboo and micro polyester yarns have been used to enhance the moisture and thermal management properties of the functional fabrics. Two tri-layer fabrics are developed by using both knitted and woven structures. These fabrics are then evaluated for the comfort characteristics, such as water vapour permeability, thermal conductivity, water absorption, wicking, drying rate and spreading rate. The results reveal that the tri-layer weft knitted fabrics possess exceptionally good functional characteristics, such as air permeability, water vapour permeability, transverse wicking and drying rate, due to their structural factors as compared to the woven tri-layer fabrics. The woven tri-layer fabric possesses higher thermal conductivity, water absorption and vertical wicking than the knitted structure. The effects of fibre content on the properties of tri-layer fabrics are also found to be significant. The tri-layer fabric made of bamboo charcoal/micro polyester/lyocell exhibits higher air permeability, water vapour permeability, thermal conductivity, wicking tendency and faster drying rate. In the case of tri-layer fabric made of bamboo/ micro polyester/lyocell combination, the water absorption, verticle wicking, transverse wicking and spreading areas are found to be high.

3 illus, 33 ref

012979   Joshi J;Goel A (Clothing and Textiles Dep, College of Home Science, G.B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar) : Assessment of physical properties of milkweed floss/mulberry silk blended yarns. Man Made Text India 2015, 58(8), 295-8.

India is considered as one of the vanguards of environmental protection. A country that is committed for the elimination of environmentally harmful processes and over- exploitation of non-renewable resources. With increasing awareness regarding the adverse effects of the textile industry, most of the researchers and manufacturers are looking to bio- degradable and sustainable fibres as an effective way of reducing the adverse impact of synthetic textiles on the atmosphere. Agro based fibres are gaining significance in contemporary days due to environmentalist's progress throughout the world for environment protection from pollution. Today, fibre yielding plants are regarded as most important crops after cereals. In fact, plant fibres are the raw material for many industries sustaining the economy of our nation. Despite the competition from the development of synthetic fibres, many of the plant species continued to be of commercial importance. One of the least investigated lingo-cellulosic fiber is the seed fiber obtained from milkweed plant. Milkweed contains an abundance of milk sap in its leaves, stems and pods.

4 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

012978   Jayalakshmi I;Pavithrar R (Costume Design and Fashion Dep, Chikkanna Goverment Arts College, Tiruppur) : Effect of aroma for selected herbally stuffed home textile products. Man Made Text India 2015, 58(8), 304-8.

Health and hygiene plays a major role in the present technical world, especially in the medical field. As pollution, age and consumers preference for natural health products increases, medicinal/herbal extracts and dried plant extracts plays a vital role in home textiles. Home textile plays one of the major roles in today's economy, of opening new innovation, development and horizon for new green products. In today's, world market, which is facing many challenges within itself, this study focused in dyeing the selected eco-materials namely cotton, wool, swallort - wort in tulsi herb and stuffing the same with certain aromatic herbs and converting the same into the selected home textile products. The products were subjected to certain tests and the results proved satisfactory which will suit to the recent needs and trends of challenging green consumers.

4 illus 1 table, 12 ref

012977   Jain R;Pant S (Faculty of Home Science, Banasthali Univ, Rajasthan) : Performance of cotton and cotton blend knitted khadi fabrics. Man Made Text India 2015, 58(9), 340-4.

An attempt has been made in this study to utilize hand spun cotton and cotton: polyester yarns to construct knit fabric in manually operated knitting machine. Plain knit and rib knit fabrics (1x1, 2x2) were developed in flat bed cotton hosiery machine of 14 gauge. Knitted fabric samples were tested to measure various fabric properties by standard procedures. It has been found that cotton: polyester knitted khadi fabric is light in weight, thin, tight in construction, less stiff and rigid compared to cotton khadi.

10 tables, 6 ref

012976   Dadhiwale A (NO, DKTE Society's Textile and Engineering Institute, Lchalkaranji) : Viscose rayon: a legendary development in the manmade textile. Man Made Text India 2015, 58(9), 349-52.

Cotton is the best suitable fiber for apparel purpose, especially in tropical region where comfort stands at first priority. Developing countries are the major producers for the cotton. However, the blooming population has created scarcity of the available agricultural land in this region. Thus, it becomes indeed difficult to satisfy increased demand of cotton. This has directed researchers to develop man made yarn obtained from viscose solution of natural regenerated cellulose. Thereby, it was nomenclatured as regenerated cellulose initially and later on as viscose rayon. Fabric obtained out of this yarn has exhibited good simulation with natural cotton fiber fabric, especially in comfort associated characteristics. The article represents brief summary of the growth and development of this legendary fiber/filament yarn.

2 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

012975   Dadgar M;Varkiyani S M H;Merati A A (Textile Engineering Dep, Amirkabir Univ of Technology, 24 Hafez Street, Tehran, Iran, Email: varkiyan@aut.ac.ir) : Pin-point effect determination using a rigorous approach. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(3), 273-81.

New method for evaluating the pin-point effect of pile yarn of carpets before weaving has been introduced. The method has been initially accomplished by presenting a standard method for bundle preparation and consequently the pin-point index is presented by image analysis technique. To this end, yarns with different twists are heat set at various times and temperatures. Comparison of the results shows that increasing the twist, time and temperature positively contribute to the pin-point index. In the last section, an adaptive neuro fuzzy model (ANFIS) and an artificial neural network model (ANN) have been designed to predict the pin-point index of the heat set yarns based on training with the experimental data. The input parameters are twist, time and temperature, and the output is the pin-point index. The results illustrate that the learning capability of the ANFIS model is superior and its generalization ability is slightly better than that of a standalone ANN model.

6 illus, 5 tables, 55 ref

012974   Babel S;Mogra D;Gupta R (Textiles and Apparel Designing Dep, College of Home Science, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan) : Sizing of cotton fabric with urginea indica and its impact on fabric properties. Man Made Text India 2015, 58(9), 345-8.

Principal aim of this work is to study the effect of sizing from Urginea Indica on functional and physical properties of cotton fabric at different concentrations. Wild onion starch was used with four different concentrations i.e. 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Fabric count and fabric thickness, bending length, crease recovery was measured and analyzed in comparison to control samples. Pure cotton fabric with plain weave (muslin) was selected for research work. It was observed that fabric count was slightly reduced after application of starch; in fact it was negligible at 5% concentration and progressive trend of reduction was marked as concentration increased. Similarly, fabric thickness was also not effected at 5% concentration on fabric. It was concluded that as concentration increased fabric thickness, crease recovery angle of all respective treated samples also increased.

5 tables, 5 ref

012973   Akgun M;Becerir B;Alpay H R (Textile Engineering Dep, Uludag Univ, Bursa, Turkey, Email: becerir@uludag.edu.tr ) : Usage of proportions method for percentage reflectance of woven structures in fabric design. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(3), 250-5.

Effects of fabric constructional parameters on the prediction of percentage reflectance of woven polyester fabrics for different weft yarn densities have been investigated considering the same yarn count and weave pattern. Relationship among weft yarn density, fabric bulk density, fabric cover factor and percentage reflectance has been studied using the proportions method. The relationship between measured and proportionally predicted percentage reflectance values shows that proportional prediction method, according to fabric cover factors and using the same yarn count and the weave pattern but different yarn densities, gives the closest results to the measured ones. This could be used in estimation of fabric percentage reflectance for fabric design. Fabrics with different constructional parameters but having the same percentage reflectance could be produced by using proportions method under the conditions when appropriate beginning parameters are selected along with the fabric cover factors.

2 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

012972   Akaydin M;Yilmaz K;Yilmaz N D (Denizli Technical Sciences Vocational School, Pamukkale Univ, Denizli-20020, Turkey, Email: ndyilmaz2pau.edu.tr) : Effect of finishing on performance characteristics of woven and warp-knitted terry fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2015, 40(3), 301-7.

Influence of some finishing processes has been studied on the performance characteristics of woven and warp-knitted terry fabrics with open-end pile warp. Terry fabrics of similar structural parameters have been produced by weaving or warp knitting and then subjected to finishing processes which are commonly applied by the textile industry. Samples are extracted at different stages of the finishing processes. Water absorption behavior, structural parameters, and mechanical properties are evaluated and the results are compared by statistical analysis of the obtained data. It is observed that compared to greige terry fabrics, the finishing treatment increases basis weight and dimensional stability due to shrinkage occurred with relaxation, water absorption rate due to the removal of size and other hydrophobic substances, and elongation ratio because of the elimination of size film during pretreatment processing. Woven terry fabrics give higher strength values and warp-knitted terry fabrics show higher elongation.

5 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

011962   Hosseinnezhad M;Moradian S;Gharanjig K (Organic Colorants Dep, Institute of Color Science and Technology, P O Box-16656118481, Tehran, Iran, Email: hosseinnezhad-mo@icrc.ac.ir) : Fruit extract dyes as photosensitizers in solar cells. Curr Sci 2015, 109(5), 953-6.

Two natural dyes containing anthocyanin are extracted from sour and sweet pomegranate from Iran. Spectrophotometric evaluation of the natural dyes in solution and on a TiO₂ substrate was carried out to assess changes in the status of the natural dyes. The results show that the natural dyes indicate buthochromic shift on the TiO₂ substrates. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are fabricated to determine the photovoltaic behaviour of each dye and the mixture of extracts. Such evaluations demonstrate conversion efficiencies of 0.73%, 1.57% and 0.91% for sour pomegranate, sweet pomegranate and mixed extract respectively. Natural dyes are suitable alternative photosensitizers for DSSCs.

4 illus, 2 table, 18 ref

011961   Das S;Bhowmick M;Chattopadhyay S K;Basak S (NO, Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, ICAR, Adenwala Road, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019, Email: sekhar.tex@gmail.com) : Application of biomimicry in textiles. Curr Sci 2015, 109(5), 893-901.

Nature has created excellent technologies around us, and as such, it is the chief mentor to humans on creativity and technology development. Nature uses fibre as a building block - natural structures like wood, bamboo, bone, muscle, etc. all have fibrous structure. Fibre spinning and weaving technologies are available in nature since time immemorial. Nature has also demonstrated sophisticated technologies useful in the development of technical textiles like functional surfaces, camouflage, structural colour, thermal insulation, dry-adhesion, etc. Thus, biomimicry can be an inspiration to develop innovative textiles. This article reviews some of the important technologies of nature relating to textiles.

5 illus, 69 ref

010937   Prabhavathi R;Devi A S;Anitha D (Apparel and Textiles Dep, College of Home Science, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Saifabad, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Improving the colour fastness of the selected natural dyes on cotton. Asian J Home Sci 2015, 10(1), 240-4.

This paper reports the improving the colour fastness of the natural dye with dye fixing agents, extraction of the colourants from natural sources; effects of different mordants and mordanting methods; selection of fixing agents; dyeing variables; post-treatment process and analysis of colour improvement parameters with fixing agents for cotton dyed with natural dye; assessed colour improvement with rubbing colour fastness test.

2 tables, 31 ref

010936   Lakhchaura P;Bains S;Grewal S (Apparel and Textile Science Dep, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: sandeepct@pau.edu) : Effect of enzymatic pre-treament on physico-mechanical properties of mulberry silk waste and wool blended fabric. Agric Res 2015, 52(1), 62-5.

Mulberry silk waste and wool blended fabric was treated with a proteolytic enzyme under the optimized conditions viz. media ph 8.5, enzyme concentration 1% and enzyme treatment time 45 minutes. The effect of enzymatic treatment on the physical and mechanical properties was observed. There was non- significant loss in tensile strength, tearing strength and fabric weight, whereas there was an increase in the moisture absorption and improved pilling resistance after enzymatic pre-treatment.

4 tables, 13 ref

009890   Yadav S;Rose N M;Singh S J;Pant S (Textile and Apparel Designing Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: saroj16.yadav@gmail.com) : Effect of dyeing physical properties of rayon-silk blend. Ann Agri Bio Res 2015, 20(1), 148-51.

The study focused on effect of dyeing on physical properties of rayon-silk blend fabric. Commercially available rayon-silk blended (70% rayon and 30% silk) fabric was procured from market. The fabric was scoured to prepare for dyeing. The scoured fabric was pre-treated with 3% (o. w. f.) alfix and dyed with Kachnar bark (Bauhinia variegata) dye using two synthetic and two natural mordants. Synthetic mordants used were : copper sulphate & potassium permanganate and natural mordants were Indian gooseberry & eucalyptus. The mordants were applied by post-mordanting technique. The dyed samples were tested for their colour fastness against washing, rubbing, perspiration and sunlight. The dyed and mordanted samples were also evaluated visually for appearance and lustre. Physical properties in terms of fabric thickness, weight and count, flexural rigidity, crease recovery angle and tensile strength and elongation were studied using standard test methods. Kachnar dye gave a colour series of rosy brown colour on rayon-silk blend using different mordants and mordanting methods with varying concentration levels. There was little variation in colour values produced with natural mordants. It was concluded from the overall fastness grades that fastness properties enhanced after post mordanting method and colour adherence to fabric was good. From the experiment it was found that he Kachnar dyed silk samples mordanted with different mordants when evaluated visually showed improvement in appearance over the control sample. Sample mordanted with potassium permanganate got highest score for lustre and texture. Fabric thickness, weight, fabric count, flexural rigidity and crease recovery of all the dyed samples increased when compared with original sample. Drape coefficient of unmordanted, copper sulphate and pomegranate mordanted samples had no change. While in case of potassium permanganate and eucalyptus mordanted samples it increased slightly. Tensile strength of all the samples increased in both the directions except unmordanted samples which decreased in weft direction. Elongation in warp direction of potassium permanganate and eucalyptus mordanted samples increased while that of copper sulphate and pomegranate mordanted samples decreased. In weft direction it increased in all other samples except that of potassium permanganate mordanted samples. Studying the effect of dyes on physical properties of fabrics is very important as end use of different fabrics depends on these properties.

3 tables, 5 ref

009889   Sharma R;Goel A (Clothing and Textiles Dep, College of Home Science, G B Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145) : Status of textiles recycling and waste utilization in the Amroha district. Int J basic appl agric Res 2015, 13(1), 112-16.

Textile waste can be defined as any textile product or substance that has no supplementary use or value for the person or organization that owns it. Recycling is the process of collecting and processing materials that would be discarded as trash. This discarded waste can be turned into new products, so it can benefit community and the environment. Therefore the present study has been conducted to acquire information about the textile recycling units present in the Amroha district of Uttar Pradesh. A survey was conducted and enquiries were made on the basis of general and specific information i.e. the type of textile waste recycled, mode of textile recycling and problems faced by respondents in textile recycling units etc. On the basis of observation and information gathered, data was analyzed. Waste management is a deriving urge to save environment by various means of recycling, reuse, reduce or recover. People indulge in recycling process are not only working for their livelihood but also fulfilling a concealed means of environment protection.

2 illus, 3 tables, 3 ref

009888   Puspa;Singh V;Punia P (Textile and Apparel Designing Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: ptomer07@gmail.com) : Efficacy of Karanja extract treated cotton fabric against washing. Ann Agri Bio Res 2015, 20(1), 158-61.

Karanja methanolic extract from leaves and seeds in viscous state was prepared by Soxhlet method and viscous mass was converted in dry state and impregnated in two concentrations i. e. 2.5 and 5 g/1. The antiseptic containing chloroxylenol treatment was taken as standard. The effect of all Karanja extract treatments and antiseptic containing chloroxylenol (standard) treatment were tested for Pseudomonas bacterium resistance activity, quantitatively by AATCC-100 test method after washing of samples. Treated samples were washed using standard ISO : 6330-1984E and bacterial count of treated samples again tested and determined per cent reduction. After washing, it was concluded that leaves extracts in viscous state were more effective than other treatments and 5 g/1 concentration was found effective after washing after 30 min of inoculation of Pseudomonas bacterium. However, it is needed to retreat the fabric samples after every wash. Leaves extracts in viscous state showed comparable results with the antiseptic containing chloroxylenol (standard). In some cases, leaves extracts in viscous state were even more effective than antiseptic treatment.

2 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

009887   Poonam Kumari;Rose N M;Singh S S J (Textile and Apparel Designing Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: minkusmile@gmail.com) : Microencapsulation of lime essential oil for fragrant textiles. Ann Agri Bio Res 2015, 20(1), 152-7.

Microencapsulation can effectively control the release rate of the fragrance compounds and essential oils as required, which ensures the storage life of volatile substances. Fragrances, flavours, essential oils, vitamins, antimicrobial agents, deodorants and variety of other substances are encapsulated in these microcapsules. Taking the advantages of microencapsulation technique, the present study was undertaken to develop the lime oil microcapsules. Lime oil was selected as the core material and gum acacia as wall material and complex coacervation technique was used for encapsulation. Ratios of gum, oil and gelatin, temperature and pH were standardized for the process of microencapsulation on the basis of comparative analysis through visual assessment. It was summarized that 2 :1 :4 ratio of gum, oil and gelatin, at a temperature of 50øC with initial and final pH 4.5 and 9.0, respectively, was optimized for microencapsulation process. Microencapsulation will help in controlling the release rate! of aroma and can impart durable fragrance finish on textiles.

5 illus, 6 tables, 4 ref

009886   Jeyaraj K L;Muralidharan C;Senthilvelan T; Deshmukh S G (Manufacturing Engineering Dep, Annamalai Univ, Chidambaram-608 002, Email: kljeyaraj@gmail.com) : Screening of process parameters for color fast finishing process using fractional factorial design: a textile case study. Prabandhan: Indian J Mgmt 2015, 8(4), 7-30.

Screening experiments are the most powerful of design of experiment techniques for uncovering the power factors in a manufacturing process. Often, there are many possible factors, some of which may be critical and others, which may have little or no effect on a response. It may be desirable, as a goal by itself, to reduce the number of factors to a relatively small set (2-5) so that attention can be focused on controlling those factors with appropriate specifications, conducting the main experiment and control charts, and so forth. In this screening design, with eight factors, the experiments were conducted according to the layout of 2," fractional factorial design and five response functions values were obtained with two replicates. The factors that had less effect upon the responses were eliminated from the main experiment. The linear model for estimating the responses (shade variation to the standard, color fastness to washing, center to selvedge variation, color fastness to light, and fabric residual shrinkage) was constructed using software Design Expert 8.0. After examining the surface plots and contour plot, it was revealed that the direction of optimum range for responses can be obtained by increasing the significant factors' value. The response functions, surface plots, and contour plots provided a convenient way to find a path of the steepest ascent for the main experiment.

16 illus, 14 tables, 13 ref

009885   Aaditaa;Jahan S (Clothing and textiles Dep, College of Home Science, G B Pant univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantanagar-263 145) : Standardization of bast fibre extraction procedure from sterculia alata- a non conventional source of fibre. Int J basic appl agric Res 2015, 13(1), 117-19.

Sterculia alata bast fibres were extracted from plant stem using water retting extraction procedure. Plant stem were cut and retted for 14, 21 and 28 days (SL₁₄, SL₂₁, SL₂₈) in water tank. After retting, fibres were combed and tested for strength, elongation and fineness and then further processed for better colour, lustre and overall appearance. The results obtained shows that stems retted for 21 days (SL₂₁) produced best quality bast fibres and only scouring was preferred for the further processing of extracted fibres to achieve better properties.

2 illus, 5 ref

008859   Tarafder N (NO, Hooghly Engineering and Technology College, Hooghly, West Bengal) : Sports textiles for sports activities and equipment. Man Made Text India 2015, 43(6), 215-19.

Sports Textile is one of segment of Technical Textile. Customization of sporting products to meet the particular needs and wants of individual user is emerging as the new frontier in the sports industry and global market in general. Light weight and safety features of Sportech have become important in their substitution by other materials. Todays advanced systems are so ingenious that professional clubs, amateur clubs, coaches and athletes now openly express their preference for synthetic turf, provided, it is top quality. Sports wear manufacturers have intensified competition in the pursuit of functions and the demand of the items in functions with comfort in mind. This paper describes the application of Sportech in various sports related activities.

24 ref

008858   Sundarraj D;Annapoorani S G (Textiles and Apparel Design Dep, Bharathiar Univ, Coimbatore) : Comparative study of needle punched non woven fabric blend using areca catechu l with recycled polyester fiber and regenerated viscose rayon fiber. Man Made Text India 2015, 43(6), 223-31.

Areca Catechu L. fiber is the most comfortable natural fiber and also has good breathing properties besides being skin friendly and easy to care. Needle punched Areca Catechu L. Non - woven blended fabrics made out of using one of the Recycled Polyester and Regenerated Viscose Rayon in different proposition of 50:50, 60:40 and 70:30 wt % were manufactured using needle punching techniques respectively. Morphological study (FESEM analysis, EDX analysis), physical, mechanical and colourfastness properties of the needle punched non-woven fabrics were studied. The research and development results dealing with the idea of creating Areca Catechu L. needle punched non-woven fabric is presented in this paper.

10 illuss, 15 tables, 10 ref

008857   Singha K (Textile Technology Dep, Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Haryana) : Analytical case study on Fabric's roughness and scratchiness in comfort in Textiles. Man Made Text India 2015, 58(5), 171-6.

The fabric roughness and scratchiness become more important factors to control the fabric/clothing comfort properties. The fabric weave, linear density, polymeric quality like- bending length, modulus, flexural rigidity, yarn/fiber surface characteristic, hairiness, tensile and compressional strength profile, cross sectional shape and size etc govern the roughness and scratchiness of any fabric. Similarly one can control the fabric comfort by controlling those important parameters by removing scratchiness and surface roughness or itchiness of the fabric.

8 iilus, 3 table, 20 ref

008856   Singh R P;Surwase P (NO, The Synthtic and Art Silk Mills' Research Association, Sasmiraa Marg, Worli, Mumbai-400 030) : Enhancement of electrical conductivity of polyester by CNT addition. Man Made Text India 2015, 43(6), 232-8.

Carbon Nanotube (CNT) has been used to enhance electrical conductivity of the neat polyester (PET). CNT has been chosen due to its unique unidirectional electrical charge transport mechanism (Which leads to lower loss of energy during charge transportation in comparison to metals) and high electrical conductivity comparable to metals like Cu & Ag. Another advantage of CNT over conventional metallic fillers is its high specific surface area in comparison to conventional fillers. Electrically conductive CNT has been added to the PET in four different concentrations viz. O.Swt %, Iwt %, 2wt% & 3wt %. Two alternative routes namely Melt Compounding and Solution Intercalation have been tried for the development of electrically conductive PET/CNT nanocomposite. PET & CNT composition has been kept same in both the routes. Developed nanocomposites have been used for the development of PET/CNT electrically conductive nanocomposite films.

5 illus, 10 tables, 7 ref

008855   Singh R;Bhardwaj N K;Choudhury B (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001, Email: bhardwaj@avantharesearch.org) : Cellulase-assisted refining optimization for saving electrical energy demand and pulp quality evaluation. J scient ind Res 2015, 74(8), 471-5.

Papermaking process necessitates fibers to be refined mechanically to develop greater bonding potential. This is achieved in refining step, which requires a huge energy demand. In the present paper, efficiency of biocatalysis was investigated for saving energy by taking different enzyme dosages, reaction times and conditions that were compatible for papermaking process. Bleached mixed hardwood pulp was taken as raw material along with cellulase as biocatalyst to get good quality paper as product. After the enzymatic pre-treatment, pulp was refined in PFI mill. Parameters were compared in terms of number of PFI revolutions required to achieve fixed level of Canadian standard freeness (CSF), 300 ml without affecting the physical strength properties of paper. Action of cellulase on pulp was evaluated by reducing sugar analysis, pulp viscosity determination and amount of fines contents. This treatment achieved reduction in refining energy approx 29% (specific energy consumption reduced from 1.33 kWh/kg of pulp to 0.94 kWh/kg pulp) at an optimized dosage and time with improved pulp quality.

2 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

008854   Singh N;Punia P;Khambra K (Textile and Apparel Designing Dep, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar) : . Man Made Text India 2015, 58(5), 187-90.

Polylactic acid (PLA) fiber is a new type of bio-degradable and thermoplastic fibre. It is aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources, such as corn starch or sugarcanes. Polylactic acid fibre and its products are biodegradable in nature and under certain conditions it can be decomposed into carbon dioxide and water, thus do not produce any pollution to the environment. PLA is soft, smooth, and light in texture and good heat resistant similar to silk for its gloss. It has many potential uses in non-woven, spinning and as filler material. It is easily converted into a variety of fiber forms by using conventional melt-spinning processes. This fiber does not use any petro-based chemicals. So it can solve the environmental problem, and it also lowers the growing shortage of the energy crisis.

3 illus, 9 ref

008853   Sannapapamma K J;Naik S D (Textile and Apparel Designing Dep, College of Rural Home Science, Univ of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580 005) : Ahimsa silk union fabrics-a novel enterprise for handloom sector. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2015, 14(3), 488-92.

India, the only country which produces all four varieties of silk, i.e., Mulberry, Tasar, Muga and Eri and Karnataka is famous for mulberry silk production. The silk spun from mulberry pierced cocoons without killing pupae for silk extraction considered as "Ahimsa silk" is also called as "Peace silk". Ahimsa silk was spun on CSTRI (Central Silk Technological Research Institute, Bangalore) Motorized Spinning-cum-Twisting Machine and yarn shows unequal distribution of slubs and snarls, an added advantage that gives a fancy appearance and texture for the yarn. The courser and uneven Ahimsa silk yarn is most suitable for handloom sector and appropriately used as shot weft. It is new enterprise in this sector, since Ahimsa silk is compatible to interweave with cotton, art silk, terrycot, polyester and filature silk to produce designer's fabrics. Keeping Ahimsa silk as weft, the dress materials and shirting were woven in cotton, art silk, terrycot and filature silk on pit looms and furnishing in cotton and polyester on Hardakar jacquard loom. These union made-ups exhibited greater tensile strength with better elongation, resistance to abrasion, excellent hand- feel properties and moderate pilling. The production cost of Ahimsa silk union made ups were found to be inexpensive compared to cent per cent filature silk. Considering the increased awareness of animal protection around the world, Ahimsa silk union made-ups definitely have better market potential and can create new horizon in the fashion world.

4 illus, 4 tables, 6 ref

008852   Nayak S;Carvalho V;Salunkhe P (NO, Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil College, Vashi, Navi Mumbai) : Microbial synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their impregnation on natural fibers. Man Made Text India 2015, 43(4), 149-52.

Paper presents isolation and identification of silver resistant micro-organisms from different samples like soil and industrial effluent. Isolated silver resistant microbes were further tested for their capacity to synthesize nanoparticles by growing them in suitable nutrient medium with varying concentrations of silver salt. Nanoparticle production was further confirmed by UV visible spectrophotometry. All nanoparticle producing strains were identified by conventional biochemical tests and molecular identification technique of 16s rDNA sequencing. Silver nanoparticles produced by the identified isolates were extracted and characterized by particle size analyzer to comprehend their size and identify their future applications. Extracted nanoparticles were impregnated on the natural fibers like jute, coconut, and banana. The coated fibers were characterized by studying their surface properties under scanning electron microscope and their antimicrobial activity was also tested.

3 illus, 7 tables, 5 ref

008851   Kejkar V S;Kakde M V (NO, Indo Rama Synthetics (I) ltd., Nagpur) : Application of biotechnology in textile. Man Made Text India 2015, 43(4), 131-7.

Biotechnology in Textiles is one of the revolutionary ways to advance the textile field. Biotechnology is the application of living organism and their components to industrial product and processes is not an industry in itself, but an important technology that will have a large impact on many different industrial sectors in the future. Due to developments in microbiology, the scope of biotechnology is not limited to the processing of textiles. The rapid developments in biotechnology brought about a surge in research and developments in textile. New and improved fiber varieties are developed by genetic engineering. Various chemical processes in textile have been replaced by eco-friendly and less energy demanding chemical treatments. The paper highlights the various applications of modern biotechnology in textile industry.

5 illus, 11 ref

008850   Dadhiwale A (NO, DKTE Society's Textile & Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji) : Smart textiles - part I. Man Made Text India 2015, 43(4), 142-8.

When textile assumes an additional function over and above the conventional purpose, it may be regarded as Smart Textile. And if this additional functionality changes with change in use conditions, then textile may be regarded as Active smart or intelligent textile. The present paper (Part - I) gives an insight into smart textiles, their components, and few applications, etc. The other major applications of Smart Textiles will be dealt in Part - II.

3 illus, 11 ref

008849   Dadhiwale A (NO, DKTE Society's Textiles and Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji) : Smart Textiles-part II. Man Made Text India 2015, 58(5), 180-6.

When textile assumes an additional function over and above the conventional purpose, it may be regarded as Smart Textile. And if this additional functionality changes with change in use conditions, then textile may be regarded as Active smart or intelligent textile. Part I of this paper published in April issue of MMTI elaborated smart textiles, their components, and few applications, etc. The other major applications of Smart Textiles are being dealt here in Part - II.

8 iilus, 4 ref

008848   Chaudhary A;Akhtar A (Commerce Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh) : Competitive analysis of Indian home-tech industry. Man Made Text India 2015, 43(3), 97-102.

Out of twelve segments of technical textiles, the market for Hometech is gaining prominence and is significantly expanding as the products are being put to an ever-increasing number of end uses. Hometech Textiles have attracted considerable attention that is other than fabrics, nonwovens and composite reinforcements, lies in the field of furniture, household textiles and furnishing. This sector has got its significance in today's corporate world due to the consumer's changes in life style, process complexities, requirement of specific products, demand for comfort, security situation and well - furnished and modern homes. The Indian companies are expected to perform well in future years in order to meet consumer's demand. From the various literature reviews it is found that there is no conclusive work done about the competitive analysis of Hometech industry in India. The researcher in this paper tries to explore in to the industry and study its competitive strength using the Michael E Porter's - 'Five Forces' Model.

19 ref

008847   Chandrasekaran K;Anbumani N;Priyal V V (Fashion Technology Dep, Peelamedu (Post), Coimbatore-641 004, Email: kcs@fas.psgtech.ac.in) : Analysis of eco-friendly medicinal herb extracts and essential oil applications on textile products for healthcare applications. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2015, 14(3), 481-7.

Products such as head band, band-aid, sleep pillow, eye pillow, t-shirt and pyjama trouser, facial tissue and herbal tea dip were developed using woven, knitted and non-woven fabrics by treating them with medicinal herb extracts and essential oils for healthcare applications. The presence of bioactive principle compounds present in the herbal extracts and essential oils was confirmed by standard laboratory method through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The woven and knitted fabrics were pre-treated naturally without using any chemicals. The pre-treated textile materials were finished with herbal extracts and essential oils by using pad-dry-cure method and micro-spraying method. The herbal extract composition has been optimized through experimental trials for all the cases. The developed eco-friendly healthcare textiles have been tested as per the AATCC test methods for their anti- microbial activity. The results show that the products are equipped with good anti-microbial activity. To confirm the healthcare potential of the developed eco-friendly healthcare textile products, a clinical trial was conducted in a nature cure centre and the subjective evaluation of the healthcare performance of the products showed good results in all the cases.

4 tables, 11 ref

008846   Bhardwaj S;Pant S (Clothing and Textiles Dep, Banasthali Univ, Rajasthan) : Comfort properties of Acrylic: Nettle fiber blend fabric. Man Made Text India 2015, 58(5), 177-9.

Effect of blending nettle fiber with acrylic fiber on comfort properties have been reported in this study. Stinging nettle fiber and acrylic fiber were blended in three different ratios viz. 70/30,50/50,30/70 of nettle/acrylic. Yarns of two counts viz. 16 Ne and 24 Ne were prepared. Fabric samples were prepared on simple hand loom in the width of 34 inch in plain weave. Air permeability, moisture absorption and thermal insulation were checked. It was found that nettle fiber in blends improves air permeability, moisture absorption and thermal insulation of fabrics.

4 table, 8 ref

008845   Behera J;Sengupta A (NO, Wool Research Association, Thane, Maharashtra) : Enhancing adhesion characteristics of coated and laminated textiles with environmental friendly plasma technology. Man Made Text India 2015, 43(3), 103-9.

Coating and lamination enhance and extend the range of functional performance properties of textiles and the use of these techniques is growing rapidly as the applications for technical textiles become more diverse. A fundamental requirement for any coated or laminated fabric is that the coating shall have strong adhesion and cohesion towards the base fabric and it must not separate throughout the life time of the product. In order to improve the adhesion between the textile substrate and deposited coating or laminate layer, plasma treatment of substrate is an environmental and economical alternative. Plasma accomplishes this through an improved wetting of textile substrate by the coating and enhancing substrate-coating or lamination affinity.

6 illus, 2 tabel, 18 ref

008844   Babel S;Sharma S;Rajvanshi R (Textiles and Apparel Desiging Dep, College of Home Science, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan) : Block printing with reactive dye using sodium alginate. Man Made Text India 2015, 43(6), 220-2.

Sodium alginate was used as printing paste on cotton fabric to evaluate its efficacy with reference to crease recovery and bending length. The study reveals cotton sample printed with ten per cent concentration of sodium alginate gave good results of visual evaluation. The study results also revealed that as the concentration of sodium alginate increased the bending length, crease recovery angle also increased.

1 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

007856   Yamunadevi S;Grace S;Amutha A K (Textiles and Apparel Design Dep, Bharathiar Univ, Coimbatore) : Development of facial wipes finished with Curcuma zedoaria, a herbal extracts. Man Made Text India 2015, 58(1), 7-9.

Textiles have been developed and used by mankind since prehistoric times. Textiles find wide applications in various other fields with the advent of new materials and technologies. One such recent application of textiles is in the field of cosmetics and beauty care. On contact with the skin and human body, cosmetic textiles are designed to transfer an active substance for cosmetic purposes. One particular example is the transfer of skin moisturizing substances from the cosmetic textiles to human body. The principle is achieved by simply imparting the cosmetic and pharmaceutical ingredients into the non-woven face mask so that the skin is slowly freshened and revitalized. Several cosmetic textile products are available in the market. In this study, eye pad made of 100% bamboo non-woven fabric finished with herbal extracts has been developed and tested for anti-microbial property and contact dermatitis and the results were found to be good.

7 tables, 3 ref

007854   Tarafder N (NO, Hooghly Engineering and Technology College, Hooghly, West Bengal) : Fashion and consumer behavior - part I. Man Made Text India 2015, 58(2), 45-50.

Fashion is a major component of popular culture, which is ever changing. Knowledge of consumer characteristics play an important role in many marketing applications. Fashion refers to a style that is accepted by a large group of people at a given time. The basic concept in today's modern field of consumer behavior is that people often buy products not for what they do but what they mean. A consumer's culture determines the overall priorities that attaches to different activities and products. Every cultural society possesses a set of myths that define its culture. Sex appeal is not solely what fashion is about, but women's sexuality, and dress thought out the ages have been inexplicably intertwined. Apparel and fashion purchasing is generally thought of as a high involvement activity. Clothing is a method of one's identity and people select clothing that represents an image that is a compromise between their actual and ideal self-concepts.

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007853   Sivakumar D;Shankar D;Nithya S;Rajaganapathy J (Civil Engineering Dep, Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Auadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: shri_sivakumar@hotmail.com) : Reduction of contaminants from leachate using Moringa oleifera - a kinetic study. Pollut Res 2014, 33(3), 525-9.

BOD from municipal solid waste leachate using moringa oleifera seed as a coagulant was studied by batch method. The effect of initial concentration of Moringa oleifera coagulant for removing BOD from leachate has been evaluated. The kinetic data were fitted to the pseudo firstorder, pseudo second-order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models. Based on regression coefficient, the equilibrium data found fitted well with pseudo second-order kinetic model than that of other models. The results of the present study indicated that the adsorption capacity of Moringa oleifera seed coagulant for removing BOD in municipal solid waste leachate increased upto 100 mg/L beyond which the adsorption capacity got reduced.

2 illus, 18 ref

007852   Sivakumar D;Shankar D;Dhivya P; Balasubramanian K (Civil Engineering Dep, Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarjan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Avadi Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: shri_sivakumar@hotmail.com) : Bioaccumulation study by lemna gibba lin. Pollut Res 2014, 33(3), 531-6.

Textile industry processes are among the most environmentally unfriendly industrial processes, because they produce colour effluent that is heavily pollute the environment. Therefore, effluent from textile industry has to be treated before being discharged into the environment. In this study, experiments were performed to remove the EC, sulphates and COD from the textile industrial effluent in constructed wetlands by using aquatic macrophytes Lemna gibba L. The experiments were conducted by different process parameters like nutrient dosage, dilution ratio, pH and contact time using Lemna gibba L. to reduce EC, sulphates and COD in a textile industry effluent. From the experiments it was found that the maximum percentage reduction of various parameters in a textile industry wastewater by Lemna gibba L. were obtained at an optimum nutrient dosage of 50 g, dilution ratio of 10, pH of 7 and contact time of 6 days. Similarly, the validation experiments results showed that the maximum removal percentage of sulphate in a textile industry effluent is lesser than the maximum removal of sulphate in an aqueous solution. Finally this study concluded that Lemna gibba L. might be used as absorbents for removing various parameters in a textile industry effluent.

5 illus, 2 table, 20 ref

007851   Sivakumar D;Balasundaram V;Venkatesan G; Saravanan S P (Civil Engineering Dep, Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Dr. Sakunthala Engine, Avadi Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: shri_sivakumar@hotmail.com) : Effect of Tamarind kernel powder for treating dairy industry wasterwater. Pollut Res 2014, 33(3), 519-23.

Effectiveness of Tamarind kernel powder, a cheap agro-based product, as a coagulant was evaluated to remove COD, TDS, BOD, TS, turbidity and sulphate present in a dairy industry wastewater. Experiments were carried out by adding Tamarind kernel powder to the dairy industry wastewater at different dosages, different rapid mixing contact time and slow mixing contact time. Maximum removal of 87.8%, 91.5%, 85.72%, 89.30%, 82.46% and 84.2% respectively for COD, TDS, BOD, TS, turbidity and sulphate was obtained at an optimum dosage of 70 mg/L, maximum removal of 82.8%, 87.7%, 81.74%, 86.57%, 80.11% and 85.04% respectively for COD, TDS, BOD, TS, turbidity and sulphate was obtained at an optimum rapid mixing contact time of 10 min. and 84.6%, 89.4%, 83.20%, 86.78%, 82.11% and 87.04% respectively for COD, TDS, BOD, TS, turbidity and sulphate was obtained at an optimum slow mixing contact time of 30 min. The results indicated that the use of Tamarind kernel powder, as a coagulant to remove COD, TDS, BOD, TS, turbidity and sulphate present in a dairy industry wastewater seems to be an economical and worthwhile alternative over conventional methods.

4 illus, 14 ref

007850   Singh A;Gahlot M (Clothing & Textiles Dep, College of Home Science, GBPAU&T, Pantnagar) : Self cleaning textiles : the textiles that clean themselves. Man Made Text India 2015, 58(1), 14-19.

Now a day, life is very fast and peoples do not have time to clean their daily cloths. Nature and textiles have very close relationship. Lotus is the best example of self cleaning surfaces, whose leaves are well-known for their ability to self-clean by repelling water and dirt. On the basis of lotus leaf concept scientist developed a new concept of self cleaning surface which can be cleaned itself without using any laundering action. Nano technology is new hope in field of self cleaning textiles which gives self cleaning as well as fresh cloths every day. People benefited with it as techno economically. With the help of nanotechnology, the self-cleaning textiles are manufactured by using photo catalyst, microwaves, carbon nanotubes, metal oxide colloidal, silver nanoparticles and chlorine halamine. The application of self-cleaning properties on textile surfaces by using the nanotechnology includes a vast potential for the development new products.

11 illus, 15 ref

007849   Shankar D;Sivakumar D;Thiruvengadam M; Manojkumar M (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, K M College of Pharmacy, Uthangudi, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, Email: shri_shankar1979@yahoo.co.in) : Colour removal in a textile industry wastewater using coconut coir pith. Pollut Res 2014, 33(3), 499-503.

Textile industry processes are among the most environmentally unfriendly industrial processes, because they produce colour effluent that is heavily polluting the environment. Therefore, effluent from textile industry has to be treated before being discharged into the environment. In this study, experiments were performed to remove the colour from the textile industry wastewater using coconut coir pith powder as an adsorbent. The experiments were conducted by different process parameters like adsorbent dosage and agitation speed against the pH of 7 and initial concentration of 45 mg/L to reduce colour in a textile industry wastewater. The results showed that the maximum removal of colour occurred for the initial concentration of Acid Orange 10 dye of 11.125 mg/L in a textile industry wastewater found to be 96.3% and for the actual concentration of 45 mg/L in a textile industry wastewater was found to be 88.6%. Further, the experimental data were fitted well with pseudo second-order kinetic model than that of pseudo first-order kinetic model for colour by coconut coir pith powder in a textile industry wastewater. Thus, the selected coconut coir pith powder is used in removal the colour in a textile industry wastewater effectively.

6 illus, 12 ref

007848   Senthilkumar P (Textile Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore) : Heat and moisture transfer in textiles. Man Made Text India 2015, 58(1), 10-13.

Textile serves as both a barrier and a transporter of heat, air, and moisture from one environment to another. In case of clothing, apparel fabrics provide a boundary between the micro-environment surrounding the body and the larger indoor or outdoor environment. The physical phenomenon of heat transfer, moisture vapour, liquid transfer, and air transfer are important in textile materials from the perspective of comfort. In this work, mass transfer and heat transfer along with the factors influencing them have been discussed. Wicking, air transfer and moisture transfer of fabrics have been also covered.

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007847   Patil A (Textiles Dep, D.K.T.E. Society's Textile and Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji) : VANTABLACK: the world's darkest material. Man Made Text India 2015, 58(1), 20-2.

Vantablack is essentially a forest of carbon nanotubes on an aluminium foil. The Vanta in Vantablack stands for "vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays." It is so dark it's like looking at a black hole. Produced with ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) or CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) carbon nanotubes on an aluminum substrate. The material is capable of absorbing a maximum of 99.97% of radiation in visible spectrum. Due to its excellent properties it find application in space and defense sector, where the material can be used to make a whole variety of stealth craft and weaponry, and more sensitive telescopes that can detect the faintest of faraway stars.

5 illus, 3 ref

007846   Parthasarathi V;Vignesh A K S;Balasaraswathi R (Fashion Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore) : Instant clothing by spray technology. Man Made Text India 2015, 58(2), 60-2.

Instant spray fabrics result into nonwoven fabrics on spraying. Nonwoven fabrics are utilized in technical applications like geo-textiles medical and healthcare, agriculture. This paper provides review on research work on composition for forming a fabric by spraying onto a supporting surface, the composition comprising fibres, a binder and a diluent. Further aspects of the paper include the fabric formed by spraying the composition and an article comprising the fabric, an apparatus and a method for spraying the composition.

10 ref

007845   Negi M;Rani A (Clothing and Textiles Dep, College of Home Science, G. B. Pant Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar) : Sesbania aculeata (dhaincha): the potential fibre in 21st century. Man Made Text India 2015, 58(7), 259-63.

Natural fibres have wide scope of application in textile field, particularly due to recent tilt towards eco friendly textiles. Beside conventionally used fibres like cotton, wool, jute and silk there are many other fibres; categorized as unconventional fibres like ramie, pineapple, bananas, sisal, etc. These unconventional fibres are commonly used for preparation of a wide variety of products by people in highly specified local region of their production. One such potential source of unconventional fibre is Sesbania aculeata locally known as dhaincha. Dhaincha is a monsoon season crop, grown as a manuring crop for paddy cultivation and was also used earlier as the medicinal herb. Sesbania aculeata (dhaincha) fibre is coarse and silken in appearance resembling hemp fibre. Application of these fibres can be explored in products like durable ropes, twines, sackcloth, sailcloth, nets and also as non-woven fabrics. These fibres could be potentially investigated for use in the technical fields like geotextiles, composites and automotive parts.

3 illus, 25 ref

007844   Karpagam P;Manonmani G (Costume design and fashion Dep, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore) : Nonwovens in medical textiles. Man Made Text India 2015, 58(7), 255-8.

Nonwovens are emerging textiles which play significant role in textile medical sectors. They are a sheet of fibres with high absorbency, bacterial barrier, and anti-static, fast wicking of liquid and low lint. Nonwovens satisfies the needs and requirements of a medical textile thus supporting the doctors and patients to reduce the bio burden of the wound with their functional property or finish in the wound dressings composed of nonwovens. The medical textiles have found their applications in adhesive tapes, bandages, beddings, blankets, diapers, surgical cover, swabs, sanitary products, etc. The review paper gives clear view about the nonwovens and their application in medical textiles.

3 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

007843   Hada J S;Garg Y (NO, National Institute of Fashion Technology, Jodhpur) : Seat upholestery/fabrics used in automobiles. Man Made Text India 2015, 58(2), 51-5.

Technical textiles are defined as material and products used for technical and functional performance. The mobiltech segment of technical textiles is used for transportation. Seat upholstery is an important contributor of mobiltech segment in technical textiles. Textiles used for seat upholstery require unique properties like mechanical resistance, thermal resistance, chemical resistance, ultraviolet, infrared resistance, etc. with comfort and aesthetics.

3 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

007842   Gupta M;Saggu H K (Apparel and Textile Science Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana, Punjab) : Physical properties of shoddy yarn. Man Made Text India 2015, 58(2), 56-9.

Shoddy is a term used for the category of recycling that "opens" textile waste and used clothing and returns them to fibrous form. Uses for shoddy include stuffing, automotive components and carpet underlays, building materials such as insulation and roofing felt, and low-end blankets. In this paper fibre composition and physical properties of two count i.e., 2/8 Nm and 2/10 Mm of shoddy yarn were taken from Amritsar shoddy units (A1, A2, and A3) have been studied. The fibre composition and physical properties of the yarn have been tested in NITRA according to international standard testing methods. Physical properties i.e yarn twist, yarn hairiness and yarn imperfections were tested. The result revealed that majority of the shoddy units used wool rags and acrylic waste as a raw material for manufacturing of the shoddy yarn. Until recently there were no formal study/studies on shoddy yarn testing, facts and figure tended to be anecdotal.

30 illus, 3 table, 5 ref

006877   Kumar A;Pareek P K;Raja A S M;Shakyawar D B (ICAR, -Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar-304 501, Email: kumarrajay@gmail.com) : Extraction from babul (Acacia nilotica) bark and efficacy of natural colour on woollen yarn. Indian J Small Rumin 2015, 21(1), 92-5.

Study describes the different mediums for extraction of colour from babul (Acacia nilotica) bark and their efficacy. Aqueous, acidic, alkaline and alcoholic mediums were used. Colorant extraction was higher in slight alkaline medium (0.1% Na₂ CO₃) at 100° C for 60 min compared to other mediums. The dried extracts in different mediums produced different shades of brown and grey on woollen yarn with and without mordant. Colorants extracted in alkaline medium showed higher colour strength (K/S) values than other mediums. The produced shades had very good fastness to light and washing treatments.

1 illus, 4 table, 14 ref