000915   Carvalho V;Soares F O;Vasconcelos R M;Belsley M (Industrial Electronics Dep, Minho Univ, Azurem, Guimaraes Portugal, Email: vcarvalho@dei.uminho.pt) : Comparative study between yarn diameter and yarn mass variation measurement systems using capacitive and optical sensors. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 119-25.

Reports a comparative study between yarn mass and yarn diameter measurement'systems using a differential capacitance tester and an optical coherent signal processing diameter tester respectively. A full description of the systems-is presented along with their new contributions, namely limn length samples analysis for a capacitivc tester and optical signal, processing to eliminate the influence of hairiness while measuring the diameter. It is proven statistically that the yarn mass measurement systems based on capacitive testers give similar results to that of optical diameter measurement system when identical yarn samples are used. A detailed test report of a cotton yarn with a linear mass of 295 g/km is presented.

9 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

000914   Behera B K;Mishra R;Nakum S (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: behera@textile.iitd.ernet.in) : Comparative analysis of size materials and their weaving potential. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 132-8.

The application of different varieties of natural starches, modified starches and synthetic size materials on cotton and P/C blend yarns has been studied followed by their evaluation with respect to retrogradation, cohesion, adhesion and solubility. It is observed that the size paste characteristics and film properties of modified starch are better than those of the natural starch. Yarns sized with modified starch perform better than those sized with natural starch and even some synthetic size materials. The use of starch ester is found to be beneficial as compared to other size materials, as the ester modification in starch gives better results and the yarn sized with it gives better weaving performance, close to that of PVA. Adhesion of size material with fibre substrate is found to have good correlation with weavability of sized yarns and it is an important parameter for selecting the size material for any application. The studies on the effect of lubricant show that the addition of lubricant into size solution helps to provide surface lubrication to the yarn which improves the abrasion resistance of the yarns and hence the weavability without affecting the essential properties.

6 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

000913   Behera B K;Mishra R (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: behera@textile.iitd.ernet.in) : Measurement of fabric wrinkle using digital image processing. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(1), 30-6.

A methodology to objectively evaluate wrinkle behaviour of fabrics has been developed using digital image processing technique. Various fabric samples have been evaluated using this technique and the results are compared with the conventional AATCC method. The newly developed technique is found to have a very good correlation with conventional method of evaluating fabric wrinkle.

7 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

000912   Banik S;Ghosh S N (NO, National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040, Email: shyamalbanik@yahoo.com) : Pectinolytic activity of microorganisms in piling of jute. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 151-6.

Quantitative as well as qualitative evaluation of microorganisms associated with piling of jute has been studied using raw jute fibre, jute fibre from laboratory bins and fibre samples collected from two jute mills (M/s Bharat Jute Mill and M/s Budge Budge Jute Mill). Bacterial population in raw C. capsularis jute is found to be in the order of 10⁴ per gram of jute fibre and that in raw C. olitorius jute is in the order of 10⁵ per gram of jute fibre. Bacterial population in laboratory bins is found to be in between 10⁶ and 10⁷ per gram of jute fibre while fungal population is in between 10⁴and 10⁵ per gram of jute fibre. The bacterial isolates are mostly Gram-positive rods of the genus Bacillus and fungi mainly of the genera Aspergillus and occasionally Penicillium. No significant change in strength and fineness of fibre has been observed due to 48 h of piling. Bacterial and fungal populations in piled jute samples of Bharat Jute Mill are found to be in the order of 10⁸ and 10⁵ per gram of fibre, while the same in Budge Budge Jute Mill are in the order of 10⁵ and 10³ per gram of jute fibre respectively. The bacterial isolates are mostly Gram-positive rods of the genus Bacillus, Gram-positive coccus of the genus Micrococcus and Gram-positive filamentous rods of the genus Streptomyces. Fungal isolates are mainly of the genera Aspergillus and, to a lesser extent, of the genus Penicillium and Dendrophoma. Afecorhas been found only in Bharat Jute Mill and Chaetomium is found only in Budge Budge Jute Mill fibre samples. Genera of bacteria and fungi isolated in jute fibre samples from both the jute mills are mostly similar which indicates that only a small group of microorganisms is active in jute bins/piles and they originate from the common source, i.e. soil and water during retting. All the isolated bacteria as well as fungi possess pcctinolytic activity. This indicates that the piling microbes might play a significant role in removing residual pectin from the fibre during piling of jute.

7 tables, 23 ref

000911   Aravindhan R;Madhan B;Thanikivelan P;Kanth S V;Raghava Rao J;Gnanasekaran C S;Nair B U (NO, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai-600 020, Email: clrichem@mailcity.com) : Upgradation of leathers: masking defects using pigments in pre-finishing processes. J scient ind Res 2008, 67(3), 233-8.

Inferior quality East India (EI) leather was upgraded by using a water-soluble pigment, which provides better coverage of defects during post tanning. Effect of fatliquors and wet as well as dry milling on covering defects on leather was also studied. Leathers have required strength and bulk properties apart from looking natural.

4 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

000910   Abd El-Thalouth J;Kantouch F;Nassar S H; El-Hennawi H M;Adel Youssef M (Textile Research Div, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt, Email: skybird740@yahoo.com) : Ecofriendly discharge printing on cotton fabrics using laccase enzyme. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(1), 52-7.

Laccase enzyme formulation has been used in discharge printing of cotton fabrics dyed with different reactive dyes and the effect of enzyme cone., pH of the printing paste, treatment time and temperature of enzymatic treatment as well as the viscosity of the printing paste on colour discharge studied. The optimum conditions for discharge printing are found to be 4.5 pH, 60°C temperature, 1 h time of treatment, and the 90.4 poise viscosity at a shear rate of 31.61s^-1. The concentration of enzyme depends on the nature of dye used.

1 illus, 5 tables, 19 ref

024480   Suman Kumari;Nigam D;Agarwal D;Nigam I (Plastic Dep, Technological, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh) : Copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydrede: reactivity ratio physical behavior and spectral properties. Paintindia 2008, 58(11), 69-86.

Radical copolymerization of styrene and maleic anhydride was carried out in N,N- dimethylformamide(DMF) as a solvent at the temperature of 80°C using benzoylperoxide as initiator. The monomer ratio was varied in the range of 0.5:1 to 4:1. The copolymer compositions were determined by CHN- Elemental Analysis. The copolymers were characterized by ¹³CNMR spectroscopy and the monomer sequence distribution was determined in the spectra. The area of characteristic peaks of different triads observed was used to determine the copolymer composition. These values are comparable to those obtained from CHN-analysis although the mole fractions of styrene as observed by Elemental Analysis in the copo/ymers is slightly higher than the corresponding values observed by ¹³CNMR Spectra. The ratio of styrene and maleic anhydride in the copolymer was in the range of 1.02 -1.17 upto the monomer feed ratio 2: 1 and increased to about /. 53 for feed ratio of4:1. This shows styrene and maleic anhydride have a strong tendency to form an alternating copolymer which deviates slightly when higher concentration of styrene is taken in the feed. This tendency can be explained on the basis of either of two mechanisms viz. chain transfer complex formation as well as penultimate effect due to presence of a polar solvent. The reactivity ratio were determined by various methods viz Mayo Lewis, Fineman Ross method, Kelen Tudos methods. The more precise value of reactivity ratio could be determined by Kelen-Tudos as compared to other methods. The reactivity ratios determined by these methods shows that r₁r₂ <<1 which further indicated that on copolymerization of styrene and maleic anhydride, an alternating copolymer was formed.

14 illus 5 tables 35 ref

024479   Sanghi S;Rungta A;Malshe V C (Poymer Dep, Science & Engineering Massachudetts Univ, Amherst, MA-01003, U.S., Email: shilpi95@gmail.com) : Polymers in aviation. Paintindia 2008, 58(12), 121-33.

3 illus 26 ref

024478   Ozbulbul A;Tuncel M;Serin S (Faculty of Education, Nigde University, Nigde, Turkey, Email: mtuncel@nigde.edu) : New organo soluble and thermally stable schiff base polymers by oxidative polycondensation. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(4), 2785-96.

The Schiff base monomer was synthesized by the condensation reaction between salicyladehyde and p-phenylendiamine. The Schiff base polymers having double azomethine group were prepared by oxidative polycondensation (OP) reaction of monomer in aqueous alkaline medium with NaOCl (P₁) and H₂0₂ (P₂) as the oxidants at 90 °C. Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes of the polymers were synthesized by the reaction of polymer and metal-acetate salts. The monomer and polymers were characterized by elemental analyses, thermogravimertic analyses, DSC analyses, UV- Vis, Ff-IR, ¹H and ¹¹³C NMR spectroscopic studies, which revealed that the P₁ and P₂ polymers synthesized by OP is composed of oxyphenylene (C-O-C; P₁ = 77 %, P₂ = 75 %), phenylene (C-C; P₁ = 23 %, P₂ =25 %) units. Average molecular weights of polymers were determined by gel permeation chromatography. The polymers were soluble in polar aprotic solvents and aqueous alkaline media. According to the thermogravimetric analyses, Schiff base polymer (P₂) exhibited excellent thermal stability with 38 % residual weight at 1000 °C in nitrogen atmosphere. The thermal stability of these polymer systems are found to be in order P₂ > P₁. As the synthesized polymers were soluble in common solvents such as THF, DMF, DMSO, these properties of polymer are promising for it is environmental and analytical usage.

3 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

024477   Lameche S;Nedjar R;Rebbaha H;Adjeb A (Laboratoire Science des Materiaux, Faculte de Chimie, USTHB, BP 32, EL Alia-16111, Algiers, Algeria, Email: ratibanedjar@yahoo.fr) : Corrosion and passivation behaviour of three stainless steels in different chloride concentrations. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(4), 2545-50.

The corrosion and passivation behaviour of three stainless steels were examinated in chloride-containing solutions using cyclic polarization techniques. The duplex stainless steels showed a pitting corroªsion resistance higher than the conventional 13 % Cr and modified 13 % Cr stainless steels. The resistance of pitting of alloys depends on chemical composition such as molybdenum and nickel. The presence of sodium chloride enhanced metal electrodissolution at higher chloride concentrations. In addition to chromium and nickel, other alloying element like molybdenum, may be added to control structural balance and to improve corrosion resistance characteristics.

4 tables, 11 ref

024476   Gumrukcu G;Ozgur M U;Gultekin C (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Art and Science, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa, 34210, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: gumrukcugulsah@hotmail) : Extraction of anthocyanin pigments from red onion (Alliumcepa L.) and dyeing woolen fabrics. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(4), 2891-2902.

Natural colours have attracted the attention of the entire world because of their non-hazardous nature. In study, woolen fabrics were dyed with natural dyes derived from redªonion (Alliumcepa L.) using various mordants by open bath dyeing technique. Natural dye (anthocyanins) was extracted from red-onion skins with acetic acid:ethanol:water (1 :80: 19. v/v/v) mixture solution. The amount of total anthocyanins was determined by using the derivative spectrophotometric method and found to be 13.5 mg/100 g for fresh onion skin and 5.2 g/l00 g for dry onion skin. Dyeing processes were carried out according to pre-, together- and last-mordanting methods by using buffer solutions at the pH = 2-8 interval and for 1 h at 98-100 C. Some metal salts such as AI(OH),. CU(NO₃)₂. Fe(NO₃)₂. Zn(NO₃)₂. NiCl₂. SnCl₂. Pb(CH₃COOH)₂ were used as mordantation agents. In addition, various studies were carried out on the effect of mordant quantity and kind of mordant salt in dyeing. The colour changes were evaluated instrumentally with a colour difference meter. Colour differences in CIEL ^*a^*b^* units and gray scale classifications were reported. Dyeing conditions and other characteristics showed that mordant was more important than dye in predicting lightfastness of coloured textiles and good lightfastness which was between 2 and 4 values were obtained.

4 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

024475   Chebahi N;Nedjar R;Bounoughaz M;Rebbah H (Laboratoire Science Des Materiaux, Faculte De Chimie, USTHB, , BP 32, El Alia-16111, Bab Fzzouar, Alger, Algeria, Email: ratibanedjar@vahoo.fr) : Effect of galvanic coupling between stainless steel and carbon steel on the rupture of passive film. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(4), 2563-9.

The galvanic corrosion can appear on heterogeneous coupling such as the contact of stainless steel and carbon steel. Carbon steel is then anodic compared to stainless steel. Studied the influence of surface ratio (stainless steel/carbon steel) on galvanic corrosion in a chloride solution. The potentiodynamic polarization and morphological observations in scanning electronic microscopy have been used for this study. The conclusions of present study can be summarized as follows: (a) the corrosion potential and rate of combined materials are between those of materials taken only. The potential of stainless steel is higher than that of carbon steel (b) the micrographics of the working electrode reveal that the generated phenomenon is a galvanic phenomenon of corrosion.

2 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

024474   Borowski T (Chemistry and Water Environmental Protection Dep, Faculty of Natural S, University of Szczecin, Poland, Email: tomasz.elvis.borowski@wp.pl) : Styrene-butadiene rubber electrolytes modified with CaCl₂, CdCl₂, CuCl₂, MnCl₂ and active carbon. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(4), 3083-8.

Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), as a solvent and repository of electric charges, starts to gain these properties after adding to SBR CaCl₂, CdCl₂, CuCl₂ or MnCl₂ in methanol solution with addition of active carbon. Electrical conductivity of such an SBR-active carbon system with added CaCl₂ or CdCl₂ or CuCl₂ or MnCl₂ equals to 10^-6 to 10⁵ S cm^-1 at a room temperature (293 K) and a frequency of 10 KH₂. The electrolytes were tested for the frequency range of 1 H₂ to 25 KH₂. These polymer electrolyte systems may find their application as materials for anticorrosive and antielectrostatic protection of fuel or hazardous material tanks.

3 illus, 1 tables, 20 ref

023419   Menezes E (NO, Rossari Biotech, Mumbai) : Sequestering agents. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(7), 246-9.

023418   Mathur M;Hira M A (The Synthetic & Art Silk Mills' Research Association, SASMIRA, Worli, Mumbai-400 030) : Specialty fibres - IV: poly lactic acid fibres. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(7), 232-7.

The earlier articles have discussed about the definition, properties, structure and applications of soya fibres, the spider silk and alginate fibres as specialty fibres. This Describes in-depth specialty fibre viz., poly lactic acid (PLA) fibres. The application of PLA fibres in various textile fields is also given.

2 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

023417   Kamel M M;El-Hossamy M;Helmy H M;El Hawary N S (National Research Centre, Textile Research Div, , Dokki, Cairo, Egypt) : Some studies on dyeing properties of cotton fabrics with Curcuma longa (Turmeric) (roots) using ultrasonic method: (Part I). Man Made Text India 2008, 51(7), 228-31.

Cotton fabrics were dyed with natural coloring matter extracted from curcuma longa (turmeric) using traditional heating method and power ultrasonic method. Factors affecting dyeing properties such as pH values, salt cone., temperature, time of dyeing bath and ultrasonic power were studied. Environmentally friendly mordants were used through pre-mordanting, post mordanting, simultaneous mordanting methods. The fastness properties including light, washing, and perspiration for dyed and mordanted fabrics were assessed. Colour strength (K/S) & colour data CIE lab (L*, a*, b*) were measured for dyed cotton fabrics before and after dyeing and mordanted cotton fabric. This paper (Part I) gives the introduction, experimental and findings regarding effect of concentration of dye, pH and salt concentration on dyeing properties.

3 illus, 3 ref

023416   Jafari A J;Donaldson J D (Environmental Health Dep, School of Health, Iran Univ of Medical Sciences, Tehran, P. O. Box 15875-4199, Tehran, Iran, Email: ahmad_jonidi@yahoo.com) : Determination of HCl and VOC emission from thermal degradation of PVC in the absence and presence of copper, copper(II) oxide and copper(II) chloride. E J Chem 2009, 6(3), 685-92.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has played a key role in the development of the plastic industry over the past 40 years. Thermal degradation of PVC leads to formation of many toxic pollutants such as HC1, aromatic and volatile organic carbon vapors. Thermal degradation of PVC and PVC in the present of copper, cupric oxide and copper(II) chloride were investigated in this study using a laboratory scale electrical furnace. HCl and Cl^{- ion were analyzed by a Dionex ion chromatograph and VOCs compounds were analyzed using GC or GC-MS. The results showed that HC1 plus Cl- ion and benzene formed about 99% and 80% respectively in the first step of thermal degradation under air atmosphere. The presence of cupric oxide increases the percentage of short chain hydrocarbons more than 184% and decreases the amount of the major aromatic hydrocarbon and HC1 plus CY ion to 90% and 65% respectively. The total aromatic hydrocarbon emitted less than when atmosphere was air and difference was statistically significant (P_value < 0.000).}

8 tables, 18 ref

023415   El-Molla M M;Moussa S Z A;Sayed Z A (NO, , Dokki, Cairo, Egypt) : Preparation and characterisation of carbamoyl ethylation Cassia saligna gum and their utilization as thickener in textile printing. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(7), 238-45.

Cassia saligna gum (galactomannan) was isolated from cassia saligna seeds and subjected to chemical modification via carbamoyl ethylation. The latter involved reaction of the gum with acrylamide in the presence of sodium hydroxide as a catalyst, under a variety of conditions. Variables studied included concentration of the etherifying agents, the preparation medium and the reaction temperature. It was found that the extent of the reaction expressed as a percent of nitrogen increases by increasing the acrylamide concentration. Higher percent of nitrogen values were obtained in non-aqueous medium. The temperature plays a dominant role in the extent of the reaction. Carbamoyethylation of cassia saligna gum converts it to water soluble product which resist fermentation by storing. The rheological properties and apparent viscosity at various rates of shear was invstigated. The results obtained indicate that carbamoylethylated cassia saligna gum could be used safely as thickeners in printing of cotton and polyester fabrics using silk screen printing instead of sodium alginate.

2 illus, 8 tables, 18 ref

022302   Tarafder N (Textiles Dep, SSM College of Engineering, S.S.M. Nagar, Kumarapalayam-638 183) : Applications of geotextiles in railways. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(8), 278-81.

Discusses about the importance of using geotextile in Railways. Geotextiles are used for stabilisation and load bearing capacity improvement of subgrade below the railway tracks use of geotextile may increase cost of railway tracks, however the maintainence cost may reduce by giving the railway tracks long life time.

1 table, 5 ref

022301   Srivastava M;Udawat P (Textiles and Apparel Designing Dep, H.Sc. College, MPUAT, Udaipur-313 001) : Effect of after treatment on colour fastness properties of cotton fabric printed with kesula flowers as natural dye. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(6), 193-201.

The effect of after treatments on the colour-fastness properties of cotton printed with kesula flowers is described.

16 tables

022300   Singh A;Akhilesh Kumari;Ali A;Grover E (Textile & Clothing Dep, College of Home Science, C.S.A. Univ. of Agri. & Tech, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh) : Ecofriendly dyeing of silk fabric with bougainvillea dye. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(8), 264-6.

Describes about the application of Bougainvillea dye on ecofriendly dyeing for silk fabric. Evaluation on the basis of colour fastness to Light, Washing, Rubbing, Perspiration etc. were carried out.

2 illus, 3 tables, 2 ref

022299   Sasikala L;Sundaresan S;Mageshkumar P;Vasugi N (NO, Avinashilingam Deemed Univ, Deemed) : Carpets. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(6), 202-9.

Aims to provide a solid introduction to textile carpet fundamentals and it deals the fibers used for carpeting, yarn formation, tufted carpet construction, finishing of carpets and carpet enhancers.

12 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

022298   Ramakrishna R (The Synthetic & Arts Silk Mills' Research Association, , Sasmira Marg, Worli, Mumbai-400 030) : Environmental friendly fibre: hemp fibre. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(6), 188-92.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is a traditional fibre crop, which for centuries was important in meeting needs for textiles, paper and oils. It is easy to grow organically, that is, without a need for artificial pesticides, herbicides or fertilizers. Currently the demand for textiles is met by cotton and synthetics, both of which have serious environmental problems associated with them. Describes the hemp fibres production and its potential as an environmentally friendly, locally produced, high quality textiles. It can make an important contribution to a sustainable future.

6 ref

022297   Khushboo Singh;Grover E;Rukhsana (Home Science Dep, AAI-DU, Allahabad) : Carpet weaving industry of Bhadohi district, Uttar Pradesh (UP). Man Made Text India 2008, 51(6), 211-14.

The study was undertaken to know the existing status of carpet units of Sant Ravidas Nagar. 120 respondents were selected from different carpet manufacturing units of Sant Ravidas Nagar of Bhadohi district U. P. through proportional techniques. The survey revealed that monthly income of majority of the respondents was low ranging from Rs. 2,000-3,000 only. Respondents mostly weave carpets, durries, floor mats and rugs. Woolen threads dyed with chrome dye were mostly used for carpet weaving. The price of carpet was fixed on the basis of raw materials, quality of carpets, labour cost and profit margin. The respondents mainly faced the financial problems and problems relating to marketing and availability of raw materials.

6 tables, 4 ref

022296   Kamel M M;El-Hossamy M;Helmy H M;Hawary N S El (National Research Centre, Textile Research Div, , Dokki, Cairo, Egypt) : Some sudies on dyeing properties of cotton fabrics with Curcuma longa (Turmeric) (roots) using ultrasonic method: (Part II). Man Made Text India 2008, 51(8), 267-73.

Cotton fabrics were dyed with natural coloring matter extracted from curcuma ' longa (turmeric) using traditional heating method and power ultrasonic method. Factors affecting dyeing properties such as pH values, salt cone., temperature, time of dyeing bath and ultrasonic power were studied. Environmentally friendly mordants were used through pre-mordanting, post mordanting, simultaneous mordanting methods. The fastness properties including light, washing, and perspiration for dyed and mordanted fabrics were assessed. Colour strength (K/S) & colour data CIE lab (L*, a*, b*) were measured for dyed cotton fabrics before and after dyeing and mordanted cotton fabric. Gives the findings regarding effect of temperature, time, ultrasonic power, mordants on dyeing properties.

3 illus, 15 tables

022295   Kakkanavar A;Shivaprakash V;Kariyappa T; Halaswamy T;Roy S (Powerloom Service Centre, KSPDC, CSTRI Central Silk Board, GSKSJTI, Bngalore) : Influence of Eri noil weft yarns on the furnishing fabric. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(8), 282-6.

Noil is a very short fiber, the actual length being less than 25cm. In worsted spinning, this staple length cannot be drafted and spun, because in spinning drafting roller setting will be made on the basis of effective length of the fiber i.e. main bulk of longer fiber. This noil is used to produce coarser yarns (2s to 20s). The wastes have been processed on following system of spinning. 1. Condenser (woolen) system, 2. Cotton system, 3. Open end system. The yarn produced on the system has been tested for quality parameter. Three variety of eri noil fabrics have been produced at Laksmi power loom Doddaballpur with warp constant (i.e. 2/60 Eri) and weft used is Eri noil yarn of equal count (i.e. 7s) produced by above said methods. Above three varieties of fabrics have been tested at CSTRI Central Silk Board Bangalore, for various mechanical properties, according to international standard testing method. Results have been compared and analyzed as per the requirement of the industry. The results of the investigations are thoroughly discussed. The objective of the study is to determine the suitability of Eri noil fabrics (with same warp and the weft produced on three different commercial systems) in various end uses and generates scientific information for its use in advanced textile applications.

6 tables, 4 ref

022294   Enqi J;Zhifeng Z;Hui Z (College of Textiles and Garments, Jiangnan Univ, Lihu Road No. 1800, Wuxi 214 122, P.R. China) : Film-formation investigation on polyester sizes for measuring the mechanical behaviours for warp sizing. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(8), 274-7.

An attempt has been made to establish a new method for the preparation of sizing film in order to evaluate mechanical behaviours of WSP for warp sizing operation. By means of the principle of the minimum film formation temperature, pure WSP film can be achieved through raising the film-formation temperature, varying the film-formation substrate, and enhancing the paste concentration. The results showed that such problems as film fragment and the difficulty in the separation from substrate were solved. The WSP film prepared in such a way can meet the requirement of the test on mechanical behaviours.

1 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

022293   Bhimani U;Malsana R;John N (Plastics Technology Dep, Institute of Science &Technology for Advanced Studies & Research (ISTA, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Novel method of impact modification of thermosetting matrices using elastomers in reactive/non reactive processes in jute fibre composites. Prajna 2008, 16(Oct), 61-9.

Thermosetting plastics materials posses low impact strength compared to other plastics materials. Elastomer based toughening system was adopted for these materials. Natural rubber and nitrile rubber were used as toughening agents. The matrices were phenol formaldehyde, epoxy and unsaturated polyester resin. All are modified by the rubbers and jute fibre composites were prepared. Mechanical properties were estimated for the composites and found to superior than the unmodified matrices.

12 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

021254   Tandon S;Nandini N;Sunitha N (Environmental Sciences Dep, Bangalore Univ, Bangalore) : Rural women learning to create wealth form waste-hand made paper production. Bull envir Sci 2006, 24(2), 225-8.

Empowerment of women and waste management are two burning environmental issues, which are of utmost concern and require effective and immediate action. Highlights the role of women in waste management specially dealing with waste paper recycling. Waste paper recycling will not only reduce the industrial pressure on the declining reserves of forest but also helps in achieving the goal of sustainable development. Production of Hand-made paper is an age old art which if commercialized will earn currency, environmental benefits and above all non agricultural employment in favour of rural women. Already there is an increase of about 35 in the number of women employed in hand made paper industry, but the aim of this paper is to make hand made paper an house hold industry in all the villages with the rural woman as its major manpower.

7 ref

020226   Vijayalakshmi K;Judith R;Rajakumar S (Microbiology Lab, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai 600 020) : Novel plant based formulations for short term preservation of animal skins. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(8), 699-707.

Monitoring at different temperatures and time of animal hides and skins subjected to bacterial degradation. Rate of collagen and non-collagenous protein degradation and microbial population dynamics were found to vary with temperature and storage period. Microorganisms (proteolytic, collagenolytic and keratinolytic) were found responsible for skin deterioration. Acalypha indica based formulation for curing animal skins was found viable, cost-effective and eco-friendly, reducing total dissolved solids (TDS) level to a considerable extent as compared to salt curing methods.

020225   Ukalkar M B (Clothing and Textiles Dep, College of Home Science, M.A.U. Parbhani-431 402) : Designing of functional sari blouse for arthritic women. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2008, 27(3-4), 234-7.

The study 30 arthritic women between 50-60 years of age were selected. It was noticed that, all the constructed sari blouses were liked very much by respondents however design 2 (Blouse with side opening from waist to sleeve end on right side and Velcro tape stitched on Center front up to half length) was rated as very good and good by higher percentage (47-53%)of the respondents followed by design-5 (Blouse with sleeve open on top from arm ski to bottom of sleeve by 33-46%, design 4 - (Blouse with side opening on right from waist to arm ski with zipper and press burtons) was rated(33%) fair to good.

6 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

020224   Sobha Rani T;Subha M C S;Venkata Reddy G (Chemistry Dep, Sri Krishanadevaraya University, Anantapur-515 003, Email: kaushureddy@gmail.com) : Tensile properties of kapok/sisal - natural fabrics reinforced polyester hybrid composites. Bull chem Sci 2009, 7(1), 23-31.

The tensile properties of polyester based composites reinforced by kapok/sisal fabrics were investigated as a function of fabrics content and loading. The surface treatment of fabrics was assessed in the evaluation of composites properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out to investigate the fiber-matrix adhesion. The results showed that the composite properties are strongly influenced by adhesion characteristics between the fabrics and matrix. The tensile properties of the composites in the longitudinal direction were superior to those in the transverse direction. The unhybridized composites exhibited better tensile strength and modulus than hybrid composites, which indicated a higher reinforcing efficiency of kapok/ polyester compared with sisal/polyester.

5 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

020223   Meena R C;Pachwarya R B (Chemistry Dep, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur-342 001) : Photo catalytic degradation of model textile azo dyes in textile wastewater using methylene blue immobilized resin dowex-11. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(8), 730.

Degradation of textile azo dye by newly developed photo catalyst (methylene blue immobilized resin dowex-11; particle size, 20-50 mesh), which is a cheap and a very good alternative to traditional technologies for industrial application. Activity of catalyst remains unaffected on continuous use.

019224   Nourbakhsh S;Valipour P;Yazdanshenas M E; Ebadi A G (Agriculture Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Qaemshahr, Iran, Email: pvalipour2003@yahoo.com) : Dyeability improvement of cationized corona discharge treated cotton fabric. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(5), 3543-8.

Cotton fabric was exposed to corona discharge at different level of passages. Un-treated and treated fabrics were cationized by a cationic agent (Levogen BF) then samples were dyed with reactive dyes (Remazol Black B, Levafix Red E4-BA). The colour parameter and colour fastness of samples were measured. The results show that by increasing passages of corona treatment up to the specified level of passages, dyed cationized corona treated cotton becomes darker (L* decreases) and in some cases, L* increases again. For remazol black B dye, cationized corona treated cotton causes to darker, less green, less blue samples and for Levafix Red E4-BA, it leads to darker, redder and less blue samples.

3 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

018202   Talebian A;Nourbakhsh S;Ebadi A G;Valipour P (Biology Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Jouybar Branch Jouybar, Mazandaran, Iran, Email: dr_ebadi2000@yahoo.com) : Variations of surface properties of corona treated wool. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(1), 682-8.

Plasma and corona treatments as environmentally friendly processes modify the superficial properties of textile fibers without any damage to the bulk properties of the material. In this study, wool fabric was exposed to corona treatment in different powers and passages. The effect of corona treatment was investigated on the wettability, dye ability, mechanical and surface properties of wool fabric. Corona treatment leads to reduce acid dye exhaustion of wool fabric and increase the tensile strength and Young modulus. SEM micrographs show the etching effect of corona treatment and removing the edge of wool scales. FT-IR spectra indicate to surface functional groups variation of treated wool fabric.

4 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

018201   Nourbakhsh S;Talebian A;Valipour P;Ebadi A G (Agriculture Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Qaemshahr Branch, Qaemshahr, Iran, Email: pvalipour2003@yahoo.com) : Corona discharge treatment in physical and chemical properties of cotton fabric. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(1), 211-16.

Cotton fabric was treated by corona discharge under different powers and number of passages. Corona treated cotton was dyed with direct and reactive dyes. pH and wettability of samples were measured and surface morphology of cotton fabric was determined by SEM and FTIR/ATR analysis. Results indicate that corona treatment causes some cracks on the surface of cotton cuticle layer and water can penetrate rapidly into the cotton structure. FTIR/ATR analysis shows when the power and the passages of corona treatment increase the carboxylic acid groups are created. This result is in agreement with pH results that acidification occurs on the surface of cotton.

3 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

018200   Najafi H;Yazadanshenas M E;Rashidi A (Textile Dep, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Islamic Azad Univ, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran, Email: h_najafi2005@yahoo.com) : Effect of binders on fastness properties of pigment printing in textile fabrics. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(1), 433-45.

The improving quality of chemical paste pigment prints was the main goal in product development. Afterwards the economic, environmental and toxicological considerations have become more important. Using more environmentally friendly pigment preparations and chemical auxiliary products, for example to reduce or to eliminate formaldehyde on the fabric, is currently one of the major concerns in the textile printing industry. The curable oligomers take the place of the organic solvents and work as the binder of pigments. Some novel prepared aqueous binder of poly-urethane acrylate based on either polyethylene glycol or glycerol ethoxylate-co-propoxylate having zero volatile organic compounds was used for preparing printing paste for printing of all types of textile fabrics using pigment dyes. The highest colour strength is obtained and fastness properties range between good and excellent for samples printed using polyurethane acrylate based on glycerol ethoxylate-co-propoxylate as a binder, this is true irrespective of the type of fabric used. While lower value of colour strength is obtained for samples printed using Ebecryl 2002 as a commercial binder and polyurethane acrylate based on PEG2000 is better than polyurethane acrylate based on PEG 1000 + 2000, unless in case of screen printed wool, the inverse is true.

13 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

018199   Maleknia L;Nazockdast H;Rashidi A S; Yazdanshenas M E (Textile Dep, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Islamic Azad Univ, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran, Email: maleknia_2005@yahoo.com) : Thermal, morphological and rheological study of polytrimethylene terephthalate/thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer binary blend. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(1), 248-56.

The miscibility of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (TLCP) and polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) blends was investigated with thermal, morphological and melt viscoelastic analyses. The blend samples containing 5, 10 and 15 % of TLCP were prepared by both in an internal mixture and a modular twin screw extruder. The results obtain from DSC showed the heat of fusion and heat of crystallization of the blend samples was found to be slightly lower than those predicted from additive rule and indicated small compatibility between PTT and TLCP phases. Cryogenically fractured surface of the blend samples examined by SEM. The SEM showed a matrix-dispersed type morphology in which TLCP phase was uniformly dispersed in polymer matrix. The shear viscosity as well as melt elasticity of the TLCP were matched quarter than PTT matrix. The melt flow behaviour of TLCP showed an appreciable viscosity up turn and a non-terminal storage modulus (G') at low shear rate range while PTT showed a sudoplastic type flow behaviour.

3 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

018198   Jayanthi C (Chemistry Dep, Rajah Serfoji Government Arts College, Thanjavur-631 005, Email: jjayanthi21@yahoo.co.in ) : Mordant activity of Emblica officinalis (Indian goosberry) in dyeing of cotton fabrics with direct dye. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(1), 471-4.

Study was carried out to determine the mordant activity of Emblica officinalis in dyeing of cotton fabrics with direct dye. For this purpose dried fruits of Emblica officinalis (Indian Goosberry) cultivated at 5 different places were collected. To find best quality sample which were subjected to qualitative analysis of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, carbohydrates fixed oil and fats, saponin, tannin and phenols, gums and mucilages and quantitative analysis of one of the phytochemical present in it. In the five samples, tannin was estimated by colorimetric method. Best quality sample was used as mordant at different concentrations, different pH and temperatures in dyeing process of cotton with direct dye. It was concluded that Emblica officinalis acts as good mordant in equal concentration with water, in neutral condition and at higher temperature in dyeing of cotton with ATUL direct sky blue.

3 tables, 11 ref

017220   Ilindra A;Dhake J D (Pulp and Paper Technology Dep, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Nagpur-440 010, Email: ambuj.i@rediffmail.com) : Microcrystalline cellulose from bagasse and rice straw. Indian J chem Technol 2008, 15(5), 497-9.

Microcrystalline cellulose from two different locally available lignocellulosic materials, namely bagasse and rice straw has been prepared by simple process of hydrolysis. The different characteristics of prepared microcrystalline cellulose were determined and are found to be comparable with the characteristics of commercially available microcrystalline cellulose and the specifications given by Indian Standards.

^ssc1 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

017219   Goswami T;Kalita D;Rao P G (NO, North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR), Jorhat-785 006, Email: dipkalita_2001@yahoo.co.in) : Greaseproof paper from banana (Musa paradisica L.) pulp fibre. Indian J chem Technol 2008, 15(5), 457-61.

Utilization of banana pulp fibre for producing greaseproof paper has been investigated. The morphological characteristics of plant and fibre, chemical constituents of the sheath, characteristics of pulp and physical strength properties of hand sheet of 45±5 gsm made from banana pulp alone or in combination with bamboo pulp fibre are presented. Results of the laboratory investigation show that Musa paradisica contain high quantity of gums and mucilage inside the sheaths. The pentosan content (13.5%) may also impart the greaseproof properties. The drainage time of the banana pulp increases with the increase of beating time. At 80°SR freeness, the pulp becomes hydrated and forms a jelly like stock. The paper made out of this hydrated pulp stock shows the characteristics of greaseproof paper with burst index 6.10 kpam² g^-1, tear index 7.00 mNm²g^-1 and tensile index 51.2 N mg^-1 with very good blister and oil resistibility. The physical strength properties of the paper may further be enhanced by incorporating 20% bamboo pulp beaten up to 85°SR freeness and mixed with banana semi bleached pulp stock beaten up to 85°SR freeness.

1 illus, 5 tables, 14 ref

017218   Ghosh P (NO, , 92, Acharya Parfulla Chandra Road, Calcutta-700 009) : FRP composites - the modern high performance materials. Indian Sci Cruiser 2008, 22(3), 56-9.

2 illus, 1 table

017217   Basaran B;Ulas M;Bitlisli B O;Aslan A (Leather Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Ege Univ, TR-35100, Izmir, Turkey, Email: bahri.basaran@ege.edu.tr) : Distribution of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) in chrome tanned leather. Indian J chem Technol 2008, 15(5), 511-14.

Basic chromium sulphate is the most versatile and common tajimng agent in the leather industry. Under certain circumstances, the oxidation of the trivalent chromium salts into the hexavalent compounds which are used in leather manufacture, is a crucial issue. In study, different proportions of basic chromium sulphate were used in tanning and re-tanning processes according to a commonly used recipe, and levels of chromium oxide and hexavalent chromium were studied stratigraphically in the cross-section of the leather. It was observed that the levels of chromium oxide and hexavalent chromium in the skins increased in relation to the proportions of basic chromium sulphate used in the process, and that the amounts added in the tanning process had a greater effect on the levels of hexavalent chromium formed in the layers of the skins than did the amounts added in retanning.

^ssc1 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

016068   Yadav R;Karolia A;Mairal A (Textile Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Email: drakm11@yahoo.co.in) : Ultraviolet radiation protective clothing for outdoor workers. J Text Ass 2009, 69(5), 228-34.

In the study, cotton, polyester/cotton blend and polyester in plain and twill weave were treated with UV absorber, to develop sun protective textiles. The treated fabrics were tested for percent transmission of UVR which was measured using a fabricated instrument and also certain physical properties like strength, crease recovery, air permeability etc. using conventional procedures. The results indicated that the use of chemical finish improved the UV protection substantially and treatments given to fabric did not alter noticeably, the wear properties. The treated fabrics would be useful for clothing or uniforms of the outdoor workers.

3 illus, 9 tables, 11 ref

016067   Wadje P R (NO, Textile and Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji-416 115, Email: prwadje@yahoo.com) : Buyers behaviour. J Text Ass 2009, 69(5), 221-4.

Marketing and environmental stimuli enter the buyers' consciousness. The buyer's characteristics and decision processes lead to certain purchase decisions. The marketer's task is to understand what happens in the buyer's consciousness between the arrival of the outside stimuli and the purchase decisions. Consumer's buying behaviour is influenced by cultural, social, personal and psychological factors; cultural factors exert the broadest and deepest influence.

2 tables, 12 ref

016066   Ravi R;Zope V D (NO, NTC Ltd. (WR), Mumbai, Email: vdzope@gmail.com) : Influence of blending technique on neps in PC blended yarn. J Text Ass 2009, 69(5), 235-6.

Neps are "blemishes" in the yarn. They adversely affect the appearance of yarn and fabrics. Sometimes immature neps appear as "Specks" in certain shades after dyeing. Even mercerizing cannot overcome such "specks" in certain shades. Basically, quality of cotton has great influence on occurrence of neps in yarn. The influence of blending technique on neps have been studied by taking trials on the shop floor. Process parameters specially in mixing, blow room, cards, combing operations influence the occurrences of such neps in yarn. It is observed that neps are influenced by the method by which mixing is prepared and how material is fed to the blow room with chute feed system.

1 table, 1 ref

016065   El Kashouti M A;El Sayad H S;El Molla M M;El Khawaga R S (Textile Research Div, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt, Email: melmolla@yahoo.com) : Use of the newly synthesized aqueous polyurethane acrylate binders for ink preparation for printing transfer paper and their utilization in transfer printing polyester fabrics. J Text Ass 2009, 69(5), 200-12.

Investigates the use of the four synthesized polyurethane acrylate binders in the formulation of printing inks to be used for printing transfer paper. The printed transfer papers were used to transfer print polyester fabrics and binder fixation in one step in the process of heat transfer printing. The effect of inclusion of these new binders in the print paste on the ease of dyestuff release from the transfer paper, type of paper, type of binder, type of dye and the possibility of reusing the transfer paper more than once to give several prints were studied. The fastness properties of the polyester prints were also studied.

14 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

016064   Ambika P K;Joseph M A;Anil Kumar P P;Koppal H T;Roy S (NO, Central Silk Board, B.T.M. Layout, Madivala, Bangalore-560 035, Email: cstri@vsnal.net) : Quality aspects of natural silk and cocoons with respect to heavy metals. J Text Ass 2009, 69(5), 225-7.

Different races of mulberry and non-mulberry cocoon samples from different places and yarn samples from different lots of imported silk were analysed for the total heavy metal contents using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. All the samples analysed showed the presence of Copper, Cadmium and Zinc in a range of 1.24 to 33.34mg/kg, 00.00 to 4O.72mg/kg and 0.52 to 28.29mg/kg respectively. The vide variation observed in the quantity among different lots of same races may be due to the different Agro-climatic conditions, Chemical or Pesticides used during the production.

4 illus, 2 ref

016063   Adivarekar R V;Kanoongo N V;Manjrekar S G; Teli M D (Fibres and Textile Processing Technology Dep, ICT, Matunga, Mumbai-19, Email: ravi@udct.org) : Application of natural dyes on modified nylon, nylon and silk - `Catechu'. J Text Ass 2009, 69(5), 213-20.

Describes the possibility of dyeing modified nylon (MN) with the natural brown dye, Catechu. The two polyamide fibres namely silk and nylon were also dyed with Catechu and the results were compared with dyed MN, as it intends to substitute silk fibre. The dyeings were evaluated for their colour in terms of Tristimulus and CIELAB values as well as their performance properties.

8 tables, 5 ref

015020   Yamashita Y;Aoki N;Ko F;Miyake H (NO, The Univ of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka Hikone 522-8533, Japan, Email: yamashit@mat.usp.ac.jp) : Carbonization conditions for electrospun nanofibre of polyacylonitrile copolymer. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(3), 345-53.

Nanofibres of polyacrylonitrile-co-methylmethacrylate (PAN-co-MMA) copolymer have been produced by electrospinning. These nanofibres have been oxidized and carbonized. The effect of heat treatment conditions has been studied. The critical heat treatment (oxidation) temperature is found to be 280 °C. By preventing the nanofibre assemblies from thermal contraction during heat treatment, the surface appearance of the nanofibre assembly acquires a metallic luster. Calcinations of the nanofibres at 900 °C in nitrogen atmosphere results in nitrous fused heterocyclic structure which suggests that the calcinations temperature greater than 1000 °C would be necessary to produce nitrogen-free carbon nanofibres.

20 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref