015019   Xie X;Lu W;Jia S;Zhou Q (Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Donghua Univ, Shanghai 201620, P R China, Email: wanglu@dhu.edu.cn) : Extraction of coloring matter from Sargentodoxa cuneata by ultrasonic technique and its application on wool fabric. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(4), 426-30.

The ultrasonic extraction technique has been used to extract coloring matter from Sargentodoxa cuneata and the application of coloring matter on wool fabric studied. The effects of temperature, ultrasonic power, extracting time and bath ratio on the extraction of coloring matter from Sargentodoxa cuneata have been studied. From the orthogonal experiment, the optimum extraction conditions are found to be 50 °C temperature, 90 min extracting time, 200 W ultrasonic power, and 1:50 bath ratio. It is also observed that the efficiency of the ultrasonic extraction at 50°C is higher than the normal extraction at 100 °C, and this optimum extraction condition is stable, feasible, and has good repeatability. It has bright prospective in industrialization. Color of the fabrics dyed by ultrasonic extracting solution is found to be deeper.

6 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

015018   Tyagi G K (NO, The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani-127 021, Email: drgktyagi@rediffmail.com) : Influence of add-on spin finish on yarn quality in the OE spinning of polyester fibre yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(4), 371-6.

The influence of add-on spin finish and opening roller speed on the properties of polyester OE rotor yarns spun from fibres of different cross-sectional shapes and linear densities has been studied. The level of spin finish appears to have highest influence on the yarn characteristics followed by the opening roller speed and fibre linear density. Higher level of spin finish offers significant advantages in respect of yarn tenacity, breaking extension, work of rupture, abrasion resistance and hairiness but adversely affects regularity and flexural rigidity. Each of these quality parameters deteriorates to different degrees with the increasing opening roller speed. There is also decline in properties when yarns are made from a trilobal fibre. Such a decline in properties at high opening roller speeds is, however, less marked in yarns spun from fine denier fibres.

5 tables, 18 ref

015017   Sharma M;Guha A (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai-400 076, Email: anirbanguha@yahoo.com) : Method for validation of a model of balloon in ring frame. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(4), 383-7.

A novel approach has been presented for validating the models developed for predicting the shape of the ring yarn balloon. The initial conditions have been obtained from the experimental data, i.e. images of yarn balloon. The differential equations have been solved by Euler Cauchy numerical method. The resulting balloon shapes predicted by the model are found to be quite different from the actual balloon shapes.

2 illus, 10 ref

015016   Sharabaty T;Biguenet F;Dupuis D;Viallier P (Laboratoire de Physique et Mecanique, , UMR 7189, CNRS-ENSISA-UHA, 11 rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France, Email: tayseer_sharabaty@hotmail.com) : Investigation on moisture transport through polyester cotton fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(4), 419-25.

The wettability characteristics of different cotton, polyester and multi-layered cotton/polyester fabrics have been studied to manage human perspiration well. The vertical capillary action behavior of these fabrics has been compared by measuring the capillary height as a function of time. Wicking coefficients in multi-layered fabrics are found to be much better than in other fabrics of 100% cotton. The yarn and the bonding weave between the two layers are very important for the capillary rise.

4 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

015015   Shakyawar D B;Gupta N P;Patni P C;Arora R K (Wool Technology Div, Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar-304 501, Email: dbshakya_67@yahoo.co.in) : Computer-aided statistical module for hand-knotted carpets. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(4), 405-10.

Study deals with the development of equations to predict abrasion loss and carpet hand value (CHV) of hand-knotted carpets. Best-fit equation obtained from regression analysis shows that the abrasion loss depends on fibre diameter and number of medullated fibres present in the yarn as well as pile density of carpet. The regression coefficient is found to be 0.47, which is highly significant (p <0.01). The best-fit equation for CHV reveals that it depends on pile height, carpet thickness and pile density. The coefficient of regression is found to be 0.77, which is significant at p <0.01. Based on these equations, a software is developed using C language which can predict abrasion loss and CHV within the range of error ± σ value.

2 illus, 5 tables, 10 ref

015014   Sengupta S;Ray P;Majumdar P K (National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, , 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040, Email: ssg_42@rediffmail.com) : Effect of punch density, depth of needle penetration and mass per unit area on compressional behaviour of jute needle-punched nonwoven fabrics using central composite rotatable experimental design. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(4), 411-18.

The compressional behaviour of jute needle-punched nonwoven fabric has been studied. Statistical models using central composite rotatable experimental design are developed on compression parameter, recovery parameter, energy loss and thickness loss, depending on the three important parameters of needled fabric, i.e. needling density, depth of needle penetration and mass per unit area. From this model and its contour diagrams, the effects of different parameters can be understood and prediction of compressional behaviour can be made knowing the values of independent parameters. The correlation coefficients between observed and predicted values are found to be significant in all the cases. It is found that the 15-16 mm depth of needle penetration, 170-180 punches/cm² needling density and 800-900 g/m² mass per unit area is a very critical combination which might be considered for minimum compressibility because the deviation from any of the variable may be responsible for the increase in compressional behaviour.

5 illus, 6 tables, 22 ref

015013   Rengasamy R S;Ishtiaque S M;Das B R (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: rsrengasamy@gmail.com) : Fabric assistance in woven structures made from different spun yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(4), 377-82.

The effect of different spun yarns on fabric assistance has been studied considering the structural parameters, such as yarn-to-yarn friction, strength of ring, rotor, air-jet and OE-friction spun yarns and the strength of fabrics made from these yarns. The ratio of the fabric strip strength per yarn and the corresponding single yarn strength is considered as a measure of quantifying the fabric assistance. Mechanism of yarn failure inside the fabric is different as that of single yarn and the former exhibits more fibre rupture. Fabrics made from weaker yarns have higher ratio of strip strength to single yarn strength than that made from stronger yarns due to larger increase in the percentage of rupture fibres in the former. The fabric assistance also depends, to some extent, on the degree of gripping of the yarns that is influenced by the yarn-to-yarn friction, extent of yarn flattening and yarn diameter.

4 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

015012   Potluri P;Sharif T;Jetavat D (Textile Composites Group, School of Materials, Textiles and Paper, Manchester Univ, Manchester M60 1QD, UK, Email: prasad.potluri@manchester.ac.uk) : Robotic approach to textile preforming for composites. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(3), 333-8.

Technical textiles offer high-value engineering applications for the traditional textile sector which is generally viewed as a low-cost and high-volume commodity industry. Paper reviews the application of textiles in fibre-reinforced composites and identifies key challenges to the textile industry in order to serve this market. While traditional textile machinery may be adopted for producing 2D broadcloth reinforcements, novel machines/machine modifications are necessary for producing 3D textile preforms. A robotic approach to 3D textile preforming has also been proposed in the paper.

17 illus, 9 ref

015011   Nalankilli G;Saravanan D;Govindaraj N;Harish P;Ramachandran T (Textile Technology Dep, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam-638 401, Email: gnalankilli@yahoo.com) : Efficacy of solvent, alkali and pectinase on removal of non-cellulosics from cotton fibres. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(4), 438-42.

The physical properties of different varieties of cotton fibres of various origins have been studied after extraction using solvents and alkali scouring with reference to enzyme scouring process. Enzyme scoured samples show comparable results with that of solvent extracted and alkali scoured samples in terms of fibre fineness, weight loss, moisture regain, strength and elongation. The scouring processes improve the properties of the fibres in the order: solvent extraction < enzyme scouring < ammonium oxalate extraction < alkali scouring.

5 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

015010   Murugan R;Dasaradan B S (Textile Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: muruganavd@gmail.com) : Design and fabrication of crushing instrument to study the influence of lateral deformation on fibrous assemble. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(3), 258-63.

The lateral crushing of textile fibres and its consequent effect on tensile strength has been studied using an instrument designed indigenously for crushing the fibres in the transverse direction. The apparatus produces deformations dependent on the crushing load applied. The influence of crushing load on the tensile properties of cotton, viscose, acrylic, polyester and nylon monofilament is also studied. A loss in strength and elongation is observed after crushing which varies with the fibre type and morphology. It is found that the viscose sustains greater losses in tensile strength.

6 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

015009   Militky J;Martin B (Textile Materials Dep, Textile Faculty, Technical Univ of Liberec, 46117 Liberec, Czech Republic, Email: jiri.militky@tul.cz) : Evaluation of patterned fabric surface roughness. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(3), 246-52.

An approach for the contact-less evaluation of the patterned fabrics surface roughness has been described. The special arrangement of textile bend around sharp edge combined with CCD camera is proposed for obtaining surface profile images in the cross direction. The system of controlled movement in the machine direction allows obtaining the set of fabric surface profiles images at the specified places (on the lines transect of the surface in the cross direction). The image analysis is used for the extraction of surface profile traces. The surface roughness in two dimensions (surface heights in the whole plane) is composed from individual surface profile traces. For characterization of surface roughness the procedures based on classical and Fourier analysis are utilized. The applicability of this approach for the surface roughness description is demonstrated on the one type of cord fabrics. The Fourier analysis allows the characterization of repeated patterns in the cross direction and their uniformity in the machine direction.

6 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

015008   Matsuo T (NO, , SCI-TEX, Shiga, Japan, Email: tamatsuo@nifty.com) : Innovations in textile machine and instrument. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(3), 288-303.

Paper reports an overview on the innovations in textile machine and instrument. The former is machinery system for manufacturing textiles, while latter is a kind of machinery system for measuring quality of textile materials in processing or products; both are however common in the points of both "textile material" and "machinery system". In each of both these sections, general scope on the trend of its technological progress has been described based on a systematical classification and then some examples of significant innovative technologies are introduced.

13 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref

015007   Matsudaira M;Yamazaki S;Hayashi Y (Domestic Science Dep, Faculty of Education, Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa City, 920-1192 Japan, Email: matsudai@ed.kanazawa-u.ac.jp) : Changes in dynamic drapability of polyester fabrics with weave density, yarn twist and yarn count obtained by regression equations. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(3), 223-9.

Some new parameters of dynamic drapability, such as revolving drape increase coefficient (D_r), revolving drape coefficient at 200 rpm (D200), and dynamic drape coefficient at swinging motion (D_d), have been defined using a device of dynamic drape tester and the regression equations are derived from mechanical parameters of fabrics obtained from KES system. These equations have been applied to polyester fabrics used for women's fine dress materials and the effects of weave density, yarn twist and yarn count on these parameters studied. It is observed that D_r and D_d have a maximum value at the optimum weave density. These values increase with the increase in yarn twist in the case of Dechine fabrics. These values decrease in the case of taffeta fabrics, and increase in the case of georgette with yarn count. Changes in D200 with weave density, yarn twist and yarn count are found to be little for all the fabrics. Node number decreases and conventional static drape coefficient (D_s) increases with weave density.

7 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

015006   Liqing L;Jia T;Chen X (College of Textiles, Donghua Univ, 2999 North Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, P R China, Email: liliqing@dhu.edu.cn) : Automatic recognition of fabric structures based on digital image decomposition. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(4), 388-91.

A method to recognize fabric structures automatically based on digital image decomposition has been introduced. The method includes establishing a Wiener filter adapted to the fabric texture. A woven fabric image can be decomposed into horizontal and vertical subimages by using this Wiener filter. These two subimages contain the weft and warp texture information respectively. After thresholding, the gray-level subimages are transformed into binary images, in which the weft or warp floats range periodically. Then the weaving density can be figured out. Based on the preceding work, the positional information of yarns in every single subimage can directly help to enclose every interlacing point. Considering the variety of gray value in each point unit, warp point and weft point can be distinguished. The basic structures for woven fabric (plain, twill and satin) have been evaluated and it is found that the density for woven fabric can be calculated exactly and the structures can be identified clearly.

5 illus, 5 ref

015005   Kumar A;Ishtiaque S M;Salhotra K R;Senthil Kannan M S (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: ishtiaque@textile.iitd.ac.in) : Impact of different stages of spinning process on fibre orientation and properties of ring, rotor and air-jet yarns: part 1-measurements of fibre orientation parameters and effect of preparatory processes on fibre orientation and properties. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(4), 451-67.

The economic situation of the textile industry and the extremely sharp worldwide competition have forced the textile mills to use all possibilities of cutting costs. The question of higher production at each spinning sequence of machine gains importance. This demands a detailed study on the effect of spinning process variables on fibre orientation and properties of products produced out of these machines. Paper reports a glimpse on the different measurement techniques of fibre orientation parameters and impact of various preparatory processes on fibre orientation and properties.

^iia8 illus, 1 table, 72 ref

015004   Kremenakova D;Mertova I;Kolcavova-Sirkova B (Textile Materials Dep, Textile Faculty, Technical Univ of Liberec, 46117 Liberec, Czech Republic, Email: dana.kremenakova@tul.cz) : Computer-aided textile design 'LibTex'. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(4), 400-4.

The system LibTex has been used for the prediction of structure, parameters and properties in the line fibre - yarn -fabric. The system contains databases of fibre properties & fabric weaves, and the prediction is based on the complex of theoretical and regression models. The material and technological parameters for different materials, yarns and fabrics are included. The main use of this system is for optimal fabric design based on virtually created fabric. System can be used for the prediction of grey cotton dobby fabric properties for technical and clothing applications.

8 illus, 20 ref

015003   Joshi M;Bhattacharyya A;Wazed Ali S (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: mangala@textile.iitd.ernet.in) : Characterization techniques for nanotechnology applications in textiles. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(3), 304-17.

Nanoscience and nanotechnology are considered to be the key technologies for the current century. Efforts are being made worldwide to create smart and intelligent textiles by incorporating various nanoparticles or creating nanostructured surfaces and nanofibres which lead to unprecedented level of textile performance, such as stain resistant, self-cleaning, antistatic, UV protective, etc. However, there are many challenges in the research and development of nanotechnology based products. The precise control of nanoparticle size, size distribution, dispersion at nanolevel and deposition on textile substrate needs sophisticated characterization techniques, such as particle size analyzer, electron microscopy (SEM/TEM/HRTEM), atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photon spectroscopy, etc. Paper discusses the basic principle and applications of these instrumental techniques in the field of nanotechnology research in textiles.

22 illus, 42 ref

015002   Hes L (Textile Evaluation Dep, Faculty of Textiles, Technical Univ of Liberec, 46117 Liberec, Czech Republic, Email: lubos.hes@gmail.com) : Non-destructive determination of comfort parameters during marketing of functional garments and clothing. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(3), 239-45.

Selected current and new non-destructive methods and instruments for determination of thermo-physiological comfort of fabrics and garments have been described. A new way of simple evaluation of complex comfort properties of fabrics and garments by means of the so called "comfort matrix" is also proposed and discussed. An example of the use of this method in marketing of winter jackets is presented.

7 illus, 12 ref

015001   Hari P K;Vetrivel K P;Gupta K N (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: pk_hari@hotmail.com) : Innovation in weaving-vertical bi-phase weaving machine for individual warp thread control. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(3), 326-32.

Prototype of a new weaving machine to replace existing jacquard weaving machine has been developed for increasing the width of the design repeat and doubling productivity. This development also eliminates the constraint of change in warp sett in jacquard weaving machines. Change in warp sett can be made conveniently in this new development. There is only change in the shedding system; one such unit is common to two weaving machines. The weaving machine produces simultaneously two fabrics, one face up and the other face down. The warp yarn does not move unless a change from up to down is required. The warp sheet is in a vertical configuration instead of the usual horizontal plane.

7 illus, 5 ref

015000   Hari P K;Behera B K (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: behera@textile.iitd.ernet.in) : Computer controlled warp patterning on sectional warping machine. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(3), 318-25.

A computer-based system has been designed and tested under normal industrial working conditions for identifying correct location of different coloured packages on the creel of the sectional warping machine. The controller glows the appropriate LED's on the creel for loading packages of one color one at a time. The system helps in preventing mistakes in warp pattern on the weaving machine. The loading on the creel is done fairly fast even by an unskilled worker.

11 illus, 2 ref

014999   Gupta K K;Jassal M;Agrawal A K (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: manjeetjassal@gmail.com) : Sol-gel derived titanium dioxide finishing of cotton fabric for self cleaning. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(4), 443-50.

Nano- TiO₂ coatings have been applied to cotton fabric by sol-gel process without any crosslinker or binder. The characteristics of coatings derived from two different approaches by sol-gel process are compared. It is revealed from the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy that the TiO₂ sol particles have the similar spectra as observed for commercial TiO₂ (Degussa P25). The nano-TiO₂ particles are applied to cotton fabric using 1 wt% acrylic binder and cured. The photo-catalytic activity of the finished fabric has been investigated and a comparison is made between the commercially available TiO₂ sample and the nano-sol coated samples. The self-cleaning action of nano-crystalline TiO₂ coated cotton has been quantified by measuring the photo-catalytic degradation of stain due to visible light irradiation. Nano-sol derived TiO₂ particles with smaller particle size of <10 nm (prepared using nitric acid) show significantly better activity than the commercial TiO₂ sample of the particle size 25nm. The titanium coatings on fabric also act as anti-bacterial photocatalyst.

7 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

014998   Gupta B;Kanda V;Sethi P;Saxena S (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: bgupta@textile.iitd.ernet.in) : Development of ion exchanger by modification of polypropylene fibre waste using radiation-induced graft polymerization of arcylamide and subsequent amination. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(4), 431-7.

Radiation-induced graft polymerization of acrylamide onto polypropylene fibre waste has been carried out using pre-irradiation technique to develop material with different degrees of grafting. The influence of reaction conditions, such as pre-irradiation dose, monomer concentration, reaction time and ferrous sulfate, on the degree of grafting has also been studied. The addition of ferrous sulfate beyond 0.4% concentration leads to the homopolymer free grafting reaction. The degree of grafting increases with the increase in monomer concentration, reaches maximum at 30% monomer concentration and then decreases with the further increase in the monomer concentration. A continuous increase in the grafting is achieved with the pre-irradiation dose. The replacement of the ferrous sulfate with acetone as an organic solvent causes complete homopolymer inhibition but a much lower graft levels as compared to the ferrous sulfate addition. The grafted fibre is subsequently animated by Hoffmann degradation method and the fibre with a maximum ion exchange capacity up to 6.2 meq/g for a graft level of 198% is achieved. The modified fibre also shows excellent water uptake which increases as the degree of grafting increases.

7 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

014997   Ghane M;Semnani D;Saghafi R;Beigzadeh H (Textile Engineering Dep, Isfahan Univ to Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111 Iran, Email: d_semnani@cc.iut.ir) : Optimization of top roller diameter of ring machine to enhance yarn evenness by using artificial intelligence. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(4), 365-70.

Attempts have been made to improve cotton and cotton/polyester (35:75) yarns regularity by optimizing front top rollers diameter of the ring machine using a self-organized Kohonen neural network. The diameters of the top rollers have been reduced in stages and in each stage yarns are produced. The unevenness as well as the imperfections of the produced yarns have been measured. The results show that the unevenness of the yarn decreases with the decrease in top rollers diameter up to optimum diameter beyond which the unevenness of yarns increases rapidly as the top rollers diameter decreases. These optimum values are different in the cases of cotton and cotton/polyester yarns. Kohonen neural network has been applied to observe optimum values of top rollers diameter in case of each yarn type. The optimum diameter of top rollers as estimated by neural network is found to be 27.5 mm for most of the cotton and cotton/polyester (35:75) yarns.

1 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

014996   Fujimoto T;Sunderland M R;Tandon S K;Asano C M;Asano A;Murata C;Fukuyama H (Textile Science and Technology, AgResearch Limited, Lincoln Research Centre, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand, Email: surinder.tandon@agresearch.co.nz) : Measurement of surfac property using a special sensor developed for pile materials. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(3), 253-7.

A special sensor, like human finger tips, to measure the surface friction of various carpets with cut or loop pile has been developed. The main body of the instrument is the KES multiple device and the attachments covered with the fake skin are appropriately attached to it. This instrument provides quick and easy testing for caipcts and fabrics. This rapid method would be useful for quantifying friction and for designing high quality pile products.

6 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

014995   Fathima Husnara;Roshanara (Textile Technology Dep, Jaya Engineering College, Chennai-602 024, Email: vsubram@hotmail.com) : Development of instruments for measuring breaking twist angle and shear strength of coton fibres. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(3), 269-73.

The study is concerned with the development of instruments for measuring precisely the breaking twist angle and shear strength of cotton fibres. Description of these instruments is given and data on cottons in the untreated state arc provided to have an idea of these properties. The relationship of breaking twist angle to the fibre properties is presented. The breaking twist angle is negatively correlated with length, uniformity, strength and fineness.

2 illus, 4 tables, 4 ref

014994   Debnath S (NO, National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied Fibre Technology, 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040, Email: sanjoydebnath@yahoo.com) : Modeling of compression properties of needle-punched nonwoven fabrics using artificial neural network. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(4), 392-9.

The study is concerned with the modeling of compression.properties of needle-punched nonwoven fabrics produced from polyester and blend of jute-polypropylene fibres with varying fabric weight, needling density and blend ratio of jute and polypropylene fibres. Initial thickness, percentage compression, percentage thickness loss and compression resilience are the compression properties predicted with the help of artificial neural networks. A very good correlation (R² values) with minimum error between the experimental and the predicted values of compression properties have been obtained by ANN with two and three hidden layers. An attempt has also been made for experimental verification of the predicted values for the input variables not used during the training phase. The prediction of compression properties by artificial neural network model in some particular sample is less accurate due to lack of learning during training phase.

1 illus, 9 tables, 15 ref

014993   Behera B K;Pattanayak A K (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: behera@textile.iitd.ernet.in) : Measurement and modeling of drape using digital image processing. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(3), 230-8.

A drapemeter based on image processing technique has been designed and developed for complete analysis of the drape profile of apparel fabric. Image processing helps to determine some new drape parameters. Multiple regression equations for drape parameters have been developed from low stress mechanical properties of fabric to predict the drapability and the results are compared with the drape value obtained from image processing method. The interdependence between drape parameters and the mechanical properties of fabrics are also studied. A very good correlation has been found with bending and shear properties of the fabric. A higher drape coefficient is accompanied with less number of nodes. A fabric with higher tensile energy is less susceptible to draping or falling from the edge of a contour, whereas a fabric with higher extensibility always favours the folding and hanging of fabric at the edges of the platform, resulting in low drapability.

8 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

014992   Behera B K;Mishra R (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: behera@textile.iitd.ernet.in) : 3-dimensional weaving. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(3), 274-87.

3-Dimensional woven fabrics are fabricated by modifying the conventional weaving mechanisms. The technology is used for the production of only specialty industrial fabrics such as for making preforms for construction, automotive, ballistic, and marine applications like carbon fibre preforms for high-performance powerboats, sports goods and various industrial applications. Preforms made by 3D weaving provide several important advantages in composites fabrication. The most important advantage of this material is observed in manufacturing thick composites, owed to a significantly reduced labor time, when multiple layers of 2-dimensional fabric plies are replaced by one or few number of 3-dimensional plies to achieve the required thickness in a composite structure. 3D preforms appear to be better than the most conformable 2D fabrics. The flexural, tensile and compressive stiffness and strength are better in laminates made from 3D preforms than those made from comparable 2D woven or even knitted fabrics mainly due to the absence of in-plane crimp of yarns in the materials.

22 illus, 17 ref

014991   Basu A (The South India Textile Research Association, , Coimbatore-641 014, Email: sitraindia@dataone.in) : Design and development of an instrument to evaluate staple fibre processing propensity. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(3), 264-8.

An instrument has been developed to measure the combined effect of fibre coherence and resiliency, commonly known as processing propensity. The results show good con-elation between fibre processing propensity and yarn properties. The yarns produced with high propensity value cotton show higher imperfections when same process parameters are used.

4 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

014990   Anand S (Centre for Materials Research and Innovation, The Univ of Bolton, Bolton, U.K., Email: scal@bolton.ac.uk) : Designer natural fibre geotextiles - a new concept. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(3), 339-44.

Paper reports the development in flat weft knitting technology; the design and production of the novel natural fibre geotextiles along with their interactive behaviour in different soil types and conditions. These natural fibre products are found to be much more environment-friendly than their synthetic equivalents; the fibres themselves are a renewable resource and are biodegradable. Such structures would also offer economical benefits to a number of developing countries, where vegetable fibres are grown and cultivated in large quantity. These structures have been designed to provide the highest possible strength in one direction, combined with the ease of handling and laying on site; soil particles interlock with the fabric to such an extent that the soil/fabric interface exhibits greater shearing resistance than the surrounding soil, i.e. the soil/fabric coefficient of interaction is greater than one; a degree of protection to the high strength yarns during installation; a tensile strength in the range of 100-200 kN m^-1; and ease of manufacture on conventional textile machines.

12 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

013899   Velavan R;Rudramoorthy R;Balachandran S (NO, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004) : CO₂ Emission reduction opportunities for small and medium scale textile sector in India. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(7), 630-3.

Growth of Indian textile industry has resulted in increased CO₂ emission and other related pollution. In this study, CO₂ emission from Indian textile sector (SMI) has been estimated based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. CO₂ reduction options proposed in this research work are operation and maintenance, technology and fuel replacement. Reduction potentials are estimated based on implementation of these strategies.

013898   Tyagi G K;Krishna G;Bhattacharya S;Kumar P (NO, The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani-127 021) : Comfort aspects of finished polyester-cotton and polyester-viscose ring and MJS yarn fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(2), 137-43.

The influence of different experimental conditions on the thermal comfort behavior of polyester-viscose and polyester-cotton ring and MJS yarn fabrics has been studied. The results show that the yarn structure and the fibre cross-sectional shape have a large influence on improving the thermal comfort of woven fabrics. The fabrics made from MJS yarns perform better than those of the ring yarn fabrics in respect of absorbency, air and water vapour permeabilities and thermal insulation. Incorporation of non-circular polyester fibre in the mix further improves these characteristics. The chemical finishing treatment also induces noticeable changes in the thermal comfort characteristics of fabric, though the magnitudes of changes are different for different ring and MJS yarn fabrics, depending upon processing parameters used. The finished fabrics provide enhanced thermal insulation, more absorbency and lesser air and water vapour transport than the corresponding grey fabrics regardless of the yarn type. Moreover, polyester-viscose fabrics are more promising than the polyester-cotton fabrics for comfort applications expect thermal insulation.

013897   Topalbekiroglu M;Celik H I (Textile Engineering Dep, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep-27310, Turkey) : Kinematic analysis of beat-up mechanism used for handmade carpet looms. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(2), 129-36.

Kinematic analysis and dimensional synthesis of a beat-up mechanism used for handmade carpet looms have been studied. The design criteria of the beat-up mechanism has been established according to the problem statement, followed by the selection of a crank-rocker type four-link mechanism for the beat-up mechanism to obtain many crank-rocker type mechanisms using dimensional synthesis method. On the basis of the design criteria, the most suitable beat-up mechanism is chosen and the dynamic analysis of the selected mechanism is performed. In the dimensional synthesis, the case studies have been done for four different crank rotation angles and the most proper dimensions according to design criteria are obtained at ° = 180°. In the dynamic analysis of the mechanism, it is determined that the beat-up force of the mechanism is over 60 N. By designing such a suitable beat-up mechanism for handmade carpet looms, the weaver gets less tired, the handmade carpet production is increased and the faults caused by this process are decreased.

013896   Tanikic D;Manic M;Radenkovic ;Mancic D (NO, Technical Faculty Bor, VJ 12, 19210 Bor, Serbia) : Metal cutting process parameters modeling: an artificial intelligence approach. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(6), 530-9.

Presents metal cutting process' parameters modeling (cutting temperature, cutting force, and quality of machined surface) using artificial neural networks, and hybrid, adaptive neuro-fuzzy systems. Proposed models can be used for metal cutting process optimization, increasing productivity and reducing manufacturing costs.

013895   Saikia R;Boruah P;Samanta R (Life Sciences Div, Institute of Advanced Study in Science & Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati-781 035) : Microbial degumming of decorticated ramie and its fibre characteristics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(2), 187-90.

Decorticated bast fibres from ramie [Boehmeria nivea (L) Gaud] have been treated for different time periods using the bacterial and fungal cultures of Bacillus subtilis, bacterial isolates of BCJF₁ and BCJO₁, Curvularia sp., Aspergillus sp. and their mixed cultures. The residual gum of the fibres decreases to 10.4% and 9.7% after 4 and 6 days treatment respectively with bacterial and fungal strains. Treatment for 1-8 days of ramie bast fibres with crude supernatant of mixed cultures shows a correlation between incubation period and fibre separation. It is observed that the microbial consortium of fungi and bacteria plays an important role in the degradation of residual gum and is found to be more efficient for degumming purpose as compared to single culture treatment. It can be applied in large scale for cost effective fibre production from ramie bark.

013894   Ratna Prasad A V;Mohana Rao K;Nagasrinivasulu G (Mechanical Engineering Dep, V R Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada-520 007) : Mechanical properties of banana empty fruit bunch fibre reinforced polyester composites. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(2), 162-7.

A light weight composite material has been prepared using banana empty fruit bunch fibre (banana-EFB) as reinforcement in polyester resin matrix, and its mechanical properties studied. The composites are formulated up to a maximum fibre volume fraction of about 0.37, resulting in a mean tensile strength of 43 MPa and tensile modulus of 1.06 GPa which are 36% and 68% higher than those of the plain polyester respectively. The flexural strength of banana-EFB composites is decreased, whereas flexural modulus has shown a mixed trend compared to that of plain polyester. The specific flexural modulus of the composite is 1.42 times to that of polyester resin and the work of fracture in impact is found to be 141.7 J/m.

013893   Ramachandran T;Vigneswaran C (Textile Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004) : Tenacity and breaking extension of cotton covered copper open-end friction-spun yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(2), 179-82.

Dref-3 friction-spun core conductive yarns of the count 328 tex have been produced by wrapping a fibrous sheath of MCU cotton fibres around the copper filament (count 261 tex) as a core. Three different core-sheath ratios, such as 67:33, 80:20 and 90:10, have been produced by varying the draft in the second drafting unit which feeds the cotton carded slivers to cover the core component. The process parameters such as perforated drum speed and yarn delivery rate are kept constant at 4000 revolutions/min and 70 m/min respectively. The tenacity, breaking elongation, contribution of individual core and sheath components to the tensile properties and electrical properties of core conductive yarns have been studied along with the use of ANOVA multivariable analysis to analyze the interaction of core-sheath component in the breaking tenacity of conductive yarns. The characteristic tests report shows that the 67:33 core/sheath conductive yarns has the highest tenacity of 3.27cN/tex and elongation-to-break of 5.27% as compared to other core-sheath yarns studied.

013892   Pramanik P;Patil V M (NO, Shri Guru Govind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nanded-431 406) : Low stress mechanical behaviour of fabrics obtained from different types of cotton/nylon sheath/core yarn. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(2), 155-61.

Low stress mechanical properties of apparel fabrics prepared from different types of cotton/nylon (sheath/core) yarns on ring frame and air-jet spinning have been compared and their influence on fabric properties studied. Three different types of nylon crimped filament, namely 30, 44 and 70 denier, are used to prepare different cotton/nylon (sheath/core) yarns of the proportions 85/15, 75/25, 60/40 respectively on both ring and air-jet spinning systems separately. Total six different sheath/core yarns have been prepared under identical conditions and then converted into plain woven fabrics. These fabrics have been tested on Kawabata instrument and the results are compared with those of the fabrics made from 100% cotton ring-spun yarns. It is observed that the fabric stiffness increases with the increase in synthetic filament part in the sheath/core yarn, irrespective of the spinning process. Total hand value is increased when the filament percentage in the core material is increased. The fabrics obtained from air-jet spinning have more stiffness than that of the fabrics obtained from ring spinning system.

013891   Perumalraj R;Dasaradan B S (Textile Technology Dep, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam-638 401) : Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of copper core yarn knitted fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(2), 149-54.

A study on electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of copper core yarn knitted fabrics through Taguchi design and ANOVA has been reported. The copper is selected as the conductive filler to produce copper yarns for making knitted fabric. The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of these knitted fabrics has been measured in the frequency range 20-18000 MHz using network analyzer equipment. It is observed that with an increase in tightness factors, wale density and course density, the shielding effectiveness increases. The interlock knitted fabric has better electromagnetic shielding effectiveness than rib and plain knitted fabrics. With an increase in copper wire diameter, a decrease in shielding effectiveness is observed.

013890   Nayak R K;Punj S K;Chatterjee K N;Behera B K (NO, The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani-127 021) : Comfort properties of suiting fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(2), 122-8.

The effects of polyester content, pick density and weave on the thermal comfort and tactile properties of polyester/viscose blended yarn fabrics have been studied by measuring the low- stress mechanical properties on Kawabata evaluation system. The thermal comfort has been studied by measuring the air permeability, thermal insulation and moisture vapour transfer properties of fabrics. The tactile properties have been studied by measuring the fabric mechanical and surface properties, such as tensile, shear, bending, compression, surface roughness, surface friction and handle. The fabrics with higher polyester content give higher total hand value and higher thermal insulation, but lower air permeability and lower moisture vapour transfer. The fabrics with higher polyester content also show lower extensibility; the extensibility in warp direction is higher than in weft direction and twill woven fabrics give higher extensibility than the plain woven fabrics.

013889   Nandkumar P (Chemistry Dep, M.P. Christian College of Engg.& Tech., Bhilai, Chattisgarh, Email: nandupreeti@yahoo.co.in) : Accelerating the delignification of Ipomoea carnea Jacq by using chemical additives. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(2), 1000-6.

Laboratory scale alkaline pulping studies were carried out by the addition of different quinone dosages. It was observed that varied physical properties were seen by the addition of different anthraquinone and other quinone additives. In the study, anthraquinone was more effective in improving the yield. Chemical additives react with lignin during the process of delignification and thus, accelerate delignification and stabilize carbohydrate to give higher pulp yield.

3 tables, 18 ref

013888   Kaushik P;Malik A (Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110 016) : Microbial decolourization of textile dyes through isolates obtained from contaminated sites. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(4), 325-31.

Presents microbial decolourization of textile dyes through 3 bacterial isolates [CPE (bacterial isolate from Pali effluent), CPS (bacterial isolate from Pali soil) and CBE (bacterial isolate from Baddi effluent)] and a fungal isolate [FBE (fungal isolate from Baddi effluent)] obtained from effluent and effluent contaminated sites in Pali (Rajasthan, India) and Baddi (Himachal Pradesh, India). Removal of Acid Sulphone Blue dye (initial conc. 100 mg/l) after 50 h was: FBE (97.67%) > CBE (82.83%) > CPS (60%) > CPE (51.8%). Isolates (CBE and FBE) that displayed good decolourization of Acid Sulphone Blue could decolourize Acid Navy Blue (75.85%-100%) and Fast Red A (46.42%-99.33%) well but Acid Magenta was removed with lesser efficiency (51.57%-69.93%). FBE could hold a good potential for removal of toxic azo dyes from industrial effluents.

013887   Kant R;Rattan V K (University Institute of Fashion Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160 010, Email: vkrattanpu@yahoo.com) : Adsorption of dye Green B from a textile industry effluent using two different samples of activated carbon by static batch method and continuous process. Indian J chem Technol 2009, 16(3), 240-4.

Removal of dye Green B using two different samples of activated carbon by static-batch method and continuous process was studied. Experimental data on optical density of blank solutions of different concentrations ranging from 10 to 100mg/L and optical density of solutions after adsorption on activated carbon samples were taken and analyzed. Calibration curves were plotted and the amount of dye adsorbed was calculated. The data was fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms for two different carbon samples and concentration values. Constants were calculated from the slope and intercept values of the isotherm. Coefficient of correlation R² and standard deviation SD were also noted. The data fitted well to the isotherms. Carbon sample C₁ showed considerably higher potential to adsorb the dye Green B as compared to carbon sample C₂. Adsorption was better in batch process in respect to continuous flow method. From the analysis of the data it is shown that both activated carbon samples had a good capacity to remove the textile dye from the residue wastewater.

013886   Gupta B;Revagade N (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016) : Development and structural evaluation of poly(lactic acid) based knitted scaffold for human urinary bladder reconstruction. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(2), 115-21.

Knitted scaffolds of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filament spun by dry-jet-wet technique have been developed for human urinary bladder reconstruction. Three different types of samples are prepared by varying the number of ply in the PLA yarn. Flexural rigidity of PLA monofilament is found to be dependent on draw ratio. It decreases from 16.22x10^-7 kg m4 to 2.74x10^-7 kg m⁴ as the draw ratio increases from 2 to 10. The performance of the developed structures is evaluated by ball bursting technique on a tensile tester. It is observed that the knitted structure with 8 ply yarn has bursting strength of 53.7 kg with 2.5 cm extension. The cyclic loading of knitted structure has been carried out at the load half of the bursting loads. It is found that the structure gets permanently set after 5 cycles of loading. Porosity of the knitted fabric is determined by ratio of voids volume to that of the total volume of knitted fabric. The knitted structure with 8 ply yarn has 80% porosity. Pore size of the knitted structures is determined by optical microscope. The in vitro degradation of the PLA knittings at different pH (4.6, 7.4 and 8.0) has been carried out for a period of 20 weeks. The surface morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy. A severe degradation of sample is observed at pH 4.6.

013885   Divakara S;Somashekar R;Raghu A;Yogesha;Roy S (Studies in Physics Dep, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006) : Correlation between microstructure and microrheological parameters of various silk fibres. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(2), 168-74.

The changes in microcrystalline parameters of raw wild varieties of silk fibres, like tasar, muga and eri, have been studied using wide angle X-ray scattering technique and a line profile analysis. A method involving an exponential distribution has been used to compute the microstructural parameters for the crystallite. In addition, a home-built open microscope set-up is also used for determining the microrheological parameters for all the three silk varieties in solution form. A comparative study reveals interesting correlations in the relative strengths of the varieties of silk fibres in both crystalline form and in solution. Further, the findings also reveal that muga is stiffer than the other non-mulberry silk varieties and this is observed in both the forms.

013884   Das A;Kothari V K;Kothari A;Tuli S;Kumar A (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016) : Effect of various parameters on electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of textile fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(2), 144-8.

The effect of material type, yarn count, pick density, type of mordant and layers of fabrics on the electromagnetic shielding properties of textile materials has been studied. The shielding effectiveness of the fabric is measured by estimating the insertion loss incurred to the signal when the sample is placed in the path of the signal at the frequency range 100 MHz-3 GHz inside the coaxial transmission holder. There are some effects of type of material, yarn count, number of fabric layers and type of mordant on electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. But the number of apertures and thread density do not have significant effect on electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, particularly in case of metallic sheets.

013883   Chinnadurai S;Selvakumar N (Textile Technology Dep, Anna University, Chennai-600 025) : Determination of treatment time to achieve required absorbency in the enzymatic scouring of cotton fibres. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(2), 175-8.

A methodology has been proposed for establishing an empirical relationship between the parameters, such as per cent removal of pectic substances and waxes, to determine the treatment time in the enzymatic scouring of different cotton fibres for achieving expected absorbency. It is observed that five different varieties of cotton fibres considered in the study behave alike for a given treatment time with respect to removal of pectic substances and waxes during enzymatic scouring. The methodology suggested in this study would help the processors to develop relationships for the conditions used by them in enzymatic scouring to find out the treatment time required to achieve the expected absorbency in any chosen cotton fibre and its blend as long as the conditions used for the purpose are not changed.

013882   Can Y;Akaydin M;Turhan Y;Ay E (Denizli Vocational School, Pamukkale University, 20045 Denizli, Turkey) : Effect of wrinkle resistance finish on cotton fabric properties. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(2), 183-6.

The effect of crease resistant finish on wrinkle recovery, breaking strength, tearing strength and pilling performance of 100% cotton plain fabrics has been studied. Desizing, scouring and crease resistant finishing have been performed on the fabric and their effects are observed. A statistical analysis using a paired t-test with the significance level of α= 0.05 has been performed to determine if a statistically significant difference exists among fabric properties using the above processes. It is observed that no statistically significant change occurs on the fabric properties from scouring. However, the changes due to crease resistant finish are found to be statistically significant. In addition, the wrinkle recovery angle increases approximately 50%, and breaking strength and tear strength decrease about 25%, and pilling performance reduces 59% after the crease resistant finishing.

013881   Bal K;Kothari V K (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016) : Measurement of dielectric properties of textile materials and their applications. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(2), 191-9.

Dielectric properties of textile materials have been used in process and quality control in relation to the moisture content, unevenness, drying, static generation, etc. Although dielectric properties of fibres and fibrous assemblies have been the subject of study of many researchers for a long time, the understanding of the subject, however, is still incomplete. With the advent of new characterization techniques and development of new textile based products for special applications like composite reinforcement, EMI shielding, etc., the subject requires fresh and further investigation. Reviews the state of knowledge regarding the dielectric properties of the fibres and textile materials, the various measurement techniques and some of the major applications of this knowledge in textile industry.

012894   Sarangi P K (A.P. Forest Dep, , Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh) : Pricing policy for supply of bamboos to paper industries and weaker sections in Andhra Pradesh. Indian For 2008, 134(3), 333-43.

The forest resources of all the states are dwindling and the supply of forest produce to forest based industries has to be re-examined. In this context the supply rates of Bamboo Industrial Cuts to various paper mills of Andhra Pradesh and adjoining states of A.P. have been analyzed. The existence of "A.P. Forest Produce (Fixation of Selling Prices) Rules, 1991" in the state has significantly facilitated the "price fixation policy" based on the demand and supply in the market, without affecting the sustainability of our forests. Similarly, the supply of long bamboos to the weaker sections of the society ('Burrods') has to be met at reasonable price. Hence, there is a need to rationalize the prices of supply of Bamboo Industrial Cuts to paper mills in other states, so as to maximize the revenue, as followed in Andhra Pradesh. Even in the state, there is a need to re-examine the extraction and sale of 3rd class long bamboos, as the rate fetched in open auction for the 3rd class bamboo is much less compared to the prices obtained for the Bamboo Industrial Cuts.

6 tables, 2 ref